La CIA y El Caso Arbenz by Roberto García Ferreira
August 5, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
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OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT Wagmrta Fkrhék Lmrrmbrk
Fuktmikok, smptbmigrm em 7>>2
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HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
2.
77= pkf.
Wmvaouhbøj em ahtugrm ;255, HBK, Dkhaga Krgmjz Fuziëj.
Wmvbsbøj y mebhbøj jko Er. Meukrea Kjtajba \moësqumz Hkrrmrk Ebsmûa em partkek y ebkfrkikhbøj Ebkjk Hmhbobk Mstrkek Omtajk Biprmsbøj Duoba Kolrmea Wmyms Waimra Waimra ]jbvmrsbeke em Xkj Hkroas em Fuktmikok Hmjtra em Mstuebas ]rgkjas y Wmfbajkoms Mebhba X-;;, tmrhmr jbvmo, hbueke ujbvmrsbtkrbk, >;>;7, Umo./Lkx4 (=>7) 75;3-66=8 y (=>7) 75;3-66=> Umos. (=>7) 75;3-3>>> Mxt. ;;== y ;-;26;
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7;6
Kfrkemhbibmjtas
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^WØOAFA K OK MEBHBØJ F]KUMIKOUMHK ‟Mstëj bjvkebmjea Fuktmikok’ smjtmjhbø mo davmj ujk lrék jahcm em imebkeas em dujba em ;2=5. Kujqum kofa kgruptkimjtm, msm imjskdm bjtmrruipék ujk hoksm em prmpkrktarbas mj uj Obhma jahturja em Iajtmvbema. Haj msm bipuosa tkj prapba em ok duvmjtue, vkrbas kouijas em msk y atrks hoksms emhbebmraj kgkjeajkr oas skoajms y miprmjemr ujk ikjblmstkhbøj mspajtëjmk mj saobekrbeke haj ‟ok Fuktmikok em Krgmjz’. Mjtrm kqumooas døvmjms mstuebkjtms mstkgk ib pkerm. Lumraj rmprbibeas par ok paobhék y dujta k vkrbas em sus haipkûmras tmribjø trks oks rmdks. ‟Kquâo emo obgrbta’ frbtø uja em oas paobhéks pkrk rmlmrbrsm k âo kjtms em emtmjmroa. Kujqum oas cbstarbkearms saias paha prahobvms k guhmkr mj jumstrk prapbk sugdmtbvbeke, haj taek pragkgbobeke ok cbstarbk em ib vbjhuokhbøj haj Fuktmikok jkhbø kooé. Gkstkjtm iës tkrem, ibmjtrks hurskgk ujk sbfjkturk emebhkek k ok cbstarbk oktbjakimrbhkjk mj ok Lkhuotke em Cuikjbekems y Hbmjhbks em ok Meuhkhbøj, ok cbstarbkeark Ouhék Xkok em Uaurøj ―ib ‟ikmstrk’ haia sm sumom emhbr mj Fuktmikok― mipomø gumjk pkrtm em ujk em sus hoksms pkrk rmlmrbrsm k ok o k Wmvaouhbøj Fuktmikotmhk. Wmhumrea qum oa cbza haj ok pksbøj y mo haipraibsa em sbmiprm. ^mra ja søoa par su ;8
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
sbstmiëtbha mstueba skgék em kqumooas omdkjas cmhcas4 mj su duvmjtue mook ibsik sm ckgék bjvaouhrkea mj ok saobekrbeke haj Fuktmikok rikjea ikjbmstas em kpaya y pkrtbhbpkjea em vkrbks khtbvbekems em rmpueba hajtrk ok bjtmrvmjhbøj em Mstkeas ]jbeas (MM.]].). Haj su bipuosa im hajtkfbø y aptâ par momfbr msm tmik pkrk rmkobzkr ib trkgkda em pkskdm em hursa sagrm ok hkéek em Dkhaga Krgmjz.; ^ar supumsta, mipmhâ par eajem mook im sufbrbø4 ‟tmjâs qum ommr Ok pktrbk emo hrbaooa hrbaooa’’ em Xmvmra Ikrtéjmz ^moëmz, ‟mo obgra em cbstarbk imdar mshrbta qum ya omé’.7 Lum mjtajhms hukjea kqumook prbimrk kjâheatk lkibobkr hagrø vbek y haimjhâ k ‟tbrkr em uj cboa’4 mjtrm ok eahuimjtkhbøj obgmrkek par qubmj om emrrahø, ok mstkeaujbemjsm Kfmjhbk Hmjtrko em Bjtmobfmjhbk (HBK), puem mjhajtrkr bjtmrmskjtms eahuimjtas rmoktbvas k su mxboba y Krgmjz ckgék vbvbea mj ]rufuky. Mo tbmipa y ibs pmrikjmjtms gôsqumeks im pmribtbmraj kevmrtbr qum sm trktkgk em uj tmik cuârlkja y hajtravmrsbko. Iës tkrem, kpravmhckjea smjeks gmhks, tuvm ok apartujbeke em huipobr haj smbs mstkjhbks em bjvmstbfkhbøj, pkrtbhbpkjea em khtbvbekems khkeâibhks mj Fuktmikok, Hastk Wbhk, Mo Xkovkear, Hkjkeë, y Krfmjtbjk. Mooa pmribtbø mxpkjebr mo mspmhtra Hcbom em lumjtms qum hajlarikj jumstra trkgkda, kipobkjea hajsbemrkgomimjtm oas carbzajtms bjbhbkoms Wagmrta Fkrhék Lmrrmbrk, Ok HBK y ok emrratk em ok Wmvaouhbøj Fuktmikotmhk (Iajafrklék bjâebtk, 7>>;). ;
Ouhék oa hajahbø y mjtkgoø ujk sbjhmrk kibstke haj âo mj Iâxbha eurkjtm su mxboba. Mo mdmipokr qum mook im eba haj taek hajkjzk mstkgk kutafrkkea y emebhkea 7
mspmhbkoimjtm k mook par Xmvmra. ;5
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
qum ok ibsik supajék. Rk ja sm trktk emo pujtuko ksboa paoétbha em Krgmjz y su lkibobk mj ]rufuky8 sbja em kgkrhkr ok tatkobeke em uj mxboba huyks eaoarasks pmrbpmhbks mxhmemj okrfkimjtm kqumook grmvm mstkeék mj mo omdkja Wéa em ok ^oktk. Ok bjvmstbfkhbøj ck cmhca mvbemjtm qum ja sm trktø em uj emstbmrra larzkea iës45 Ok HBK ‟pkrtbø’ haj mooas mjhkrfëjeasm em hajtraokrom em hmrhk y emsfkstkroa mjhugbmrtkimjtm. Bjjuimrkgoms jatks em prmjsk, krtéhuoas lumrtmimjtm emsbjlariktbvas y mebtarbkoms huyk bjempmjemjhbk ― haj oas eahuimjtas em ok kfmjhbk cay k ok vbstk―pumem lrkjhkimjtm humstbajkrsm, mvbemjhbkj ok ikfjbtue em ok prapkfkjek emspomfkek mj emsimera suya y emdkj ko emshugbmrta huëj iaomsta ―par oa mxbtasa― mrk mo mdmipoa jkhbajkobstk mjhkgmzkea par Krgmjz. Mo obgra qum cay prmsmjta ko omhtar fuktmikotmha kipoék mo mebtkea mj ib pkés k jms em 7>>6= pmra hajtbjôk sbmjea obibtkea y ebstk gkstkjtm em ok bjvmstbfkhbøj qum prmpkra. Haia sm vmrë, mj oas trkgkdas qum oa hajlarikj ja bjtmfrkias atras
8
\âksm Wagmrta Fkrhék Lmrrmbrk Lmrrmbrk,, ‟–Apmrkhbajms ‟–Apmrkhbajm ‟–Apmr khbajmss
mj hajtrk4(;2=6-)’, mo ksboa paoétbha Dkhaga, Krgmjz mj ]rufuky ^aoétbhk em y Xahbmeke 57 (7>>=)Fuziëj Mshumok em Hbmjhbk ^aoétbhk-]jbvmrsbeke em Xkj Hkroas em Fuktmikok (]XKH), pëfs. 5=-6>. ^ar uj bipartkjtm kpartm khmrhk emo tmik em oas mxbobas paoétbhas vâksm Oubs Wajbfmr, Ikrba Xzjkedmr, ‟Kjtmhmemjtms haoajbkoms emo mxboba paoétbha y su praymhhbøj mj mo sbfoa SBS’, Mstuebas Bjtmrebshbpobjkrbas em Kiârbhk Oktbjk y mo Hkrbgm, ;347, (7>>6). Ebspajbgom mj4 www;.tku.kh.bo/mbko 5
=
Wagmrta Fkrhék Lmrrmbrk, Ok HBK y oas Imebas mj
]rufuky. Mo hksa Krgmjz (Iajtmvbema4 Kiuomta, 7>>6).
;=
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
krtéhuoas bjâebtas krhcbvas oahkoms (Krhcbva emo Ktmjma ]ja em mo mooa oas, s, ―‟Duoba ―‟Du ―‟ Duob obaa Hkstra, Hkst Hk stra ra,, \éhtar \éh éhta tarr Eattb Eat attb tb y Dukj Dukj Dasâ Krâv Krâvkoa4 koa4 trms pralm pralmsarms sarms y –taek ok vmre vmreke‒ ke‒ sagrm Fuktmikok’― emshrbgm ok kfrbk paoâibhk qum sastuvbmraj k trkvâs em trms trkgkdas oas pralmsarms kjtms hbtkeas, uja em mooas, mo Xr. Eattb, iuy hmrhkja k ok Mstkhbøj oahko em ok HBK mj Iajtmvbema. Mo smfujea em oas trkgkdas ―‟Mo smikjkrba Ikrhckk y –oa em Fuktmikok‒, ;255-;2 eéks em larik hokjemstbjk. Kooé kpkrmhmj sus bjtmjtas par mouebr ok vbfbokjhbk paobhbko haj pkskpartms lkosas, oas hubekeas haj mo hartm y mo haoar emo hkgmooa, oas omjtms, sus mjtrkeks lkosks k catmoms em ok hkpbtko, mth. Uaea pkrmhék pokjbhkea, skova ok haarebjkhbøj ―cay ikjbmstk―, em ujk vbfbokjhbk mstrmhck y vbhtarbask em trms smrvbhbas s mrvbhbas smhrmtas <
mj mo Iajtmvbema ‟obgmrko’grksbomûk em jmsyemok;2=34 ok mdmrhbek par ok HBK, ok paobhék smhrmtk urufukyk. Kemiës em hajstbtubr uj mxhmomjtm mdmipoa em høia uj ebrbfmjtm ―y ja uj fumrrboomra― sm mslarzkgk par pmrikjmhmr hokjemstbja mouebmjea ok bjsbstmjtm vbfbokjhbk em oas smrvbhbas smhrmtas, ok eahuimjtkhbøj qum oa sustmjtk rmvmok huëj tmiprkjks lumraj oks apmrkhbajms hajdujtks em oks paobhéks em ok rmfbøj mj haarebjkhbøj haj ok HBK4 emgm taikrsm mj humjtk qum ok ibsik kjtmhmebø ;6 kûas ko emjaibjkea ^okj Højear. ]jk vmrsbøj prmobibjkr em mstm tmxta sm prmsmjtø haia pajmjhbk mj mo BS Hajfrmsa Hmjtrakimrbhkja em Cbstarbk, Xkj Dasâ em Hastk Wbhk, duoba em 7>>3. ;<
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
