La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos

 

Ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms   (ekrûdgfm ekrûdgfm `b sbptgbfhrb `b 8>58. Bstb trete`m rbigmdec bs mhcgietmrgm pere equbccms Bste`ms qub cm retgagqubd m sb e`jgbred e çc y rbprbsbdte ce kucfgdekgûd `b ud prmkbsm qub sb gdgkgû e agdecbs `b ce [biud`e Iubrre Fud`gec, kued`m ces dekgmdbs `b Efçrgke sb rbudgbrmd bd Fçxgkm y `bkg`gbrmd qub ude `bkcerekgûd smhrb `brbkjms jufedms `bhbræe sbr rb`ekte`e, pere qub pu`gbsb sbr bvbdtuecfbdtb e`mpte`e kmfm kmdvb km dvbdkg dkgûd. ûd. Pec Pec `bk `bkcer cerekg ekgûd, ûd, ce @b @bkce kcerek rekgûd gûd Efbrgk Efbrgkede ede `b cms @brbkj @brbkjms ms y @bhbrbs `b ce pbrsmde, aub eprmhe`e pmr cms Bste`ms Fgbfhrms `b ce MBE bd Hmimtå, Kmcmfhge, bd feym `b 570:. Kmd bc agd `b secveiuer`er cms `brbkjms bsbdkgecbs `bc jmfhrb bd bc kmdtgdbdtb efbrgkedm, ce Kmdvbdkgûd gdstrufbdtû `ms ûriedms kmfpbtbdtbs pere kmdmkbr  `b ces vgmcekgmdbs e cms `brbkjms jufedms< Ce Kmfgsgûd Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkj @br bkjms ms Jufedm Jufedmss y ce Kmrtb Kmrtb Gdt Gdtbre brefbr fbrgke gkede de `b @br @brbkj bkjms ms Jufed Jufedms. ms. Ce prgfbre jehæe sg`m krbe`e bd 5727 b gdgkgû sus audkgmdbs bd 571>, kued`m bc Kmdsblm `b ce MBE eprmhû su Bstetutm y bcgigû sus prgfbrms fgbfhrms.

 

[gd bfherim, bc Prghudec dm pu`m bstehcbkbrsb y mriedgzersb jeste qub bdtrû bd vgimr ce Kmdvbdkgûd. Bc 88 `b feym `b 5797 cms Bste`ms ^ertbs bd ce Kmdvbdkgûd Efbrgkede bcgigbrmd, `uredtb bc [çptgfm ^bræm`m Bxtremr`gdergm `b [bsg [b sgmd mdbs bs `b ce Esef Esefhc hcbe be Ib Ibdb dbre recc `b ce MBE, MBE, e cm cmss lu lurg rgst stes es qu qub b bd su kepekg`e` pbrsmdec, sbræed cms prgfbrms lubkbs qub kmfpmd`ræed ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede. Ce prgfbre rbudgûd `b ce Kmrtb sb kbcbhrû bc 87 y ;> `b ludgm `b 5797 bd ce sb`b `b ce MBE bd Yesjgditmd @.K. Ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec `b ce MBE, bc 5 `b lucgm `b 579:, rbkmfbd`û eprmher bc marbkgfgbdtm amrfec `bc Imhgbrdm `b Kmste Xgke pere qub ce sb`b `b ce Kmrtb sb bstehcbkgbre bd bsb peæs. Bste `bkgsgûd aub retgagke`e `bspuçs pmr cms Bste`ms ^ertbs bd ce Kmdvbdkgûd `uredtb bc [bxtm ^bræm`m Bxtremr`gdergm `b [bsgmdbs `b ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec, kbcbhre`m bd dmvgbfhrb `b 579:. Ce kbrbfmdge `b gdstecekgûd `b ce Kmrtb sb rbecgzû bd [ed Lmsç bc ; `b sbptgbfhrb `b 5797. @uredtb bc Dmvbdm ^bræm`m Mr`gdergm `b [bsgmdbs `b ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec `b ce MBE aub eprmhe`m bc Bstetutm `b ce Kmrtb y, bd eimstm `b 57:>, ce Kmrtb eprm ep rmhû hû su Xb Xbic icef efbd bdtm tm,, bc ku kuec ec gd gdkc kcuy uyb b ce cess dm dmrf rfes es `b prmk prmkb` b`gf gfgb gbdt dtm. m. Bd dmvgbfhrb `b 8>>7 `uredtb bc CZZZQ ^bræm`m Mr`gdergm `b [bsgmdbs, bdtrû bd vgimr ud dubvm Xbicefbdtm `b ce Kmrtb, bc kuec sb epcgke e tm`ms cms kesms qub sb trefgted ektuecfbdtb edtb ce Kmrtb. Bc 5> `b sbptgbfhrb `b 57:5 bc Imhgbrdm `b Kmste Xgke y ce Kmrtb agrfermd ud Kmdvbdgm `b [b`b, eprmhe`m fb`gedtb Cby Dm. 1::7 `bc 7 `b sbptgbfhrb `b 57:;, qub gdkcuyb bc rçigfbd `b gdfudg`e`bs y prgvgcbigms `b ce Kmrtb, `b cms  lubkbs, `bc pbrsmdec y `b ces pbrsmdes qub kmfperbzked edtb bcce. Bstb Kmdvbdgm `b [b`b bstå `bstgde`m e aekgcgter bc dmrfec `bsbdvmcvgfgbdtm `b ces ektgtgvg ek vg`e `e`b `bss `b ce Km Kmrt rtb, b, bs bspb pbkg kgec ecfb fbdt dtb b pmr pmr ce prmt prmtbk bkkg kgûd ûd qub qub `e e tm`e tm`ess equbcces pbrsmdes qub gdtbrvbdied bd cms prmkbsms. Kmfm pertb `bc kmfprmfgsm kmdtreæ`m pmr bc Imhgbrdm `b Kmste Xgke, bd dmvgbfhrb `b 577; çstb cb `mdû e ce Kmrtb ce kese qub jmy mkupe ce sb`b `bc Prghudec. Bc ;> `b lucgm `b 57:> ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede y bc Imhgbrdm `b ce Xbpühcgke `b Kmste Kms te Xgke Xgke agrf agrferm ermd d ud kmdvbd kmdvbdgm, gm, eprmhe eprmhe`m `m pmr ce Esefh Esefhcbe cbe Cbigs Cbigscet cetgve gve fb`gedtb Cby Dm. 128: `bc 8: `b mktuhrb `b 57:>, pmr ce kuec sb krbû bc Gdstgtutm Gdtbrefbrgkedm `b @brbkjms Jufedms. Helm bstb Kmdvbdgm sb bstehcbkb bc Gdstgtutm kmfm ude bdtg`e` gdtbrdekgmdec eutûdmfe, `b deturecbze eke`çfgk eke` çfgke, e, `b`g `b`gke`m ke`m e ce bdsbõedz bdsbõedze, e, gdvb gdvbstgie stgiekgûd kgûd y prmfmkgûd prmfmkgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms, kmd ud bdamqub fuctg`gskgpcgdergm y kmd çdaesgs bd cms prmhcbfes `b Efçrgke. Bc Gdstgtutm, kmd sb`b tefhgçd bd [ed Lmsç, Kmste Xgke, trehele bd epmym `bc sgstbfe gdtbrefbrgkedm `b prmtbkkgûd gdtbrdekgmdec `b cms `brbkjms jufedms. Bc sgstbfe `b prmfmkgûd y prmtbkkgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms bfpgbze kmd ce e`mpkgûd `b ce @bkcerekgûd Efbrgkede `b cms @brbkjms y @bhbrbs `bc Jmfhrb bd ce Dmvbde kmdabrbdkge Gdtbrdekgmdec Efbrgkede qub sb rbecgzû bd Kmcmfhge bd ce kgu`e` `b Hmimtå bd bc eõm 570:. @bhg`m e qub sb `bhb ieredtgzer cms `brbkjms `bc jmfhrb sb je `e`m kmfm rbsucte`m qub bc rbkmdmkgfgbdtm `b cms @brbkjms Jufedms bs ud prgdkgpgm aud`efbdtec `bc [gstbfe Xbigmdec  Efbrgkedm.

 

Bd ce Dmv Dmvbde bde Kmd Kmdabr abrbd bdkge kge Gdt Gdtbrd brdek ekgmd gmdec ec Efbrgke Efbrgkede de bc imhgbr imhgbrdm dm `b Hresgc Hresgc prbsbdtû ude prmpubste pere qub sb krbb ude Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `bstgde`e e ieredtgzer cms `brbkjms `bc jmfhrb, kmdsg`bred`m qub kued`m sb trete `b cms `brbkjms gdtbrdekgmdecbs rbkmdmkg`ms, ce prmtbkkgûd luræ`gke pere qub pub`e sbe bagkez `bhb `b bfeder `b ud mriedgsfm gdtbrdekgmdec. ^mr bste rezûd rbkmfbd`û e ce kmfgsgûd Luræ`gke Gdtbrdekgmdec qub bcehmrb ud prmybktm `b Cby pere qub sb evecbd cms `brbkjms jufedms. Bstb prmybktm `bspuçs `b jehbr  sg`m bvecue`m, `bhb sbr `gskutg`m y eprmhe`m pmr ude kmdabrbdkge Gdtbrdekgmdec  Efbrgkede (`çkgfe kmdabrbdkge gdtbrdekgmdec) bstb prmybktm sb kmdvgrtgû bd ce Xbsmcukgûd ZZZG –Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede pere prmtbibr cms @brbkjms Jufedms‖. Bd ce `çkgfe kmdabrbdkge Gdtbrdekgmdec Efbrgkede rbecgze`e bd Qbdbzubce bd ce kgu`e` `b Kerekes bd 5720, sb e`mptû ce Xbsmcukgûd ZZZG rbcetgve e ce –Krbekgûd `b ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `b cms @brbkjms Jufedms‖. Ce @çkgfe Kmdabrbdkge bdkeriû ec Kmdsblm `b ce Mriedgzekgûd ce kmdtgduekgûd `b cms bstu`gms ekbrke `b ce prmtbkkgûd lurgs`gkkgmdec `b cms `brbkjms jufedms kmd bc prmpûsgtm `b qub ce Rd`çkgfe Kmdabrbdkge Gdtbrdekgmdec kmdsg`bresb bc esudtm. Bd ce Uu Uugdt gdte e Xbu Xbudgû dgûd d `b Km Kmdsu dsucte cte `b Fgd Fgdgst gstrms rms `b Xbcek Xbcekgmd gmdbs bs Bxtbrg Bxtbrgmrb mrbss rbecgze`e bd Kjgcb bd 5727, sb kmdsg`brû ce rbkmfbd`ekgûd rbecgze`e pmr bc Kmfgtç Luræ`gkm Gdtbrefbrgkedm 5727, pere `er `b prbabrbdkge ce bcehmrekgûd `b ud prmybktm `b KmdvbdkgûdbdGdtbrefbrgkede @brbkjmse Jufedms. [b eprm ep rmhû hû ce Xb Xbsm smcu cukg kgûd ûd QGGG QGGG sm smhr hrb b cm cmss –@br –@brbk bkjm jmss Jufe Jufedm dms‖ s‖ bd ce kuec kuec sb bdkmfbd`û ec Kmdsblm Gdtbrefbrgkedm `b Lurgskmdsuctms ce bcehmrekgûd `b `ms tgpms `b prmybktms `b kmdvbdkgûd< udm smhrb cms –`brbkjms jufedms‖ y bc mtrm ekbrke `b ce krbekgûd `b ude –Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms‖, `gspmdgbd`m qub `gkjms prmybktms sbed smfbtg`ms e ce Rd`çkgfe Kmdabrbdkge Gdtbrefbrgkede y rbfgtg`e e cms imhgbrdms, sbsbdte `æes edtbs `b ce gdstecekgûd `b `gkje kmdabrbdkge. Bc kmdsbl kmdsblm m Gdtbre Gdtbrefb fbrgk rgkedm edm `b Lur Lurgsk gskmds mdsuct uctms ms kuf kufpcg pcgbd` bd`m m `b ekubr` ekubr`e e e ce Xbsmcukgûd QGGG bcehmrû ud prmybktm `b Kmdvbdkgûd smhrb @brbkjms Jufedms `uredtb su Kuerte Xbudgûd kbcbhre`e bd [edtgeim `b Kjgcb bdtrb bc 80 `b eimstm y bc 7 `b sbptgbfhrb `b 5727. Bstb prmybktm bd sus :: ertækucms jekb rbabrbdkge e cms `brbkjms kgvgcbs, pmcætgkms, bkmdûfgkms, smkgecbs y kucturecbs y krbed`m e ce vbz ûriedms qub sb bdkeriubd `b prmtbibr bstms `brbkjms, ude Kmfgsgûd Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms y ude Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms. Ces aubdtb qub gdspgrermd pere ce krbekgûd `b ce Kmrtb aubrmd bc Bstetutm `b ce Kmrtb Gdtbrdekgmdec `b Lustgkge y ces `gspmsgkgmdbs `b ce Kerte `b Xmfe rbabrbdtbs e ce Kmrtb `b Bstreshurim, pbrm prmkured`m e`epter  bstm bs tmss tb tbxt xtms ms e ce cess km kmd` d`gk gkgm gmdb dbss pert pertgk gkuc ucer erbs bs `b ce rbec rbecg` g`e` e` `bc `bc kmdt kmdtgd gdbd bdtb tb efbrgkedm. Jmy bd `æe sb jed e`mpte`m ud sgd düfbrm `b gdstrufbdtms `b keråktbr  gdtbrd gdt brdek ekgmd gmdec, ec, `bdtr `bdtrm m `b bstms bstms sb bdk bdkubd ubdtre tre ce e`mpk e`mpkgûd gûd `b ce Kmdvb Kmdvbdkg dkgûd ûd  Efbrgkede smhrb cms @brbkjms Jufedms qub aub ekmig`e bd ce Kmdabrbdkge Bspbkgecgze`e Gdtbrefbrgkede smhrb @brbkjms Jufedms, kbcbhre`e `bc 9 ec 88 `bmtbk dmvg dmkgûd vgbf bfhr hrb b cm `bs 5717 57 bd [e Lm Lmsç sç, Kmst Km ste etmssXg Xgkkpmr e.r Cms Cm `ms s cmûrie ûriedm s `b prmt pr bkkg ûd `b cms `brb `b17 rbkj kjms ms [ed jufe judfedm dms s , pr prbv bvgs gstm pm bc sertæ er`m tæku kucm ;;dms `b ce

 

Kmdvbdkgûd Efbrgkede smd ce Kmfgsgûd Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms y ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms. Efhms ûriedms tgbdbd ce audkgûd `b esbiurer bc kufpcgfgbdtm `b ces mhcgiekgmdbs gfpubstes pmr ce Kmdvbdkgûd. Ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms aub bstehcbkg`e kmfm rbsucte`m `b jehbr bdtre`m bd vgimr, bc 5: `b lucgm `b 579:. Ce Kmrtb aub gdstece`e magkgecfbdtb bd su sb`b bd [ed Lmsç, Kmste Xgke, bc ; `b sbptgbfhrb `b 5797, y su Bstetutm eprmhe`m pmr ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec `b ce MBE kbcbhre`e bd Ce ^ez, Hmcgvge bd mktuhrb `b 5797, fb`gedtb Xbsmcukgûd Dm. 00:. Bd bc kursm `b su Pbrkbr ^bræm`m `b [bsgmdbs, ccbve`m e kehm `bc ;> `b lucgm ec 7 `b eimstm `b 57:>, ce Kmrtb kmfpcbtû cms trehelms smhrb bc Ekubr`m [b`b kmdkbrte`m kmd Kmste Xgke. Bd `gkjm ekubr`m, retgagke`m pmr bc Imhgbrdm `b Kmste Xgke, sb bstgpuced ces gdfudg`e`bs y cms prgvgcbigms `b ce Kmrtb, sus lubkbs/zes y su pbrsmdec, esæ kmfm `b ces pbrsmdes qub kmfperbzked edtb bcce. KE^ÆPRCM ^XGFBXM BC [G[PBFE GDPBXEFBXGKEDM @B ^XMPBKKGÛD W ^XMFMKGÛD @B CM[ @BXBKJM[ JRFEDM[. 5. @BKCEXEKGMDB[ W ^EKPM[ 5.5 @BKCEXEKGÛD RDGQBX[EC @B CM[ @BXBKJM[ JRFEDM[ Kmd ce @bkcerekgûd Rdgvbrsec dekb ude çpmke bd qub cms @brbkjms Jufedms smd udgvbrsecbs y pmsgtgvms, ye dm ved e prmtbibr e cms kgu`e`edms `b ud bste`m sgdm e tm`ms cms sbrbs jufedms. Ce @bkcerekgûd Rdgvbrsec `b cms @brbkjms Jufedms aub eprmhe`e pmr  kmdsbdsm bd ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec `b ce MDR bc 5> `b `gkgbfhrb `b 570:. Helm ce g`be `b eckedzer bc g`bec kmfüd pmr bc kuec tm`ms cms pubhcms y dekgmdbs `bhbd `bh bd bsa bsamrz mrzerb erb,, e agd `b qu qub b tedtm tedtm cms gd`gvg gd`gvg`um `umss kmfm kmfm ces gdstgt gdstgtukg ukgmdb mdbss gdspgråd`msb kmdstedtbfbdtb bd bcce, prmfubved, fb`gedtb ce bdsbõedze y ce b`ukekgûd, bc rbspbtm e bstms `brbkjms y cghbrte`bs y esbiurbd pmr fb`g`es prmirbsgves `b keråktbr dekgmdec b gdtbrdekgmdec, su rbkmdmkgfgbdtm y epcgkekgûd udgvbrsecbs y babktgvms, tedtm bdtrb cms pubhcms `b cms Bste`ms fgbfhrms kmfm bdtrb cms `b cms tbrrgtmrgms pubstms helm su lurgs`gkkgûd, tefhgçd sb kmdsg`brû ce dbkbsg`e` `b ce bxgstbdkge `b ud rçigfbd `b `brbkjm kmfm prmtbkkgûd `b `brbkjms? kmdsg`bred`m bsbdkgec qub cms `brbkjms jufedms sbed prmtbig`ms pmr ud rçigfbd `b `brbkjm, e agd `b qub bc jmfhrb sb vbe mhcgie`m ec suprbfm rbkursm `b ce rbhbcgûd kmdtre ce tgredæe y ce mprbsgûd. Ce @bkc @bkcer erek ekgû gûd d Rdgv Rdgvbr brse secc sb km kmfp fpmd mdb b `b ud prûc prûcmi mim m y ;> ertæ ertæku kucm cms. s. Cms Cms prgfbrms `ms ertækucms `gspmdbd qub tm`ms cms sbrbs jufedms dekbd cghrbs b gi giue uecb cbss bd `g `gid idg` g`e` e` y `b `brb rbkj kjms ms,, y qub qub tm`m tm`mss tgtgbd bdbd bd gi giue uec` c`e` e` edtb edtb bsms bsms `brbkjms b gdsted e kufpcgrcms sgd `gstgdkgûd `b sbxm, reze, kmcmr, g`gmfe btk. Cms ertækucms sgiugbdtbs jeste bc vbgdtgudm bstgpuced cms `brbkjms kgvgcbs y pmcætgkms `b tm`ms cms sbrbs jufedms? `brbkjm e ce vg`e, sbiurg`e`, dm sbr  smfbtg`m e tmrtures, bskcevgtu`, `brbkjm e kesersb, giuec`e` edtb ce cby, cghbrte` `b esmkgekgûd, rbudgûd, esgcm, dekgmdecg`e`, rbcgigûd, bdtrb fukjms mtrms.

 

Cms ertækucms `bc vbgdtg`ûs ec vbgdtgsgbtb sbõeced cms `brbkjms bkmdûfgkms, smkgecbs y kucturecbs? `brbkjm e ce sbiurg`e` smkgec, trehelm, `bskedsm, dgvbc `b vg`e vg` e e` e`bku bkue`m e`m,, secu`, secu`, hgb hgbdbs dbster ter,, b`uke b`ukekgû kgûd, d, btk btk.. Cms üct üctgfm gfmss `ms ert ertæku ækucms cms rbkmdmkbd qub tm`ms cms sbrbs jufedms tgbdbd bc `brbkjm e qub sb bstehcbzke ud mr`bd smkgec b gdtbrdekgmdec bd bc kuec bstms `brbkjms y cghbrte`bs sb jeied pcbdefbdtb babktgvms y suhreybd cms `bhbrbs y rbspmdsehgcg`e`bs qub tgbdb bc gd`gvg`um pere kmd ce kmfudg`e`. Ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec `b ce MDR je gdste`m e sus Bste`ms fgbfhrms ec kufpcgfgbdtm `b sus dmrfes bstehcbkg`es bd ce @bkcerekgûd? bd 5711 pg`gû e tm`ms cms Bste`ms "amrtecbkbr cms bsaubrzms pere amfbdter bc kufpcgfgbdtm pcbdm `b cms `brbkjms jufedms y ec `brbkjm `b ce cghrb `btbrfgdekgûd `b cms pubhcms `b ekub ekubr` r`m m e ce Ke Kert rte e `b ces ces De Dekg kgmd mdbs bs Rdg` Rdg`es es,, y ec eckkedze edzerr ce cess dmrf dmrfes es bstehcbkg`es pmr ce @bkcerekgûd..." tefhgçd bc Kmdsblm `b [biurg`e` `b ce MDR bd sus `bkgsgmdbs pg`gû ec Imhgbrdm `b [u`åargke suspbd`br gdfb`getefbdtb su kmdstedtb gfpmsgkgûd `b fb`g`es `gskrgfgdetmrges y rbprbsgves kmdtrerges e cms prgdkgpgms y prmpûsgtms `b ce Kerte. [b je `gskutg`m sg ce `bkcerekgûd tgbdb aubrze luræ`gke m dm? sb `bhb bdaetgzer  qub bste @bkcerekgûd sæ cm bs, `b ekubr`m e ce ^rmkcefekgûd `b Pbjbråd, bd `md`b sb rbudgbrmd cms Bste`ms fgbfhrms `b ce MDR pere bstu`ger y edecgzer ce sgtuekgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms dgvbc fud`gec, `bspuçsCe `bKmdabrbdkge vbgdtb eõms `b jehbrsb prmkcefe`m y eprmhe`m ce e@bkcerekgûd Rdgvbrsec. `b Pbjbråd eagrfû qub cms prgdkgpgms `b ce @bkcerekgûd `bhbd kmdseirer y rb`mhcer  cms bsaubrzms pere prmpmrkgmder e tm`ms cms sbrbs jufedms, ude vg`es bd kmdsmdedkge `b ce giuec`e`, cghbrte`, `gidg`e`, hgbdbster aæsgkm, fbdtec, smkgec y bspgrgtuec. Ce @bkcerekgûd Rdgvbrsec bs bc prgfbr gdstrufbdtm gdtbrdekgmdec qub km`gagke cms prgdkgpecbs `brbkjms jufedms e dgvbc fud`gec. 5.8 ^EKPM[ GDPBXDEKGMDECB[ @B @BXBKJM[ JRFEDM[ @bspuçs `b eprmhe`e y prmkcefe`e ce @bkcerekgûd Rdgvbrsec `b cms @brbkjms Jufe Ju fedm dms, s, ce Es Esef efhc hcbe be Ibdb Ibdbre recc `b ce MD MDR R bdke bdkeri riû û e ude ude kmfgs kmfgsgû gûd d `b @brbkjms Jufedms, ce bcehmrekgûd `b ud Prete`m Gdtbrdekgmdec `b @brbkjms Jufedms qub aubsb vgdkucedtb pere cms Bste`ms qub cms retgagkered. [b `gbrmd `ms pmsgkgmdbs bd kuedtm e ce rb`ekkgûd `b bstb Prete`m Gdtbrdekgmdec `b @brbkjms Jufedms, ude prmpuidehe pmr ud smcm trete`m qub gdkmrpmrere cms `brbkjms kgvgcbs, pmcætgkms y bkmdûfgkms, smkgecbs y kucturecbs? mtre prmpmdæe ce krbekgûd `b `ms trete`ms? udm `b @brbkjms Kgvgcbs y pmcætgkms, ye qub bstms smd `b mhsbrvedkge mhcgietmrge qub sb cbs pub`b rbkcefer edtb cms trghudecbs `b  lustgkge? y mtrm trete`m qub kmdsgidere cms @brbkjms [mkgecbs, Bkmdûfgkms y Kucturecbs pmr qub bstms `brbkjms `bhbd sbr `b epcgkekgûd prmirbsgve. Ce kubstgûd e rbsmcvgû ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec ec `bkg`gr qub juhgbre `ms pektms, eudqub rbkmdmkgû qub bc imkb `b ces cghbrte`bs kgvgcbs y pmcætgkes y bc `b cms `brbkjms bkmdûfgkms, smkgecbs y kucturecbs bståd kmd`gkgmde`ms y sb gdtbired futuefbdtb.

 

 E bstms trete`ms gdtbrdekgmdecbs sb cbs `bsgidû kmfm ^ektms Gdtbrdekgmdecbs `b @brbkjms Jufedms y helm bc prgdkgpgm `b pekte sudt sbrved`e sb kmdsg`bred mhcgietmrgms e equbccms Bste`ms qub cms retgagqubd. Bc 57 `b `gkgbfhrb `b 5711, ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec `b ce MDR eprmhû bc ^ektm Gdtbrd Gdt brdekg ekgmde mdecc `b @br @brbkj bkjms ms Bkmdûf Bkmdûfgkm gkms, s, [mkgec [mkgecbs bs y ^mcætgk ^mcætgkms, ms, y bc ^ektm ^ektm Gdtbrd Gdt brdekg ekgmde mdecc `b @br @brbkj bkjms ms kgvgcb kgvgcbss y pm pmcætg cætgkms kms?? çst çstb b üct üctgfm gfm kmd su prmtmk prmtmkmcm mcm Aekuctetgvm qub cb pbrfgtb ce rbkbpkgûd `b `bdudkges gd`gvg`uecbs bd kesm `b vgmcekgmdbs e tecbs `brbkjms. 5.; BC ^EKPM GDPBXDEKGMDEC @B @BXBKJM[ BKMDÛFGKM[, [MKGECB[ W KRCPRXECB[ Bdtrû bd vgimr bc ; `b bdbrm `b 5791, bc `b @brbkjms Kgvgcbs y ^mcætgkms bc 8; `b ferzm `b 5791, ec bster retgagke`m pmr ;2 bste`ms fgbfhrms `b ce MDR. Bc ertækucm prgfbrm `b efhms bstehcbkb `brbkjms kmcbktgvms. [b vb ce gdacubdkge `b cms Bste`ms qub cmired su gd`bpbd`bdkge `bspuçs `b 570: y `b cms bste`ms bd `bserrmccm qub husked prmtbibr sus rgqubzes y rbkursms deturecbs. Bd efhms bc ertækucm tbrkbrm rbeagrfe ce giuec`e` `b `brbkjms `b jmfhrbs y fulbrbs ec `gsarutb `b tm`ms cms `brbkjms y mr`bde e cms bste`ms qub jeied `b bsb ude rbecg`e`. Bc ertækucm qugdtm bstehcbkb secveiuer`ges bd kmdtre `b ceprgdkgpgm `bstrukkgûd m ce cgfgtekgûd gd`bhg`e `b kuecqugbr `brbkjm jufedm m cghbrte` aud`efbdtec y bd kmdtre `b ce gdtbrprbtekgûd gdkmrrbkte `b kuecqugbr  `gspmsgkgûd `bc pektm, kmfm fb`gm pere lustgagker vgmcekgmdbs e ud `brbkjm m ude cghbrte`. Bc ^ektm Gdtbrdekgmdec `b @brbkjms Bkmdûfgkms, [mkgecbs y Kucturecbs bstå gdtbire`m pmr ;5 ertækucms, bd su ertækucm sbiud`m cms bste`ms sb kmfprmfbtbd e e`mpter ces fb`g`es ye sbe bd amrfe kmdludte m sbpere`e pere cmirer  prmirbsgvefbdtb pmr tm`ms cms fb`gms eprmpge`ms ce pcbde babktgvg`e` `b bsms `brbkjms, pere tec agd utgcgzeråd ce esgstbdkge y kmmpbrekgûd gdtbrdekgmdec, esæ kmfm ce e`mpkgûd `b fb`g`es cbigscetgves. @bc ertækucm sbxtm ec `çkgfm qugdtm sb rbk rbkmd mdmkb mkbd d cms `br `brbkj bkjms ms km kmfm? fm? tre trehe helm, lm, kmd kmd`gk `gkgmd gmdbs bs lustes lustes `b trehel trehelm, m, `brbkjm `b aefgcge, `b ces fe`rbs, `b cms dgõms, bc `brbkjm e bster prmtbig`m kmdtre bc jefhrb, dgvbc `b vg`e fblmr, b`ukekgûd, secu` aæsgke y fbdtec, btk. Cms Bste`ms ^ertbs sb kmfprmfbtbd e prbsbdter edtb bc [bkrbtergm Ibdbrec `b ce MDR gdamrfbs smhrb ces fb`g`es e`mpte`es y cms prmirbsms rbcetgvms e cms `brbkjms bkmdûfgkms, smkgecbs m kucturecbs, bc sbkrbtergm cms rbfgtb ec BKM[MK qugçd cms rbvgse. Bd cms gdamrfbs sb pm`rå sbõecer ces kgrkudstedkges y `gagk `gagkuc ucte te`b `bss qub qub ea eabk bktb tbd d bc ir ire` e`m m `b kufp kufpcgf cgfgb gbdt dtm m `b ce cess mhcgi mhcgiek ekgm gmdb dbss prbvgstes bd bc pektm. 5.0 ^EKPM GDPBXDEKGMDEC @B CM[ @BXBKJM[ KGQGCB[ W ^MCÆPGKM[ Bs ud ketåcmim `b `brbkjms kgvgcbs y pmcætgkms fås efpcgm qub ce `bkcerekgûd udgvbrsec, bc pektm bs vgdkucedtb pere cms Bste`ms qub cm retgagked. Bdtrb cms `b `brb rbkj kjms mse qub qu kmds kmbdkerkbce`m dsei eire re qub qub pmr dm `bu`es, sb bdku bdkubd bdtr tred ed bde cececghbrte`, `bkc `bkcer erek ekgû d bstå bs tå?? bc `brbkjm dmbsbr `brbkjm egûd sbr trete`m

 

kmd jufedg`e`, rbspbtm, `brbkjm e ce dekgmdecg`e`, prmtbkkgûd `bc dgõm tedtm pmr pertb `b su aefgcge kmfm `b ce smkgb`e` y bc bste`m. Bdtrb cms `brbkjms qub sæ bståd bd ce `bkcerekgûd y dm bd bc pektm? `brbkjm `b pmsbbr prmpgb`e`bs. Cms `b `brbk rbkjm jmss ju jufed fedms ms kmdse kmdseire ire`ms `ms bd bc pektm? pektm? giu giuec` ec`e` e` `b jmf jmfhrb hrbss y fulbrbs bd `brbkjms (ert ;) `brbkjm e ce vg`e, prmjghgkgûd `b ce tmrture y tretms krubcb kru bcbss m `bire` `bire`edt edtbs, bs, prm prmjgh jghgkg gkgûd ûd `b ce bskcev bskcevgtu gtu`, `, prm prmjgh jghgkg gkgûd ûd ec trehel trehelm m amrze`m, `brbkjm e mhtbdbr rbperekgûd, prmjghgkgûd `b `btbdkgmdbs gcbiecbs erhg erhgtr trer erge ges, s, prmj prmjgh ghgk gkgû gûd d `b pr prgs gsgû gûd d pm pmrr `bu` `bu`es es,, `brb `brbkj kjm m ed edtb tb ce cb cbyy y cm cmss trghudecbs, prbsudkgûd `b gdmkbdkge, `bhg`m prmkbsm, grrbtrmektgvg`e` `b ce cby, `brbkj `br bkjm m ec rbkmdm rbkmdmkgf kgfgbd gbdtm tm `b ce pbr pbrsmd smdecg ecg`e `e` ` luræ`g luræ`gke, ke, cgh cghbrt brte` e` `b rbc rbcgig gigûd, ûd, `brbkjm ec rbkmdmkgfgbdtm `bc pbdsefgbdtm, btk. Cms `brbkjms rbkmdmkg`ms dm smd ehsmcutms sgdm qub bståd sulbtms e rbstrgkkgmdbs pmr rezmdbs `b sbiurg`e` dekgmdec, mr`bd pühcgkm, `brbkjms `b cms `bfås. Cms Bste`ms ^ertbs sb kmfprmfbtbd e prbsbdter gdamrfbs smhrb ces `gspmsgkgmdbs qub jeyed e`mpte`m y qub `bd babktm e cms `brbkjms rbkmdmkg`ms pmr bc pektm. ^ere tec babktm sb bstehcbkb ud Kmfgtç gdtbire`m pmr  5: fg fgbf bfhr hrms ms qub qub `bhb `bhbrå råd d sbr sbr pbrs pbrsmd mdes es `b ired ired gd gdtb tbir irg` g`e` e` fmre fmrec,c, km kmd d rbkmdm rbk mdmkg` kg`e e kmfpbt kmf bdkge ge bd fetbrg fetbrge `b rbprbsbdtedtbs `brbkj `brbkjms ms jufed jufedms, ms,cmsprmpub prm pubstm stmss bcy bcbig`ms pmr cmspbtbdk bste`ms pertbs, dme smd `b Bste`ms, Kmfgtç bstu`gerå cms gdamrfbs prbsbdte`ms pmr cms Bste`ms ^ertbs, tredsfgtgrå sus gdamrfbs y kmfbdtergms e ke`e udm y sb cms bdvgerå ec BKM[MK. Bd 57 5717 17 ce MB MBE E km kmdv dvmk mkû û bd Km Kmst ste e Xgke Xgke,, ud ude e kmda kmdabr brbd bdkg kge e bspb bspbkg kgec ecgz gze` e`e e gdtbrefbrgkede pere rb`ekter ud trete`m smhrb `brbkjms jufedms. Bd gdstrufbdtm dbimkge`m pmr ces `bcbiekgmdbs `b cms imhgbrdms sb ccefe Kmdvbdkgûd Efbrgkede smhrb @brbkjms Jufedms. Gdamrfecfbdtb sb cb kmdmkb kmfm ^ektm `b [ed Lmsç, heutgze`m esæ pmr ce kgu`e` `md`b sb `gm. Kmste Xgke aub bc prgfbr peæs qub retgagkû ce kmdvbdkgûd, kmd cm kuec ekbptû ces mhcgiekgmdbs kmdtbdg`es bd bc trete`m. Dm mhstedtb aub jeste 579: qub ce Kmdvbdkgûd aub retgagke`e pmr bc mdkbevm Bste`m fgbfhrm `b ce MBE, bc düfbrm fædgfm `b bste`ms pertbs qub sb rbqubræe sbiüd cms tçrfgdms `bc ekubr`m pere qub ce kmdvbdkgûd surtgbre babktms. Jeste ce abkje 80 `b cms ;0 peæsbs `b ce MBE cm jed retgagke`m. Ce kmdvbdkgûd bs sgfgcer e ce @bkcerekgûd Efbrgkede bd kuedtm e qub bdufbre cms `brbkjms kgvgcbs y pmcætgkms, qub `bhbd rbspbtersb pmr cms Bste`ms pertbs, e`bfås cms sgidetergms ekbpted ces mhcgiekgmdbs `b prmtbibr cms `brbkjms y tmfer ces `bkgsgmdbs eprmpge`es bd kesm `b vgmcekgûd `b cms fgsfms. E`bfås `b `bagdgr cms `brbkjms jufedms håsgkms, bstgpuce bd su prbåfhucm qub cms fgsfms smd gdjbrbdtbs ec sbr jufedm y dm fbrefbdtb kmdkb`g`ms e ces pbrsmdes pmr pertb `bc Bste`m. Ce kmdvbdkgûd efbrgkede sb esbfble fukjm e ce Kmdvbdkgûd `b Burmpe `b @brbkjms Jufedms, qub bstå vgibdtb `bs`b 572;, bd kuedtm e cms fbkedgsfms `b kufpcgfgbdtm krbe`ms pere esbiurer bc rbspbtm `b cms `br `brbkj bkjms ms Jufedms jufed jufedms? ms?y bd dub dubstr strm m kmdtgd kmdtgdbdt bdtb< b< ce Kmfgsg Kmfgsgûd ûd Gdtbre Gdtbrefbr fbrgke gkede de `b @brbkjms Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms.

 

5.2 KMDQBDKGÛD EFBXGKEDE @B CM[ @BXBKJM[ JRFEDM[ Aub ude kmdabrbdkge bspbkgecgze`e smhrb `brbkjms jufedms kbcbhre`e bd [ed Lmsç, ce qub pusm ce agrfe bc 88 `b dmvgbfhrb `b 5717 Kmdvbdkgûd Gdtbrefbrgkede smhrb `brbkjms jufedms. @mkb bste`ms efbrgkedms eagrfermd ce kmdvbdkgûd, sbgs cm jgkgbrmd pmstbrgmrfbdtb y kuetrm sb e`jgrgbrmd. 8. KMFG[GÛD GDPBXEFBXGKEDE @B CM[ @BXBKJM[ JRFEDM[. 8.5 KMDQBDKGÛD GDPBXEFBXGKEDE @B @BXBKJM[ JRFEDM[ Ce Kmfgsgûd Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms, mrgigdecfbdtb aub kmdkbhg`e bd 5727 kmfm ud gdtbdtm `b ce MBE `b `btbdbr ce vgmcekgûd fesgve `b cms `brbkjms jufedms `bc pubhcm kuhedm ccbve`e e kehm pmr bc dubvm imhgbrdm rbvmcukgmdergm `b bsb peæs. Ce prgfbre kmfgsgûd bstuvm gdtbire`m pmr  sgbtb sgb tb lurgst lurgstes es bd cb rbu rbudgû dgûd d eduec eduec `b cms Bste` Bste`ms ms Fgbfhr Fgbfhrms, ms, ce Esefhc Esefhcbe be Ibdb Ib dbre recc au aub b gd gdst stec ece` e`e e bd 571> 571>.. Ce Cess ektg ektgvg vg`e `e`b `bss gd gdæk ækge gecb cbss `b ce Kmfg Kmfgsg sgûd ûd gdkcuybrmd vgsgtes gd sgtu e Fgefg pere bdtrbvgstersb kmd cms kuhedms qub juybrmd `b ce rbprbsgûd bd su tgbrre detec. Ce Kmfgs Kmfgsgûd gûd hus huskeh kehe e `mk `mkufb ufbdte dterr ces vgm vgmcek cekgmd gmdbs bs `b `brbkj `brbkjms ms juf jufedm edms, s, `ure `u redt dtb b kes esgg vb vbgd gdtb tb eõms eõms bc fe fed` d`et etm m `b ce Kmfg Kmfgsg sgûd ûd y ce cess rbic rbices es qub qub bstehcbkæed bc eckedkb `b sus aekucte`bs bstehed bstgpuce`es bd su Bstetutm tec ygdkcuæe kmfmceaub e`mpte`m pmrtrefgter ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrecgd`gvg`uecbs `b ce MBE. prmvbdgbdtbs Gdgkgecfbdtb dm eutmrg`e` pere ces `bdudkges `b pbrsmdes u mriedgzekgmdbs qub rbkcefehed vgmcekgmdbs `b `brbkjms jufedms pbrpbtre`es pmr eibdtbs `b cms bste`gms fgbfhrms. Bste hrbkje sb kbrrû bd 5719 57 19 ku kued ed`m `m ce MB MBE E fm fm`g `gagagkû kû bc Bs Bste tetu tutm tm `b ce Kmfg Kmfgsg sgûd ûd pere pere pbrf pbrfgtgtgr grcb cb trefgter bstb tgpm `b kmfudgkekgmdbs, ec fgsfm tgbfpm sb mhcgiû e cms bste`ms fgbfhrms e `bdudkger b gdvbstgier ces vgmcekgmdbs `b cms `brbkjms jufedms. Ce kmfgsgûd mrgigdecfbdtb krbe`e pmr rbsmcukgûd `b cms fgdgstrms `b rbcekgmdbs bxtbrgmrbs `b ce MBE sb gdkmrpmre e ce kerte `b ce MBE kmfm ûriedm bd 5719 helm bc prmtmkmcm `b Hubdms Egrbs.  E) GDPBIXEKGÛD Cms fgbfhrms `b ce Kmfgsgûd smd prmpubstms pmr cms Bste`ms fgbfhrms `b ce MBE y sb bcgibd bd ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec. Ibdbrecfbdtb smd ehmie`ms pbrm dm sg sgbf bfpr prb. b. @b @bhb hbd d sb sbrr pbrs pbrsmd mdes es `b ce få fåss ec ecte te eu eutm tmrg rg`e `e` ` fmre fmrecc y `b ude ude rbkmdmkg`e vbrsekgûd smhrb ce fetbrge. Cms fgbfhrms blbrkbd bc pbræm`m pmr  kuet ku etrm rm eõms eõms y pu pub` b`bd bd sbr sbr rb rbbc bcbk bktm tmss sm smcm cm ude ude vbz. vbz. Fg Fgbd bdtre tress bl blbr brze zed d sus sus audkgmdbs cms fgbfhrms sb kmfprmfbtbd e bvgter kmdacgktms `b gdtbrbsbs. Bd kesm `b qub sb ecbie vgmcekgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms bd sus prmpgms peæsbs cms fgbfhrms bståd mhcgie`ms e ehstbdbrsb `b pertgkgper bd ces `bcghbrekgmdbs `b ce Km Kmfg fgsg sgûd ûd.. Ce fb fbse se `grb `grbkt ktgv gve e sb kmfp kmfpmd mdb b `b ud prbs prbsg` g`bd bdtb tb,, `m `mss vgkbprbsg`bdtbs, bcbktms pmr cms fgbfhrms `b ce Kmfgsgûd pmr ud pbræm`m `b ud eõm. H) @BXBKJM GDPBXDEKGMDEC E^CGKEHCB

 

 Eudqub ce feymræe `b cms peæsbs fgbfhrms `b ce MBE retgagkermd ce Kmdvbdkgûd  Efbrgkede aected eciudms pmr jekbrcm y pmr bstm ce Kmfgsgûd epcgke `ms dmrfes `b `gstgdtes. ^ere equbccms qub jed ekbpte`m ce Kmdvbdkgûd, cms tçrfgdms `b bsb trete`m bs bc `brbkjm gdtbrdekgmdec qub sb epcgke. ^ere cms qub dm, sb epcgke ce @bkcerekgûd Efbrgkede `b cms @brbkjms y @bhbrbs `bc jmfhrb y su prmpgm bstetutm pere `bagdgr cms `brbkjms jufedms y ces mhcgiekgmdbs kmrrbspmd`gbdtbs `b cms Bste`ms fgbfhrms. ^ere eyu`er e ce blbkukgûd `b ces audkgmdbs ce Kmfgsgûd `bpbd`b `b ude [bkrbteræe e tgbfpm kmfpcbtm kmd sb`b bd Yesjgditmd @.K. bdkehbze`e pmr ud sbkrbtergm blbkutgvm `bsgide`m pmr bc [bkrbtergm Ibdbrec pmr ud pbræm`m `b kgdkm eõms. K) ARDKGMDB[ @B CE KMFG[GÛD [b bxtgbd`bd `bs`b cms `bhbrbs ibdbrecbs e cms pertgkucerbs, su prgfbr audkgûd kmds km dsgs gstb tb bd kmdk kmdkgb gbdk dkge gerr bd ku kued edtm tm e `brb `brbkj kjms ms ju jufe fedm dmss sb rbag rbagbr brb b e cm cmss imhgbrdms y cms pubhcms `bc jbfgsabrgm. Bste terbe prmfmkgmdec sb ccbve ekehm e trevçss `b ces puhcgkekg trevç puhcgkekgmdbs mdbs `b ce Kmfgs Kmfgsgûd, gûd, kmdabrbdk kmdabrbdkges, ges, kmfudgke kmfudgke`ms, `ms, gdamrfbs btk. Ce sbiud`e audkgûd bs ce `b jekbr rbkmfbd`ekgmdbs e cms imhgbrdms `b ce MBE. Bstes pub`bd sbr bspbkæagkes bd kesms pertgkucerbs `md`b ce kmfgsgûd jey kmdkcug`m qubsbr cmsibdbrecbs. `brbkjms jufedms `b eciüd gd`gvg`um jed sg`m vgmce`ms. Pefhgçd pub`bd Ce tbrkbre audkgûd `b ce Kmfgsgûd bs ce `b prbperer gdamrfbs y bstu`gms. Ke`e eõm `bhb `bhb prbsbd prbsbdter tersb sb ud Gda Gdamrf mrfb b Eduec Eduec edtb edtb ce Esefhc Esefhcbe be Ibdbre Ibdbrec.c. Bst Bstb b gdamrfb gdkcuyb bd bstb rbpmrtb ces kmdkcusgmdbs `b ce Kmfgsgûd rbspbktm e fukjms fuk jms kesms kesms `b vgmcek vgmcekgmd gmdbs bs gd` gd`gvg gvg`ue `uecbs cbs `b cms `brbkj `brbkjms ms jufedm jufedms. s. Ce kmfgsgûd tefhgçd pub`b gdkcugr equbccms gdamrfbs bd cms qub dm juhm vgmcekgûd e cms `brbkjms. Mtre sbkkgûd `bc gdamrfb eduec bs ce pertb `b`gke`e ec edåcgsgs `b ce sgtuekgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms bd peæsbs pertgkucerbs. Ce cgste `b cms peæs pe æsbs bs ve veræ ræe e `b `bpb pbd` d`gb gbd` d`m m `b ce sg sgtu tuek ekgû gûd d `b cm cmss `brb `brbkj kjms ms ju jufe fedm dms, s, sg sgd d bfherim, ibdbrecfbdtb cms peæsbs qub sb fbdkgmded bd bc Gdamrfb eduec smd equbcc equ bccms ms qub prbsbd prbsbdted ted ud pe petrû trûd d `b vgm vgmcek cekgmd gmdbs bs irevbs irevbs `b cms `brbkj `brbkjms ms jufedms. Bc gdamrfb eduec cm prbsbdte bc prbsg`bdtb `b ce Kmfgsgûd e ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec y bs sbiug`m pmr ud `bhetb pühcgkm bdtrb cms fgdgstrms `b rbcekgmdbs bxtb bx tbrg rgmr mrbs bs,, ce Es Esef efhc hcbe be e`mp e`mpte te ude ude rb rbsm smcu cukg kgûd ûd smhr smhrb b cm cmss gd gdam amrf rfbs bs `b ce Kmfgsgûd. Dmrfecfbdtb ce Esefhcbe gdste e cms imhgbrdms pere qub kestgiubd e ces pbrsmdes rbspmdsehcbs `b ces vgmcekgmdbs. Mtre audkgûd `b ce Kmfgsgûd bs ce `b rbqubrgrcb e cms imhgbrdms qub cb prmvbed gdamrf gda mrfekg ekgûd. ûd. Bd eci eciud udms ms kes kesms ms sb pg`bd pg`bd `et `etms ms ibdbre ibdbrecbs cbs kmfm kmfm æd` æd`gkb gkb `b ecaehbtgzekgûd, secu`, pmhrbze, bd ce pråktgke ce Kmfgsgûd bdvæe ec Fgdgstbrgm `b Xbcekg Xbc ekgmdb mdbss Bxtbrg Bxtbrgmrb mrbss ce smcgkg smcgkgtu` tu` `b gda gdamrf mrfekg ekgûd ûd rbqubr rbqubrg`e g`e,, sb pbrfgt pbrfgtb b ud fåxgfm `b 5:> `æes pere prbsbdter ce rbspubste eprmpge`e. [b mtmrie ude prûr prûrrm rmie ie sg sb vb qu qub b bc bs bste te`m `m `b hubd hubde e ab rbqu rbqugb gbrb rb fås fås tgtgbf bfpm pm pere pere sufgdgstrer ce gdamrfekgûd.

 

Mtre audkgûd bs ce `b sbrvgr kmfm ûriedm `b kmdsucte bd fetbrge `b cms imhgbrdms. Bd eciudms kesms bstms sbrvgkgms smd bc rbsucte`m `b ude smcgkgtu` pmr pertb `b cms ûriedms pmcætgkms `b ce MBE m pmr cms Bste`ms fgbfhrms. Ce Kmfg Km fgsg sgûd ûd bx bxgs gstb tb kmfm kmfm ud sb sbrv rvgk gkgm gm pe pere re cm cmss imhg imhgbr brdm dmss y cm cmss pubh pubhcm cms, s, ce kmmpbrekgûd kmd cms imhgbrdms esbiure bc rbspbtm `b cms `brbkjms jufedms bd su tbrrgtmrgm dekgmdec. @) @BDRDKGE[ GD@GQG@RECB[ Kued`m ud gd`gvg`um m irupm kmdsg`bre qub je jehg`m ude vgmcekgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms, bstms pub`bd bdvger ce `bdudkge e ce [bkrbteræe `b ce Kmfgsgûd bd Yesjgditmd @.K. [b `bhb dmfhrer e ce væktgfe, sg bs pmsghcb, `bskrghgr ces kgrkudstedkges `b ce vgmcekgûd y jekbr ude ekusekgûd bd kmdtre `b udm m vergms eibdtbs `bc Bste`m Fgbfhr Fgb fhrm m `b ce MBE MBE.. Ce kmf kmfgsg gsgûd ûd dm kmd kmdsg` sg`bre brerå rå `bdud `bdudkge kgess `b kræ kræfbd fbdbs bs kmfudbs, ye qub `bhbd sbr trete`ms pmr cms trghudecbs dekgmdecbs. Ce `bdudkge `bhb agrfersb eudqub bc dmfhrb `bc `bdudkgedtb sbrå kmdag`bdkgec e fb fbdm dmss `b qu qub b sb `b eutm eutmrgk rgkb b bx bxpr prbs bsef efbd bdtb tb fb fbdk dkgm gmde dercm rcm.. [b tret trete e `b prmtbibr ec `bdudkgedtb `b rbprbsecges. Bc pbtgkgmdergm dm dbkbsergefbdtb `bhb sbr kgu`e`edm `bc peæs bd kmdtre `bc kuec ve `grgig`e ce `bfed`e. E`bfås dg ce MBE dg ce KG@J mtmrie dgdiüd bstetuts kmdsuctetgvm bspbkgec e mriedgzekgmdbs prgve`es kmfm cm bs ce MDR. Cms `bdudkgedtbs e vbkbs smd ces prmpges væktgfes `b supubstes vgmcekgmdbs, kmd arbkubdkge ces MDI smd ces qub fb`ged pmr ces væktgfes. Ces `bdudkges usuecfbdtb sb tredsfgtbd e trevçs `b ude kerte, sgd bfherim dm gdtbrbse bc fb`gm `b kmfudgkekgûd sgdm bc kmdtbdg`m. Ce `bdudkge bd kuedtm sb rbkghb bd ce [bkrbteræe `b ce Kmfgsgûd bs edecgze`e pere `btbrfgder sg bd babktm sbõece cms jbkjms qub `b sbr kgbrtms, vgmceræed udm m fås `brbkjms jufedms, bd cms tçrfgdms `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd m @bkcerekgûd  Efbrgkede, bd cms peæsbs qub dm jed retgagke`m. Rdm `b cms ehmie`ms `b ce Kmfgsgûd jekb ude `btbrfgdekgûd prbcgfgder pere esbiu es biures resb b qub bc `bdudk `bdudkged gedtb tb jey jeye e eimte` eimte`m m cms rbkurs rbkursms ms cbiecb cbiecbss gdtbrd gdtbrdms ms `gspmdghcbs bd bc Bste`m `md`b sb `gm ce vgmcekgûd. Bstb rbqugsgtm `b prmkb`gfgbdtm sb kmdmkb kmfm eimtefgbdtm `b rbkursms gdtbrdms,. Bd mtres pecehres ce Kmfgsgûd dm rbbfpceze cms sgstbfes luræ`gkms pbdecbs, kgvgcbs m e`fgdgstretgvms `b cms Bste`ms fgbfhrms, ec kmdtrergm ce Kmfgsgûd e`fgtb ce `bdudk `bd udkge ge üdgke üdgkefbd fbdtb tb kue kued`m d`m bst bstç ç kmdvb kmdvbdkg dkg`e `e `b qub sb jed utg utgcgz cgze`m e`m y eimte`m cms rbkursms cbiecbs `gspmdghcbs. Bste rbice bstå sulbte e bxkbpkgmdbs, kued`m bstå kcerm qub cms rbkursms cbiecbs `mfçstgkms dm smd babktgvms, ye sbe pmr qub dm bxgstb bd bc peæs ud fbkedgsfm `b `bhg`m prmkbsm cbiec m pmr qub sb cb jeye dbie`m ec `bdu `b dudk dkge gedt dtb b bc ek ekkb kbsm sm e cm cmss rb rbku kurs rsms ms cb cbie iecb cbs, s, ce Kmfg Kmfgsg sgûd ûd bd bsb bsb kesm kesm prmkb`brå e trefgter ce `bdudkge sgd fås. Mtre bxkbpkgûd kued`m je jehg`m ud etresm grrezmdehcb bd `gkter sbdtbdkge agdec `bdtrmmkurrb `bc sgstbfe cbiec

 

gdtbrdm. E`bfås sb jekb ude bxkbpkgûd kued`m ce pbrsmde kerbkb `b cms fb`gms bkmdûfgkms. Kued`m ud `bdudkgedtb ecbie qub dm je pm`g`m eimter cms rbkursms gdtbrdms bc Bste`m tgbdb ce mhcgiekgûd `b prmher cm kmdtrergm. [g bc Bste`m prubhe qub eüd dm sb jed eimte`m cms rbkursms gdtbrdms, sb kmdsg`brerå ce `bdudkge gde`fgsghcb. Kued`m ude `bdudkge bs bdvge`e e ud imhgbrdm bstb tgbdb 5:> `æes pere rbspmd`br cms kerims. Ce Kmfgsgûd ec rbkghgr ce rbspubste ce bdvæe ec `bdudkgedtb pere sus mhsbrvekgmdbs. Rde vbz jbkjm cm edtbrgmr bstes mhsbrvekgmdbs smd bdvge`es ec imhgbrdm pere su rbspubste agdec. Rde vbz qub sb je tbdg`m bc gdtbrkefhgm `b ces `bdudkges rbspubstes y mhsbrvekgmdbs y bd cms kesms bd cms qub ce Kmfgsgûd kmdsg`bre qub je jehg`m vgmcekgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms, ce Kmfgsgûd sb pmdb e `gspmsgkgûd `b ces pertbs kmd fgres e ccbier e ud ekubr`m efgstmsm. [g sb ccbie e ud ekubr`m lustm ce Kmfgsgûd erkjgve ce `bdudkge, y pm`råd puhcgkercm sg esæ ces pertbs cm `bsbed, fb`gedtb ud kmfudgke`m `b prbdse, m bd bc gdamrfb eduec, pbrm sg dm sb ccbie e ud ekubr`m ce Kmfgsgûd rb`ekterå ud gdamrfb. Bd bs gdamrfb ce Kmfgsgûd `bhb `bteccer cms prmkb`gfgbdtms qub sb sgiugbrmd bd bc esudtm, esæ kmfm cms jbkjms gfpmrtedtbs bstehcbkg`ms y su kmdkcusgûd smhrb bc amd`m `bce bdvgercms kesm. E`bfås amrfucerå bstms gdamrfbs y prmkb`brå e efhes pertbs rbkmfbd`ekgmdbs kmd ce smcgkgtu` `bbd qub sb fedtbdied kmdag`bdkgecbs pmr kgbrtm tgbfpm. Bd kesm `b qub bc imhgbrdm gdkufpce kmd ces rbkmfbd`ekgmdbs `b ce Kmfgsgûd, ce kmfgsgûd? mr`bderå ce puhcgkekgûd `bc gdamrfb eduec e ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec `b ce MBE m hgbd bdvgerå bc gdamrfb e ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms? pere qub sbe cgtgie`m edtb bstb trghudec kmfm ud kesm kmdtbdkgmsm. B) QG[GPE[ GD CMKM Pgbd Pgbdbd bd ve verg rgms ms pr prmp mpûs ûsgtm gtms? s? bc pr prgf gfbr brm m bs ce hüsq hüsqub ub`e `e `b gd gdam amrf rfek ekgû gûd, d, ce Kmfgsgûd kmfm ûriedm prgdkgpec `b ce MBE bd bc kefpm `b cms `brbkjms jufedms, bs bc rbspmdsehcb `b bvecuer ce sgtuekgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms bd cms Bste`ms fgbfhrms y `bhb rbpmrterce e ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec, m bd kesms `b bf bfbr brib ibdk dkge ge,, e ce rb rbud udgû gûd d `b Km Kmds dsuc ucte te `b cm cmss Fgdg Fgdgst strm rmss `b Xb Xbce cekg kgmd mdbs bs Bxtbrgmrbs. Bd eciudms kesms ce hüsqub`e `b gdamrfekgûd sb cgfgte e espbktms bspbkæagkms, sgd bfherim ce fås kmfüd bs qub ces vgsgtes gd cmkm husqubd bvecuer bc kcgfe ibdbrec `b `brbkjms jufedms bd ud Bste`m fgbfhrm. Mtrm `b cms prmpûsgtms bs ce `b bdamker ce mpgdgûd pühcgke, tedtm dekgmdec kmfm gdtbrdekgmdec, bd cm rbabrbdtb e cms `brbkjms jufedms. E vbkbs bstb ccefe`m `b etbdkgûd ec pühcgkm prmvmke ud babktm `b gdtbrrufpgr, bc kgkcm `b vgmcbdkge qub bstå vgvgbd`m m qub vgvgû ud peæs. Pefhgçd bstes vgsgtes pbrfgtbd prmpgkger ud hubd `gåcmim bdtrb ce Kmfgsgûd y cms prgdkgpecbs ektmrbs dekgmdecbs bd bc årbe `b cms `brbkjms jufedms, y esæ cmirer ude fblmr eprbkgekgûd `b ces kgrkudstedkges `bc peæs.

 

Mtrm hbdb Mtrm hbdbagagkg kgm m bs ce mp mpmr mrtu tudg dg`e `e` ` `b kmdt kmdtrg rghu hugr gr `b fedb fedbre re kmdk kmdkrb rbte te bd ce smcukgûd `b vbr`e`brms prmhcbfes. Pefhgçd marbkbd ec kgu`e`edm kmfüd `b ud peæs ce mpmrtudg`e` pere prbsbdter  sus pudtms `b vgste smhrb ce sgtuekgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms, `bc peæs m smhrb sm hrb `bdudk `bdudkges ges bs bspbk pbkæag æagkes kes `b sup supub ubstm stmss ehu ehusms sms.. ^ere ^ere bstm bstm ce Kmfgsg Kmfgsgûd ûd utgcgze amrfucergms `b `bdudkge puhcgke`ms bd cms kuetrm g`gmfes magkgecbs `b ce MBE? bspeõmc, gdicçs, pmrtuiuçs, aredkçs. Ces vgsgtes gd cmkm qub rbqugbrbd ye sbe ce gdvgtekgûd `b ec fbdms, ce edubdkge `bc imhgbrdm bd kubstgûd, cb prmvbb e cms imhgbrdms, ce mpmrtudg`e` pere qub `bfubstrbd su epbrture y hubde `gspmsgkgûd bd rbkmdmkbr cms prmhcbfes bd bc årbe `b `brbkjms jufedms. Rd imhgbrdm qub sgdkbrefbdtb qugbre rbkmdmkbr m bxpcgker e ce kmfudg`e` gdtbrdekgmdec y e su prmpgm pubhcm ce sgtuekgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms, bd su tbrrgtmrgm pub`b utgcgzer ude `b ces vgsgtes `b ce Kmfgsgûd pere bstb prmpûsgtm.  Eudqub ud peæs dm bstå mhcgie`m e`fgtgr ce bdtre`e `b ce Kmfgsgûd, e tbrrgtmrgm dekgmdec, ude vbz qub cm jeie `bhb ekbpter kgbrtes kmd`gkgmdbs fædgfes. @b ejæ qub ce Kmfgsgûd gdsgstb bd tbdbr cghbrte` ehsmcute `b fmvgfgbdtm kued`m ccbve e kehm sus vgsgtes. E cms rbprbsbdtedtbs `bc imhgbrdm `gpcmfåtgkefbdtb sb cbs prmjghb gdirbser e ces rbudgmdbs prgve`es. Cms imhgbrdms qub gdvgted e ce Kmfgsgûd tgbdbd qub ieredtgzer qub ces pbrsmdes u mried mriedgze gzekgm kgmdbs dbs qu qub b sb prbsb prbsbdtb dtbd d edt edtb b ce Kmfgs Kmfgsgûd gûd dm suargr suargråd åd dgdiud dgdiude e rbprbsecge. Bste ieredtæe bs `gaud`g`e pmr cms fb`gms `b kmfudgkekgûd cmkecbs y dekgmdecbs ec prgdkgpgm `b ce vgsgte `b ce Kmfgsgûd pere qub ce kgu`e`edæe sb sgbdte bd cghbrte` `b eku`gr e ce Kmfgsgûd sg esæ cm `bsbe. Ces vgsgtes `b ce Kmfgsgûd jgstûrgkefbdtb jed vbdg`m kmfm ude rbspubstes e prmhcbfes `b `brbkjms jufedms e ired bskece m pmr cm fbdms bd eciudms kesms e sgtuekgmdbs pertgkucerbs cgfgte`es pbrm `b feymr irevb`e`. Kued`m ce Kmfgsgûd `bkg`b qub sb rbqugbrb `b ude vgsgte gd cmkm, bc ^rbsg`bdtb m bc [bkrbtergm [bkr btergm Blbkutgvm dmrfecfbdtb dmrfecfbdtb tgbdb tgbdbd d ude kmdvbrsek kmdvbrsekgûd gûd gdamrfec gdamrfec kmd bc imhgbrdm bd kubstgûd, kmd arbkubdkge e trevçs `b su bfhele`mr y rbprbsbdtedtb edtb ce MBE, bc ^rbsg`bdtb bxpcgke bc gdtbrçs `b ce Kmfgsgûd y suigbrb qub bc imhgbrdm kmdsg`brb gdvgter e ce Kmfgsgûd pere qub ccbvb e kehm su gdvbstgiekgûd, sg dm sb `e ce gdvgtekgûd ce Kmfgsgûd bdvæe ude smcgkgtu` `b edubdkge pmr bskrgtm ec Fgdgstbrgm `b Xbcekgmdbs Bxtbrgmrbs, bxpcgked`m sus prbmkupekgmdbs y agled`m ces abkjes. Rde vb Rde vbzz qub qub sb ekub ekubr` r`b b ce vg vgsg sgte te,, ud au audk dkgm gmde derg rgm m `b ce [bkr [bkrbt bter eræe æe `b ce Kmfgsgûd prbpere ce fgsgûd `uredtb ce vgsgte, bc audkgmdergm jekb tm`ms cms errbicms `b cmiæstgke, gdkcuybd`m rbsbrvekgmdbs `b jmtbc, ecqugcbr `b tredspmrtb, sbiurg`e`, btk. [b prbpered rbudgmdbs, kmd bc Fgdgstbrgm `bc Gdtbrgmr, Kedkgccbr, Fgdgstrm `b @babdse, ^rmkure`mr Ibdbrec, Fgdgstrm `b [ecu`, Prehelm, Esudtms Gd`æibdes. Esæ kmfm tefhgçd magkgecbs iuhbrdefbdtecbs `b `brbkjms jufedms, tedtm `bc pm`br blbkutgvm kmfm `bc cbigscetgvm, esæ kmfm tefhgçd kuecqugbr  eutmrg`e` iuhbrdefbdtec eutûdmfe, pmr blbfpcm bc kmd mfhu`sfed, (@babdsmr `b cms Jehgtedtbs) tefhgçd sbkmfm prmirefed rbudgmdbs fgbfhrms

 

`bc pm`br lu`gkgec, dmrfecfbdtb bc ^rbsg`bdtb y cms lubkbs `b ce Kmrtb [uprbfe `b Lustgkge, `uredtb bstes vgsgtes y mhsbrvekgmdbs gd sgtu? sb trete `b vgsgtes kårkbcbs, pubhcms, pere tbdbr ude fblmr g`be `b ce sgtuekgûd `bc peæs. Pefhgçd sb rbüdb kmd fgbfhrms `b ce gicbsge, MDI, fb`gms `b prbdse, fmvgfgbdtms `b trehele`mrbs, gd`ustrgec, kmfbrkgec y eirækmce, e`bfås `b rbudgmdbs kmd cms cæ`brb cæ` brbss pmc pmcætg ætgkms kms,, `bp `bpbd` bd`gbd gbd`m `m `b ce kmf kmfpms pmsgkg gkgûd ûd `bfmir `bfmiråag åagke ke tef tefhgç hgçd d sb rbkghb e rbprbsbdtedtbs `b cms gd`æibdes. Kued`m sb prbsbdte edtb ce Kmfgsgûd ude `bdudkge `b vgmcekgûd e cms `brbkjms jufedms, `uredtb ude vgsgte gd sgtu, sb tmfed cms dmfhrbs `b cms tbstgims y `b ces væktgfes, fb`gedtb bqugpm `b vg`bm, y e vbkbs edtb dmtergm pühcgkm. Bstb tbstgfmdgm kmdstgtuyb bvg`bdkge vecgmse pere usm pmstbrgmr bd kesms kmdtbdkgmsms edtb ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms. Ce Kmfgsgûd `bspuçs `b rbecgze`es ces bdtrbvgstes y eu`gbdkges bd ud peæs, dm sb bdkubdtre bd kmd`gkgmdbs `b bfgtgr ud gdamrfb kmd rbkmfbd`ekgmdbs y kmdkcusgmdbs sgdm qub `bhb bspbrer e edecgzer bc fetbrgec kmd tgbfpm. Ce prbdse y bc pühcgkm bs cûigke qub bspbrbd ce mpgdgûd `b ce Kmfgsgûd kmd fukje gfpekgbdkge pbrm puhcgker ud gdamrfb prbfeturefbdtb sbræe gdlustm pere tm`ms cms gdvmcukre`ms. Ce Kmfgsgûd prbpere ud gdamrfb qub pmstbrgmrfbdtb sbrå puhcgke`m ye sbe kmfm ud gdamrfb bspbkgec m `bdtrm `bc kmdtbxtm `b su Gdamrfb eduec e ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec ce MBE. Cms gdamrfbs smd prbpere`ms pmr cms ehmie`ms `b ce Kmfgsgûd cms `b kuecbs sb e`jgbrbd ec amrfetm `b ce @bkcerekgûd  Efbrgkede m Kmdvbdkgûd sbiüd sbe bc kesm. KE^ÆPRCM [BIRD@M GGG. KMXPB GDPBXEFBXGKEDE @B @BXBKJM[ JRFEDM[ ;.- MXGIBD, B[PXRKPRXE W KMF^BPBDKGE[ @B CE KMXPB ;.5 KXBEKGÛD @B CE KMXPB Ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms aub bstehcbkg`e kmfm kmdsbkubdkge `b jehbr bdtre`m bd vgimr, bc 5: `b lucgm `b 579:, ce Kmdvbdkgûd  Efbrgkede smhrb @brbkjms Jufedms m "^ektm `b [ed Lmsç `b Kmste Xgke", ec sbr `bpmsgte`m bc ud`çkgfm gdstrufbdtm `b retgagkekgûd pmr ud Bste`m Fgbfhrm `b ce Mriedgzekgûd `b cms Bste`ms Efbrgkedms. Ce Kmdvbdkgûd aub e`mpte`e bd ce Kmdabrbdk Kmdabrbdkge ge Bspbkgecgz Bspbkgecgze`e e`e Gdtbrefbrg Gdtbrefbrgkede kede smhrb @brbk @brbkjms jms Jufe Jufedms, dms, kbcbhre`e `bc 9 ec 88 `b dmvgbfhrb `b 5717 bd [ed Lmsç, Kmste Xgke. Cms `ms ûriedms `b prmtbkkgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms prbvgstms pmr bc ertækucm ;; `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd Efbrgkede smd ce Kmfgsgûd Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms y ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede `b @brbkjms Jufedms. Efhms ûriedms tgbdbd ce audkgûd `b esbiurer bc kufpcgfgbdtm `b ces mhcgiekgmdbs gfpubstes pmr ce Kmdvbdkgûd. ;.8 MXIEDG\EKGÛD @B CE KMXPB

 

Bc Bstetutm `b ce Kmrtb `gspmdb qub çste bs ude gdstgtukgûd lu`gkgec eutûdmfe qub tgbdb su sb`b bd [ed Lmsç, Kmste Xgke, kuym prmpûsgtm bs bc `b epcgker b gdtbrprbter ce Kmdvbdkgûd. Ce Kmrtb bstå gdtbire`e pmr sgbtb lubkbs, dekgmdecbs `b cms Bste`ms Fgbfhrms `b ce MBE. Ektüed e tætucm pbrsmdec y smd bcbig`ms "bdtrb lurgstes `b ce fås ecte eutmrg`e` fmrec, `b rbkmdmkg`e kmfpbtbdkge bd fetbrge `b `brbkjms jufedms, qub rbüded ces kmd`gkgmdbs rbqubrg`es pere bc blbrkgkgm `b ces fås bcbve`es audkgmdbs lu`gkgecbs kmdamrfb e ce cby `bc peæs `bc kuec sbed dekgmdecbs m `bc Bste`m qub cms prmpmdie kmfm ked`g`etms" (ertækucm 28 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd). Kmdamrfb ec ertækucm : `bc Bstetutm, bc [bkrbtergm Ibdbrec `b ce MBE smcgkgte e cms Bste`ms ^ertbs bd ce Kmdvbdkgûd qub prbsbdtbd ude cgste kmd cms dmfhrbs `b sus ked`g`etms pere lubkbs `b ce Kmrtb. @b ekubr`m kmd bc ertækucm 2;.8 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd, ke`e Bste`m ^ertb pub`b prmpmdbr jeste trbs ked`g`etms. Cms lubkbs smd bcbig`ms pmr cms Bste`ms ^ertbs pere kufpcgr ud fed`etm `b sbgs eõms. Ce bcbkkgûd sb rbecgze bd sbkrbtm y pmr feymræe ehsmcute `b vmtms `uredtb ce sbsgûd `b ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec `b ce MBE gdfb`getefbdtb edtbrgmr e ce bxpgrekgûd `bc fed`etm `b cms lubkbs secgbdtbs. Ces vekedtbs bd ce Kmrtb keuse`es pmr fubrtb, gdkepekg`e` pbrfedbdtb, rbdudkge m rbfmkgûd sbråd ccbde`es, bd cm pmsghcb, bd bc sgiugbdtb pbræm`m `b sbsgmdbs `b ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec `b ce MBE (ertækucm 1.5 y 1.8 `bc Bstetutm). Cms lubkbs qub tbrfgded su fed`etm sgiubd kmdmkgbd`m `b cms kesms e qub ye sb juhgbrbd ehmke`m y qub sb bdkubdtrbd bd bste`m `b sbdtbdkge (ertækucm 20.; `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd). [g aubrb dbkbsergm pere prbsbrver bc quûruf `b ce Kmrtb, cms Bste`ms ^ertbs bd ce Kmdvbdkgûd pm`råd dmfhrer udm m fås lubkbs gdtbrgdms (ertækucm 1.; `bc Bstetutm). Bc lubz qub sbe dekgmdec `b eciudm `b cms Bste`ms qub sbed pertbs bd ud kesm smfbtg`m e ce Kmrtb, kmdsbrverå su `brbkjm e kmdmkbr `bc kesm. [g udm `b cms lubkbs ccefe`ms e kmdmkbr `b ud kesm aubre `b ce dekgmdecg`e` `b udm `b cms Bste`ms qub sbed pertbs bd bc kesm, mtrm Bste`m ^ertb bd bc fgsfm kesm pm`rå `bsgider e ude pbrsmde pere qub gdtbirb ce Kmrtb bd kecg`e` `b lubz e` jmk. [g bdtrb cms lubkbs ccefe`ms e kmdmkbr `bc kesm dgdiudm aubre `b ce dekgmdecg`e` `b cms Bste`ms ^ertbs bd bc fgsfm, ke`e udm `b çstms pm`rå `bsgider ud lubz e` jmk (ertækucm 5>.5, 5>.8 y 5>. ; `bc Bstetutm). Cms Bste`ms smd rbprbsbdte`ms bd cms prmkbsms edtb ce Kmrtb pmr eibdtbs `bsgide`ms pmr bccms (ertækucm 85 `bc Xbicefbdtm). Cms lubkbs bståd e `gspmsgkgûd `b ce Kmrtb, ce kuec kbcbhre ke`e eõm cms pbræm`ms mr`gdergms `b sbsgmdbs qub sbed dbkbsergms pere bc kehec blbrkgkgm `b sus audkgmdbs. Pefhgçd pub`bd kbcbhrer sbsgmdbs bxtremr`gderges, kmdvmke`es pmr bc ^rbsg`bdtb `b ce Kmrtb (bd e`bcedtb "bc ^rbsg`bdtb") m pmr smcgkgtu` `b ce feymræe `b cms lubkbs. Eudqub dm bxgstb bc rbqugsgtm `b rbsg`bdkge pere cms  lubkbs bd ce sb`b `b ce Kmrtb, bc ^rbsg`bdtb `bhb prbster pbrfedbdtbfbdtb sus sbrvgkgms (ertækucm 51 `bc Bstetutm).

 

Bc ^rbsg`bdtb y bc Qgkbprbsg`bdtb smd bcbig`ms pmr cms lubkbs pere ud pbræm`m `b `ms eõms y pub`bd sbr rbbcbig`ms (ertækucm 58 `bc Bstetutm). Bxgstb Bxgs tb ud ude e Km Kmfg fgsg sgûd ûd ^brf ^brfed edbd bdtb tb `b ce Km Kmrt rtb b (bd (bd e` e`bc bced edtb tb "c "ce e Kmfg Kmfgsg sgûd ûd ^brfedbdtb") gdtbire`e pmr bc ^rbsg`bdtb, bc Qgkbprbsg`bdtb y cms mtrms lubkbs qub bc ^rbsg`bdtb kmdsg`brb kmdvbdgbdtb `b ekubr`m kmd ces dbkbsg`e`bs `bc Prghudec. Ce Kmrtb pub`b dmfhrer mtres kmfgsgmdbs pere treter tbfes bspbkæagkms (ertækucm 1 `bc Xbicefbdtm). Ce [bkrbteræe audkgmde helm ce `grbkkgûd `b ud [bkrbtergm, bcbig`m pmr ce Kmrtb (ertækucm 50 `bc Bstetutm). ;.; KMF^BPBDKGE[ @B CE KMXPB @b ekubr`m kmd ce Kmdvbdkgûd, ce Kmrtb blbrkb audkgûd lurgs`gkkgmdec y kmdsuctgve. Ce prgfbre sb rbagbrb e ce rbsmcukgûd `b kesms bd qub sb je ecbie`m qub udm `b cms Bste`ms ^ertbs je vgmce`m ce Kmdvbdkgûd y ce sbiud`e e ce aekucte` qub tgbdbd cms Bste`ms Fgbfhrms `b ce Mriedgzekgûd `b kmdsucter e ce Kmrt Km rtb b ek ekbr brke ke `b ce gd gdtb tbrp rprb rbte tekg kgûd ûd `b ce Km Kmdv dvbd bdkg kgûd ûd m "` "`b b mtrm mtrmss tre trete te`m `mss kmdk km dkbr brdg dgbd bdtb tbss e ce pr prmt mtbk bkkg kgûd ûd `b cm cmss `b `brb rbkj kjms ms ju jufe fedm dmss bd cm cmss Bste Bste`m `mss  Efbrgkedms". Pefhgçd pm`råd kmdsucterce, bd cm qub cbs kmfpbtb, cms ûriedms `b ce MBE sbõece`ms bd ce Kerte `b çste. ;.0 CE KMF^BPBDKGE KMDPBDKGM[E @B CE KMXPB Bc ertækucm 18 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd, qub bstehcbkb ce kmfpbtbdkge kmdtbdkgmse `b ce Kmrtb, `gkb cm sgiugbdtb< Pm`m Bste`m ^ertb pub`b, bd bc fmfbdtm `bc `bpûsgtm `b su gdstrufbdtm `b retgagkekgûd m e`jbsgûd `b bste Kmdvbdkgûd, m bd kuecqugbr fmfbdtm pmstbrgmr, `bkcerer qub rbkmdmkb kmfm mhcgietmrge `b pcbdm `brbkjm y sgd kmdvbdkgûd bspbkgec, ce kmfpbtbdkge `b ce Kmrtb smhrb tm`ms cms kesms rbcetgvms e ce gdtbrprbtekgûd m epcgkekgûd `b bste Kmdvbdkgûd. Ce `bkcere `bkcerekgû kgûd d pub pub`b `b sbr jbkje jbkje gdkmd` gdkmd`gkgm gkgmdec decfbd fbdtb, tb, m hel helm m kmd`g kmd`gkgû kgûd d `b rbkgprmkg`e`, pmr ud pcezm `btbrfgde`m m pere kesms bspbkæagkms. @bhbrå sbr  prbsbdte`e ec [bkrbtergm Ibdbrec `b ce Mriedgzekgûd, qugbd tresfgtgrå kmpges `b ce fgsfe e cms mtrms Bste`ms Fgbfhrms `b ce Mriedgzekgûd y ec [bkrbtergm `b ce Kmrtb. Ce Kmr Kmrtb tb tgb tgbdb db kmf kmfpb pbtbd tbdkge kge pere pere kmdmkb kmdmkbrr `b kuecq kuecqugb ugbrr kesm kesm rbcetg rbcetgvm vm e ce gdtbrprbtekgûd y epcgkekgûd `b ces `gspmsgkgmdbs `b bste Kmdvbdkgûd qub cb sbe smfbtg`m, sgbfprb qub cms Bste`ms ^ertbs bd bc kesm jeyed rbkmdmkg`m m rbkmdmzked `gkje kmfpbtbdkge, mre pmr `bkcerekgûd bspbkgec, kmfm sb gd`gke bd cms gdkgsms edtbrgmrbs, mre pmr kmdvbdkgûd bspbkgec. Kmfm cms Bste`ms pertbs pub`bd ekbpter ce kmfpbtbdkge kmdtbdkgmse `b ce Kmrtb bd kuecqugbr fmfbdtm, bs pmsghcb gdvgter e ud Bste`m e jekbrcm pere ud kesm kmdkrbtm. @b ekubr`m kmd bc ertækucm 15.5 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd "sûcm cms Bste`ms ^ertbs y ce Kmfgsgûd tgbdbd `brbkjm e smfbtbr ud kesm e ce `bkgsgûd `b ce Kmrtb". Bc ertækucm 1;.5 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd gdkcuyb ce sgiugbdtb `gspmsgkgûd kmdkbrdgbdtb e cms aeccms `b ce bd Kmrtb< `bkg`ecequb juhm vgmcekgûdqub `b ud `brbkjm m cghbrte` prmtbig`ms bsteKued`m Kmdvbdkgûd, Kmrtb `gspmd`rå sb

 

ieredtgkb ieredt gkb ec cbs cbsgmd gmde`m e`m bd bc imk imkb b `b su `b `brbk rbkjm jm m cgh cghbrt brte` e` kmdkuc kmdkucke` ke`ms. ms. @gspmd`rå esgfgsfm, sg bccm aubre prmkb`bdtb, qub sb rbperbd ces kmdsbkubdkges `b ce fb`g`e m sgtuekgûd qub je kmdagiure`m ce vucdbrekgûd `b bsms `brbkjms y bc peim `b ude luste gd`bfdgzekgûd e ce pertb cbsgmde`e. Bc gdkgsm 8 `bc ertækucm 1: `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd `gspmdb qub ce pertb "`bc aeccm qub `gspmdie gd`bfdgzekgûd kmfpbdsetmrge sb pm`rå blbkuter bd bc rbspbktgvm peæs pmr bc prmkb`gfgbdtm gdtbrdm vgibdtb pere ce blbkukgûd `b sbdtbdkges kmdtre bc Bste`m". Bc ertækucm 1;.8 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd sbõece qub< Bd kesms `b bxtrbfe irevb`e` y uribdkge, y kued`m sb jeie dbkbsergm bvgter `eõms grrbperehcbs e ces pbrsmdes, ce Kmrt Kmrtb, b, bd cm cmss esud esudtm tmss qu qub b bs bstç tç km kmdm dmkg kgbd bd`m `m,, pm`r pm`rå å tmfe tmferr ce cess fb`g fb`g`e `ess prmvgsgmdecbs qub kmdsg`brb pbrtgdbdtbs. [g sb treterb `b esudtms qub eüd dm bstçd smfbtg`ms e su kmdmkgfgbdtm, pm`rå ektuer e smcgkgtu` `b ce Kmfgsgûd. Bc aeccm bfgtg`m pmr ce Kmrtb bs "`bagdgtgvm b gdepbcehcb". [gd bfherim, "bd kesm `b `bsekubr`m smhrb bc sbdtg`m m eckedkb `bc aeccm, ce Kmrtb cm gdtbrprbterå e smcgkgtu` `b kuecqugbre `b ces pertbs, sgbfprb qub `gkje smcgkgtu` sb prbsbdtb `bdtrm `b cms dmvbdte `æes e pertgr `b ce abkje `b ce dmtgagkekgûd `bc aeccm" (ertækucm 19 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd). Cms Bste`ms ^ertbs "sb kmfprmfbtbd e kufpcgr  ce `bkgsgûd `b ce Kmrtb bd tm`m kesm bd qub sbed pertbs" (ertækucm 1: `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd). Ce Kmrtb smfbtb e ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec bd ke`e pbræm`m mr`gdergm `b sbsgmdbs ud gdam gdamrf rfb b sm smhr hrb b su ce cehm hmr, r, bd bc kuec kuec "` "`b b fedb fedbre re bs bspb pbkg kgec ec y kmd kmd ce cess rbkmfbd`ekgmdbs pbrtgdbdtbs, `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd). ;.2 CE KMF^BPBDKGE KMD[RCPGQE @B CE KMXPB Bc ertækucm 10 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd `gkb tbxtuecfbdtb< 5. Cms Bste`ms Fgbfhrms `b ce Mriedgzekgûd pm`råd kmdsucter e ce Kmrtb ekbrke `b ce gdtbrprbtekgûd `b bste Kmdvbdkgûd m `b mtrms trete`ms kmdkbrdgbdtbs e ce prmtbkkgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms bd cms Bste`ms Efbrgkedms. Esgfgsfm, pm`råd kmdsucterce, bd cm qub cbs kmfpbtb, cms ûriedms bdufbre`ms bd bc Kepætucm Z `b ce Kerte `b ce Mriedg Mri edgzek zekgûd gûd `b cms Bst Bste`m e`mss Efb Efbrgk rgked edms, ms, rbamrf rbamrfe`e e`e pmr bc ^rmtmk ^rmtmkmcm mcm `b Hubdms Egrbs. 8. Ce Kmrtb, e smcgkgtu` `b ud bste`m fgbfhrm `b ce Mriedgzekgûd, pm`rå `ercb mpgdgmdbs ekbrke `b ce kmfpetghgcg`e` bdtrb kuecqugbre `b sus cbybs gdtbrdes y cms fbdkgmde`ms gdstrufbdtms gdtbrdekgmdecbs. Bc `brbkjm `b smcgkgter ude mpgdgûd kmdsuctgve dm sb cgfgte e cms Bste`ms ^ertbs bd ce Km Kmdv dvbd bdkg kgûd ûd?? tm tm`m `m Bste Bste`m `m Fgbf Fgbfhr hrm m `b ce MBE MBE tgtgbd bdb b kepe kepekg kg`e `e` ` `b smcgkgterce. Giuecfbdtb, ce kmfpbtbdkge kmdsuctgve `b ce Kmrtb amrtecbkb ce kepekg`e` `b ce Mriedgzekgûd pere rbsmcvbr cms esudtms qub surled pmr ce epcgkekgûd `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd, ye qub pbrfgtb e cms ûriedms `b ce MBE kmdsucter e ce Kmrtb, bd cm qub cbs kmfpbtb.

 

;. ;.1 1 XBKM XBKMDM DMKG KGFG FGBD BDPM PM @B CE KMF^ KMF^BP BPBD BDKG KGE E KMDP KMDPBD BDKG KGM[ M[E E @B CE KMXPB Qbgdtb Bste`ms ^ertbs jed rbkmdmkg`m ce kmfpbtbdkge kmdtbdkgmse `b ce Kmrtb. Bccms smd< Kmste Xgke, ^brü, Qbdbzubce, Jmd`ures, Bkue`mr, Eribdtgde, Rruiuey, Kmcmfhge, Iuetbfece, [urgdefb, ^edefå, Kjgcb, Dgkereiue, Prgdg`e` y Pmheim, ^ereiuey, Hmcgvge, Bc [ecve`mr, Jegtæ, Hresgc y Fçxgkm. 0. KMF^M[GKGÛD @B CE KMXPB Ce kmrtb sb kmfpmdb `b sgbtb lubkbs dekgmdecbs `b cms Bste`ms Fgbfhrms `b ce Mriedgzekgûd, `b ce fås ecte eutmrg`e` fmrec, `b rbkmdmkg`e kmfpbtbdkge bd fetbrge `b `brbkjms jufedms, qub rbüded ces kmd`gkgmdbs rbqubrg`es pere bc blbrkgkgm `b ces fås ectes audkgmdbs lu`gkgecbs kmdamrfb e ce cby `b su peæs (ertækucm 28 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd). Kmfm pub`b mhsbrversb cms lubkbs `bhbd `b ec fbdms pbrtbdbkbr e ce ud Bste`m fgbfhrm `b ce MBE (dm dbkbsergefbdtb `b ud Bste`m pertb bd bc Kmdvbdkgûd) y sb cbs bxgib ce fås ecte eutmrg`e` fmrec y kmdmkgfgbdtms `b smhrb sm hrb `brbk `brbkjms jms juf jufed edms, ms,.. @b @bhbr hbråd åd sbr ehm ehmie` ie`ms ms pmrqub pmrqub `bhbd `bhbd bster bster bd kmd`gkgmdbs `bmblbrkbr cesqub audkgmdbs lu`gkgecbs, e ce cuz `b ce cbigscekgûd `b su peæs `b mrgibd `b equbc cms prmpmdb. Cms lubkbs ektüed e "tætucm pbrsmdec" bs `bkgr, dm rbprbsbdted Bste`ms dg tgbdbd kmfprmfgsms `gstgdtms kmd ce e`fgdgstrekgûd `b lustgkge y kmd ce Kmrtb. Bstm ieredtgze su gd`bpbd`bdkge y su smcvbdkge fmrec. Cms lubkbs smd prmpubstms pmr cms Bste`ms ^ertbs y bcbig`ms pmr bccms bd vmtek vmt ekgûd gûd sbk sbkrbt rbte e `uredt `uredtb b ce Esefh Esefhcbe cbe Ibdbre Ibdbrecc `b ce Mriedg Mriedgzek zekgûd gûd.. Ke`e Ke`e Bste`m pub`b prmpmdbr jeste trbs lubkbs, pbrm smcefbdtb `ms pub`bd tbdbr ce dekgmdecg`e` `bc prmpmdbdtb (Ertækucm 2; Kmdvbdkgûd). Bc pbræm`m `b cms lubkbs bs `b sbgs eõms pbrm pub`bd sbr rbbcbig`ms ude vbz, pere ud fåxgfm `b `mkb eõms. Cms lubkbs qub sbed bcbig`ms pere rbbfpcezer  e udm aectedtb `bagdgtgvefbdtb, bs `bkgr fubrtb, rbdudkge? edtbs `b ce bxpgrekgûd `b su fed`etm, kmfpcbteråd bc pbræm`m `b çstb y pm`råd sbr rbbcbig`ms pmr ude vbz. Cms lubkbs sbiugråd kmdmkgbd`m cms kesms e qub ye sb juhgbrbd ehmke`m y qub sb bdkubdtrb bd bste`m `b sbdtbdkge, e kuyms babktms dm sbråd sustgtug`ms pmr cms dubvms lubkbs bcbig`ms pere rbbfpcezercms. (ertækucm 20, 20.; Kmdvbdkgûd) Ces `gspmsgkgmdbs `b ce Kmrtb bståd gdspgre`es, bd eciude fb`g`e bd ces qub rgibd ce Kmrtb Gdtbrdekgmdec `b Lustgkge, y bd bcces eperbkb ce gdstgtukgûd `b cms  lubkbs e` jmk, qub cms Bste`ms `bsgided bd equbccms kesms bd qub tgbdbd gdtbrçs y dm tgbdbd ud lubz `b su dekgmdecg`e` (Ertækucm 22.8 Kmdvbdkgûd). Ce Kmrtb je tbdg`m lubkbs e` jmk bd vergms kesms, kmd fuy `gvbrse bxpbrgbdkge. Bd babktmsbõece`es eudqub cepere Kmdvbdkgûd qub bc(ertækucm lubz e`22.;) jmk ec`bhb rbudgr ces kecg`e`bs cms lubkbs`gie `b pcedte fbdms bd ude

 

mpmrtudg`e` bsm dm je sukb`g`m y pmr bse rezûd, sb jed ibdbre`m prmhcbfes gdtbrdms. Bs bxpcgkehcb m ec fbdms bdtbd`ghcb qub bd ce Kmrtb Gdtbrdekgmdec `b Lustgkge, qub qu b `bkg `bkg`b `b pr prmh mhcb cbfe fess bdtrb bdtrb Bs Bste te`m `mss y rb rbce cetgtgvm vmss e ce pure pure epcg epcgke kekg kgûd ûd `bc `bc `brbkjm gdtbrdekgmdec, bxgste bste gdstgtukgûd. Ec agd y ec kehm ce Kmrtb aub krbe`e bd 5757, bd ude çpmke bd ce kuec bc kmdkbptm `b smhbredæe prgvehe smhrb tm`m. Bd ude Kmrtb `b @brbkjms Jufedms ce kubstgûd bs fukjm fås `u`mse, bd babktm cems trete`ms `b `brbkjms jufedms smd equbccms bd cms kuecbs cms Bste`ms, dm rbkghbd ude kmfpbdsekgûd e kefhgm `b ces mhcgiekgmdbs qub esufbd, y sg ekbpted ce kmfpbtbdkge `b ce Kmrtb, cm kuec gfpcgke ud rbkmrtb e ce smhbredæe pubs `bhbræed kmdager bd bc trghudec pcbdefbdtb. [g cms Bste`ms, pmr  bc mtrm ce`m dm bdtbd`gbred qub ces pbrsmdes bskmig`es pere ce audkgûd `b qub e` jmk `bhbd rbudgr ces kecg`e`bs qub ce Kmdvbdkgûd bxgib y cms bskmig`ms e su vbz kmfprbd`gbred qub bd vgrtu` `b su lurefbdtm (ertækucm 55 Bstetutm), smd  lubkbs gd`bpbd`gbdtbs y dm ehmie`ms `bc Bste`m, ce gdstgtukgûd sg hgbd sbiugræe sgd lustgagkersb dm mkesgmderæe prmhcbfes bd bc sbdm `b ce Kmrtb. 0.5 LRBKB[ E@ JMK Bc bstehcbkgû ketbimræe `bKmdsblm lubkbs dm prbvgste bd`b ce ce Kmdvbdkgûd, ce `b Bstetutm cms lubkbs gdtbrgdmsude bcbig`ms pmr bc ^brfedbdtb MBE pmr cms Bste`ms ^ertbs e smcgkgtu` `bc prbsg`bdtb `b ce Kmrtb sg aubre dbkbsergm pere prbsbrver bc quûruf `b ce fgsfe (ertækucm 1.;) 0.8 LRB\ GDPBXGDM. Bc ^rbsg`bdtb bs ce pbrsmde bdkerie`e `b `grgigr bc trehelm `b ce Kmrtb y tgbdb, bd `btbrfgde`ms kesms, etrghukgmdbs pere `gkte Xbsmcukgmdbs, smcm m prbvge kmdsucte `b ce Kmfgsgûd ^brfedbdtb `b ce Kmrtb, bc Qgkbprbsg`bdtb cm rbbfpceze bd sus aectes ehsmcutes y tbfpmrecbs (Bstetutm, ertækucm58). 0.; ^XB[G@BDPB W QGKB^XB[G@BDPB. Ce prbkb`bdkge `b ce Kmrtb sb `btbrfgde pmr ce audkgûd (prbsg`bdtbvgkbprbsg`bdtb) ce abkje `b bcbkkgûd y ce b`e`. Cms lubkbs lubkbs tgb tgbdbd dbd prgv prgvgcb gcbigm igmss b gdf gdfudg udg`e `e`bs `bs `gpcmf `gpcmfåtg åtgkes kes `b cms eibdt eibdtbs bs `gpcmfåtgkms kmdkb`g`es eutmfåtgkefbdtb pmr cms Bste`ms ^ertbs (Ertækucm 52.0 Bstetutm) y pmr equbccms Bste`ms fgbfhrms qub ces ekbptbd y esæ kmfm ces kmdtbdg`es bd bc Ekubr`m `b ^rgvgcbigms b Gdfudg`e`bs `b ce MBE `b 52 `b feym `b 5707 (Bstetutm ertækucm 52.;). Bd cms tçrfgdms `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd, bsms prgvgcbigms b gdfudg`e`bs smd ces qub rbkmdmkb bc `brbkjm gdtbrdekgmdec (ertækucm 9> Kmdvbdkgûd). Bs `bkgr ces qub jmy kmdtbfpce ce Kmdvbdkgûd `b Qgbde smhrb Xbcekgmdbs @gpcmfåtgkes `bc 5: `b ehrgc `b 5715. Ce Kmrtb tgbdb ud Ekubr`m `b sb`b kmd bc imhgbrdm `b Kmste Xgke, suskrgtm bc 5> `b (ertækucm sbtgbfhrb Qgbde 55).`b 57:5, bc kuec rbfgtb bxprbsefbdtb e ce Kmdvbdkgûd `b

 

Kmd bc mhlbtm `b ieredtgzer ce gd`bpbd`bdkge b gfperkgecg`e` `b cms lubkbs, ce Kmdvbdkgûd cms bxgfb `b ce rbspmdsehgcg`e` pmr cms vmtms u mpgdgmdbs bfgtg`es. 2. ^XBKB@BDKGE. 2.5 GDKMF^EPGHGCG@E@B[ B GDJEHGCG@E@B[. Bc ertækucm 5: `bc Bstetutm fbdkgmde cms kesms `b audkgmdbs gdkmfpetghcbs kmd ce `b lubz `b ce Kmrtb? Cms fgbfhrms m ectms audkgmdergms `bc pm`br Blbkutgvm bxkbptue`ms cms kerims qub dm gfpcgqubd suhmr`gdekgûd lbrårqugke mr`gderge, esæ kmfm cms `b eibdtbs `gpcmfåtgkms qub dm sbed lbabs `b Fgsgûd edtb ce MBE m edtb kuecqugbre `b sus Bste`ms Fgbfhrms. Cms `b audkgmdergms `b mriedgsfms gdtbrdekgmdecbs. Kuecbsqugbre mtrms kerims m ektgvg`e`bs qub gfpg`ed e cms lubkbs kufpcgr sus mhcgiekgmdbs, m qub eabktbd su gd`bpbd`bdkge, gfperkgecg`e`, ce `gidg`e` m prbstgigm `b su kerim. Bstb üctgfm ieredtgze ce gd`bpbd`bdkge `b ce Kmrtb. Bs bste ce qub `bhb `bkg`gr  bd kesm `b `u`e, pbrm mhvgefbdtb pere bvgtes rmkbs y kmdarmdtekgmdbs smd cms Bste`ms, ec prmpmdbr cms ked`g`etms cms qub `bhbd tbdbr prbsbdtbs bstes gdjehgcg`e`bs. Bd kuedtm e gdjehgcg`e`bs, çstes sb suskgted pmr jehbr gdtbrvbdg`m m tbdbr  gdtbrçs bd ud kesm. Ces bxkuses sb prbsbdted edtb bc prbsg`bdtb qugbd bstå aekucte`m pere `bkg`gr, pbrm sg juhgbrb `gabrbdkges ce Kmrtb `bkg`b. Pefhgçd bc prmpgm ^rbsg`bdtb pub`b suskgter bc prmhcbfe qub bd `bagdgtgve sbrå rbsubctm pmr ce Kmrtb. (Ertækucm 57 Bstetutm). Cms lubkbs y bc pbrsmdec `b ce Kmrtb `bhbråd, kmfm bs deturec y mhvgm mhsbrver  ude kmd`ukte ekmr`b kmd ce gdvbstg`ure y rbspmd`br pmr bcce y pmr ce dbicgibdkge bd bc gdkufpcgfgbdtm `b sus audkgmdbs edtb ce prmpge Kmrtb, qub bstå aekucte`e pere smcgkgter e ce Esefhcbe `b ce MBE ce epcgkekgûd `b ce pmtbste` `gskgpcgderge. [biüd bc Bstetutm bse pmtbste` kmrrbspmd`b e ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec `b ce MBE, y dm e cms Bste`ms pertbs, kmfm bs cm usuec bd cms ertækucms `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd qub tredsagbrbd eciude kmfpbtbdkge e cms Bste`ms. 2.8 XÇIGFBD @G[KG^CGDEXGM. Bc Xbicefbdtm bd su ertækucm sbxtm bstehcbkb ce Kmfgsgûd ^brfedbdtb `b ce Kmrtb, bdkerie`e `b esgstgr ec ^rbsg`bdtb bd sus audkgmdbs. Ce Kmfgsgûd pbrfedbdtb sb kmfpmdb `bc prmpgm ^rbsg`bdtb, Qgkbprbsg`bdtb, udm m `ms lubkbs `bsgide`ms pmr bc ^rbsg`bdtb.  Eciudms ertækucms `bc Xbicefbdtm mhcgied ec prbsg`bdtb e kmdsuctercb e ce Kmfgsgûd. Bd ce pråktgke cms prbsg`bdtbs `b ce Kmrtb, jed bste`m gdkcgde`ms e tmfer tm`es ces `bkgsgmdbs `b gfpmrtedkge prbvge kmdsucte kmd cms lubkbs, m ec fbdms kmd ce

 

Kmfgsgûd ^brfedbdtb. Bc fgsfm ertækucm sbxtm pbrfgtb ec ^rbsg`bdtb bd kesms `b bfbribdkge krber kmfgsgmdbs mhrb esudtms bspbkæagkms. 1. KMFG[GMDB[. 1.5 KMF^BPBDKGE. Ce bstrukture `b ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede bstå gdspgre`e bd ce `b ce Kmrtb Gdtbrdekgmdec y kmfm tec, tgbdb `ms kmfpbtbdkges? 1.5.5 LRXG[@GKKGÛD KMDPBDKGM[E. e) Ekbptekgûd `b ce kmfpbtbdkge< @b ekubr`m ec ertækucm 15.5 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd  Efbrgkede smhrb cms @brbkjms Jufedms? " smcm cms Bste`ms ^ertbs y ce Kmfgsgûd tgbdbd `brbkjm e smfbtbr ud kesm e ce `bkgsgûd `b ce Kmrtb". Ce ekbptekgûd `b ce kmfpbtbdkge bs mpkgmdec m aekuctetgve y pub`b sbr jbkje pmr  cms Bste`ms e trevçs `b ude `bkcerekgûd sbpere`e bspbkgec b gdkmd`gkgmdecfbdtb helm kmd`gkgûd `b rbkgprmkg`e`, pmr ud pbræm`m bspbkæagkm m pere ud kesm bspbkæagkm (ertækucm 15.8 Kmdvbdkgûd). ^ere smfbtbr ud kesm e ce `bkgsgûd `b ce Kmrtb dm bs dbkbsergm qub bc Bste`m ^ertb jeye ekbpte`m ce kmfpbtbdkge, eudqub bs bvg`bdtb qub tec rbqugsgtm sb bxgi bx gib b pe pere re bc Bste Bste`m `m `bfe `bfed` d`e` e`m m y sg çs çstb tb juhg juhgbr brb b ekbp ekbpte te`m `m pbrm pbrm he helm lm kmd`gkgûd sb tresce`e tefhgçd ec `bfed`edtb. Dm mhstedtb, `b uderbkgprmkg`e`, vbz gdgkge`mbcbcrbqugsgtm prmkb`gfgbdtm, bc Bste`m `bfed`edtb tefhgçd `bhbrå ekbpter ce kmfpbtbdkge pubs bsterå smfbtg`m e cms rbicefbdtms `b ce Kmrtb. h) ^rmkb`gfgbdtms edtb ce Kmfgsgûd< Edtbs `b ehmr`er ud kesm, ce Kmrtb `bhb esbiurersb `b qub cms tråfgtbs edtb ce Kmfgsgûd (ertækucms 0: e 2>) sb jeyed kufpcg`m (Kmdvbdkgûd ertækucm 15.8). Bd bc kesm Qgvgede Ieccer`m bt.ec (Xbs. I5>5/:5) ce Kmrtb `bkcerû gde`fgsghcb ce pbtgkgûd `bc Imhgbrdm `b Kmste Xgke, qub amrfecfbdtb jehæe rbsgide`m cms prmkb`gfgbdtms edtb ce Kmfgsgûd, jekgbd`m bxprbsm qub tecbs prmkb`gfgbdtms bståd bstehcbkg`ms kmfm secveiuer`ge pere cms gd`gvg`ums. Bstm dm kmdvgbrtb e ce Kmrtb bd gdstedkge `b ce Kmfgsgûd, pmrqub çste dm bs ud ûriedm lurgs`gkkgmdec. Ce Kmrtb bs trghudec `b üdgke gdstedkge qub `bkg`b " sg juhm vgmcekgûd `b ud `brbkjm m cghbrte` prmtbig`ms bd ce Kmdvbdkgûd" (ertækucm 1;.5) ude vbz qub cms Bste`ms ^ertbs m ce Kmfgsgûd cb smfbted bc kesm (ertækucm 15.5, ertækucm 2> `bc Xbicefbdtm `b ce Kmfgsgûd) ce Kmfgsgûd tgbdb ude audkgûd gdvbstgie`mre `b cms jbkjms `bdudkge`ms kmfm vgmcekgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms kmdseire`ms bd ce Kmdvbdkgûd, qub bs dbkbsergm kufpcgr  bd tm`es ces jgpûtbsgs, e fbdms qub sb tretb `b ud kesm `b fbrm `brbkjm. Bs tefhgçd bc ûriedm edtb bc kuec bc Bste`m eabkte`m sufgdgstre gdgkgecfbdtb ces gdamrfekgmdbs y ecbietms qub bstgfb pbrtgdbdtbs. ^brm bs e`bfås, y bstm kmdstgtuyb ud espbktm aud`efbdtec `b su pepbc `bdtrm `bc sgstbfe, bc ûriedm kmfpbtbdtb pere rbkghgr `bdudkges gd`gvg`uecbs, bs `bkgr, edtb bc kuec pub`bd eku`gr pere prbsbdter sus qubles y `bdudkges ces væktgfes `b vgmcekgmdbs `b `brbkjms jufedms y ces mtres pbrsmdes sbõece`es bd bc ertækucm 00 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd.

 

[gd [gd bf bfhe heri rim m km kmfm fm ce km kmfp fpbt btbd bdkg kge e `b ce Kmrt Kmrtb b sb rbag rbagbr brb b üdgk üdgkef efbd bdtb tb e vgmcekgmdbs `b `brbkjms jufedms (ertækucm 00-02 Kmdvbdkgûd) y bd kefhgm, ce `b ce Kmrtb kmfprbd`b tefhgçd ce gdtbrprbtekgûd y epcgkekgûd `b ces `gspmsgkgmdbs `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd" (Ertækucm 18.; `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd) rbsucteræe pmsghcb e ud Bste`m smfbtbr e ce Kmrtb, `b fedbre `grbkte, ud kesm rbabrbdtb e mtrms esudtms `gabrbdtbs e vgmcekgûd `b `brbkjms jufedms, kmfm sbræe cm rbabrbdtb e ces gdfudg`e`bs `gpcmfåtgkes `b cms fgbfhrms `b ce Kmfgsgûd. k) ^epbc `b ce Kmfgsgûd edtb ce Kmrtb< Ce Kmfgsgûd kmfperbkbrå bd tm`ms cms kesms edtb ce Kmrtb" sbiüd bc ertækucm 29 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd? ce Kmfgsgûd ektüe bd `babdse `b ce pbrsmde jufede væktgfe `b ude vgmcekgûd `b cms `brbkjms y pmr bccm ce rbprbsbdte. Ce Kmfgsgûd bs e`bfås, bc ûriedm `bc sgstbfe `b prmtbkkgûd, qub kufpcb ude kcere audkgûd `b Fgdgstbrgm pühcgkm `bc sgstbfe, bs `bkgr gdvbstgie cms jbkjms y ekuse, ccbie`m bc kesm e cms Bste`ms edtb ce Kmrtb. `) Bc aeccm y su gdtbrprbtekgûd< Kued`m sb jeye kmfprmhe`m ude vgmcekgûd, ce Kmrtb prm`ukgrå bc aeccm, `bagdgtgvm y dm sulbtm e epbcekgûd, pbrm sæ e gdtbrprbtekgûd pmr ce fgsfe Kmrtb e smcgkgtu` `b kuecbsqugbre `b ces pertbs `b kmdamrfg`e` kmd bc ertækucm 19 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd. Bc Bstetutm `b ce Kmrtb Gdtbrdekgmdec `b Lustgkge kmdtbfpce ce aekucte` `b gdtbrprbtekgûd (ertækucm 1>) y bc rbkursm `b rbvgsgûd (ertækucm 15), bstb üctgfm " kued`m sb hese bd bc `bskuhrgfgbdtm `b ud jbkjm `b deturecbze `bkgsgve, jbkjm qub dm bre kmdmkg`m, kued`m sb prm`ulm bc aeccm, pmr ce pertb qub pg`b ce rbvgsgûd, sgbfprb y kued`m su gidmredkge dm sb `bhe e dbicgibdkge" cm kuec kmrrbspmd`b giuecfbdtb e ce pråktgke `b mtres kmrtbs gdtbrdekgmdecbs y `b trghudecbs `b erhgtrelb. Bstb rbkursm dm bxgstb bxpcækgtefbdtb, sgd bfherim qub bd bc `b ce Kmrtb Gdtbrefbrgkede, eudqub ccbie`m, bc kesm ce Kmrtb jehræe `b epcgkercm bd vgrtu` `bc `brbkjm gdtbrdekgmdec ibdbrec. b) Kmdtbdg`m< @b kmdamrfg`e` kmd bc ertækucm 1; `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd. Bc aeccm `gspmd`rå esgfgsfm, sg bccm aubre prmkb`bdtb, qub sb rbperbd ces kmdsbkubdkges `b ce fb`g`e m sgtuekgûd qub je kmdagiure`m ce vucdbrekgûd `b bsms `brbkjms, y sg aubrb bc kesm bc peim `b ude luste gd`bfdgzekgûd. E su vbz bc ertækucm 1:.8 `gspmdb qub ce pertb `bc aeccm qub `gspmdie gd`bfdgzekgûd kmfpbdsetmrge sb pm`rå blbkuter bd bc rbspbktgvm peæs pmr bc prmkb`gfgbdtm gdtbrdm vgibdtb pere ce blbkukgûd `b sbdtbdkges kmdtre bc Bste`m. Ce gd gd`b `bfd fdgz gzek ekgû gûd d bs `b ek ekub ubr` r`m m km kmd d cm edtb edtbrg rgmr mr,, bc sg sgst stbf bfe e pe pere re qub qub ce prmtbkkgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms dm sb qub`b bd fbre kmd`bde fmrec y bs tefhgçd cm qub `gstgdiub e ce Kmdvbdkgûd Efbrgkede `b ce Burmpbe, qub kerbkb `b ude `gspmsgkgûd sgfgcer. Bs mhvgm sgd bfherim qub dm sgbfprb, dg bd tm`ms cms bvbdtms, ud aeccm kmdtbd`rå tec `gspmsgkgûd pubs bd fukjms heste bc rbirbsm ec stetu qum edtbrgmr m ce mr`bd `b kbser bd ude vgmcekgûd.

 

a) Fb`g`e Fb`g`ess prmvgs prmvgsgmd gmdecb ecbs< s< Rde pertb pertb fuy gfp gfpmrt mrtedt edtb b `b bst bste e lur lurgs` gs`gkk gkkgûd gûd kmdtbdkgmse smd ces fb`g`es prmvgsgmdecbs qub ce Kmrtb pub`e e`mpter, bd kesms `b bxtrbfe irevb`e` y uribdkge y kued`m sb jeie dbkbsergm bvgter  `eõms grrbperehcbs e ces pbrsmdes. (Ertækucm 1; `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd). Ce Kmrtb pub`b epcgker `gkjes fb`g`es bd cms kesms bd qub tbdie edtb sæ pere rbsmcvbr m bd esudtms qub eüd dm smfbtg`ms e su kmdmkgfgbdtm esæ cm smcgkgtb ce Kmfgsgûd. i) Gdamrfb Eduec< Bd su gdamrfb eduec e ce Esefhcbe Ibdbrec `b ce MBE ce Kmrtb sbõecerå cms kesms bd qub ud Bste`m ^ertb dm jeye `e`m kufpcgfgbdtm e sus aeccms (Ertækucm 12 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd) y jerå ces rbkmfbd`ekgmdbs pbrtgdbdtbs. @b ekubr`m kmd bc ertækucm 1: cms Bste`ms ^ertbs `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd sb kmfprmfbtbd e kufpcgr ce `bkgsgûd `b ce Kmrtb. 1.5.8 LRXG[@GKKGÛD KMD[RCPGQE. Ce Kmrtb pub`b sbr kmdsucte`e `b ekubr`m kmd bc ertækucm 10 `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd pmr tm`ms cms Bste`ms Fgbfhrms `b ce MBE y pmr tm`ms cms ûriedms fbdkgmde`ms bd bc kepætucm Z `b ce Kerte. Ce Kmfgsgûd bs udm `b bstms ûriedms. e) Mhlbtm `b ce Gdtbrprbtekgûd< Ce Kmrtb pub`b `er mpgdgmdbs bd rbcekgûd kmd ce gd gdtb tbrp rprb rbte tekg kgûd ûd `b @brbkjms ce Km Kmdv dvbd bdkg kgûd ûd " m bd `bcmsmtrm mtBste`ms rmss tre trete te`m `mss kmdk kmdkbr brdg dgbd bdtb tbss e 10 ce prmtbkkgûd `b cms Jufedms Efbrgkedms" (ertækucm `b ce Kmdvbdkgûd). Ce bxprbsgûd "mtrms trete`ms" aub gdtbrprbte`e pmr ce fgsfe Kmrtb bd bc sbdtg`m qub sb rbagbrb e " tm`e `gspmsgkgûd kmdkbrdgbdtb e ce prmtbkkgûd `b cms `brbkjms jufedms, `b kuecqugbr trete`m gdtbrdekgmdec epcgkehcb bd cms Bste`ms Efbrgkedms, kmd gd`bpbd`bdkge `b qub sbe hgcetbrec m fuctgcetbrec, `b kuec sbe su mhlbtm prgdkgpec m `b qub sbed m pub`ed sbr pertbs `bc fgsfm Bste`m elbdm ec sgstbfe gdtbrefbrgkedm. Ce Kmrtb pm`rå ehstbdbrsb `b rbspmd`br ude kmdsucte sg eprbkge qub ce pbtgkgûd bxkb`b cms cæfgtbs `b su audkgûd". ^rmkb`gfg ^rmkb` gfgbdt bdtm m `b ces mpg mpgdgm dgmdbs dbs kmd kmdsu suctgv ctgves< es< bc ertæku ertækucm cm 22 `bc Xbicef Xbicefbdt bdtm m `gspm `gs pmdb db qub ce Kmr Kmrtb tb epc epcgke gkerå rå ec tråfgt tråfgtb b `b ces mpgdgm mpgdgmdbs dbs kmdsu kmdsuctgv ctgves es ces `gsp `gspms msgk gkgm gmdb dbss `b `bcc Pæ Pætu tucm cm GG `b `bcc rb rbic icef efbd bdtm tm?? qu qub b sb rbag rbagbr brbd bd e cm cmss kesm kesmss kmdtbdkgmsms? bd ce fb`g`e bd qub ces luziub kmfpetghcbs. [mhrb bstb tbfe ce Kmrtb mpgdû qub dm jey de`e bd ce Kmdvbdkgûd qub sgrve pere pe re au aud` d`ef efbd bdte terr ce bx bxtb tbds dsgû gûd d `b cm cmss rb rbqu qugs gsgtgtms ms pere pere bc bl blbr brkg kgkg kgm m `b su  lurgs`gkkgûd kmdtbdkgmse `b ce Kmrtb ec blbrkgkgm `b ce audkgûd kmdsuctgve. Bs fuy kcerm fås hgbd, qub bc blbrkgkgm `b ce kmfpbtbdkge kmdsuctgve `b ce Kmrtb bstå smfbtg`e e sus prmpgms prb-rbqugsgtms qub sb rbagbrbd e ce g`bdtg`e` y e ce cbigtgfekgûd rbkmdmkg`es e cms bdtbs kmd `brbkjm e smcgkgter ude mpgdgûd, bs `bkgr e cms Bste`ms fgbfhrms y cms ûriedms `b ce MBE, bd cm qub cbs kmfpbtb.