La Criminalidad en El Perú A

 

TBLZDQ_LMNM ON]ß@LON @I_ ÎBFD@D_ MD OCLKAI]D JNOT@]N JNOT@ ]NM M MD M MDQDOC DQDOCI I \ OL OLDBO DBOLN LN WI@Ë]LON D_OTD@ D_OTD @ N WQIJD WQIJD_LIB _LIBN@ N@ MD MDQDOCI MDQDOCI

 

]DKN   ‐@N OQLKLBN@LMNM DB D@ WDQÕ‛  

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5 W_LOI@IFËN ETQËMLON

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5 MQ. KD@OCIQ VN@]DQ QIMQËFTDU ]NWLN

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5 D_WLBIUN WN@NOLI_, EDQDKLN_ JNBI ATL]QIB, MNZLM KDUN ^TL_WD, KLQLNK ^TL_WD ON@@NOCL, NANM ^TL_WD AD@]QNB, QD\BN ]DBIQLI ON_]QI, @LU

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5 ZLLL  N\NOTOCI  N\N OTOCI ‟ WDQÕ 171>

 

@N OQLKLBN@ OQLKLBN@LMNM LMNM DB D@ WDQÕ WDQÕ  QD_TKDB  

Db Wdrõ, oiki db timn @ntlbinkìrlon, d` n`ti frnmi md lbsdfurlmnm fdbdrnmi pir `n vli`dboln y `n md`lboudboln iastnou`lzn iastnou`lznbb d` ordolkldbti doibÿkloi y `n rdmuoolÿb md `n piardzn. _lb dkanrfi, `n jn`tn md mntis prdolsis lkplmd jirku`nr db jirkn nmdounmn d` pria`dkn. Db d` onsi md Wdrõ dstd nsubti ds, n` pnrdodr, pnrtlou`nrkdbtd frnvd. Nubqud bi dxlstdb dstumlis oibo`uydbtds n` rdspdoti, sd dstlkn qud sÿ`i d` 14% md `is notis md`lotlvis sib mdbubolnmis. Wir itri `nmi, `is dstumlis rdn`lznmis cnstn d` kikdbti pnrn d` onsi pdrunbi cnb lbolmlmi db ubn u itrn knbljdstnolÿb vli`dbtn i orlklbn` pnrn sufdrlr nsë `is blvd`ds md lbsdfurlmnm lkpdrnbtds. Nslklski, frnb pnrtd md `ns lbquldtumds sd cnb jion`lznmi db d` îkalti md @lkn Kdtripi`ltnbn. Dstis dbjiquds sl aldb sib vn`lisns oibtrlauolibds bi mdenb md sdr pnroln`ds. Db dsd sdbtlmi cn rdublmi y irmdbnmi `n lbjirknolÿb ijloln` mlspibla`d trntnbmi md mnr`d oicdrdboln dstnmëstlon kdmlnbtd d` `dvnbtnkldbti md ëbmlods. ]nkalìb cn lbtdrrd`nolibnmi `ns mlvdrsns knbljdstnolibds md vli`dboln qud sd primuodb db timi d` pnës, sdfõb tlpi y jrdoudboln.

L.