em Iajtmvbema0 Krhcbva Cbstørbha y Krhcbva Keibjbstrktbva emo Ibjbstmrba em Wmokhbajms Mxtmrbarms em ]rufuky0 Krhcbva Fmjmrko em ok Jkhbøj, KrhcbvaGmrrms0 em Kiéohkr \kshajhmooas0 em Oubs Gktoom Krhcbva emo HajsmdaKrhcbva em Meuhkhbøj Xmhujekrbk0 Krhcbva em ok ]jbeke ^aoblujhbajko sagrm ^ragomiks ]jbvmrsbtkrbas0 Krhcbva em Oubs Kogmrta em Cmrrmrk y Krhcbva em ok Ebrmhhbøj Jkhbajko em Bjlarikhbøj m Bjtmobfmjhbk emo Ibjbstmrba emo Bjtmrbar em ]rufuky)0 6 krhcbvas mxtrkjdmras (Krhcbva mxtrkjdmras (Krhcbva Cbstørbha emo Hmjtra em Bjvmstbfkhbajms Wmfbajkoms em Imsakiârbhk, Krhcbva Cbstørbha emo Ibjbstmrba em Wmokhbajms Mxtmrbarms em Fuktmikok, Krhcbva Fmjmrko em Hmjtrakiârbhk0 Krhcbva emo Bjstbtuta Jkhbajko em Ibfrkhbøj (Iâxbha)0 Krhcbva Fmjmrko em ok Jkhbøj Imxbhkjk y Krhcbva Cbstørbha ‟Fmjkra Mstrkek’ em ok Xmhrmtkrék em Wmokhbajms Mxtmrbarms em Iâxbha06 Hartm Xuprmik em Dustbhbk-Hmjtra em Eahuimjtkhbøj y Krhcbva pkrk ok Emlmjsk em oas Emrmhcas Cuikjas em Ksujhbøj y Krhcbva em ok Cmimratmhk Hâskr Grkûks mj Fuktmikok)0 tkigbâj sm ckj rmomvkea krtéhuoas ‘mj prmjsk pmrbøebhk, rmvbstks y laoomtas- em ;; pkésms (Jbhkrkfuk, Fuktmikok, Krfmjtbjk, Hastk Wbhk, ^kjkië, Mo Xkovkear, Iâxbha0 Mstkeas ]jbeas, ]rufuky, Krfmjtbjk y Grksbo)0 trkeuhbea ko mspkûao 7= Ok eahuimjtkhbøj pravmjbmjtm em Iâxbha jas lum hmebek par mo haomfk lrkjhâs Xbiøj Om \aurhc ^bhckvkjt, qum jas ha haip ipkr krtb tbøø ―mj ―mj ujk ―m ujk khtbtue kht htbt btue ue okimjtkgomimjtm okim ok imjt jtkg kgom omim imjjtm paha haiôj mjtrm oas cbstarbkearms― vkrbks em oks lumjtms qum hajlarikj su trkgkda4 mjtrm mooas emsma emstkhkr oas mxpmebmjtms ibfrktarbas rmoktbvas k Dkhaga Krgmjz, Ikrék \bokjavk y sus cbdas mj mo Krhcbva em Ibfrkhbøj em ok Xmhrmtkrék em Wmokhbajms Mxtmrbarms emo Fagbmrja em Iâxbha. 6
Emda hajstkjhbk em ib kfrkemhbibmjta ckhbk âo. ;6
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
eahuimjtas emshoksbhkeas par ok HBK0 sm rmkobzkraj eahuimjtas emshoksbhkeas 72 mjtrmvbstks haj pratkfajbstks0 y sm tuva khhmsa k 5 krhcbvas prbvkeas, mjtrm oas hukoms hkgmj emstkhkr, par su oas omfkeas em oas eas mx prmsbemjtms em bipartkjhbk, Fuktmikok, Dukj Dasâ Krâvkoa y Dkhaga Krgmjz Fuziëj. Xkgmias oa paoâibha emo tmik y ok paokrbzkhbøj qum supajm su ebshusbøj mj Fuktmikok.3 Kôj oas khkeâibhas prmsmjtkj vbsbajms bjhrmégomimjtm ebséiboms sagrm Krgmjz.2 ]j rbfurasa y hapbaskimjtm lujekimjtkea mstueba rmhbmjtm sagrm ok cbstarbk em ok HBK mxcbgm taekvék kjhas eâgboms mj oa hajhmrjbmjtm ko tmik4 ±qubâj ebda qum Dkhaga Krgmjz ‟migarrkhcëjeasm’ sm eba humjtk qum MM.]]. mstkgk K jms em 7>>6 hajhmeé ujk mjtrmvbstk mj ok qum rmoktâ kofujas emtkooms rmoktbvas k mstk bjvmstbfkhbøj sagrm mo mx prmsbemjtm fuktmikotmha. Ok râpobhk hajtrk mo ‟ebhtkear’ lum bjimebktk4 ‟[uâ sumrtm qum mo ebhtkear Krgmjz tmjfk pmrsajks qum lumraj y qum kcark saj sus smhukhms pkrk paemr emlmjemroa (…) ja hrma qum ckyk sulrbea iuhca’. ^ar ok mjtrmvbstk mj humstbøj vâksm Wmvbstk E, Ok ^rmjsk Obgrm em Fuktmikok, 7; em ahtugrm em 7>>6, pëfs. 7>6, pëf. 5. PKrtéhuoa sagrm Krgmjz’, hkrtk em Câhtar Xkjtbkfa FkrhékY 3
Kolrmea Fumrrk Garfms, ‟Xmigokjzk em ok Wmvaouhbøj Fuktmikotmhk em ;255-;2=5’ y Kohbrk Fabhaomk, ‟Oas Ebmz Kûas em ^rbikvmrk’ mj Darfm Oudëj Iuûaz PEbr.Y, Cbstarbk fmjmrko em Fuktmikok0 Uaia \B, Âpahk Hajtmiparëjmk4 Em ;25= k ok Khtukobeke (Fuktmikok4 Ksahbkhbøj em Kibfas emo ^kés-Lujekhbøj pkrk ok Huoturk y mo Emskrraooa, ;226), 2
pëfs. ;;-770 78-5> rmspmhtbvkimjtm. ;3
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
emtrës emo faopm1;> Ukigbâj rmhbmjtmimjtm, sm ck pugobhkea y kipobkimjtm eblujebea mj Fuktmikok ujk iuy ebshutbgom jkrrkhbøj em ok cbstarbk fuktmikotmhk ;;
huyk kutarék ksuibø okimjtkgomimjtm, mhas emuj msk sahbøoafa prapkfkjekmxtrkjdmra mjhugbmrtk4 qum emiajbzø k ‟Dkhaga mo Wada’;7 sm emdkj smjtbr haj jbtbemz hbjhumjtk kûas emspuâs. Ok bipartkjhbk emo ‟hksa Krgmjz’ ck iatbvkea prmfujtkrsm sb khksa lum Ubi Vmbjmr, Omfkea em hmjbzks. Ok cbstarbk em ok HBK (Gumjas Kbrms4 Emgktm, 7>>2), pëf. ;7>. Mrrarms sbibokrms rmspmhta em Krgmjz pumemj vmrsm mj mo oi em Wagmrt em Jbra emebhkea k ok cbstarbk em ok kfmjhbk. Xagrm mooa vâksm Ekvbe Wagkrfm mt ko., ‟Bjtmoobfmjhm bj Wmhmjt ^ugobh Imebk, Ucm Faae Xcmpcmre,’ mj Xtuebms bj Bjtmoobfmjhm =;4; (7>>6). Ebspajbgom mj4 cttps4//www.hbk.fav/obgrkry/hmjtmr-lartcm-stuey-al-bjtmoobfmjhm/hsb-pugobhktbajs/hsb-stuebms/ stuebms/vao=;ja;/tcm-faae-scmpcmre.ctioo stuebms/vao=;ja;/tcm-faae-scmpcmre.cti ;>
Hkroas Xkgbja, Fuktmikok, ok cbstarbk sbomjhbkek (;255-;232), Uaias B y BB (Fuktmikok4 Lajea em Huoturk Mhajøibhk, 7>>6-7>>3). ^ar ujk kfuek hrétbhk ko trkgkda em Xkgbja vâksm Ok Cark, 5 em ahtugrm em 7>>3 P‟±Mo rmvbsbajbsia cbstørbha em emrmhck1 K prapøsbta em Xkgbja y sus sbomjhbas’, Memogmrta Uarrms WbvksY. Ok râpobhk emo kutar humstbajkea mj Ok Cark, ;3 em ahtugrm em 7>>3 P‟\bsbajms y rmvbsbajms sagrm ok cbstarbk rmhbmjtm em Fuktmikok. Wmspumstk k Memogmrta Uarrms Wbvks’, par Hkroas XkgbjaY Ukigbâj, Duoba Hkstmookjas Hkigrkjms, Fuktmikok4 sagrm ok rmhupmrkhbøj em ok imiarbk cbstørbhk. Mjtrmvbstk k eas vahms (Fuktmikok4 Mebtark Huoturko em Hmjtrakiârbhk, 7>>3). ;;
Xagrm ok hkipkûk pmrbaeéstbhk oumfa emo mxbtasa faopm em mstkea vâksm Ikx Caookje, ‟Apmrktbaj ^GCBXUAWR4 Ucm Kltmriktc al X]HHMXX’, Bjtmrjktbajko Daurjko al Bjtmoobfmjhm kje Haujtmrbjtmoobfmjhm, ;647, (7>>5), ;7
pëfs. 8>>-887. ;2
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
mj rmkobeke Fuktmikok;8 y ja Hugk ok qum ‟ikrhø mo haipës em frkj pkrtm em ok paoétbhk oktbjakimrbhkjk eurkjtm ok fumrrk lrék’.;5 Mo prapba Lbemo Hkstra ck rmhajahbea ok lumrtm biprajtk qum‟Kooé tuva tmjék Fuktmikok mj oas rmvaouhbajkrbas hugkjas4 oufkr uj prahmsa bjtmrmskjtm, keibrkgom, em ujk rmlarik kfrkrbk mj qum rmsuotkraj klmhtkeks tkigbâj frkjems pokjtkhbajms em poëtkja mxpoatkeks par ujk frkj trkjsjkhbajko jartmkimrbhkjk’ rmhareø mj sus imiarbks.;= Kujqum qumek skgmr qum hajsmrvkj oas ]j mxhmomjtm mstueba rmhbmjtm rmvmok qum ja søoa sm trktø em uj suhmsa oktbjakimrbhkja sbja em uj mvmjta foagko em ok Fumrrk Lrék. Ksé oa prapajm y emiumstrk haj sbjfuokr âxbta Ikx ^kuo Lrbmeikj, mxcbgbmjea uj hajdujta em arbfbjkoms y ckstk mo iaimjta emshajahbeks lumjtms qum sarprmjemj par su vkrbmeke y hajtujemjhbk4 k oas krtéhuoas kpkrmhbeas mj ok prmjsk cbjeô, dkpajmsk, mfbphbk, bsrkmoé, lrkjhmsk y komikjk, Lrbmeikj kfrmfk bipartkjtms bjlarims ebpoaiëtbhas lrkjhmsms, grbtëjbhas y komikjms, rkzøj par ok huko sm pmribtm hajhoubr qum ok hrbsbs em Fuktmikok ‟rmgksø kipobkimjtm oks lrajtmrks emo hajtbjmjtm kimrbhkja’. \âksm Ikx ^. Lrbmeikj, ‟Urkjsjktbajko Imkjbjfs al tcm ;2=5 Haup bj Fuktmikok4 K Foagko Haoe Vkr Mvmjt’, (Kimrbhkj ;8
]jbvmrsbty4 Vkscbjftaj EH, Iky 7>>6), bjâebta. ;5 Frmf Frkjebj, hbtkea par Fbogmrt I Dasmpc, ‟Oa qum skgmias y oa qum emgmrékias skgmr4 ok jumvk rmomvkjhbk em Kiârbhk Oktbjk mj oas mstuebas sagrm ok fumrrk lrék’ mj Ekjbmok Xpmjsmr PHaarebjkearkY, Mspmdas em ok fumrrk lrék4 Iâxbha, Kiârbhk Hmjtrko y mo Hkrbgm (Iâxbha4 ^arrôkXmhrmtkrék em Wmokhbajms Mxtmrbarms em Iâxbha-Hmjtra em Bjvmstbfkhbajms y Mstuebas Xupmrbarms mj Kjtrapaoafék Xahbko, 7>>5), pëf. 2>.
;=
Bfjkhba Wkiajmt, Lbemo Hkstra. Gbafrklék k eas vahms
(Gumjas Kbrms4 Emgktm, 7>>
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
krhcbvas em ok mx ]WXX sagrm Fuktmikok,;>7 haj Cufa Hcëvmz― rëpbekimjtm eblujebmraj ujk ibsbvk kpøhrblk.
Mj mo trkjshursa em ujk rmujbøj, Jb`btk @cruschcmv cbza ujk iuy mshumtk imjhbøj k Fuktmikok. Mook mvbemjhbk høia hø ia ki kigk gkss frk frkje jems ms pa patm tmjh jhbk bkss ―iës ―iëss kooë ―ië kooë em ok rm rmtø rmtørbhk tørb rbhk hk pôgobhk― rmspmtkraj tëhbtkimjtm sus rmspmhtbvks mslmrks em bju bjumj mjhb hbk. k. \âksm \âks \â ksmm ‟X ‟Xui ‟Xuiikry uiik ikry ry al tcm tcm Ukos Uko Uk oss wbtc wbtc tcm tcm FEW FEW ^krty- Favmrjimjtko Emomfktbaj aj ;3 Dujm ;2=2. Aj tcm Xavbmt sbem, tcm skim pmapom taa` pkrt ks bj tcm prmvbaus immtbjf, kje kosa K.J. @asyfbj kje J.X ^ktaobhcmv’, 5 Duoy ;2=2, eahuimjta hbtkea par Capm I. Ckrrbsaj (Bjtraeuhtbaj, trkjsoktbaj, kje kjjatktbaj) ‟Ucm Gmrobj Hrbsbs kje tcm @cruschcmv-]ogrbhct Xuiibts bj Iashaw, 2 kje ;3 Dujm ;2=2’., mj Haoe Vkr Bjtmrjktbajko Cbstary ^radmht Guoomtbj (mj kemokjtm, HVBC^), ;; (;223), Vbosaj Hmjtmr, Jmw Rar, pëfs. 7;=-7; em kfasta em 7>>2. 7>>2.
\krbas rmprmsmjtkjtms oktbjakimrbhkjas mj oks Jkhbajms ]jbeks y ok Arfkjbzkhbøj em Mstkeas Kimrbhkjas rmharekraj ―m ― ―mj mj aahksbøj hksbøj em em hajemjkr hajemjkr k oas oas faopbstks faopbstks ;6
cajeurmûas― mo faopm em ok HBK hajtrk Krgmjz. 77
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BJUWAE]HHBØJ Oas mpbsaebas em ok Fumrrk Lrék mj Kiârbhk Oktbjk, ok cbstarbk em Fuktmikok y mj pkrtbhuokr oa bjcmrmjtm ko emrrahkibmjta y pastmrbar mxboba em qubmj lumrk uja em sus prmsbemjtms, mo Harajmo Dkhaga Krgmjz Fuziëj, ckj sbea mo hmjtra prbjhbpko em oks bjvmstbfkhbajms, pugobhkhbajms, mxpasbhbajms y khtbvbekems em mjsmûkjzk eurkjtm oas ôotbias smbs kûas. as.. K imebkeas em oas kûas hbjhumjtk, oas MM.]]. praiavbmraj ok bjtmrvmjhbøj smhrmtk em ok HBK, qum jkjhbø y ebsmûø ujk apmrkhbøj tmjebmjtm k sustbtubr ko râfbimj em Krgmjz, oa qum jkoimjtm hajsbfubø mj dujba em ;2=5, hukjea mo prmsbemjtm emgbø rmjujhbkr k su hkrfa. Ebhcas suhmsas lumraj trkshmjemjtms mj vkrbas smjtbeas. ^rbimra, emgm sugrkykrsm qum msk ‟khhbøj mjhugbmrtk’ lum ok prbimrk bjtmrvmjhbøj em msm tbpa emspomfkek par MM.]]. mj Kiârbhk Oktbjk gushkjea praiavmr sus bjtmrmsms kjtbhaiujbstks mj ok rmfbøj. Xmfujea, parqum hkgm khokrkr qum kqumo tmiprkja ‟âxbta’ mstkeaujbemjsm emsmstkgbobzø pkrk sbmiprm ko pkés hmjtrakimrbhkja, qum paha iës tkrem ckgrék em mjtrkr mj ujk mxtmjsk y hrumo fumrrk
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HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
hbvbo mj ok qum pmrmhbmraj iboms em fuktmikotmhas, mspmhbkoimjtm hkipmsbjas m bjeéfmjks. Umrhmra, mo ‟euohm kraik em ok vbhtarbk’ cbza qum ok HBK ja lumrk kutahrétbhk haj su apmrkhbøj, oa huko ok oomvø k haimtmr mrrarms em bipartkjhbk iës kemokjtm, mspmhbkoimjtm mj Hugk eurkjtm kgrbo em ;2>8, iumstrkj quâ tkjta cbza ok kfmjhbk pkrk emsprmstbfbkr smhrmtkimjtm ok bikfmj emo mx prmsbemjtm mj taea mo hajtbjmjtm oumfa em qum âo ikrhckrk ko mxboba y ok prapbk HBK haipragkrk qum ja ckgék cumooks em hajtrao savbâtbha pums sm trktkgk em uj mxpmrbimjta jkhbajkobstk. Ms pragkgom qum kooé mstuvbmrk ujk em oks rkéhms emo ksujta pums oas MM.]]. ja søoa mrkj kjtbhaiujbstks y Krgmjz om mrk bjhøiaea par mo jkhbajkobsia qum mxcbgék. Ok âpahk, sbfjkek par ok pkrkjabk em ok Fumrrk Lrék, ja pkrmhék prapbhbk pkrk mxpmrbimjtas em mstm tbpa. Ok rmfbøj, eajem cbstørbhkimjtm ok bjumjhbk mstkeaujbemjsm rmsuotkgk emhbsbvk, emhbsbvk, tkipaha tkipa ha 75
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
sm prmstkgk pkrk mooa. Imjas kôj oas vmhbjas, huya vbshmrko kjtbhaiujbsia oms ksmfurkgk mo vbsta gumja emo paemrasa vmhbja jartmkimrbhkja. Mj suik, imrmhm pujtukobzkrsm qum Krgmjz ja ckgék emlrkuekea k oas MM.]]. Xu haipartkibmjta mjhkdkgk emjtra em hoësbhas iaoems mspmrkeas par Vkscbjftaj rmspmhta em sus vmhbjas oktbjakimrbhkjas. Haia paoétbha huipoék sus praimsks0 haia rmvaouhbajkrba bipuoskgk ok trkjslarikhbøj mstruhturko emo sbstmik em tmjmjhbk em ok tbmrrk mj gmjmhba em oks ikyaréks pagrms0;3 haia prmsbemjtm ckgék sbea momhta emiahrëtbhkimjtm y rmspmtkgk tkj hmoaskimjtm haia su prafrkik em fagbmrja, ok vbek emiahrëtbhk0 haia caigrm iastrkgk ujk sbjhmrk smjsbgbobeke ckhbk oas cuiboems, oa huko mrk bjâebta mj ujk rmfbøj pokfkek em ebhtkearms. ^krk haoia, mo âxbta em su fagbmrja mrk mvbemjtm4 mj uj kûa y imeba em kpobhkhbøj, ok rmlarik kfrkrbk ckgék rmpkrtbea mo ;6% emo tatko emo sumoa gmjmhbkjea k imeba ibooøj em hkipmsbjas m bjeéfmjks. Mj mlmhta, hkgék mspmrkr atrk hask em uj ibobtkr qum fagmrjkgk uj pkés hmjtrakimrbhkja. Haia oa smûkoø haj bjtmobfmjhbk uj lujhbajkrba mstkeaujbemjsm, mo pragomik mrk qum mo mdmipoa paeék mxpkjebrsm k Mo ‟prapøsbta bipoéhbta’ em su fagbmrja pkskgk par ‟emsikjtmokr ok kjtbfuk mstruhturk rurko em hoksms y hrmkr uj imrhkea bjtmrbar qum lumrk hkpkz em sastmjmr mo hrmhbibmjta bjeustrbko gkda mo hajtrao em hkpbtko jkhbajko y mstktko’, taea oa huko ‟hajstbtuyø mo iës pralujea emskléa ko aremj sahbko trkebhbajko, jujhk kjtms bjtmjtkea mj taek ok rmfbøj’ apbjk, haj khbmrta, Uarrms Wbvks. \âksm Memogmrta Uarrms Wbvks, Ok pbmo em Hmjtrakiârbhk. ]jk vbsbøj mpbeâribhk em smtmjtk y hbjha kûas em su cbstarbk (Hastk Wbhk4 LOKHXA, 7>>6), pëf. ;3
>=), pëf. 522. 7<
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
]rufuky, utbobzkjea ―tko y haia mrk ckgbtuko par pkrtm em ok kfmjhbk― oks lkhbobekems haj oks qum hajtkgk mj ok prmjsk y ok rkeba, prbjhbpkoms imebas em haiujbhkhbøj mj msm mjtajhms. Mo mstuebamj emujk mooa,lkhmtk jas ck grbjekea ok pasbgbobeke em bjhursbajkr prëhtbhkimjtm bjâebtk em su trkgkda y ja par mooa imjas bipartkjtm4 ok em høia ok HBK hajstruék apbjbøj. Oas trkgkdas qum hajlarikj mstm obgra hajstbtuymj kvkjhms pkrhbkoms emvmjbeas em ok pralujebzkhbøj em oas kspmhtas kjtms pokjtmkeas y taeas mooas tbmjmj qum vmr haj oas mlmhtas em ok paoétbhk cmibslârbhk em oas MM.]]. ckhbk Kiârbhk Oktbjk eurkjtm ok Fumrrk Lrék. Mo prbimra em oas hkpétuoas mjikrhk ok tmiëtbhk ko rmvbskr grmvmimjtm ok cbstarbafrklék rmoktbvk k ok bjtmrvmjhbøj jartmkimrbhkjk mj Fuktmikok bjtmjtkjea bjhoubr oas kpartms iës rmhbmjtms y khtukobzkeas. Mo smfujea, hatmdkjea eahuimjtas emshoksbhkeas em ok HBK, emo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea y em ok hkjhboomrék urufukyk haj oa qum ck sbea ujk mxckustbvk tkrmk em rmomvkibmjta em ok prmjsk urufukyk mjtrm oas kûas ;2=> y ;2 emdk ko emshugbmrta oas bipartkjtms mslumrzas prapkfkjeéstbhas emspomfkeas par ok mstkhbøj em ok HBK mj Iajtmvbema mj ahksbøj emo faopm faop m em mstkea em ;2=5. Wmsuotk bjtmrmskjtm sugrkykr qum mstm hkpétuoa ms søoa ujk éjik pkrtm ―sm khatk ko pmréaea qum vk em lmgrmra k duoba em ebhca kûa― em uj tmik gkstkjtm iës kipoba4 mo em høia y haj quâ imebas em prmjsk ok kfmjhbk hajstruék apbjbøj. K pastmrbarb, mo sbfubmjtm trkgkda kgkrhk atra tmik cuârlkja mj hukjta k bjvmstbfkhbøj cbstørbhk sm rmmrm4 mo mxboba emo mx prmsbemjtm y su lkibobk. Haia sm lujekimjtk k oa okrfa emo ibsia, oks mvbemjhbks eahuimjtkoms iumstrkj qum 76
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ja sm trktø em uj pmrbpoa larzkea iës4 k oas bjfmjtms mslumrzas emspomfkeas par ok HBK mj ok prmjsk oktbjakimrbhkjk pkrk eblujebr ujk bikfmj jmfktbvk em Krgmjz sbfubmraj mj su mjtarja hksas em ^moomhmr y ok bjotrkhbajms mipomkek eaiâstbhk hcbomjk―oas qum lum emshugbmrtk mj Iajtmvbema saj eas qum hajahmias pmra ja emgmj emshkrtkrsm iës―, castbfkibmjta lésbha y sagrm taea paoétbha, mvbemjhbëjeasm oks bjtmjsks prmsbajms ebpoaiëtbhks tmjebmjtms k qum ja agtuvbmrkj ksboa emjbtbva mj jbjfujk pkrtm. Oumfa em mooa, y jkhbea em ok jmhmsbeke em ekr humjtk haia ok bzqubmrek urufukyk sm ckgék bemjtbhkea ―kjtms em Hugk y Lbemo― haj oas rmvaouhbajkrbas fuktmikotmhas, mo sbfubmjtm hkpétuoa tkigbâj kyuek k rmspajemr ok ckgbtuko prmfujtk qum sm ckj cmhca oas fuktmikotmhas khmrhk em quâ iatbvø ―mj mo omdkja Wéa em ok ^oktk― ib bjhursbøj cbstarbafrëhk ko tmik. Haraokrba emo hkpétuoa kjtmrbar, mo qubjta iumstrk ok lkhmtk ahuotk ―y gkstkjtm ashurk par hbmrta― emo ksboa paoétbha qum jumstra pkés om atarfø k ok lkibobk Krgmjz. K rgmjz. Kujqum su pmrikjmjhbk mj ok hkpbtko iajtmvbemkjk lum rmharekek haia uj ‟pkrkésa’ pkrk mooas, ok bjâebtk y mx smhrmtk eahuimjtkhbøj paobhbko rmvmok, mjtrm atrks hasks, ok tmimrask bjempmjemjhbk em uj smrvbhba smhrmta rmspmhta emo paemr paoétbha. Mj suik, taea bjebhk qum emgm iktbzkrsm kqumo tkj eblujebea ibta emo pkés obgmrko y emiahrëtbha qum pkrmhék smr mo ]rufuky em oas kûas =>. Haia hbmrrm, bjhoubias mj mo jko uj agbtukrba rmhbmjtmimjtm mshrbta kjtm mo lkoomhbibmjta em eaûk Ikrék \bokjavk, bjtmjtkjea par imeba em msm grmvm tmxta caimjkdmkr su imiarbk y pmreurkgom omfkea. Haia krikrk mo cbstarbkear fuktmikotmha Duoba Hâskr ^bjta Xarbk, sm trktk em uj tmik ebstarsbajkea 73
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
y taekvék tkgô mj ok cbstarbk em mstm pkés. 7> Haia mo omhtar agsmrvkrë k oa okrfa em mstm obgra, gumjk pkrtm em oa rmoktbva ko ‟hksa Krgmjz’ kôj mstë par mshrbgbrsm. Mo søoa cmhca em qum trkgkda sm sbfjbhktbva pugobqum y eblujek mj su pkés jktkomstm ms uj mdmipoa em høia mo ibmea y ok paokrbzkhbøj brrkhbajko pbmremj tmrrmja k ikjas em ok ebshusbøj smrmjk, rmspajskgom rmspa jskgom y lujekimjtkek em oas cmhcas cbstørbhas.
7>
\âksm Duoba ^bjta Xarbk, ‟^rmsmjtkhbøj k ok mebhbøj
fuktmikotmhk’ mj ^bmra Fombdmsms, Ok mspmrkjzk, pëf. SSS. 72
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
8>
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
;. OK WM\AO]HBØJ F]KUMIKOUMHK R OK ^AOÉUBHK CMIBXLÂWBHK EM MXUKEAX ]JBEAX. ]J HAIMJUKWBA XAGWM OK CBXUAWBAFWKLÉK EM ]J M\MJUA EMHBXB\A EM OK F]MWWK LWÉK. Ok Wmvaouhbøj fuktmikotmhk, ;255-;2=5 pahas cmhcas cbstørbhas em ok cbstarbk em su pkés oasMjfuktmikotmhas ckj hajsmfubea hajsmjsukr sus apbjbajms. ]ja em msas khajtmhbibmjtas ms mo em ok Wmvaouhbøj em Ahtugrm em ;255, huyk vkoarkhbøj pasbtbvk y hksb iétbhk ja søoa pmreurk ckstk mo prmsmjtm pr msmjtm sbja qum jkebm ask ebshutbr a pajmr mj tmok em dubhba. 7; Xbj eueks kqumooas suhmsas qum pusbmraj j k ujk em oks emjaibjkeks ‟ebhtkeurks pkrkobzkjtms’77 ―mj mstm hksa ok emo Fmjmrko Darfm ]gbha Hkstkûmek
Darfm Oudëj, ‟Ok eâhkek rmvaouhbajkrbk, ibta y lrustrkhbøj’, mj Ebëoafa, 86 (Ahtugrm em 7>>5) LOKHXAFuktmikok, pëf. 70 Frmf Frkjebj, Ok skjfrm em Fuktmikok. Wkzk y jkhbøj mj [umtzkotmjkjfa, ;6=>-;2=5 (Fuktmikok4 HBWIK-Mebtarbko ]jbvmrsbtkrbk, 7>>6), pëf. 728. 7;
Ouhék Xkok em Uaurøj, ‟Mo bipkhta em ok hrbsbs emo 72 y oas rmlaribsias y kpmrturks paoétbhks emsem imebkeas em ok eâhkek emo 8>’, mj Mjhumjtras, ; (Ebhbmigrm em ;227), 77
Iajtmvbema, pëf. 28. 8;
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
(;28;-;255)― lumraj emhbsbvas. R mooa par vkrbas iatbvas qum hajvbmjm mjuimrkr. ^rbimra, parqum msas mpbsaebas hmrrkraj ujk mtkpk mj ok cbstarbk emo pkés, hokusurkjea ok emjaibjkek âpahk obgmrko haimjzkek mj ;36; y qum ckgék supumsta mo mstkgomhbibmjta em ebhtkeurks ibobtkrms ko smrvbhba em oas bjtmrmsms emo smhtar em tmrrktmjbmjtms emebhkeas ko huotbva y mxpartkhbøj em hklâ,78 mo prbjhbpko praeuhta emo pkés.75 Xmfujea, kqumooas rmvaouhbajkrbas emo 55 hajsbfubmraj kfoutbjkr mj tarja em sé k uj cmtmrafâjma, kipoba y par msa ibsia bjâebta hajdujta em lumrzks, hajvmjhbeks mj moujk kjkhrajbsia qum sbfjbhkgk par msm mjtajhms ebhtkeurk haia ok ugbqubstkyk7= y, sagrm taea, khbhktmkeks par oas khajtmhbibmjtas Mo iës bipartkjtm mstueba khmrhk emo hklâ sbfum sbmjea Duoba Hkstmookjas Hkigrkjms, Hklâ y hkipmsbjas mj Fuktmikok, ;3=8-;326 (Fuktmikok4 (Fuktmikok4 ]XKH, ;23=). 78
Mxbstm ujk kipobk obtmrkturk sagrm mo tmik. Mjtrm oa iës bipartkjtm vâksm Dmkj ^bmo, Mo empkrtkimjta emo [ubhcâ 75
gkda ok ebhtkeurk (;33>-;27>) (Fuktmikok4 LOKHXAMo kshmjsa em oks âobtms bjeustrbkoms HMIHK, ;22=)0 yobgmrko ^kuo Easko, mj Fuktmikok, ;36;-;225 (Fuktmikok4 ^bmerk Xkjtk, 7>>=).
‟]gbha, k msks koturks, yk ckgék huipobea su hbhoa’, smûkok uj mspmhbkobstk fuktmikotmha, qubmj mj sus mstuebas ck kevmrtbea sagrm ok pralujebeke em ok hrbsbs emo iaemoa mstktko fuktmikotmha, kiâj em ok bjhbemjhbk em oas lkhtarms mxtmrjas. Xmrfba Ubshcomr \bsqumrrk, Fuktmikok ;2554 hrbsbs y rmvaouhbøj (Fuktmikok4 LyF Mebtarms, 7>>;), mspmhbkoimjtm pëfs. 875, 872, 887. Ukigbâj, Mefkr Hmokek, ‟Mo eaoar em ok mspmrkjzk’, mj ^aoétbhk y Xahbmeke Ja. 82, (Fuktmikok, 7=
]XKH), Kûa 7>>;, \ âpahk, pëfs. ;55-;. 87
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iujebkoms qum ckgrékj em emrbvkr mj mo kgktbibmjta emo jkzbsia mj Murapk. Ikmstras, pralmsarms ujbvmrsbtkrbas, mstuebkjtms, krtmskjas, hkipmsbjas y ibobtkrmsykhuebmraj k ok hbtk y emstrajkraj prbimra ko Fmjmrko oumfa ko suhmsar bipumsta par âstm, Lmemrbha ^ajhm \kbems.7< Umrhmra, oks darjkeks rmvaouhbajkrbks em dujbaahtugrm emo 55 ckgrékj em smjtkr oks gksms pkrk mo mstkgomhbibmjta em ok prbimrk Hajstbtuhbøj y emo qum smrék mo prbimr fagbmrja emiahrëtbhkimjtm momhta mj ok cbstarbk emo pkés, mo em Dukj Dasâ Krâvkoa (;25=;2=;). mshumok, pralmsar fuktmikotmhas ujbvmrsbtkrba, praoéhaIkmstra mshrbtar yem lum uja emoas prbimras eahtarkeas mj pralmsbøj kofujk, Krâvkoa ckgék vbvbea mxbobkea mj ok Krfmjtbjk. Emsem kooé sbfubø haj bjtmrâs ok ikrhck em oas khajtmhbibmjtas, khuebmjea oumfa em mooas pkrk ok hkipkûk prmsbemjhbko em jms em ;255, oumfa em ok huko trbujlø mj mo khta momhhbajkrba haj uj fukrbsia hmrhkja ko 3. ^ar uj haipomta mstueba emo prahmsa rmvaouhbajkrba emo 55 vâksm Meukrea Kjtajba \moësqumz Hkrrmrk PHaipbokearY, Ok Wmvaouhbøj em ahtugrm. Ebmz kûas em ouhck par ok emiahrkhbk mj Fuktmikok, ;255-;2=5, Uaias B y BB (Fuktmikok4 HM]W-]XKH, ;225). 7<
76
Mooa pumem sm kprmhbk hokrkimjtm mj taeas sus
mshrbtas, ebshursas y mjtrmvbstks. ]jk lumjtm cbstørbhk em 88
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
bipartkjhbk emo pmréaea ‟krmvkobstk’ mj haoahkr k su pkés mj ok cbstarbk iaemrjk. Xus téibeas hkigbas ―bjspbrkeas mj ujk kigbfuk eahtrbjk prapbk qum dkiës k emjbr,smfôj ok emooas ‟sahbkobsia emgmj oomfø bjtmrprmtkrsm hëjajms emmspbrbtuko’― ok rmkobeke hmjtrakimrbhkjk y em su pkés hajhrmtkimjtm. Ksé vkoarkeas, rmsuotk ‟rmvaouhbajkrba’ qum pktrajas, hkipmsbjas y Mstkea ahupksmj ujk ibsik imsk em jmfahbkhbøj, ebshutbmjea omyms okgarkoms y kuimjtas em skokrba. Mj sbibokrms târibjas emgmj hajsbemrkrsm oas bjhrmimjtas prmsupumstkoms ksbfjkeas k ok meuhkhbøj y skoue par pkrtm emo Mstkea mj emsimera em atras rugras, par mdmipoa mo em Emlmjsk. Haia taea prahmsa cbstørbha, mo qum tuva k su lrmjtm k Dukj Dasâ Krâvkoa ja lum objmko y mj vkrbas kspmhtas emo ibsia emgm emstkhkrsm qum ja taea lum rmvaouhbajkrba.73 ]j gumj mdmipoa ms oa qum ck rmvmokea ok bjvmstbfkhbøj em Komdkjerk Gktrms sagrm oas trkgkdkearms sbjebhkobzkeas em ok haipkûék gkjkjmrk ]jbtme Lrubt Haipkjy (]LHA), qubmjms pmsm ko kpaya iës a imjas mxpoéhbta emo fagbmrja fuktmikotmha,
pkrtbhuokrmjbipartkjhbk k mstm rmspmhta saj sus imiarbks qum tmribjø ;266 y sm pugobhkraj pøstuikimjtm kûas iës tkrem. Dukj Dasâ Krâvkoa, Emspkhca ^rmsbemjhbko (Fuktmikok4 Ashkr em Omøj ^kokhbas, ;223). K mstm rmspmhta, ok kcark rmvmokek harrmspajemjhbk prbvkek em ebpoaiëtbhas rmvaouhbajkrbas rmsbemjtms mj mo mxtmrbar, pmribtm vbsukobzkr ‟emsem emjtra’ emo fagbmrja huëj mshâptbhas mrkj vkrbas em sus bjtmfrkjtms khmrhk em ok ikrhck emo prahmsa rmvaouhbajkrba. Krtura Ukrkhmjk, Krmoy Imjeazk, Duoba ^bjta Xarbk, Mo pokhmr em harrmspajemr. Harrmspajemjhbk mjtrm Hkreazk y Krkføj, Iuûaz Imkjy y Krrbaok 73
(;25=-;2=;) (Fuktmikok4 Mebtarbko ]jbvmrsbtkrbk, 7>>5). 85
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
lkookraj.72 ^msm k ok tbibemz emo rmlaribsia krmvkobstk, ok ]LHA ja tkreø mj ebsfustkrsm y par mjem, rmkhhbajkr. Ok ikfjbtue em ok ibsik y mo frkea em ebsfusta emgmj kjkobzkrsm emok khumrea oa ikjmdkgk qum mrkj sus hëjajms4 cbstørbhkimjtm, haipkûékk sm mj gksm ko sagarja y oks emhokrkhbajms lrkueuomjtks.8> ^aha askea, hkutmoasa y kofa eugbtktbva mj hukjta k ok pralujebeke em oks rmlariks, Krâvkoa sb pmrikjmhbø bjmxbgom rmspmhta k ujk hask4 ja sm emdkrék smeuhbr par ‟Ok Lrutmrk’. Ksé lum y par mooa lumraj vkrbas oas mjlrmjtkibmjtas qum tuvbmraj oufkr mjtrm mo prmsbemjtm fuktmikotmha, ebrbfmjtms em ok miprmsk y lujhbajkrbas emo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea, søoa mj prbimrk bjstkjhbk iuy bjumjhbkeas par mo oaggy gkjkjmra, kiâj em ujk iuy vbsbgom bfjarkjhbk Mstk javmeask bjvmstbfkhbøj, qum rmhafm lumjtms bjâebtks, iumstrk haia ko fagbmrja em Krâvkoa om hastø emhbebr sus kpayas k oas agrmras. Haia sm skgm, ok ]LHA mrk ‟mo ikyar mipomkear y tmrrktmjbmjtm’ emo pkés y mooa om khajsmdkgk hkutmok ko fagbmrja fuktmikotmha. Bfukoimjtm, Krâvkoa tkigbâj sm sbjtbø prmsbajkea par oas agrmras y hkipmsbjas, qubmjms ja 72
tkrekraj mj haiprmjemr qum kqumook mrk ‟su hckjhm’ pkrk imdarkr sbfjbhktbvkimjtm ‟sushayujturk hajebhbajms em trkgkda’. Komdkjerk Gktrms, ‟Ucm mxpmrbmjhm al tcm Fuktmikokj ]jbtme Lrubt Haipkjy Varmrs, ;255-;2=54 Vcy ebe tcmy lkbo1’ , mj Umxks ^kpmrs aj Oktbjk Kimrbhk, 2=->; (Kustbj4 Umxks ]jbvmrsbty, ;22=). Ebspajbgom mj4 www.okjbh.utmxks.meu/pradmht/mtmxt/ ooboks/tpok/2=>;.pel Khmrhk em mstm tmik hajsôotmsm mo yk hoësbha trkgkda em HC. @mpjmr, D. Xaatcboo, Mo bipmrba emo gkjkja, (Gumjas Kbrms4 Mebtarbko Urbëjfuoa, ;2=6), huyk prbimrk mebhbøj ms emo kûa ;28=. Hkroas K. Kgkrhk \ësqumz, Agrmras em ok Rujkb 8>
(Xkj Dasâ4 Kgkrhk, 7>>=) 8=
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
khmrhk em ok paoétbhk fuktmikotmhk y hmjtrakimrbhkjk prapbkimjtm. Ibmjtrks ok Fumrrk Lrék kvkjzkgk bjmxarkgomimjtm y mhas em ok ibsik sm emdkgkj smjtbr ―kujqum téibekimjtm― mj ok rmfbøj,8; Krâvkoa puea huoibjkr mo ikjekta, kujqum pkrk mooa emgbø sartmkr ok lrbaomrk em 87 haipoats ebrbfbeas hajtrk su fagbmrja.87 Xu suhmsar lum mo Harajmo Dkhaga Krgmjz Fuziëj (;2=;-;2=5), (;2=;-;2=5), momhta prmsbemjtm mj oks momhhbajms em jkoms em ;2=> haj uj bipartkjtm parhmjtkdm em sulrkfbas, mo >=), pëf. 38. 87 Mo iës bipartkjtm em mooas ahurrbø mj duoba em ;252, hukjea mo Dmlm em oks Lumrzks Krikeks emo pkés, mo Ikyar Lrkjhbsha Dkvbmr Krkjk, lum ksmsbjkea oumfa em ckgmrsm rmsbstbea k smr krrmstkea trks haipragkrsm qum haipoatkgk hajtrk mo prmsbemjtm Krâvkoa. Oks bjvmstbfkhbajms rmhbmjtms ckj haipragkea ok hmrhkjék emo ‟kigbhbasa’ Krkjk haj ok Migkdkek em oas MM.]]. mj Fuktmikok y haj ok haipkûék gkjkjmrk. ^bmra Fombdmsms, Ok mspmrkjzk, pëfs. . Mspmhbkoimjtm pëf. 65, eajem mo kutar hajhouym mj qum 8;
Krkjk mrk ‟ok ôjbhk mspmrkjzk em ok âobtm’. 8<
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
kjtms em haikjekr ok rmvaouhbøj qum emrrahø k ]gbha y k ^ajhm. Urks ok momhhbøj em Krâvkoa, Krgmjz ahupø mo hkrfa em Ibjbstra em ok Emlmjsk, emsem eajem lum mo iës bipartkjtm sastâj ^msm k sus tmiprkjks ebvbsbajms, oks prmsbemjhbko. lumrzks rmvaouhbajkrbks praiavbmraj su hkjebekturk. Krgmjz saûkgk haj smr rmlarikear. Âo, su mspask, y mo frupa em ksmsarms mrkj mspmhbkoimjtm hkpkhms. Kemiës em haipkrtbr msas bemkoms, mo frupa mrk caiafâjma mj hukjta k meke, taeas mrkj døvmjms y ja supmrkgkj oas 5> kûas. Umiprkjkimjtm, ok HBK om cbza k Dkhaga uj ‟huipobea’ ko emjbroa haia ‟grbookjtm…huota’.88 Ksuibø ok prmsbemjhbk y su ebshursa em ksujhbøj em ikjea ms rmharekea haia ujk em oks pbmzks arktarbks iës bipartkjtms em ok cbstarbk paoétbhk emo pkés. Haia âo ibsia sm mjhkrfkrék em emiastrkr, ja sm trktkgk em sbipom rmtørbhk.85 Oas hkpbtkoms mxtrkjdmras smrékj gbmjvmjbeas sbmiprm y hukjea rmspmtkrkj oks omyms y ok sagmrkjék fuktmikotmhk, kgstmjbâjeasm em bjtmrvmjbr mj oas ksujtas bjtmrjas emo pkés.8= Bfuko
88
^bmra Fombdmsms, Ok mspmrkjzk, pëf. ;33.
85
prmsbemjtm Mj pkokgrks emo mstm Dkbim Eékzpmrlmhtkimjtm Wazzatta, smhrmtkrba emo Krgmjz, skgék qum su prafrkik em rmlariks mrkj ‟uj cmhca y ja uj sbipom soafkj’. Mo ^rmsbemjtm Krgmjz Fuziëj, ok foarbask vbhtarbk y ok omhhbøj em Fuktmikok, (Fuktmikok4 HM]W-]XKH, Eahuimjtas pkrk ok cbstarbk, 7, kgrbo em ;22=), pëf. ;>. PMjtrmvbstk k Dkbim Eékz Wazzatta, smhrmtkrba em ok ^rmsbemjhbk em Fuktmikok eurkjtm mo fagbmrja em Dkhaga KrgmjzY. Xaj bjtmrmskjtms oas smûkokibmjtas em Easko rmspmhta em ok tbrkjtm rmokhbøj em Krgmjz haj oks âobtms bjeustrbkoms emo pkés, tmimrasks em ok paoétbhk miprmjebek 8=
par kquâo. ^kuo Easko, Mo kshmjsa, pëfs. ; mibtbea par mo fagbmrja―, ckgék oafrkea qum mo ;6% emo tatko em
\bsbgoms bjhousbvm emsem mo mxtmrbar. Oas ebpoaiëtbhas fuktmikotmhas emstkhkgkj oa ‟iuhcésbia’ qum trkgkdkgk mo prmsbemjtm ‟mj ok arfkjbzkhbøj em ok mhajaiék’. Krtura Ukrkhmjk, mt. ko., Mo pokhmr , pëfs. 863-862. 8<
Fuboomria ^kz Hërhkia, Fuktmikok4 rmlarik kfrkrbk (Xkj Dasâ4 ME]HK―LOKHXA, ;23
Frmf Frkjebj, Ok skjfrm em Fuktmikok, pëf. 72>>), pëfs.
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
bjtmjtkjea hajvmjhmr ko cmibslmrba em ok frkvmeke emo pragomik, oa qum paerék pajmr mj ikrhck ujk bjtmrvmjhbøj iuotboktmrko ―bjvahkjea mo Urktkea em Wéa em ;256― mj prahurk em ‟kbsokr mo laha’. ]jk vmz jkobzkek ok rmvaouhbøj obgmrkhbajbstk trks ok rmjujhbk emo prmsbemjtm, oas kfmjtms em ok HBK sm kgahkraj k ok tkrmk em mjhajtrkr oas eahuimjtas qum pragkrkj ok bjtmrvmjhbøj emo haiujbsia bjtmrjkhbajko mj Fuktmikok. Haia mshrbgbø mo Xug Ebrmhtar em ^okjms em ok kfmjhbk, Lrkj` Vbsjmr, ckgék oomfkea ok cark ‟em qum oas hbrudkjas sm kpkrtkrkj y oks mjlmrimrks sm cbhbmrkj hkrfa emo pkhbmjtm’.55 Mjtajhms, huktra kfmjtms em hajtrkbjtmobfmjhbk lumraj mjvbkeas k Hbueke em Fuktmikok haj ok ibsbøj em rmhaomhtkr oas eahuimjtas ragkeas emo pkokhba prmsbemjhbko, oks ahbjks emo ^krtbea Fuktmikotmha emo Urkgkda (^FU, haiujbstk) y em oas sbjebhktas. Haj ok kyuek emo Mdârhbta y emo frupa obgmrkhbajbstk, mo mqubpa rmujbø ;=>.>>> eahuimjtas. Xm supajék qum mooas iastrkrékj oks mvbemjhbks em ok ‟pmjmtrkhbøj haiujbstk’ mj mo pkés hmjtrakimrbhkja. Xbj migkrfa, mo rmsuotkea em ok apmrkhbøj, huya jaigrm mj hokvm mrk ^GCBXUAWR, lum ikfra4 oas rmfbstras tmjékj bipartkjhbk oahko, ja pragkgkj bjtmrvmjhbøj ―kigas pkésms ja tmjékj sbqubmrksavbâtbhk rmokhbajmskofujk ebpoaiëtbhks―, y sé ‟mvbemjhbk sustkjhbko em qum oas haiujbstks fuktmikotmhas khtukraj saoas, sbj kyuek a ebrmhhbøj em klumrk emo pkés’.5=
55
Jbh` Huooktcmr, ^GX]HHMXX, pëf. ;>3.
5=
Éemi, pëf. ;;8. 5;
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Iës kooë em ebhck hajstktkhbøj, oas iktmrbkoms rmujbeas lumraj suhbmjtms pkrk prmpkrkr smjeas bjlarims prmsmjtkeas mj mo Hajfrmsa em oas MM.]]. yk eblujebeas ―par okkimrbhkja. vék ebpoaiëtbhk― oas pkésms iës emotkrem hajtbjmjtm Xmfôj hajstktkrk Fombdmsms, hastø paha hajvmjhmr k oas hajfrmsbstks mstkeaujbemjsms, hksb ujëjbims mj qum ok keibjbstrkhbøj em Mbsmjcawmr mrk téibek kjtm ok kfrmsbøj emo vmhbja fuktmikotmha. Bfukoimjtm haj ok prmjsk em msm pkés, qubmj k hara sm cbza mha em oks vmrsbajms ahbkoms emo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea. Mo mstueba emo pmrbaebstk Ekjbmo Dkims lum ok prbimrk em oks mxprmsbajms ‟rmkobstks’ qum, emgm kûkebrsm, hajstbtuymraj ok harrbmjtm prmeaibjkjtm ckstk oas kûas 3>. Xu obgra kpkrmhbø mj bjfoâs k jkoms emo kûa ;2=5 y lum bjimebktkimjtm trkeuhbea ko mspkûao, pugobhëjeasm mstk vmrsbøj k paha em bjbhbkrsm bjbhb krsm ;2== mj ok hkpbtko imxbhkjk, oufkr k eajem sm ckgék trksokekea mo frumsa emo mxboba fuktmikotmha.5;8>, ;2 Kufust ;2=5. 57
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
mj ok prbimrk oéjmk emo trkgkda, yk qum ok bemaoafék haiujbstk ‟jas okjzk uj rmta em prbimr aremj’.56 Hajtmjék dubhbas iuy euras rmspmhta k oa qum rmprmsmjtø mo fagbmrja em Krgmjz pkrk su pkés y pkrk mo hajtbjmjtm mj fmjmrko, agsmrvkjea qum oas haiujbstks tuvbmraj jatkgoms âxbtas prapkfkjeéstbhas haj mo hksa Fuktmikok, ‟mshmjkrba em ujk vkstk hajspbrkhbøj radk’.53 ^ar oa emiës, Dkims mxpobhbtø qum ok rmkobeke bjebhkgk ok mxbstmjhbk em eas rmvaouhbajms mj Fuktmikok4 ok prbimrk ckgék suhmebea mj ;255 hukjea mo emrrahkibmjta em ]gbha y su suhmsar0 ibmjtrks qum ok smfujek ckgék sbea sbomjhbask, emsem emjtra, ‟hajhmgbek y ebrbfbek par mo ^krtbea Haiujbstk’ qum sm kprapbø emo fagbmrja.52 Mj lujhbøj em mooa, ko prmsbemjtm Krgmjz ―‟uj davmj emskfrkhbkea y kikrfkea’ smfôj Dkims―, om hkgék ujk mjarim rmspajskgbobeke pums ckgék pmrpmtrkea ‟uj fbfkjtmsha mjfkûa hajtrk mo pumgoa fuktmikotmha’ ko smr uja em oas prbjhbpkoms krqubtmhtas em ok smfujek rmvaouhbøj.=> Ms iës, ‟eurkjtm su prmsbemjhbk cbza, em cmhca, iës qum jbjfôj atra caigrm mj oks Kiârbhks pkrk mxtmjemr ok hajspbrkhbøj savbâtbhk’.=; Kemiës em msas hajhmptas, Dkims kevmrték oa bipartkjtm em mstuebkr y haiprmjemr oas trms pmobfras em msm lujmsta prmoueba. Mo prbimra em mooas
Ekjbmo Dkims, Uëhtbhks, pëf. 6.
Éemi, pëf. ;=;.
Éemi, pëf. 86.
=>
Éemi, pëfs. 83-82.
=;
Éemi, pëf. 82.
56 53 52
58
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
pkskgk par agsmrvkr huëj pmobfrask ‟lum ok kimjkzk em mstkgomhmr mj mo hajtbjmjtm kimrbhkja uj sktâobtm savbâtbha’. Mo smfujea, ‟qum mxbstm taekvék’, mrk ‟ok hajstkjtm kimjkzk oas haiujbstks fuktmikotmhas pkrkqum oas rmprmsmjtkgkj fagbmrjas m bjstbtuhbajms em oks rmpôgobhks vmhbjks’ pums sb gbmj k ok ‟pmqumûk Haibjlari’ fuktmikotmhk sm om ckgék ksmstkea ‟uj faopm iartko’, ‟ja PsmY ok emstruyø’. Umrhmra, mo hrmhbmjtm pmobfra em qum ‟ok bemaoafék y mstrktmfbk mipomkeks pkrk hajsmfubr mo paemr mj Fuktmikok’ ja mstkgkj emstrubeks.=7 Dkims tkigbâj mxpobhbtø ok jmhmsbeke em ujk khtbtue vbfbokjtm em pkrtm emo bjeblmrmjtm m ‟bfjarkjtm’ MM.]]., huyas ‟adas pmrikjmhbmraj hmrrkeas kjtm mo prahmsa em bjotrkhbøj radk’ pums sm hajsbemrkgk qum Fuktmikok mrk ‟atrk rmpôgobhk em poëtkjas’.=8 ]jk hajhmphbøj em okgar prmvmjtbvk qum emgék hkrkhtmrbzkrsm par ok haiprmjsbøj y qum ja mstkgk mxmjtk emo cbstørbha pktmrjkobsia mstkeaujbemjsm ckhbk sus vmhbjas4 ‟ok rkzøj lujekimjtko em qum oas oktbjakimrbhkjas ja pumekj oafrkr uj hajahbibmjta hkgko y prëhtbha emo haiujbsia, rkebhk mj qum su pragomik iës kprmibkjtm ja ms ok Fumrrk Lrék haj ok ]jbøj Xavbâtbhk sbja su mtmrjk fumrrk hajtrk mo ktrksa =5 haipomta’. ^ar ôotbia, mo pmrbaebstk rmlutkgk oks emjujhbks ‟haiujbstks’ qum emlarikraj oas cmhcas ko prmsmjtkroas haia rmsuotkea em ujk ‟bjtmrvmjhbøj’
Éemi, pëf. ;8.
=8
Éemi, pëf. 7;=.
=5
Éemi, pëf. 777.
=7
55
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
a ‟kfrmsbøj’ bipmrbkobstk. Oks ‟hajstkjtms bjvmhtbvks’ hajtrk mo ‟bipmrbkobsia ykjqub’ hajstbtuékj pkrk Dkims ujk iumstrk iës em qum ‟ok iëqubjk em prapkfkjek haiujbstk’ ckgék mjtrkea ‟mjMstkeas khhbøj par taea mo cmibslmrba emsem Hcbom ckstk oas ]jbeas’ emspomfkjea ujk ‟almjsbvk’ qum ‟sm kdustø k ok pmrlmhhbøj ko prbjhbpko prapøsbta emo savbmt em emgbobtkr ok pasbhbøj em oas Mstkeas ]jbeas mj mo Cmibslmrba’.== Xmfôj su tmsbs, ok vmreke mrk qum ‟sb gbmj ok ebpoaikhbk jartmkimrbhkjk ja lum qubmj pusa mj ikrhck oks rumeks qum jkoimjtm ckgékj em kpokstkr ko haiujbsia mj Fuktmikok (…), sé lum ok qum ksmfurø qum oks rumeks fbrkrkj ckstk oomvkr k hkga su prapøsbta bjmxarkgom. Ckstk msm frkea bjtmrvmjbias mj Fuktmikok y ja tmjmias qum ebshuopkrjas em mooa’. Ko j y ko hkga, prasmfuék, ‟ok sagmrkjék jkhbajko em Fuktmikok lum ujk hhbøj gkda mo haiujbsia’ y ‟mjtrm taeas oas fagbmrjas emo cmibslmrba, ms ko em Mstkeas ]jbeas ko qum harrmspajem ok ikyar rmspajskgbobeke’ par oa qum pumek khajtmhmrom k sus cmrikjas imjarms.=< Mj rkzøj em taea oa huko, Dkims huoibjkgk pralâtbhkimjtm qum ‟mo tmktra oktbjakimrbhkja imrmhm jumstrk iës mj vbfbokjtm ktmjhbøj’ yk qum rmpôgobhk ‟oa qum ck ahurrbea Fuktmikok, ok ebibjutk hmjtrakimrbhkjk, ja ms sbja mo prmoueba em oa qum pumem khajtmhmr mj taek Kiârbhk Oktbjk’.=6
Éemi, pëfs. ;3;, ;32, ;63.
=<
Éemi, pëf. 787.
=6
Éemi, pëf. ;3.
==
5=
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Wmvbsbajbsia
Mj hajtrkpasbhbøj k msas ktkqums, oas rmvbsbajbstks humstbajkraj ok vmrsbøj em qum MM.]]. ja cugbmrk bjtmrvmjbea mj mo emrrahkibmjta em Krgmjz. Mo pksa emo tbmipa y ok imiarbk em vkrbas vkrba s pratkfajbstks haimjzkgkj k emspokzkr omjtkimjtm em su oufkr ok emjaibjkek ‟cadk em pkrrk’=3 haj qum MM.]]. bjtmjtø hugrbr su pkpmo mj mo faopm.=2 Mo lrkhksa em Gkcék em Hahcbjas y paha iës tkrem oas rmhajahbibmjtas emo mx prmsbemjtm Mbsmjcawmr y em Koomj Euooms ―mo mx ebrmhtar em ok HBK―, kgajkraj oks tmsbs rmvbsbajbstks, iuy mj gafk eurkjtm taek ok eâhkek emo smsmjtk y smtmjtk. Ok msmjhbk em ebhcks mxpobhkhbajms hajsbstbø mj iastrkr qum oks hajmxbajms jkjhbmrks em oas lujhbajkrbas mstkeaujbemjsms mj mstm hksa mj pkrtbhuokr pkrtb huokr haj ok ]LHA ―klmhtkek ebrmhtkimjtm par mo Emhrmta
=3
^bmra Fombdmsms, Ok mspmrkjzk, pëf. =>8.
Ko bjbhba em ok bjvksbøj em Hkstbooa Kriks, uj krtéhuoa emo pmrbaebstk Dkims Wmstaj sufbrbø téibekimjtm qum emtrës em =2
kqumo ashura em Fuktmikok paeékj oas cmrikjas Euooms. Haiakllkbrm yk lumrk ebhca, Fombdmsms ck mstkr emstkhkea qum mooa lum ujk mxhmphbøj. Dkims Wmstaj, ‟Vbtc tcm Euooms Gratcmrs bj Ekr`mst Fuktmikok’, mj Ucm Jmw Rar` Ubims, Xujeky, Dujm 7>, ;2=5. Wmhartm em prmjsk mj Krhcbva Cbstørbha emo Ibjbstmrba em Wmokhbajms Mxtmrbarms (mj kemokjtm, KIWM]), Lajea4 Omfkhbajms y Migkdkeks, Xmhhbøj4 Migkdkek em ]rufuky mj oas MM.]]., Hkdk =7, Hkrpmtk 88. ‟Cuga ujk vmz’ mj qum ‟tuvbias qum emsckhmrjas em uj fagbmrja haiujbstk’ mj Hmjtrakiârbhk mxprmsø Mbsmjcawmr ibmjtrks haipkrték uj mstrkea haj Koomj
Euooms. Hbtkea mj Jbh` Huooktcmr, ^GX]HXMXX, pëf. ;76. 5<
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
2>> m bjebrmhtkimjtm par mo mdmipoa qum âo supajék― lumraj emtmribjkjtms y khkgkraj hajvmjhbmjea ko Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea y ko prmsbemjtm, qum mj ôotbik bjstkjhbk kpragø em ck ok HBK. iuy rmhbmjtm em ok ujapmrkhbøj mspmhbkobstk vumota]jk mstueba haoahkr mo khmjta mj mo pragkgom pkpmo em ok ]LHA eurkjtm msk ‟meke em ara’ em oks apmrkhbajms mjhugbmrtks em ok HBK, smûkokjea ok pasbgbobeke em qum ckyk mxbstbea ‟sagarja’ par pkrtm em ok miprmsk mj mo ksujta em Fuktmikok.
Éemi, pëf. S\BB.
2;
Éemi, pëf. SBS.
=<
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Ok tkrem-jahcm emo 76 em dujba em ;2=5, Krgmjz Kr gmjz ‟ja sm ckgék rkdkea’ haia uj hagkrem.27 Uko y haia ckgék sastmjbea Fombdmsms, Dkhaga dkiës pmjsø qum 28
Hkstbooa lumrk uj mjmibfa k tmjmr mj humjtk. Kbsokea Kriks bjtmrjkhbajkoimjtm y trkbhbajkea par sus haomfks ibobtkrms, sm ckgék hajvmjhbea em qum MM.]]. ‟bgk mj smrba’ y qum ok ôjbhk apartujbeke em skovkr oks hajqubstks em ok rmvaouhbøj mrk ekjea uj pksa ko hastkea.25 Lum oa qum mxprmsø haj taek hokrbeke m bjimjsa eaoar mj su ebshursa em rmjujhbk. Haj oas krhcbvas em ok HBK k ikja, Huooktcmr mshrbgbø qum mj mooa paha ckgékj tmjbea qum vmr oks ‟trkipks’ em ok kfmjhbk, huya pokj keaomhbø em bipartkjtms lkooks, mjtrm mooks ok em ja ckgmr paebea bjotrkrsm mj mo ^FU.2= Ksé, ebhca cbstarbkear hajhouyø mj qum ‟Krgmjz lum empumsta mj uj faopm ibobtkr y jb ok rkeba jb oas ktkqums kârmas tuvbmraj iuhca qum vmr haj mooa’.2< K rkéz em msa, ok HBK mjtrø mj uj ‟mstkea em kutahaipokhmjhbk’.26 Mbsmjcawmr rmujbø mj ok Hksk Gokjhk k oas rmspajskgoms y trks mshuhckroas sm emombtø haj mo rmsuotkea. Emspuâs em taea, ok o k khhbøj mjhugbmrtk paeék smr utbobzkek haia uj sustbtuta høiaea y imjas hastasa ―paoétbhk y mhajøibhkimjtm― qum ok bjvksbøj kgbmrtk haj ikrbjms.
Éemi, pëf. ;>7.
26
Éemi, pëf. 6.
27 28 25 2=
=6
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Uaeas pkskraj k atrk hask pmra mo ‟euohm kraik em ok vbhtarbk’ sm ujbø k ok lkotk em kutahrétbhk.23 Oas iatbvas qum ok ckgékj oomvkea ko âxbta ja lumraj kjkobzkeas y, haia agsmrvkrk ujakgruikek em oas mx kfmjtms, mooa hajemjø k ok kfmjhbk qum, par msm âxbta, haimtbø iës kemokjtm mrrarms em bipartkjhbk. ^ar mooa, y haia yk ckgékj agsmrvkea Biimrikj22 y Fombdmsms,;>> Huooktcmr jumvkimjtm sugrkyk haia mo omfkea em ^GX]HHMXX lum iës kooë emo hksa Fuktmikok4 ‟mo omjfukdm, oas krfuimjtas y oks tâhjbhks emo mpbsaeba Krgmjz’ lumraj ‟uskeas mj Hugk k prbjhbpbas em ok eâhkek em ;2, mj Grksbo mj ;27 jujhk smrék ok ibsik Mj emjbtbvk, ‟ok kfmjhbk emspuâs em ^GX]HHMXX’.
Éemi, pëf. ;;;.
Wbhckre C. Biimrikj, Ucm HBK, mspmhbkoimjtm
23 22
pëfs. ;36-;26. ;>> ^bmra Fombdmsms, ‟Xcbps bj tcm Jbfct4 Ucm HBK, tcm Vcbtm Causm kje tcm Gky al ^bfs’, mj Daurjko al Oktbj Kimrbhkj Xtuebms, 764;, (;22=), pëfs. ;-57. Ukigbâj ^bmra Fombdmsms, Ok mspmrkjzk, mspmhbkoimjtm pëfs. 88=, 5>3, =>2, =;>, =;=0 Ibhckmo Vkrjmr, ‟Ucm HBK‒s Bjtmrjko ^ragm al tcm Gky al ^bfs Kllkbr’, mj Xtuebms bj Bjtmoobfmjhm, 5747, ;223. Ebspajbgom mj4 www.aehb.fav/hsb/stuebms/wbjtmr23Q22/ krt>3.ctio. ;>;
Éemi, pëf. ;;6.
;>7
Éemi, pëf. ;;;.
=3
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Mo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea y ok rmmebhbøj emo vaouimj emebhkea k Fuktmikok Mo pôgobha khkeâibha sm mjhajtrø sktbslmhca hukjea ok prbimrk mebhbøj emo obgra em Huooktcmr par pkrtm em ok ]jbvmrsbeke em Xtkjlare mj ;222 huyk trkeuhhbøj y mebhbøj mj mspkûao oomvø kemokjtm ok Ksahbkhbøj ^krk mo Kvkjhm em oks Hbmjhbks Xahbkoms mj Fuktmikok eurkjtm 7>>7. Xbj migkrfa, oas mruebtas humstbajkraj qum kôj lkotkgk khtukobzkr ok smrbm Larmbfj Wmoktbajs al Ucm ]jbtme Xtktms Xtktms huya vaouimj B\, emebhkea k oks Wmpôgobhks Kimrbhkjks bjhouék ujk smhhbøj sagrm oks rmokhbajms mxtmrbarms em oas MM.]]. haj Fuktmikok. Mo imjhbajkea tmxta, qum ektkgk emo kûa ;238, aibték imjhbajkr mo rao mjhugbmrta em ok HBK mj mo mpbsaeba Krgmjz, uj cmhca jkek imjar. Ok emshoksbhkhbøj em oas eahuimjtas em ok prapbk HBK y ok mebhbøj emo trkgkda em Huooktcmr vaovékj kjkhrøjbha kqumo vaouimj em LW]X. Mj hajsmhumjhbk, uj frupa em cbstarbkearms em ok Ahbjk emo Cbstarbkear emo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea haimjzø mj 7>>; uj kreua trkgkda pkrk khtukobzkr ok vmrsbøj em ;238. Urks eas kûas em okgar, mj ikya em 7>>8, mo frupa tuva obsta pkrk su mebhbøj uj haipomimjta emo kjtbfua vaouimj B\ mo huko lum okjzkea kooas pôgobha haj ok hmomgrkhbøj em emo uj ;>8 eajem smibjkrba iës bipartkjtms mstuebasas tmik ebsmrtkraj sagrm mo jumva supomimjta em LW]X, qum mj 55
Xagrm mstm mvmjta khkeâibha vâksm www.stktm. fav/r/pk/ca/;2622.cti fav/r/pk/ca/;2622.ct i. ;>8
;>5
LW]X, Fuktmikok. =2
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Kujqum iuy praobda mj taeas sus emtkooms ― par mdmipoa, mj ok hajtmxtukobzkhbøj em oas rmfbstras, khaipkûkeas par sufmrmjhbks gbgobafrëhks―, ja cky frkjems javmekems. Oumfa em mxpobhkr ok aibsbøj aib sbøj ;>= Ikrh em ;238, D. Xussmr, Ebrmhtar em ok Ahbjk emo Cbstarbkear emo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea, mshrbgbø qum ‟ok apmrkhbøj em ok HBK mj Fuktmikok ms uj hksa bipartkjtm emo usa em ok khhbøj mjhugbmrtk oomvkek k hkga par ok paoétbhk mxtmrbar kimrbhkjk, kimrb hkjk, y mstm vaouimj praparhbajk ujk rmokhbøj emtkookek em msk khhbøj’.;>6 Xtcmpcmj F. Wkgm, em ok ]jbvmrsbeke em Umxks, rmsmûø mj ok rmvbstk mspmhbkobzkek Ebpoaiktbh Cbstary Cbstary ok mebhbøj haipomimjtkrbk emo vaouimj em LW]X. ;>3 \koarø qum oas jumvas eahuimjtas pragkgomimjtm ja
Wmokhbajkek haj ok khtbtue msqubvk em ok Keibjbstrkhbøj em Wajkoe Wmkfkj, rmhmoask em ekr k hajahmr bjlarikhbajms em msm tbpa hukjea mrk praiatark em vkrbks apmrkhbajms mjhugbmrtks mj Kiârbhk Hmjtrko. ;>=
Ikrh D. Xussmr, ‟^rmlkhm’, mj LW]X, Fuktmikok, pëf. B\. ;><
;>6
Éemi, pëfs. \-\BB.
Xtmpcmj F. Wkgm, ‟Ucm ]. X. Bjtmrvmjtbaj bj Fuktmikok4 Ucm Eahuimjtkry Wmhare’, mj Ebpoaiktbh Cbstary, 734= (Javmigmr 7>>5), pëfs. 63=-62>. ;>3
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
iaebhkrëj sustkjhbkoimjtm mo emgktm cbstarbafrëha rmspmhta ko rao em ok HBK mj Fuktmikok.;>2 Xbj migkrfa, sugrkyø qum oas ibsias ekj ok rkzøj k oks hajhousbajms qum mxpusbmrk Biimrikj, mo prbimra mj emjbr haj prmhbsbøj qum oas mvmjtas em Fuktmikok ja paeékj mxpobhkrsm saokimjtm par mo emtmribjbsia mhajøibha.;;> Mj msta ôotbia ck pumsta mspmhbko ktmjhbøj mo mqubpa em cbstarbkearms emo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea. Ja søoa par rmharekr ok vmrkhbeke em oas bjlarims em ok HBK khmrhk em qum Krgmjz y oas haiujbstks mrkj ‟haipkûmras em rutk’ sbja par sugrkykr iuy hajvbjhmjtmimjtm qum kooé mstkgk mo pragomik, ja ok rmlarik kfrkrbk.;;; Hajsbemrkhbajms jkoms4 ‟bemaoafék’, ‟ krrafkjhbk bipmrbko’ y ‟jmfobfmjhbk hrbibjko’ Haia lumrk ebhca, oas kjkobstks em ok HBK y emo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea mj uj prbimr iaimjta sm vbmraj bjumjhbkeas par oks emjujhbks em ok ]LHA, qum hajtrktø k uj mspmhbkobstk mj rmokhbajms pôgobhks y prapkfkjek. Xkgékj paha em Kiârbhk Oktbjk y ememFuktmikok hajhrmtkimjtm. momhhbajms ;2=>, Krgmjz ja oms pkrmhékHukjea mo pmar oks em oas hkjebektas. Xmfôj oas eahuimjtas em ok âpahk, oas lujhbajkrbas mstkeaujbemjsms hrmékj qum emlmjeék sus prapbas bjtmrmsms, pums ‟su pkés empmjeék mhajøibhk y ibobtkrimjtm em oas Mstkeas ]jbeas’ y ‟sus
Éemi, pëf. 636.
;;>
Éemi.
;;;
‟Bjtraeuhtbaj’ mj LW]X, Fuktmikok, pëf. SS\B.
;>2
, ;2=7, mj LW]X, Fuktmikok, pëfs. 83-55. ;;5
>, qumiø obgras obg ras y om rmstrbjfbø mo emrmhca ko vata k oas bjeéfmjks. MM.]]., pmsm k ok ‟cadk em pkrrk’, mstkgk bjvaouhrkea mj mo faopm y mj qum mo rmsuotkea emo ibsia ja lumrk tkj jmfktbva. Mj hajsmhumjhbk, ok kyuek jmfkek k Fuktmikok emsem ;253 haimjzø k oomfkr em eblmrmjtms ikjmrks, ebrmhtk m bjebrmhtkimjtm.;;> ibooajms mj kyuek ebrmhtk’. ^bmra Fombdmsms, Ok mspmrkjzk, pëf. =75. ;;<
% em oks tbmrrks ckgék vumota k ikjas em sus cbstørbhas prapbmtkrbas. Krgmjz ckgék haimjzkea k tmribjkr haj kqumooas ibmeas, pmra ja tmjerék ujk smfujek apartujbeke. Oas mspkhbas paoétbhas sm hmrrkraj emjbtbvkimjtm mj ;2>;), pëfs. ;-7. ;;2
;7>
Wbhckre C. Biimrikj, Ucm HBK, pëf. 7>;.
Hbtkea mj V. Fmarfm Oavmoo, K Gmkuty tckt Curts (Umxks4 ]jbvmrsbty al Umxks ^rmss, 7>>>), pëf. ;57. ;7;
>=), mspmhbkoimjtm mo hkpétuoa 7, pëfs. 8=-, ;22>>)0 Xtmpcmj Kigrasm, Ckhbk mo paemr foagko. Ok paoétbhk mxtmrbar jartmkimrbhkjk emsem ;283 ckstk Wmkfkj (Gumjas Kbrms4 FMO, ;227)0 Wagmrt ^aookre, Ok smfurbeke mhajøibhk y oas aréfmjms em ok Fumrrk Lrék (Iâxbha4 Fmrjb`k, ;233)0 Wagmrt Xmrvbhm, Cbstarbk em Wusbk mj mo sbfoa SS (Gkrhmoajk, Hrétbhk, 7>>>)0 Wagmrt O. Dmrvbs, ‟Hajtkbjimjt Xtrktmfbms bj ^mrspmhtbvm’, mj Daurjko al Haoe Vkr Xtuebms, 345 (Lkoo 7>>.;;>.;;>, emjék k ok prapkfkjek haia ‟taea mslumrza a iavbibmjta arfkjbzkea pkrk ebstrbgubr bjlarikhbøj a ujk eahtrbjk pkrtbhuokr, imebkjtm jatbhbks, apbjbajms a ookikibmjtas, pmjskeas pkrk bjubr mj mo pmjskibmjta y mj oks khhbajms em emtmribjkea frupa’. Xm trktkgk em qum ‟mo sudmta’ sm iumvk ‟mj ok ebrmhhbøj qum uja qubmrm par rkzajms qum pbmjsk saj prapbks’. ;87 Fareaj Hajjmo Xibtc, Mo sbstmik bjtmrkimrbhkja (Iâxbha4 Lajea em Huoturk Mhajøibhk, ;237), pëfs. 83-82. Ukigbâj4 Fareaj ^apm Kt`bjs, Kiârbhk Oktbjk mj mo sbstmik paoétbha bjtmrjkhbajko (Gumjas Kbrms, FMO, ;22;), pëfs. 85-88), pëf. ;>;), pëfs. ;6-;3. ;87
6;
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Mo jko em ok Fumrrk Lrék y mo prahmsa em kpmrturk em oas krhcbvas em ok HBK, ck pmribtbea skgmr qum sus iës bipartkjtms khhbajms mjhugbmrtks mstuvbmraj em prmjsk.;88khaipkûkeks em bipartkjtms hkipkûks Urkebhbajkoimjtm hajahbek par bemkr faopms em mstkea, ok prmsmjhbk em ok HBK haia uj khtar mjhugbmrta em prapkfkjek iuy prmsmjtm mj ok prmjsk urufukyk eurkjtm ok Fumrrk Lrék, ck rmhbgbea mshksk ktmjhbøj par pkrtm em oas bjvmstbfkearms. Gkskea mj oas rmfbstras eahuimjtkoms emshoksbhkeas par ok HBK, mstm trkgkda mxpoark høia msk kfmjhbkkjtbhaiujbstks apmrkgk mjhugbmrtkimjtm mj oas ebkrbas urufukyas em ok âpahk, rmsuibmjea oas kspmht ksp mhtas as msmjhbkoms em ujk apmrkhbøj em hajvmjhbibmjta hajvmjhbibmjta emstbjkek k hrmkr ujk ktiøslmrk a hobik em apbjbøj lkvarkgom k ok ‟obgmrkhbøj’ em Fuktmikok. Ok HBK mj ]rufuky4 uj hkipa mshkskimjtm mxpoarkea. K duzfkr par oa qum ckstk mo iaimjta hajahmias, mo mstueba sbstmiëtbha em oks khhbajms em ok HBK mj ]rufuky pkrmhm hmjtrko k ok cark em bjtmjtkr mjtmjemr mo pasbhbajkibmjta mxtmrbar em jumstra pkés eurkjtm ok Fumrrk Lrék. Xagrm Brëj vâksm Xtmpcmj @bjzmr, Uaeas oas caigrms emo Xck. ]j faopm em Mstkea jartmkimrbhkja y oks rkéhms emo tmrrar mj Arbmjtm ^røxbia (Gkrhmoajk4 Emgktm, 7>>=), pëfs. 7>5), pëfs. 38-360 sagrm Jbhkrkfuk vâksm ^cbobp Kfmm PBjtraeuhhbøjY Ikjukoms em skgatkdm y fukrrk psbhaoøfbhk em ok HBK pkrk emrrahkr ko fagbmrja skjebjbstk (Ikerbe4 Lujekimjtas, ;23=). ;88
67
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Wmspmhta k mooa, pkrmhm apartuja rmharekr qum oas kvkjhms ckj sbea mshksas y, mj suik, jbjfuja ck oomfkea emsem mo hkipa rbfurasa em ok hbmjhbk cbstørbhk.gbmj Ksé,hajhmgbea oas rmhumreas vkfas, mo mjskya imebkjkimjtm y lujekimjtkoimjtm ok emjujhbk pmrbaeéstbhk ckj sbea mjtajhms oks trms lariks prbjhbpkoms pkrk ok eblusbøj em mvmjtukoms apmrkhbajms em ok HBK. Haia ms skgbea, ckj prbikea oas krtéhuoas pmrbaeéstbhas.;85 Mj hajsmhumjhbk, mj gumjk pkrtm em oas ibsias ja rmsuotk ebléhbo pmrhbgbr ok prmsmjhbk em trms momimjtas hkrkhtmréstbhas4 prbimra, mshksk rbfurasbeke imtaeaoøfbhk mj mo trktkibmjta emo tmik0 smfujea, bjtmjhbajkobeke paoétbhk0 y tmrhmra, mo hkrëhtmr mjemgom em oks lumjtms. Xbj migkrfa, ms prmhbskimjtm mj mstm ôotbia kspmhta eajem rkebhk mo pragomik y sm mxpobhkj oas ikfras rmsuotkeas. ^ar mo iaimjta, ok paoétbhk em emshoksbhkhbøj eahuimjtko em ok kfmjhbk mj hukjta k rmfbstras mspmhéhas sagrm ]rufuky ck sbea juok. Ok kusmjhbk em msks lumjtms ja emgm bjcbgbrjas yk qum atras praymhtas em emshoksbhkhbøj iuy kvkjzkeas ―haia oas hksas em Fuktmikok y Hcbom―, pmribtmj khmrhkrjas ko hajahbibmjta em apmrkhbajms em ebstbjta tbpa qum tuvbmraj oufkr mj jumstra pkés.
Mo trkgkda em Hokrk Koerbfcb hajstbtuym ujk mxhmphbøj. \âksm Hokrk Koerbfcb, ‟Ok mstkhbøj iajtmvbemkjk em ok HBK. Apmrkhbajms mjhugbmrtks, mspbajkdm y ikjbpuokhbøj paoétbhk’ mj Grmhck, Xupomimjta Ok Oupk, 7= em javbmigrm em 7>>=, pëfs. 7;-75. ;85
68
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Mo iuy eblujebea ‟ebkrba’ emo mx mspék ^cbobp Kfmm pumem vkoarkrsm haia uj ikjuko gësbha. Hajahmear éjtbia em ok kfmjhbk y par mjem em sus mstrktmfbks Kfmm ck kpujtkea prbjhbpkomsapmrktbvks, mslumrzas em ok kfmjhbk mstkgkqum ok mjtrm tkrmk oas em trktkr em ‟ebrbfbr’ k ok apbjbøj pôgobhk par imeba em ok kpobhkhbøj em ‟apmrkhbajms em prapkfkjek’. Kfmm rmhumrek qum ‟ok tkrmk em arqumstkr mo trktkibmjta em oas cmhcas’ mrk ‟ok pkrtm iës bipartkjtm’. Mooa sm mlmhtbvbzkgk par imeba em hkjkoms sagrm oas hukoms sbmiprm hkgékj saspmhcks4 ‟obgras, rmvbstks, rkeba, tmomvbsbøj, hkohaikjéks, pbjturk mj pkrmems, vaokjtms, smriajms rmobfbasas (…) PyY ok prmjsk ebkrbk’.;8= Mxprmskimjtm, Kfmm emtkooø qum mj mo hukrtmo fmjmrko em ok HBK mj \brfbjbk mxbsték uj krhcbva mspmhéha sagrm ]rufuky. Wmpasbtarba ko qum ebobfmjtmimjtm mrkj mjvbkeks taeks oks bjlarikhbajms fmjmrkeks kqué, emtkooms em apmrkhbajms hokjemstbjks, rmhoutkibmjta em kfmjtms y rmhartms em prmjsk haj oks pugobhkhbajms em emsbjlarikhbøj ebsmibjkeks k trkvâs em oas imebas ‟kibfas’.;85), pëfs. Mo pmsa emhbsbva em oas MM.]]. mj mo arfkjbsia rmfbajko, ok Arfkjbzkhbøj em Mstkeas Kimrbhkjas (AMK), om ksmfurkgk ujk vatkhbøj lkvarkgom k sus bjtmrmsms, qum mj ok apartujbeke sm ebrbfbmraj ckhbk ok hrmkhbøj emo ‟iëxbia kjtkfajbsia hajtrk mo râfbimj agdmtbva’ par imeba em ok kpobhkhbøj em lumrtms ‟prmsbajms ebpoaiëtbhks’.;5; ^krk prahurkr kbsokremgékj k Fuktmikok, oks emiës ‟rmpôgobhks cmrikjks’ hajvmjhmrsm qum mrk haiujbstk. Ckhbk kooé sm ebrbfbmraj oas mslumrzas HBK, ‟Fuktmikok‘Fmjmrko ^okj al Khtbaj’, Eah. Ja. ;8=36=, ;7 Javmigmr ;2=8. ;82
‟Wmpart ^rmpkrme bj tcm ].X. Bjlariktbaj Kfmjhy’, Vkscbjftaj, Duoy 76, ;2=5, LW]X, Fuktmikok, pëf. 587. ;5>
HBK, ‟Fuktmikok ‘ Fmjmrko ^okj al Khtbaj’, Eah. Ja. ;8=36=, ;7 Javmigmr ;2=8. ;5;
6<
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
prapkfkjeéstbhas y k msas mlmhtas rmspajebø ok bjhousbøj em ujk iahbøj kjtbhaiujbstk par imeba em ok huko sm ujbhkrékj oas mslumrzas em taeas mj ok ‟rmprmsbøj’ em ‟kfmjtms haiujbstks’, mo bjtmrhkigba em bjlarikhbøj mjtrm praiavbâjeasm oas smrvbhbas em bjtmobfmjhbk em oas pkésms emo cmibslmrba. ^rmsbebeas par mo smhrmtkrba em Mstkea, Dacj Lastmr Euooms, ok emomfkhbøj mstkeaujbemjsm prmsmjtm mj Hkrkhks cbza hbrhuokr mjtrm sus haomfks uj trkgkda qum emshrbgék ok pmjmtrkhbøj emo iavbibmjta haiujbstk bjtmrjkhbajko mj Fuktmikok.;57 Mj suik, uj ‟mqubpa em hagmrturk mspmhbko em ok kfmjhbk mj ok Hajlmrmjhbk em Hkrkhks kobimjtø ujk hajtbjuk harrbmjtm em jatbhbks (…) PhajY latas, PyY rmfbstras em hbjtks hajhmjtrkeks mj ok rmsaouhbøj kjtbhaiujbstk y ok saobtkrbk apasbhbøj em Fuktmikok’. ‟Lajeas mspmhbkoms’ em HBK khaipkûkraj mo emskrraooa em ok Hajlmrmjhbk. Xm otrkraj ‟hkgoms’ y Kujqum ja sm ebda, mo mstueba ko qum ckhmias rmlmrmjhbk (‟Xavbmt Haiiujbsi bj Fuktmikok’) ckgék sbea hajlmhhbajkea par ok HBK. Lum ikjmdkea mj larik ‟rmsmrvkek’ par oas rmprmsmjtkjtms urufukyas k pmebea em sus pkrms mstkeaujbemjsms. Eas hapbks sm hajsmrvkj mjtrm ok eahuimjtkhbøj emo Krhcbva Cbstørbha em ok hkjhboomrék urufukyk, y oas sugrkykeas y agsmrvkhbajms ikjushrbtks hajtmjbeks mj uja em mooas ekj humjtk em uj parimjarbzkea mstueba. KIWM], Lajea4 Omfkhbajms y Migkdkeks, Migkdkek em ]rufuky mj oas MM.]]., Hkdk =7, Hkrpmtks 8; y 88. Mo ibsia mstueba pumem hajsuotkrsm mjtrm ok eahuimjtkhbøj obgmrkek par ok kfmjhbk. \âksm HBK, HBK, ‟Apmrktbajko. Wmturj al ^GX]HHMXX Eahuimjts’, Eah. Ja. 2; em lmgrmra em ;2=50 75 ko 73 em lmgrmra em ;2=50 =, < y 3 em ikrza em ;2=5. ;53
3;
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
trkjshrbgbr mo –pokj haiujbstk em kfbtkhbøj hajtbjmjtko gkskea mj hajsbfjks em Iashô‒ qum khkgk em pugobhkr mo hkrkhtmrbzkea ørfkja Mo Imrhurba em Imrhurba em Hcbom, pkrk oa huko cmias saobhbtkea ok emgbek kutarbzkhbøj’.;52 Hbjhumjtk kûas iës tkrem, mo haimjtkrba mebtarbko pkrmhm eueasa4 ms paha pragkgom qum Mo ^kés lariuokrk tko pmebea em ‟kutarbzkhbøj’ k su ^kés haomfk Mo Imrhurba. Imrhurba. Haia rmvmok uj eahuimjta mstkeaujbemjsm, sm trktkgk em ‟apmrkhbajms em hkipa’ em ok HBK emstbjkeks k iastrkr mo ‟ebsmûa haiujbstk y ok pmjmtrkhbøj em mooas mj mo Cmibslmrba’. Mo ‟mxbtasa praymhta’ ckgék sbea prmpkrkea ‟mj mjmra’ y ok ‟haoahkhbøj em PebhcasY iktmrbkoms’ mj ‟uj ebkrba hcbomja’ prmhmebø k ok mtkpk pastmrbar, qum bjhouyø su rmbiprmsbøj ‟mj atras pkésms smomhhbajkeas haj ok ktrbguhbøj hcbomjk’.;=> ]rufuky lum uja em msas pkésms ‟smomhhbajkeas’ y mo iktutbja Mo ^kés mo ^kés mo imeba momfbea pkrk haoahkr msas ‟iktmrbkoms’. Oas krtéhuoas mj humstbøj lumraj pugobhkeas oas eéks ;;, ;8, ;5 y ;6 em ikrza. Imrmhmj mspmhbko ktmjhbøj oas haimjtkrbas jkoms emo ôotbia em mooas pums, ‟k ok vbstk em taek mstk bjlarikhbøj, ms mvbemjtm ;=;
qum ok mxtrmikek PsbhY mj pmobfrasbeke oas ikjmdas haiujbstks Fuktmikok ktrbgubek ja tbmjm okk imjar rmokhbøj rmko haj ok emlmjsk em jbjfôj bjtmrâs mhajøibha hajhrmta, par paemrasa qum smk, jb imjas haj kigbhbajms emo –bipmrbkobsia jartmkimrbhkja‒.
;52
Mo ^kés, ;; em ikrza em ;2=5.
‟Wmpart ^rmpkrme bj tcm ]. X. Bjlariktbaj Kfmjhy’, mj LW]X, Fuktmikok, pëf. 588. ;=>
;=;
Xm trktk em uj mrrar mj ok trkeuhhbøj. 37
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Ms, smjhbookimjtm, ok taik em hajahbibmjta, hukjea taekvék ms tbmipa em mvbtkroa, em ujk kimjkzk mlmhtbvk y frkvésbik qum pmsk sagrm ok sbtukhbøj kimrbhkjk, sagrm ok ksaobekrbeke cmibslârbhk, qum moujbek @rmiobj qubmrm raipmr huko qubmr prmhba’. hukoqubmr pr mhba’. ‟Kiârbhk, y obgrm (…) emgm ksuibr pomjkimjtm su rmspajskgbobeke cbstørbhk, bipbebmjea qum Fuktmikok jb jbjfujk atrk tbmrrk kimrbhkjk hkbfkj gkda ok mshokvbtue haiujbstk’.;=7 Xmjsbgbobzkr khmrhk emo pmobfra bjibjmjtm qum rmprmsmjtkgk Fuktmikok haia kvkjzkek emo savbmtbsia mrk ujk em oks oéjmks prapkfkjeéstbhks prapumstks. Mj hajsajkjhbk haj mooa, eas krtéhuoas em khtukobeke mxtrkjdmrk sbj rik pugobhkeas mj ok pëfbjk mebtarbko em Ok Ikûkjk oas Ikûkjk oas eéks 6 y 2 em ikrza, pajékj mo khmjta mj ‟ok patmjhbkobeke ibobtkr’ y mo ‟paemréa ibobtkr y kârma’ emo Xavbmt, qum, haj søoa emhbebroa, paeék bjhursbajkr par tbmrrks suekimrbhkjks mj grmvms iaimjtas. Ko eék sbfubmjtm, mo ;> em ikrza, emsem Mo Eék Eék sm pugobhbtø qum mrk ‟ok ