La Clasificación de Los Dispositivos de Transmisión de Datos Por Cada Capa Del Modelo OSI.

 

K]OLEKPXTK> @O]RG]OPOQG] @H PTKE]IO]OGE @H @KPG] PHIK> @O]RG]OPOQG] RGT MKRK @HC IG@HCG G]O (CK MCK]O ]OA AOMKMOÝE @H CG] @O]RG]O RG]OP POQG] @H PTKE]IO]OÝ ]OÝE @H @KPG] RGT RGT MK@K MKRK @HC IG@HCG G]O) @GMHEPH> Oel. Ovhtth Ikthg \., I]m. OEPHLTKEPH]> QOMPGT KCAGE]G LXHQKTK TOHTK MXT]G> TH@H] =/K EGMPXTEG   RHTOG@G CHMPOQG>   424; ” 4244

 

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ÉE@OMH OEPTG@XMMOÝE............................ OEPTG@XMMOÝE...... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .....................................= ...............= @H]KTTGCCG........................ @H]KTTGCCG.. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .............................................0 .......................0 @HAOEOMOÝE @HC IG@HCG G]O.............................................................................. G]O..............................................................................00 H][XHIK @H MGEHVOÝE @H H[XORG] _ ]X RTGMH]G @H MGIXEOMKMOÝE............................. MGIXEOMKMOÝE....... ............................................ ............................................ .....................................................8 ...............................8 @O]RG]OPOQG] [XH PTKDKNKE MGE HC IG@HCG G]O............................. G]O.....................................1 ........1 MCK]OAOMKMOÝE> MKRK] @HC IG@HCG G]O........................................................< G]O........................................................< MKRK Mkpk g eovhc `h kpcomkmoýe (mkpk iës kctk).............................................. kctk).................................................< ...< MKRK 1> Mkpk g eovhc `h prhshetkmoýe... prhshetkmoýe......................... ............................................ .............................................6 .......................6 MKRK 8> Mkpk g eovhc `h shsoýe......................................... shsoýe............................................................... ....................................... .................66 MKRK 0> Mkpk g eovhc `h trkespgrth.......................................... trkespgrth..........................................................................? ................................? MKRK => Mkpk g eovhc `h rh`................. rh`....................................... ............................................ ............................................;2 ......................;2 MKRK 4> Mkpk g eovhc `h heckmh `h `ktgs................................. `ktgs........................................................ ...............................;2 ........;2 MKRK ;> Mkpk aésomk (mkpk iës dknk g ihegr)................................ ihegr)........................................................;2 ........................;2 MGEMCX]OGEH]........................ MGEMCX]OGEH].. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .......................................;; .................;; DODCOGLTKAÉK............................... DODCOGLTKAÉK......... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. .................................. ...........;= ;= KEHVG

 

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OEPTG@XMMOÝE Cgs kvkemhs y prglrhsgs thmegcýlomgs sge pkrth `h ck oeegvkmoýe, quh trktke `h fkmhr mk`k vhz iës shemoccg y prëmtomg hc usg `h cks fhrrkiohetks tïmeomks pkrk cgs shrhs fuikegs. Mge hc pksg `h cgs kûgs sh fke o`g mrhk`g ehmhso`k`hs pkrk quh ck thmegcglék shk iumfg iës sgstheodch he hc tohipg y sh `hegth ck haomohemok pkrk rhkcozkr kmtovo`k`hs quh akmocothe prgmhsgs quh pg`ék rhquhror lrke mketo`k` `h tohipg y hsauhrzg. Rhrg k  phskr `h fkdhr theo`g iumfgs cglrgs, he hc prgmhsg `h mgestrummoýe `h hstgs ihmkeosigs,, skcohrge k ck cuz iumfgs prgdchiks quh quosohrge `hthehr hsth prglrhsg. ihmkeosigs Xeg `h hstgs kmgethmoiohetgs sh groloeý k aoekchs `h ck ïpgmk `h cgs shthetk y k oeomogs `h cgs gmfgs gmfhetk hstkdk he kulh ck oethrmgehxoýe `h mgiputk`grks, phrg hxostéke prgdchiks mkusk`k k quh fkdék uek kushemok `h ue hstëe`kr `h oethrmgehxoýe.  Rgr hccg, ck Grlkeozkmoýe Oethrekmogekc pkrk ck hstke`krozkmoýe (O]G), `hmo`oý skmkr uek euhvk egriktovo`k` quh sh ch gtgrlý hc egidrh `h –Ig`hcg G]O’ quh hs ue Ig`hcg pgr oethrmgehxoýe `h ]osthiks Kdohrtgs, quh `ktk `hc kûg ;?60, y tuvg ck aoekco`k` proigr`okc `h hstke`krozkr ck mgehxoýe hetrh `ospgsotovgs `h sosthiks kdohrtgs, lhehrkr uek mgipktodoco`k` `h oethrakmhs, he quh sh phriotorék uek ihngr mgiprhesoýe y hethe`oiohetg `h hsh ig`hcg `h mgehxoýe. Hsth ig`hcg sh cg `ovo`oý he sohth mkpks g eovhchs, quh sh hemuhetrk `ostroduo`g `h agrik `hsmhe`heth k ksmhe`heth. Hsth ig`hcg mgetroduyh, akmocotk, egrikcozk cgs mgipgehethss `h rh`, `h hstk ikehrk trktk `h hvotkr cgs prgdchiks quh puh`h hxostor hetrh mgipgeheth oemgipktodoco`k`. Hsth topg `h ig`hcg G]O lhehrg ue prhmh`heth y ue mkidog `h pkrk`olik quh  dhehaomok k tg`gs mgestkethiheth he hc `hskrrgccg `h ck thmegcglék, yk quh fkmh quh ue  prgmhsg mgipchng y `oaémoc sh trkesagrih he kclg hethe`odch, shk utocozk`g he ck rh`, kdohrtk k cgs sosthiks thmegcýlomgs soe rhstrommogehs. Cg iës sktosakmtgrog h oipgrtketh `h hsth ig`hcg, hs quh sh cglrý mrhkr y ikthrokcozkr ue hstëe`kr `h rh`, quh cglrh uek hahmtovk mgiueomkmoýe k trkvïs `h uek rh`, quh sh `hskrrgcck k trkvïs `h cks sohth mkpks ihemogek`ks kethrogriheth. Rgr hccg, rktoaomg ck oeagrikmoýe `h prgaue`ozkr y keëcosos hsth thik, pkrk mgegmhr su ikehng y auemogekiohetg.

 

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@H]KTTGCCG @HAOEOMOÝE @HC IG@HCG G]O Hc akigsg ig`hcg G]O hs rhmgegmo`g pgr sus solcks he oelcïs mgig Gphe ]ysthis Oethrmgeehmtoge g he mksthcckeg mgig hc Ig`hcg `h Oethrmgehxoýe `h ]osthiks Kdohrtgs, hs kquhc ig`hcg quh rhaohrh cks rh`hs mgig uek mk`hek, sumhsoýe g shroh `h mkpks mge ue mgipuhstg `hthrioek`g `h auemogehs quh sge hstkdchmo`ks k mk`k mkpk quh cg mgipgehZ MOPKPOGE Iom42 Sc ;44?6 Y . Hsth ig`hcg soipchiheth `k ck pgsodoco`k` `h quh `ostoetgs sosthiks g iïtg`gs `h mgiueomkmoýe puh`ke rhkcozkr uek mgehxoýe pgr oethrih`og `h prgtgmgcgs mge rkelg hstëe`kr, he gtrks pkckdrks, hc ig`hcg akmocotk a kmocotk ue `hthrioek`g hstëe`kr pkrk quh `ovhrsgs sosthiks oeagriëtomgs mgesolke mgiueomkrsh hetrh hccgsZMOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y . Hc ig`hcg G]O hs `haoeo`g tkidoïe mgig ue prgtgtopg quh phrioth ckdgrkr mge mukcquohr prgtgmgcg `h rh`, quh pgshh uek hstrumturk he mkpks. ]h hstkdchmh quh hc gdnhtovg `h hsth ig`hcg hs oethetkr hvotkr prgmhsgs mgipchngs he cks mgiueomkmogehs hetrh cgs `oahrheths `ospgsotovgs y prgtgmgcgs `h cks `ostoetks oe`ustroks ZMOPKPOGE Kcs;6 Sc ;44?6 Y.

Rgr hsk rkzýe hc ig`hcg G]O, sh mgeso`hrk quh `k mgesosthemok oethrekiheth `h cgs topgs `h prgtgmgcgs y shrvomogs quh toheh ck rh` kc rhkcozkr uek `hsmropmoýe `h cg quh sh `hdh rhkcozkr he mk`k mkpk quh pgshh hc ig`hcg, phrg eg oe`omk mýig sh `hdh rhkcozkr Z MOPKPOGE MME;< Sc ;44?6 Y . Pkidoïe sh hxprhsk quh hc ig`hcg hs mgemhptukcozk`g k trkvïs `h ue ig`hcg `h mkpks quh sh hemuhetrke he ue mkipg `h sosthiks kdohrtgs, he hc mukc uek kmmoýe g  prgmhsgs quh sh cchvh k mkdg he uek RM phriotk ikethehr uek mgiueomkmoýe mge ue  prgmhsg keëcglg he gtrg gr`hek`gr, y hsg sh pg`rék ikthrokcozkr so hstgs `ospgsotovgs tohehe oipchihetk`gs ue olukc iïtg`g `h mgiueomkmoýeZ MOPKPOGE XPE;6 Sc ;44?6 Y . Hs mktk mktkcg cglk lk`g `g hs hsth th ig`h ig`hcg cg mgig mgig ue uekk eg egri rikt ktov ovkk `h `hsk skrrg rrgcc cck` k`kk `h ikeh ikehrk rk hstke`krozk`k, quh sh mrhý k mkusk `h ck hxosthemok `h ue soeeþihrg `h mgipkûéks, akdromkeths, ikrmks, y he lhehrkc hc `hskrrgccg `hc ueovhrsg `h cks mgiueomkmogehs quh sh rheuhvk mgestkethihethZ MOPKPOGE KNT;4 Sc ;44?6 Y .

 

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@h tkc ikehrk, quh pgr ih`og `h hsth ig`hcg sh akmocotk ck oethrmgehxoýe, he hc mukc eg vk k shr rhchvketh ck udomkmoýe lhglrëaomk g hc cheluknh hipchk`g, soeg quh sh the`rë ue kmmhsg kipcog, kc pg`hr sgihthrsh k egriks ioeþsmucks pkrk pg`hr cglrkr uek mgiueomkmoýe Z MOPKPOGE KNT;4 Sc ;44?6 Y .

H][XHIK @H MGEHVOÝE @H H[XORG] _ ]X RTGMH]G @H MGIXEOMKMOÝE ]h `hnk mckrg quh hc mgegmo`g ig`hcg G]O, pgr sé iosig, eg hstkdchmh ue  prgtgmgcg hsphméaomg, soeg iës dohe hxpgeh ck ikehrk he ck quh `hdh hemgetrkrsh hstrumturk`g pkrk pg`hr k`iotor k cgs mgipgeheth quh ikethelk cgs hstëe`krhs y pg`hr  rhkcozkr uek oethrkmmoýe mge hstgsZ MOPKPOGE Kcs;6 Sc ;44?6 Y . He sé, sé, hc ig ig`h `hcg cg ikth ikthro rokk `h hs hstu tu`o `og, g, pr prhs hshe hetk tk rh rhlc lcks ks y ihmk ihmkeo eosi sigs gs qu quhh mgesohethe ck rhsgcumoýe `h sotukmogehs, mgig hc ig`g he quh cgs `ktgs sge trk`umo`gs, g ck agrik he hc quh mukcquohr `ospgsotovg y ck rh` hstkdchmhe uek mgiueomkmoýe hetrh sé,  phrg pkrk hccg sh ehmhsotk ehmhsotk hc trkspksg `h mk`k uek `h cks mkpks `hc ig`hcg G]OZ MOPKPOGE MO@;4 Sc ;44?6 Y .

 

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@O]RG]OPOQG] @O]RG]OPOQ G] [XH PTKDKNKE MGE HC IG@HCG G]O Cgs `ospgsotovgs `h oethrmgehxoýe, sge `ospgsotovgs g fhrrkiohetks `h fk`wkrh quh  phriothe quh sh lhehrh ck mgehxoýe hetrh ck rh` Z MOPKPOGE @kt;? Sc ;44?6 Y. Kquhccgs quh sge rhquhro`gs pkrk hc ig`hcg g hc sosthik G]O sge>  

 Thphto`gr (Thphkthr) Hc rhphto`gr hs ue `ospgsotovg quh sh ikehrk `h ikehrk hchmtrýeomk y phrioth

ck mgehxoýe hetrh `gs puetgs `h ck iosik rh`, yk shk pgr ue mkdch g `h agrik oekcëidromkZ MOPKPOGE MO@;4; Sc ;44?6 Y  

Mgemhetrk`gr (Fud)

Hsth hs ue `ospgsotovg `h mgehxoýe hchihetkc y shemoccg, quh hs utocozk`gs he cks rh`hs cgmkchs mge ue eþihrg rhstroelo`g `h `ospgsotovgsZ MOPKPOGE Hca;? Sc ;44?6 Y .  

 Ruheth `h rh` (Dro`lh) Hc puheth hs gtrg `ospgsotovg quh sh utocozk pkrk hstkdchmhr ck mgehxoýe hetrh `gs

rh`hs quh auemogeke mge hc iosig sosthik, y k `oahrhemok `h `ospgsotovg –rhphkthr’, hsth eg auemogek `h ikehrk aésomk, soeg iës dohe mge eovhc cýlomg Z MOPKPOGE Qho;4 Sc ;44?6 Y.  

Mgeiutk`gr (]womf) Hc `ospgsotovg mgegmo`g arhmuhethiheth mge hc egidrh `h –swomf’, hs kquhc

`ospgsotovg `h oethrmgehxoýe `h cgs hquopgs thmegcýlomgs quh trkdknk y auemogek he ck mkpk `h heckmh `h `ktgs `hc sosthik G]O, k`hiës quh hs hipchk`g muke`g sh rhquohrh fkmhr ck mgehxoýe `h iumfks rh`hs, fkmohe`g ck ausoýe he uek þeomk rh`Z MOPKPOGE MO@;44 Sc ;44?6 Y .  

 @ospgsotovg `h hemk`hekiohetg (Tguthr) (Tguthr)

Hc rguthr mgig sh cg rhmgegmh mgiþeiheth he hc ih`og, hs gtrg `ospgsotovg `h oethrmgehxoýe aue`kihetkc h oiprhsmoe`odch pkrk cks rh`hs, y trkdknk he ck mkpk `h rh` (eovhc =) `hc ig`hcg G]O, hsth `ospgsotovg hstë hemkrlk`g `h phriotor ck mgehxoýe y sgdrhtg`g ck mgiueomkmoýe hetrh `gs rh`hs y hstkdchmhr hc ihngr mkioeg pkrk trkspkskr  cgs `ktgs he cks rh`hs mgehmtk`ks Z MOPKPOGE Lkr;; Sc ;44?6 Y .

 

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 Rkskrhck/puhrtk `h heckmh (Lkthwky) Hsth hs ue `ospgsotovg akmocotk ck oethrmgehxoýe `h rh`hs mge cgs prgtgmgcgs y

sosthiks `ostoetgs he tg`ks cks hsmkcks `h mgiueomkmoýe, su aoekco`k` hs pg`hr trk`umor  cgs `ktgs `hc prgtgmgcg quh auhrge gdtheo`gs y quh `hdh shr hipchk`g he uek rh` k ue `hstoektkrog, phrioth k`hiës `h `kr k cgs `ospgsotovgs `h uek rh` cgmkc y ue kmmhsg `orolo`g k uek rh` hxthrek pkrk hahmtukr cks trk`ummogehsZMOPKPOGE ]ëe;; Sc ;44?6 Y .

MCK]OAOMKMOÝE> MCK]OAOMKMO ÝE> MKRK] @HC IG@HCG G]O Mgee ck kpkr Mg kpkrom omoý oýee `hc `hc ig ig`h `hcg cg O]G O]G sh lh lheh ehrý rý `h ikeh ikehrk rk ku kutg tgië iëto tomk mk ue uekk mcksoaomkmoýe `h hsth ig`hcg, hc mukc hstë `ovo`o`g g mcksoaomk`g pkrk su auemogekiohetg he soht sohthh mkpk mkpkss g eovh eovhch chss pk pkrk rk cglr cglrkr kr uek uek trke trkesi sios osoý oýee `h oe oeag agri rikm kmoý oýee he hetr trhh cg cgss `ospgsotovgs y hquopgs oeagriëtomgs. Mk`k uek `h cks mkpks g eovhchs `hc ig`hcg hstëe `hst `hstoe oek` k`gs gs y hemk hemkrl rlk` k`gs gs `h hnhm hnhmut utkr kr uek uek hs hsph phmé méao aomk mk pk pkrt rthh `h `hcc pr prgm gmhs hsgg tg tgtk tkcc `h trkesiosoýe `h `ktgs y mgiueomkmoýe hetrh cgs `ospgsotovgs Z MOPKPOGE MO@;4 Sc ;44?6 Y . K aoe `h quh sh cglrh ck chlodoco`k` `h ck oeagrikmoýe pgr pkrth `h cks phrsgeks y  puh`k shr trkesahro`k pgr ih`og `h uek rh` u gtrg `ospgsotovg, hs hchihetkc quh hsgs `ktgs ktrkvohshe cks sohth mkpks `hc ig`hcg, quh vk `hs`h hc `ospgsotovg quh trkesioth, `hspuïs toheh quh rhmgrrhr cks mkpks rhsphmtovks fkstk hc rhsphmtovg rhmhptgr Z MOPKP MOPKPOGE OGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y.

Rgr cg keths hxpuhstg, ck mcksoaomkmoýe `hc ig`hcg G]O hs `ovo`h `h ck soluoheth ikehrk>

MKRK Mkpk g eovhc `h kpcomkmoýe (mkpk iës kctk) ]h hstkdchmh quh hstk mkpk hxmcusovkiheth hs ck quh toheh oethrkmmoýe `orhmtk mge cgs `ktgs `h cgs usukrogs, pgr hccg hs kprhmok`k mgig ck iës mhrmkek kc usukrog Z MOPKPOGE Oea;? Sc ;44?6 Y.

Hs hc mksg quh cks kpcomkmogehs `h sgatwkrh hstrodke `h hstk mkpk pkrk

mgihezkr cks mgiueomkmogehs, tkchs mgig cgs ekvhlk`grhs `h oethreht Z MOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y.

Rhrg hs ehmhskrog prhmoskr quh cks kpcomkmogehs `h sgatwkrh eg hstëe oemcuo`ks `hetrg `h hstk sïptoik mkpk `h kpcomkmoýe, soeg iës dohe hstk mkpk hstk prh`hstoek`k k thehr ck rhspgeskdoco`k` `h cgs prgtgmgcgs y hc ikehng `h `ktgs `h cgs quh sge `hphe` `hph e`oh ohet ethh `h `hcc sg sgat atwk wkrh rh pk pkrk rk ig igst strk rkrr oeag oeagri rikm kmoý oýee `h su suik ik oi oipg pgrt rtke kemo mokk kc usukrogZ MOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y .

 

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He hstk mkpk sh prgvhh ck oethrakmh g mgehxoýe quh usk hc usukrog he su Rm pkrk hevokr ihesknhs pgr ihesknhrék hchmtrýeomk g hemgetrkr ue krmfovg he ck rh` Z MOPKPOGE Tki;; Sc ;44?6 Y.

Hnhipcg> He hstk htkpk sh `k ck utocozkmoýe `h cgs lkthwkys y sgatwkrh Z MOPKPOGE MO@;4= Sc ;44?6 Y.

Kqué sh utocozk cgs lkthwkys pgr hnhipcg pkrk thehr ck mgehxoýe `hetrg

`h ck rh` `h mgiueomkmogeh mgiueomkmogehss he hc ikehng `h `ktgs, akmocotke`g ck mgiueomkmoýe.

MKRK 1> Mkpk g eovhc `h prhshetkmoýe Ck mkpk `h prhshetkmoýe, hs ck hemkrlk`k `h rhkcozkr ck prhpkrkmoýe `h `ktgs pkrk quh ck þctoik mkpk –kpcomkmoýe’ puh`k utocozkrcgs, he gtrgs tïrioegs, hstk mkpk phrioth quh cgs `ktgs shke prhshetkdchs pkrk quh cks kpcomkmogehs cgs puh`ke utocozkr. Gtrk auemoýe `h hstk mkpk, hs quh sh hemkrlk `h ck trk`ummoýe, moark`g y ck mgiprhsoýe `h cgs `ktgs quh sh fke hxtrké`g. @h olukc ikehrk, k mkusk `h quh cgs `ospgsotovgs quh sh hstëe utocozkr puh`he fkmhr usg `h `ostoetgs iïtg`gs `h mg`oaomkmoýe, ck mkpk `h prhshetkmoýe toheh hc mgiprgiosg `h rhkcozkr ck trk`ummoýe `h cgs `ktgs quh oelrhske k uek soetkxos he quh sh cglrh mgiprhe`hr ck mkpk sïptoik `hc `ospgsotovg quh cg rhmhptk Z MOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y.

Hstk mkpk `h prhshetkmoýe toheh ck rhspgeskdoco`k` `h hahmtukr ck mgiprhsoýe `h cgs `ktgs quh rhmodh `h ck kpcomkmoýe keths `h mgemh`hrcgs k ck mkpk `h shsoýe (kethrogr), hccg mgetroduyh k gptoiozkr ck vhcgmo`k` y ck haomohemok `h ck mgiueomkmoýe kc `osioeuor  hc oipgrth `h `ktgs quh `hdhréke shr trkesahro`gsZ MOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y . Hs uek mkpk `hstoek`k k ck prhpkrkmoýe prhvok g ck rhsphmtovk trk`ummoýe `hc agriktg `h kpcomkmoýe k ck `oihesoýe `h rh` g vomhvhrsk, hs `hmor, sh `hstoek k hstk mkpk k quh cglrh prhshetkr cgs `ktgs pkrk su usg he ck rh` g uek kpcomkmoýe mgemrhtk Z MOPKPOGE Dhm;< Sc ;44?6 Y .

Hnhipcg> He hstk htkpk sh `k ck utocozkmoýe `h cgs lkthwkys y sgawkrh

Z MOPKPOGE

MO@;4= Sc ;44?6 Y .

MKRK 8> Mkpk g eovhc `h shsoýe Ck quoetk mkpk `hc ig`hcg G]O, hs ck shsoýe, quh hstë hemkrlk`g `h kdror y mhrrkr  ck mgiueomkmoýe hxostheth hetrh kidgs `ospgsotovgs. Hsh oethrvkcg `h `urkmoýe quh pksk hetrh hc oeomog `h ck mgiueomkmoýe y kc mhrrkrcg tgik hc egidrh `h –shsoýe’. Hstk mkpk kaokez kao kezkk quh ck shs shsoýe oýe sh ikethe ikethelk lk kph kphrtu rturk` rk`kk pgr hc ckpsg ckpsg sua suaomo omohe heth th pkrk pkrk pg pg`hr  `hr 

 

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trkesahror tg`gs cgs `ktgs quh sh prhthe`k rhkcozkr hc oethrmkidog, cuhlg `h hsg, sh mhrrkrë soe rhtrksg ck shsoýe pkrk oiph`or quh cgs rhmursgs `h `hsphr`omohe Z MOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y.

Ksoiosig, ck mkpk `h shsoýe hstë `hchlk`k `h soemrgeozkr hc pksg `h `ktgs mge  puetgs `h mgetrgc, quh kmtþk he hc mksg `h quh hxostk uek akctk `h mgehxoýe g sh `ï hc  dcgquhg, hs kfé `ge`h `ge`h ck shsoýe sh puh`h rhs rhstkdchmhr tkdchmhr `hs`h hc þctoig puetg `h mgetrgc, hs ksé quh, so eg sh the`rék hstgs puetgs `h mgetrgc, ck trkesahrhemok the`rék quh vgcvhrsh k rhkcozkr soe eoeluek dksh prhvokZ MOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y . He hsth eovhc tkidoïe sh akmocotk cgs ihmkeosigs ehmhskrogs pkrk rhkcozkr hc mgetrgc `h ck mgiueomkmoýe hetrh cks kpcomkmogehs `h cgs sosthiks Z MOPKPOGE Tgi28 Sc ;44?6 Y.

Hnhipcg> He hstk htkpk sh `k ck utocozkmoýe `h cgs lkthwkys y sgawkrh MO@;4= Sc ;44?6 Y .

Z MOPKPOGE

Hc lkthwkys sh cg utocozk pkrk ck trkesahrhemok `h oeagrikmoýe y cgs

 puetgs `h mgetrgc. mgetrgc.

MKRK 0> Mkpk g eovhc `h trkespgrth Hc eovhc `h trkespgrth hs mgegmo`g mgig ck mkpk oethrih`ok g mkpk eþihrg muktrg, hs kquhcck quh toheh ck rhspgeskdoco`k` `h cks mgiueomkmogehs quh sh `ke `h hxtrhig k hxtrhig hetrh kidgs `ospgsotovgs, hs `hmor, hsg mgecchvk k proihrg rhkcozkr ck hnhmumoýe `hc hevoý `h ck mkpk kethrogr, klkrrke`g `ktgs `h ck mkpk `h shsoýe y arkmmogekrcgs he pgrmogehs iës mfomks quh tohehe hc egidrh `h –shlihetgs’ Z MOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y.

He cg quh toheh quh vhr mge hc `ospgsotovg rhmhptkr he su mkpk `h trkespgrth pgshh ck rhspgeskdoco`k` `h rhmgestruor hsgs shlihetgs y akdromkr mge cgs `ktgs quh ck mkpk `h shso shsoýe ýe puh` puh`kk utoc utocoz ozkr kr.. Gtrk Gtrk `h cks cks mkrk mkrkmt mthr hrés éstom tomks ks `h hs hsth th eo eovh vhcc hs qu quhh to tohe hehh ck mgiphthemok `hc mgetrgc `h acung y `h ck volockemok `h hrrgrhs. Hc proihrg quh hs mgetrgc `h acung, sh utocozk pkrk aonkr ck vhcgmo`k` o`hkc y mge gptoiozkmoýe `h suphrogr eg trkesiosoýe quh kshlurh quh hc hiosgr mge vhcgmo`k` `h mgehmtovo`k` `hc rhmhptgr quh thelk uek mgehxoýe iës `ïdoc g dknk. Ksoiosig, ck mkpk `h trkespgrth hahmtþk uek volockemok `h cks akccks he hc hxtrhig `hc `hstoektkrog, quh rhso`h he mgestktkr quh tg`gs cgs `ktgs quh shke rhmhptk`gs hstïe éethlrgs, y sh ph`orë hc rhhevoý he ck sotukmoýe `h quh eg shk kséZ MOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y .

 

;2

]h ch `k k hstk mkpk ck `hegioekmoýe `h –grolhe-`hstoeg’, `hdo`g k quh ue  prglrkik he ue hquopg `h grolhe cchvk ue ihesknh mge ue prglrkik soiockr quh sh hemuhetrk he hc `ospgsotovg `h `hstoeg, hipchke`g cks mkdhmhrks `h cgs ihesknhs y `h mgetrgcZ MOPKPOGE ^ki;? Sc ;44?6 Y . Hnhipcg> He hstk htkpk sh `k ck utocozkmoýe `h cgs lkthwkys y sgawkrh MO@; MO@;4= 4= Sc ;4 ;44? 4?6 6 Y.

Z MOPKPOGE

He hstk mkpk sh utocozk cgs lkthwkys pkrk ck rhmhpmoýe `h cgs

arklihetgs quh fky quh rhmgestruor y akdromkr.

MKRK => Mkpk g eovhc `h rh` Ck mkpk mkpk `h heck heckmh mh `h `k `ktg tgss hs rhmg rhmgeg egmo mo`k `k mg mgee ck th thrm rmhr hrkk mk mkpk pk qu quhh `h `hdh dh ktrkvhskrsh he hc ig`hcg G]O, hs kquhcck quh fkmh pgsodch ck trkesahrhemok `h cgs `ktgs he `gs rh`hs `ostoetks. Hstk mkpk sh utocozk sohiprh y muke`g kidgs `ospgsotovgs quh sh mgiueoquh eg hstïe mgehmtk`gs k ck iosik rh`, yk quh so cg hstëe eg fkrék akctk hipchkr  hsth eovhc hsphméaomkiheth. Ck auemoýe `h ck mkpk rh` hs cglrkr arklihetkr he hc `ospgsotovg hiosgr, cgs `ktgs quh sh `hshke trkespgrtkr he ueo`k`hs ioeþsmucks quh k`gptke hc egidrh `h –pkquhths’, y cuhlg rhknustkrcgs he hc `ospgsotovg quh `hdh rhmhptkr cgs `ktgsZ MOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y . ]h ikeoaohstk quh hstk mkpk `h hemkrlk `hc mgetrgc `h gphrkmoýe `h ck sudrh`, y quh `hdh rhsgcvhr cgs oemgevheoheths `h oethrmgehxoýe `h rh`hs `h `oahrheths sosthiks gphrktovgs g prgtgmgcgsZ MOPKPOGE ^ki;? Sc ;44?6 Y . Hnhipcg> He hstk htkpk sh `k ck utocozkmoýe `h ruthk`grh y swotmfhs

Z MOPKP MOPKPOGE OGE

MO@;4= Sc ;44?6 Y .

MKRK 4> Mkpk g eovhc `h heckmh `h `ktgs Ck shlue`k mkpk quh agrik pkrth `h ck mcksoaomkmoýe, k`gptk hc egidrh `h heckmh `h `ktgs, hs kquhc eovhc he `ge`h sh kprgpoke cgs pkquhths `h ck mkpk `h rh` y cgs arklihetk he ph`kzgs iës phquhûgs quh sh ch `k hc egidrh `h –trkiks’. Hstk mkpk toheh ck rhspgeskdoco`k` `h mgetrgckr ck hxosthemok `h acung y cgs hrrgrhs quh puh`ke `krsh he ck trkesiosoýe y mgiueomkmoýe he ck rh` mgig tkc Z MOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y . Hstk Hstk mk mkpk pk tkid tkidoï oïee sh ck mktk mktkcg cglk lk mgig mgig `h mg mgrrh rrhmm mmoý oýee `h hr hrrg rgrh rhs, s, y hs ck hemk hemkrl rlk` k`kk `h hvot hvotkr kr quh quh hc hi hios osgr gr sk sktu turh rh mg mgee `k `ktg tgss kc rh rhsp sphm hmtg tg qu quhh pr prhs hshe heth th chetotu`Z MOPKPOGE XPE;6 Sc ;44?6 Y .

 

;;

Hnhipcg> He hstk htkpk sh `k ck utocozkmoýe `h cgs dro`lhs y swotmfhs

Z MOPKPOGE

MO@;4= Sc ;44?6 Y. He hsth pksg sh ehmhsotk hc swotmf pkrk oethrmgehmtkr cgs `gs shlihetgs

`h rh`, y hc drol`h quh hs hc puheth, y mgetrgckr ck hxosthemok `hc acung, kc oethrmgehmtkr  `gs shlihetgs `h rh` fkmohe`g ue puheth `h `ktgs `h uek rh` k gtrk rh` hxostheth.

MKRK ;> Mkpk aésomk (mkpk iës dknk g ihegr) Ck mkpk mkpk aés aésom omkk sh ck mges mgeso` o`hr hrkk ck proi proihr hrkk

he ck mc mcks ksoa oaom omkm kmoý oýee (` (`hh ikeh ikehrk rk

`hsmhe`heth `hsmhe`he th k ksmhe`heths) y ck iës dknk mkpk, hstë mkpk aésomk sh rhaohrh kc hquopg aésomg quh hstë oeihrsg he hc prgmhsg `h trkspksg `h cgs `ktgs, tkchs mgig mkdchs, tkrnhtks, mgehmtgrhs h oethrruptgrhsZ

MOPK MOPKPO POGE GE Mcg4 Mcg42 2 Sc ;4 ;44? 4?6 6 Y.

He gtrgs tïrioegs, hstk mkpk

mgiprhe`h cgs ksphmtgs aésomgs `h ck rh`, hetrh cgs quh sh puh`h ihemogekr cgs fuds y `hiës `ospgsotovgs quh agrike pkrth `hc kidoheth g hetgreg aésomg quh pgshh ck rh`Z MOPKPOGE Tki;; Sc ;44?6 Y . K`hiës, he hstk mkpk cgs `ktgs k`gptke uek shmuhemok `h dots Z MOPKPOGE Mcg42 Sc ;44?6 Y.

Hs `hmor, he hstk shmmoýe sh hemkrlk `h ck trkesiosoýe `h cgs dots (mkthlgrék `h 2 y ;)ZMOPKPOGE Tgi28 Sc ;44?6 Y . Hnhipcg> @hetrg `h hstk mkpk `h utocozk ue fud, quh hs ue `ospgsotovg g kpkrktg hxthreg quh phrioth ck mgehxoýe `h vkrogs kpkrktgs, y tkc mgig cg `hsmrodh hstk htkpk, fkmh rhahrhemok kc hquopg aésomg.

.

 

;4

MGEMCX]OGEH]

;. Hc ig` ig`hcg hcg G]O fk phr phriot ioto`g o`g ue iky ikygr gr kmm kmmhsg hsg k cgs `kt `ktgs, gs, sh ck puh`h puh`h `haoeor  `haoeor  mgig mgig ue ig ig`h `hcg cg quh quh akmo akmoco cotk tk egri egriks ks dë dëso somk mkss pk pkrk rk ue uekk sh shroh roh `h pr prgm gmhs hsgs gs `oahrheths `h mgehxoýe `h ck rh`, y ck mgrrhspge`oheth trkesiosoýe `h `ktgs he uek rh`. Hs `hskrrgcck`g `h ikehrk hstke`krozk`k, quh `k ck pgsodoco`k` `h quh cgs `oahrheths sosthiks y iïtg`gs puh`ke hahmtukr uek mgehxoýe he cgs sosthiks oeagriëtomgs, theohe`g mgig gdnhtovg iotolkr g hcoioekr prgmhsgs mgipchngs he cks mgiueomkmogehs quh sh rhkcomhe. 4. Hc ig`hcg G]O pgshh y sh `hskrrgcck he sohth mkpks g eovhchs quh sge> Aésomg, Heckmh, Th`, Prkespgrth, ]hsoýe, Rrhshetkmoýe y Kpcomkmoýe. Hstks sohth mkpks sh rhaohrhe k cks `ostoetks gphrkmogehs `h trksahrhemok `h `ktgs g oeagrikmoýe quh sh rhkcozk hetrh cks rh`hs, y quh fkmhe ue trkdkng ikleoaomg pkrk quh sh `h hsh trkspksg g trkesahrhemok pgr ck rh`. =. Kc fkdh fkdhrr oe`kl oe`klk`g k`g hst hsthh thik puh`g puh`g mg mgemcu emcuor or quh mk`k mk`k mkpk quh quh sh cchvk cchvk k mkdg he hc ig`hcg G]O toheh su oipgrtkemok, mk`k uek toheh ue pkphc aue`kihetkc, quh sh `hskrrgccke he mk`k prgmhsg y kvkemh mge `ospgsotovgs hsphméaomgs quh cg mgk`yuvke k kvkezkr y quh fklke su prgmhsg oiphmkdch pkrk ck oethrmgehxoýe `h sosthiks kdohrtgs quh sh rhkcozke. Hstks mkpks sh trkdknke kc rhvïs, mgihezke`g `h ck mkpk eþihrg KNT@ ]gat. (42;4). Rrgyhmtg (42;4). Rrgyhmtg K. fttps>//www.knp`sgat.mgi/ig`uchs.pfp7 ekih9Hemymcgph`ok&gp9 ekih9Hem ymcgph`ok&gp9mgethet&to`9;;4< mgethet&to`9;;4< Kcsoek Lgezëchz, L. (Gmtudrh `h 42;6). @haoeomoýe 42;6). @haoeomoýe KDM . Gdtheo`g `h fttps>//www.`haoeomogekdm.mgi/thmegcglok/gso.pfp Dhmhrrk Rgzks, N. C. (4; `h @omohidrh `h 42;//mog.mgi.ix/luok-hethe`hrfttps>//mog.mgi.ix/luok-hethe`hrrhmgr`kr-ig`hcg-rh`-//mmek`hs`hmhrg fttps>//mmek`hs`hmhrg.hs/ig`hcgs.hs/ig`hcgstmp-op-gso-mkrkmthrostomks/ MO@HMKI. (42;4). Mhetrg `h Oeegvkmoýe pkrk hc @hskrrgccg y ck Mkpkmo`k` he  Ikthrokchs H`umktovgs. H`umktovgs. Gdtheo`g `h Mgiueomkmoýe he Th`hs> fttp>//mo`hmkih.ukhf.h`u.ix/cmm fttp>//mo`hmkih. ukhf.h`u.ix/cmm/ikpk/RTG_HMPG/codrg /ikpk/RTG_HMPG/codrg4//mo`hmkih.ukhf.h`u.ix/cmm fttp>//mo`hmkih. ukhf.h`u.ix/cmm/ikpk/RTG_HMPG/codrg /ikpk/RTG_HMPG/codrg4//mo`hmkih. ukhf.h`u.ix/cmm/ikpk/RTG_HMPG/codrg /ikpk/RTG_HMPG/codrg4thxt9Xe%42mgeiutk`gr%42g%4 ic#>~>thxt9Xe%42m geiutk`gr%42g%42swotmf,`h%42`k 2swotmf,`h%42`ktgs%42`hc%42ig tgs%42`hc%42ig`hcg `hcg %42G]O.&thxt9Cgs%42mgeiutk %42G]O.&thxt9C gs%42mgeiutk`grhs%42sh%42 `grhs%42sh%42utocozke%42muke` utocozke%42muke`g,rh`hs%4M g,rh`hs%4M %42ausoge%M=%K;e`gcks%42h %42ausoge%M=% K;e`gcks%42he%42uek%42sg e%42uek%42sgck. ck. MO@HMKIH. (42;4). Thphto`gr  (42;4). Thphto`gr . Gdtheo`g `h fttp>//mo`hmkih.ukhf.h`u.ix/cmm fttp>//mo`hmkih. ukhf.h`u.ix/cmm/ikpk/RTG_HMPG/codrg /ikpk/RTG_HMPG/codrg4//www.mcgu`ackrh.mgi/hs-ck/chkreoel/` fttps>//www.mcgu`ack rh.mgi/hs-ck/chkreoel/``gs/lcgsskry/gph `gs/lcgsskry/gphe-systhise-systhisoethrmgeehmtoge-ig`hc-gso/ @ktk Mhethr. (;0 `h Gmtudrh `h 42;?). 42;?). @ospgsotovgs  @ospgsotovgs `h oethrmgehxoýe `h rh`hs. rh`hs. Gdtheo`g `h fttps>//www.jogehtwgrj fttps>//www.jogehtwgrjs.mgi/dcgl/`ktk-mh s.mgi/dcgl/`ktk-mhethr/`ospgsotovgs-`hethr/`ospgsotovgs-`hoethrmgehxoge-`h-rh`hs Hcahdkui, @. (2? `h ]hptohidrh `h 42;?). Th`hs 42;?). Th`hs - Mgemhetrk`gr (fud), mgeiutk`gr mgeiutk`gr (swotmf) y rguthr . Gdtheo`g `h fttps>//hs.mmi.eht/akq/181-rh`hs-mge fttps>//hs.mmi.eht/akq/181-rh`hs-mgemhetrk`grmhetrk`grfud-mgeiutk`gr-swotmf-y-rguthr  Lkrkth, T. (42;;). Th`hs (42;;). Th`hs cgmkchs y Lcgdkchs. Lcgdkchs. Gdtheo`g `h Mkrkmthréstomks y auemogekco`k` `h cgs rguthrs> fttps>//soths.lgglch.mgi/soth/rh`hscgm fttps>//soths.lggl ch.mgi/soth/rh`hscgmkchsylcgdkchs/0 kchsylcgdkchs/0-mgeaolurkmoge-`h-rh`/4-mgeaolurkmoge-`h-rh`/4mgeaolurkmoge-`h-rguthrs/;-mkrkmthrostomk mgeaolurkmoge-`h -rguthrs/;-mkrkmthrostomks-y-ksphmtgs-aosomgs-`h s-y-ksphmtgs-aosomgs-`h-cgs-rguthrs/;-cgs-rguthrs/;mkrkmthrostomks-`h-cgs-rguthrs Oeagthms. (2; `h Ahdrhrg `h 42;?). Ig`hcg 42;?).  Ig`hcg `h Thahrhemok G]O . Gdtheo`g `h fttps>//oeagthms.ix/dcgl/ig`hcg-`h-rhahrhemok-gso.ftic Iomrgsgat. (20 `h ]hptohidrh `h 4242). Gaomokc \hd ga Iomrgsgat . Gdtheo`g `h \oe`gws Ehtwgrj Krmfothmutrh ke` tfh G]O Ig`hc> fttps>//`gms.iomrgsgat.mgi/hs-H]/woe`gws fttps>//`gms.iom rgsgat.mgi/hs-H]/woe`gws-fkr`wkrh/`rovhrs/eh -fkr`wkrh/`rovhrs/ehtwgrj/woe`gwstwgrj/woe`gwsehtwgrj-krmfothmturh-ke`-tfh-gso-ig`hc Tkiorhz, T. (42;;). Hc (42;;). Hc ig`hcg G]O y cgs prgtgmgcgs `h `h rh` . Gdtheo`g `h fttps>//dcyx.mgi/pudcom/`gms/pockWG]O.p`a 

 

;8

Tgihrg Phihrg, I. `. (4228). Hc (4228). Hc Ig`hcg `h rhahrhemok G]O . Gdtheo`g `h Krquothmturks y ig`hcgs `h rhahrhemok> fttps>//www.`th.us.hs/phrsgekc/imrgi fttps>//www.`th.us. hs/phrsgekc/imrgihrg/`gms/krm;/thik4 hrg/`gms/krm;/thik4-krm;.p`a  -krm;.p`a  ]ëemfhz Lutohrrhz, @. (42;;). ·[XÏ H] XEK RXHTPK @H HECKMH (LKPH\K_)7  (LKPH\K_)7  Gdtheo`g `h fttps>//www.puhrtk`h fttps>//www.puhrtk`hheckmh.mgi/akq heckmh.mgi/akq/lhehrkc/01-quh-hs-ue /lhehrkc/01-quh-hs-uek-puhrtkk-puhrtk`h-heckmh-lkthwky XPE. (42;6). @hpkrtkihetg (42;6). @hpkrtkihetg `h Oelohehrék he ]osthiks `h Oeagrikmoýe-Xeovhrso`k` Oeagrikmoýe-Xeovhrso`k` Phmegcýlomk Ekmogekc-Akmuctk` Thlogekc Mýr`gdk. Mýr`gdk. Gdtheo`g `h Ig`hcg G]O> fttps>//www.oevhstolkmoge.arm.ute.h`u fttps>//www.oevhstol kmoge.arm.ute.h`u.kr/ckdsos/pudcomkmoge .kr/ckdsos/pudcomkmogehs/Oevhs@hs/Rrgtgm hs/Oevhs@hs/Rrgtgmgc gc gs-EDO/`gm/oetrg`ummoge.fti Qhork ]ukrhs, F. N., & Aohrrg Qhcksquhz, E. F. (;4 `h Nueog `h 42;4). ]co`hs sfkrh. sfkrh. Gdtheo`g `h Drolhs g puheths `h rh`> fttps>//hs.sco`hsfk fttps>//hs.sco`hsfkrh.eht/fhazovhork/dro`l rh.eht/fhazovhork/dro`lhh;=4?6428 ^kidrkeg, C. (42;?). Eovhchs (42;?). Eovhchs Ig`hcg G]O . Gdtheo`g `h fttps>//soths.lgglch.mgi/soth/stolhstoge fttps>//soths.lggl ch.mgi/soth/stolhstogey`hskrrgccg/rhmuphrkm y`hskrrgccg/rhmuphrkmoge/`hskrrgccgoge/`hskrrgccg;/rhmuphrkmoge-prgvosogekc/8---`hsmrodor-hc-ig`h ;/rhmuphrkmog e-prgvosogekc/8---`hsmrodor-hc-ig`hcg-gso-`haoeomoge-utoco`k`-ycg-gso-`haoeomoge-utoco`k`-yeovhchs

 

;1

KEHVG