LB]QIMTOOLßB

@is ëbmlods md orlklbn`lmnm md Nkìrlon @ntlbn sd cnb mlspnrnmi db `ns mis õ`tlkns mìonmns. @n olumnmnbën tldbd ubn sdbsnolÿb md lbsdfurlmnm db `n frnb knyirën md `is odbtris uranbis. Lbo`usi olumnmds oibslmdrnmns trnmlolibn`kdbtd ¨sdfurns¨, cnb vlsti rîplmis mdtdrliris db `n sltunolÿb. D` pria`dkn npnrdod db timns `ns dboudstns md iplblÿb oiki ubi md `is qud kîs prdioupnb n `n pia`nolÿb. Dxlstdb olumnmds mibmd pirodbtneds slfbljlontlvis md `n pia`nolÿb cnb tdblmi `n ` n dxpdrldboln md ub nsn`ti, ub riai db ub tnxl, u itrns jirkns md ntnqud md`lotuisi. @n pia`nolÿb sd prdfubtn oib nbsldmnm, ¹quì dstî suodmldbmi9, ¹oÿki pudmd dbjrdbtnrsd9, ¹quì pudmd dspdrnrsd9 Dstis o`lkns md n`nrkn fdbdrn`lznmn sib priplolis n `n npnrlolÿb md tdsls dxtrdkns, qud dboudbtrnb rdodptlvlmnm nbtd `n mdsdspdrnolÿb pir rdsu`tnmis rîplmis qud surfd md nkp`lis sdotirds.

 

@n orlklbn`lmnm db d` Wdrõ8 db `is õ`tlkis trds nþis `is md`ltis ordoldrib db ub 47%, `n orlsls md` oiribnvlrus onkalÿ pir oikp`dti budstrns vlmns. Db kuocis pnësds, sd cnb lkpudsti ounrdbtdbns y rdstrloolibds `dfn`ds. Db dstis mëns, cny kdbis pdrsibns db `ns on``ds y ub knyir bõkdri md usunrlis db d` lbtdrbdt. @i oikdbtnmi bi mdad cnodrbis pdbsnr qud d` orlkdb vn n mdtdbdrsd. Wir d` oibtrnrli, nsë oiki kuocns notlvlmnmds db `n sioldmnm sd nmnptnb n `is budvis tldkpis, d` orlkdb tnkalìb `i cnod. (Oiboudrn Wirtufn` , 1717) @n lbsdfurlmnm olumnmnbn ds notun`kdbtd ubi md `is prlbolpn`ds pria`dkns db `n rdflÿb md` pnës y oibstltuyd ub iastîou`i pnrn d` mdsnrri``i cuknbi. Bi si`i rdstn on`lmnm md vlmn y sn`um kdbtn`, slbi qud rdstrlbfd i lkplmd d` dedrololi md mdrdocis, mdr docis, primuod n`tis fnstis md` Dstnmi db sdfurlmnm, fdbdrn dxo`uslÿb y mlsorlklbnolÿb, lbti`drnboln, oibj`lotlvlmnm y iastnou`lzn d` mdsnrri``i. Wir d``i, y oibslmdrnbmi qud bi ds ubn sltunolÿb pnrtlou`nr md` Wdrõ, slbi md timis `is pnësds md Nkìrlon @ntl @ntlbn. bn. (Qikdri, 17>6% dbtrd 14 n ?7 nþis md dmnm dstîb db dsn oibmlolÿb, nslklski, cny itris oibmlolibnbtds jnkl`lnrds, lbo`usi `is nspdotis psloisioln`ds md n`fubns pdrsibns, oib vli`dboln jnkl`lnr qud pislal`ltnb d` orlkdb. Dsti pimdkis iasdrvnr db frnbmds mlstrltis md @lkn oiki _nb Eunb md @urlfnboci mibmd `ns oibmlolibds md vlmn y piardzn sib, i db d` mlstrlti md Ntd, On``ni, lbo`ulmi db budstrn olumnm md Cunknbfn Nynouoci `n md`lboudboln cn lbordkdbtnmi ➡ 

WDQ_WDO]LZN _IOLI@ßFLON.

 

Tb drrir jrdoudbtd db `n pdrspdotlvn psloi`ÿflon, ds prdtdbmdr lbtdrprdtnr`i timi, i db su knyirën, oib d` oikp`dei md Dmlpi. _ib lkpirtnbtds rdj`dxlibds `ns qud tr trnd nd `n psloi`ifën, pdri bi sib `ns õblons. Mdsmd ub pubti md vlstn sioli`ÿfloi, d` prdsdbtd nrtëou`i dxnklbn yn bi `ns onusns dbmÿfdbns qud ``dvnb n` sdr cuknbi n oikdtdr md`ltis, slbi `ns vnrlnbtds dxÿfdbns5 `n jnkl`ln, `n dsoud`n, d` Dstnmi, `n sioldmnm. ]imns nqud``ns tnkalìb pnrtd md` oibtri` sioln`, pir d``i sd rdnjlrkn lbbukdrna`ds vdods5 sl d` oibtri` sioln` jrnonsn, tnkalìb suodmd `i pripli oib `n dstruoturn dstntn`, dbonadznbmi dstd priodsi5 d` md`lboudbtd. Dstn pdrspdotlvn bi vn noirmd oib pdbsnkldbtis drumltis, bl tldbd ub dsqudkn jlei slbi qud vnrën oib `n dstruoturn md onmn slstdkn dstntn`. Wir dedkp`i, db dstis tldkpis kimdrbis db qud `is nmd`nbtis tdobi`ÿflois y d` prifrdsi sioln` y ou`turn` dedrodb frnb lbj`udboln db `n on`lmnm md vlmn, pimdkis iasdrvnr qud dstn vnrlnbtd sd lkp`nbtn md n`fubn knbdrn db d` slstdkn pdbn` qud onmn pnës pisdd, oib `n jlbn`lmnm md oibtri`nr `n orlklbn`lmnm y `ifrnr d` prifrdsi sioln`, oiki sd kdbolibÿ. _lb dkanrfi, bi sd oukp`d oiki mdaldrn db timis `is irmdbnkldbtis birkntlvis md` kubmi. Db ubis kdeir qud itris, së. @n sioli`ifën, db budstrn iplblÿb, bi ds ubn oldboln qud mdpdbmd md kimd`is prddstna`dolmis y jleis, slbi qud sd oikprudan db `n rdn`lmnm, md dstn knbdrn sd auson rdj`dxlibnr md knbdrn orëtlon y sdbsntn db ansd n cdocis y, pir supudsti, db ansd n nspdotis psloi`ÿflois tnkalìb. Nbn`lznrdkis, pir dstd kitlvi, n` md`lboudbtd pdrunbi mdsmd ub pubti md vlstn psloi`ÿfloi y sioli`ÿfloi.

➡ 

D@ MD@LBOTDB]D _DFÕB @N_ WDQ_WDO]LZN_ OQLKLBI@ßFLON \ WDBN@

Wnrn bnmld ds ub sdordti qud `n Orlklbi`ifën y d` Mdrdoci Wdbn` nsukdb mlstlbtns oibodpolibds siard dstd tdkn. Kldbtrns pnrn `n Orlklbi`ifën oibtdkpirîbdn d` lbjrnotir ds, md n`fubn knbdrn, k nbdrn, lkpu`snmi pir d` Dstnmi n oikdtdr orëkdbds8 pnrn d` Mdrdoci Wdbn`, slkp`dkdbtd d` md`lboudbtd ds quldb dedoutn d` md`lti y quldb mdad sdr snbolibnmi slfuldbmi ub priodsi pdbn` db d` oun` sd cn vu`bdrnmi ubn `dy. n. MDQDOCI WDBN@

 

• Lmdi`ifën rdprdslvn y snbolibnmirn md` lbjrnotir. • @n kdeir knbdrn md rdcnal`ltnr ds lkpibdr pdbns n`tns . • Ds fdbdrn`lznmir y, pir dbmd, kn` rdfu`nmir. • D` jlson` y d` eudz sib quldbds, jlbn`kdbtd, dvn`õnb `n oibmuotn md`

md`lboudbtd suasuklìbmi`i db ub mdtdrklbnmi tlpi pdbn` y oib `n np`lonolÿb md ubn pdbn djdotlvn. • @i utÿploi md` Mdrdoci Wdbn` ds qud kdmlnbtd dstd priodsi bi sd `ifrn

rdcnal`ltnr y kuoci kdbis prdvdblr d` md`lti. a. OQLKLBI@IFËN • Lmdi`ifën rdj`dxlvn. • Bi tikn db oibslmdrnolÿb `n `dy pdbn`, slbi `ns onusns qud djdotlvnkdbtd

``dvnb n` suedti n oikdtdr md`lti5 Dbtirbi sioln`, Wria`dkns sioln`ds oiki n`oici`lski, pristltuolÿb pr istltuolÿb i piardzn. @n mlkdbslÿb oi`dotlvn md` orlkdb. • Dstis jnotirds kdrdodb ubn ntdbolÿb kîs sutl` y rdn`lstn md `ns

olroubstnbolns,

pir d``i

sd rdquldrd `n ntdbolÿb md ub dspdoln`lst dspdoln`lstnn

orlklbÿ`ifi. Ds ub priodsi nrmui pdri qud pripÿslti md rdcnal`ltnr

jlbn`kdbtd

sl

y prdvdblr, kdmlnbtd `n mnolÿb md

oukp`d ubn

oib

d`

‐Wi`ëtlon

orlklbn` n`tdrbntlvn‛ 

¹OIB ^TÌ WQI]I]LWI WQI]I]LWI MD OQL OQLKLBN@ KLBN@ IWDQ IWDQN N @N OQLK OQLKLBI@IFËN9 LBI@IFËN9

Ds bdodsnrli snadr, n trnvìs md `n clstirln, ouî`ds cnb slmi `is mljdrdbtds pnrnmlfkns qud cnb sustdbtnmi `is mlstlbtis orlklbÿ`ifis pnrn dstumlnr n` orlklbn`8 ds lkpirtnbtd rdoirmnr`i pirqud bis nyumn n dxp`lonr d` rdn` n`onbod md dstd dstumli y kdeirnr `ns onrdbolns qud tuvldrib `is prititlpis pnsnmis. ➡ 

D@ KTBMI O@Î_LOI5 D@ @LAQD N@ADMQËI

_dfõb dstn vlslÿb, d` sdr cuknbi ds d` odbtri md `n ordnolÿb, mudþi y rdspibsna`d md sus notis8 md lfun` knbdrn, `n `ladrtnm, sdfõb dstd dsqudkn, cnod lfun`ds n timis `is cikards, pir d``i, bi cny mljdrdbolns dbtrd d` cikard md`lboudbtd y d` bi md`lboudbtd, yn qud onmn ubi md d``is ‐utl`lzÿ md knbdrn mlstlbtn su `ladrtnm db ubn sltunolÿb mdtdrklbnmn‛. Bi sd mdad n lbj`udbolns dxtdrbns bl lbtdrbns, d` orlklbn` ds

 

ub pdonmir qud iptÿ pir d` kn` onklbi @n orëtlon n dstn pdrspdotlvn ds qud sd nsukd db `n Dmnm Nbtlfun, mibmd sd oibolad n` orlkdb kîs oiki ub klstdrli qud oiki ubn rdn`lmnm, y qud bi pudmd dxp`lonrsd slbi pir `n vi`ubtnm md ub ‐kn`‛. ‐ kn`‛. Wir

d``i, `n mdsonrtnkis. ➡ 

D@ WI_L]LZL_KI OQLKLBI@ßFLOI

Dstn oirrldbtd `d bldfn n` cikard d` oibtri` siard sus notis y njlrkn qud bi dxlstd ubn ‐ordnolÿb‛ oiki tn`, slbi qud d` ublvdrsi dstuvi prdmdstlbnmi n ordnrsd, nsë

oiki d` mdstlbi md onmn ubi md `is cikards8 pir d``i p`nbtdn qud `ns oibmuotns qud nsukd d` md`lboudbtd dstîb vlbou`nmns dstrdocnkdbtd n mdtdrklbnbtds lbtdrbis dbmÿfdbis (ali`ÿflois) y dxÿfdbis (sioln`ds) `is oun`ds dxp`lonb su oibmuotn lbjn`la`dkdbtd. @n orëtlon n dstn pisturn pisturn ds qud tikn n` cikard oiki ubn slkp`d jÿrku`n oibjirknmn õblonkdbtd pir dstis mis d`dkdbtis, rdstîbmi`d nsë su lkpirtnboln dsplrltun`, su ‐îblkus‛, pirqud n` tiknr`i oiki ub sdr prdmdstlbnmi n

su klsdrln `i dso`nvlzn n su cdrdboln y su jntn` mdstlbi. ➡ 

@N JL@I_IJËN OIQQDOOLIBN@L_]N

Nsukd ubn rdj`dxlÿb oikp`dtnkdbtd mljdrdbtd n `ns dxpudstns nbtdrlirkdbtd pirqud ds pdmnfÿflon, ds mdolr, prdsupibd qud d` md`lboudbtd ds klbusvî`lmi, lbonpnz md mlrlflr su vlmn y pir d``i rdquldrd ubn lbtdrvdbolÿb mdslbtdrdsnmn md` Dstnmi. Dstn pisturn ds kdbis orltlona`d pir d` cdoci qud bi nës`n bl a`iqudn n` md`lboudbtd, pdri tikn `n rutn titn`kdbtd ipudstn n` cnodr`i mdpdbmldbtd md` _lstdkn oun` mlsonpnoltnmi, fdbdrnbmi nsë ub Dstnmi pntdrbn`lstn, slb nsuklr `n vdrmnmdrn jubolÿb rdcnal`ltnmirn. ➡ 

@N JL@I_IJËN KNQSL_]N

D` knrxlski, pir õ`tlki, rdspibsnal`lzn md` orlkdb n mdtdrklbnmns dstruoturns doibÿklons, md sudrtd qud d` lbjrnotir mdvldbd kdrn vëotlkn lbiodbtd y jubfla`d md nquì``ns5 `n ou`pna`d ds `n sioldmnm. Dstd pnrnmlfkn rdj`den ubn pnrtd md `n rdn`lmnm pirqud ds oldrti qud d` md`lboudbtd sd vd lbj`ulmi pir `n dstruoturn doibÿklon, kîs nõb sl ìstn bi ds dqultntlvn8 slb dkanrfi, bi si`i dstd jnotir dxp`lon `ns judbtds md oikpirtnkldbti md` orlklbn` notun`.

 

Db d` knroi md` ‐W`nb Alodbtdbnrli5 D` Wdrõ cnoln d` 171>‛, q ud oibtldbd `ns pi`ëtlons

bnolibn`ds md mdsnrri``i qud mdadrîb sdfulrsd db `is prÿxlkis nþis, lbo`uydbmi `lbdnkldbtis rdjdrlmis n `n sdfurlmnm olumnmnbn, sd cn rdoibiolmi `n lkpirtnboln md nbtlolpnrsd n `is jdbÿkdbis sioln`ds, dbtrd d``is `n orlklbn`lmnm y `n vli`dboln, n jlb md mlsdþnr `lbdnkldbtis qud rdspibmnb n `ns bdodslmnmds onkalnbtds md ub kubmi f`ian`lznmi. Db dsd sdbtlmi, oikprdbmldbmi qud sd rdquldrd tiknr mdolslibds ansnmns db dvlmdboln oldbtëjlon, qud lkpu`sdb dsjudrzis pi`ëtlois, sioln`ds, doibÿklois y  eurëmlois cnoln dsd iaedtlvi, d` Klblstdrli Wõa`loi cn lkp`dkdbtnmi n trnvìs md` Iasdrvntirli md Orlklbn`lmnm, ubn lbvdstlfnolÿb mdbiklbnmn ‐Wrispdotlvn md `n orlklbn`lmnm y `n vli`dboln db d` Wdrõ n` 171>‛, mdtn``nbmi su knfbltum, tdbmdbolns

y pntribds mdsmd ubn ÿptlon orlklbi`ÿflon, nsë oiki `n mdsorlpolÿb md `ns vnrlna`ds md juturi qud lbolmdb db su mlsklbuolÿb, knbtdblkldbti y/i lbordkdbti, mdsmd ubn pdrspdotlvn lbtdrmlsolp`lbnrln, sdþn`nbmi `is dsodbnrlis pisla`ds, priana`ds y mdsdna`ds, oib sus rdspdotlvns prlirlmnmds md pi`ëtlons, qud oibtrlauynb n n`drtnr y prdvdblr siard cdocis qud pudmnb pibdr db rldsfi `n sdfurlmnm md `ns pdrsibns y md sus oikublmnmds oikublmnmds..

LLL.

QDOI QDOIKDBM KDBMNOLIBD_ NOLIBD_ WNQN DZL]NQ _DQ ZËO]LKN_ ZËO]LKN_ MD @N MD@LBOTDBOLN.

dbtrdfud lbj irknolÿb p drsibn drsibn`` 5  bi jnol`ltnr mntis pdrsibn`ds i jnkl`lnrds >.- Bi dbtrdfud

pir kdmli md dboudstnmirds, ``nknmis td`djÿblois i oiboursis, dbtrd itris. Nslklski, snadkis qud `is md`lboudbtds notõnb anei p`nbljlonolÿb i kitlvnmis pir `n ipirtublmnm8 pir `i tnbti, ds lkpirtnbtd qud bi sd pua`lqud db rdmds sioln`ds lbjirknolÿb md `n ualonolÿb fdifrîjlon, md budvns nmqulslolibds, lbkuda`ds i vdcëou`is.   vdcëou`is. 1.- Dstnr sldkprd sldkpr d db n`drtn5 sl dstî db su onsn, kistrnr sdfurlmnm y kivlkldbti.  

_l ustdm nbmn db `n on``d, dvltd vdrsd mlstrnëmi y ``dvd su ai`si pdrsibn` sldkprd nmd`nbtd, aldb odrrnmi y njlrkîbmi`i oib sus arnzis (`n ionslÿb u ipirtublmnm cnod n` `nmrÿb).  `nmrÿb).  ?.- Lbjirknr kivlkldbtis dxtrnþis  sl db su onsn i db `is `ufnrds qud oibourrd 5

jrdoudbtdkdbtd, vd pdrsibns mdsoibiolmns ribmnbmi y iasdrvnbmi md knbdrn

 

dxtrnþn, nvlsd lbkdmlntnkdbtd n Onrnalbdris. Tb nbtdodmdbtd pudmd dvltnr juturis riais.  riais.  =.- Tbn oikublmnm sldkprd oibdotnmn5  ds lkpirtnbtd qud vdolbis sd rdõbnb y

oibvdrsdb `ns mumns y kldmis qud `is nsdocnb. Eubtis pudmdb ordnr onkpnþns md prdvdbolÿb nbtl-riai. Cnodr ub frupi md VcntsNpp ds ubn audbn lmdn.  lmdn.  4.-- Nfitnr timis `is rdoursis5  si`i sl dstî n` n`onbod kibdtnrli, lbstn`nr oîknrns 4. y n`nrkns md sdfurlmnm db onsns i `ufnrds. Oi`ionr onrtd`ds njudrn qud mlfnb ‐@is

dstnkis vlfl`nbmi‛, tnkalìb pudmd ncuydbtnr n md`lboudbtds, nubqud rdn`kdbtd bi oudbtd oib dsd rdoursi8 oib dsti sd `d cnod kîs mljëol` n` md`lboudbtd y pudmd nairtnr su iaedtlvi.  iaedtlvi.  :.- Noik Noikpnþnrsd pnþnrsd pir ub p drri funrmlîb5 funrml îb5  sl ustdm vlvd db onsn si`i y së dstî n su

n`onbod, nmquldrn ub pdrri frnbmd y judrtd qud pudmn oulmnr md ustdm.  ustdm.   6.- Onpnolmnm md rdnoolibnr db onsi md sltunolÿb md vu`bdrnal`lmnm5 sl ustdm

yn ds ubn vëotlkn, bi notõd oib mdsdspdrnolÿb nbtd `is ntnonbtds. _u trnbqul`lmnm fnrnbtlznrî su oulmnmi y ì` md `is mdkîs. @i kntdrln` yn bi lkpirtn, db dstis onsis sÿ`i `n sdfurlmnm lbtdfrn`.  lbtdfrn`.  3.- Knbtdbdr frnmis md n`drtn5  kldbtrns sd dstî db `ufnrds mibmd pudmd sdr

vëotlkn md md`ltis (oiki ( oiki anbois, sdrvlodbtris y tldbmns oikdroln`ds). oikdroln`ds).  

 

OIBO@T_LIBD_

-

Mdbtri md md `ns dstrntdflns pnrn d` onka onkali, li, `n prdfubtn qud lbkdmlntnkdbtd bis cnodkis ds5 ¹Oÿki onkalnr dstn rdn`lmnm9 Bi ds qulkìrloi d` onkali, pdri sl sd trntn md ub priodsi n `nrfi p`nzi yn qud, sdfõb budstrns

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rdj`dxlibds, d` prlbolpn` onkali ds db `n dstruoturn dmuontlvn. Dmuonolÿb ds d` pl`n pl`nrr md timi Dstnmi5 dmuonolÿb pnrn lbt lbtdrlirlznr drlirlznr budstris mdadrds, pnrn oibiodr budstris mdrdocis, pnrn npirtnr n budstri pnës, pnrn snadr d`dflr n budstris fiadrbnbtds. Dstnki Dstnkiss tnb pi`nrlznmis oib rdspdoti n `is pi`ëtlois qud bisitris klskis dsoiflkis, pirqud onrdodkis md ou`turn oëvlon pnrn njribtnr budstrns mdolslibds pi`ëtlons db `ufnr md iptnr pir ubn notltum rdn`lstn y iptlklstn oib fnbns md `lmdrnr d` onkali. Bi mdsoibiodkis d` frnb pria`dkn qud mdadkis njribtnr puds tnrmd i tdkprnbi dstn``nrî db budstrns onrns, oib budstris jnkl`lnrds, vdolbis, cleis

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lbo`usi8 pdri `ns pripudstns jlbn`kdbtd mdadb oibordtnrsd. _d dxnklbnb dxnklbnb `is p`nbds md `n pi`ëtlon orlklbn` y sd dboudbtrn5 lkp`dkdbtnr odbtris md rdo`uslÿb8 d`dvnr `ns pdbns pnrn md`ltis oiki8 nslfbnr rdoursis, oikantlr `n md`lboudboln. Mis md `is prlkdris db sdþn`nrsd jirknb pnrtd md ubn pi`ëtlon rdprdslvn qud bi snbn `n ``nfn, si`i `n iou`tn. Wir itrn pnrtd, kuocis md dstis pistu`nmis, tnb lkpnotnbtds db `n rdn`lmnm, rdsu`tnb sdr `dtrn kudrtn.

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Wir dsi, `n pprlbolpn` rlbolpn` pripu pripudstn dstn ds lbvd lbvdrtlr rtlr db dmuonolÿb y db lbjrndstruoturn, qud `is mlsoursis pi`ëtlois bi odbtrdb `n ntdbolÿb db `n utl`lznolÿb md rdoursis bnturn`ds pir qud dstis sd nonanb, `n doibikën ds ub olo`i qud lfun`kdbtd tldbd onëmns8 pdri ubn dmuonolÿb oib audbns ansds y oib eustn lbvdrslÿb, mljëol`kdbtd mdondrî. Wrikivnkis `n dmuonolÿb db d` prdsdbtd pnrn dvltnr dbonrod`nr db d` juturi n blþis, eÿvdbds, nmu`tis. @n Orlklbi`ifën ds tnb jruotëjdrn oiki oldboln sioln` qud, sl sd `d arlbmn `is rdoursis nmdounmis, pudmd rdkivdr md rnëz `n md`lboudboln qud tnbti rdtrnsn budstri prifrdsi.

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Db `n õ`tlkn mìonmn d` Wdrõ cn slm slmii ubi md `i `iss pnës pnësds ds `ntlbin `ntlbinkdrlonbis kdrlonbis oib kîs n`ti ordolkldbti md `n md`lboudboln. Db djdoti, d` 17>< oibtnkis oib `n vlotlklznolÿb kîs n`tn md` oibtlbdbtd nkdrlon nkdrlonbi, bi, sdfõb d` Anrÿkdtri md `ns Nkìrlons. D` jdbÿkdbi bi ds budvi, pirqud pir `i kdbis mdsmd d` 17>:, qud d` Anrÿkdtri klmd `ns oibmlolibds md sdfurlmnm db `n rdflÿb, d` Wdrõ

 

dbonadzn d` rnbhlbf oibtlbdbtn` md vlotlklznolÿb. _l bis ntdbdkis n `ns dstnmëstlons pi`loln`ds, n pnrtlr md` 1776 tdbdkis ub ordolkldbti dxpibdboln` md `ns mdbubolns pir md`ltis. _lku`tîbdnkdbt _lku`tîbdnkdbtd, d, `n oibjlnbzn olumnmnbn db `n Wi`loën ds md `ns kîs anens. N`tn vlotlklznolÿb y anen oibjlnbzn lbstltuolibn` dxp`lonb pir quì oibtnkis oib `n pdrodpolÿb md lbsdfurlmnm kîs n`tn md` oibtlbdbtd, ds mdolr, tdbdkis `n knyir pripirolÿb md olumnmnbis oib tdkir n sdr vëotlkn md ub md`lti. -

Db budstri budstri pnë pnëss ttdbdkis dbdkis dvlmdbolns dvlmdbolns md k kõ`tlp`ds õ`tlp`ds mlkdbslibds sioln`ds, doibÿklons, pi`ëtlons qud pislal`ltnb d` nvnbod md `n orlklbn`lmnm, ds vdrmnm qud dxlstdb pi`ëtlons md` Dstnmi qud rdfu`n d` noti md`lotlvi, pdri qud pnsn sl d` klski Dstnmi dstn oi`umlmi oi`umlmi oib `n md`lboudboln, dstis notis lbkirn`ds pimdkis vdr db `is õ`tlkis tldkpis oiki `is oud``is a`nbois, d` prdslmdbtd md `n rdpõa`lon, y tdrklbnbmi db d` edjd edjd md` cifnr, `ns pdrsibns qud ooikdtdb ikdtdb dstis notis sib oibsoldbtds md sus notis md`lotlvns, pdri bi pudmdb pnrn su iaedtlvi md mnþnr n su vëotlkn.

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D` Dstnmi cn pdrmlÿ d` oibtri` md `n sioldmnm, ds vdrmnm qud d` Dstnmi mdtdrklbnmi ub oibeubti md kdmlmns pnrn rdprlklr y prdvdblr d` md`lti, pdri dsti bi cn slmi sujloldbtd pnrn oibtri`nr y dbjrdbtnr `n orlklbn`lmnm.

 

QDJDQDBO QDJD QDBOLN_ LN_ A ALA@ LA@LIFQÎJLON_ LIFQÎJLON_

>. Nansti, Knbud` F. (>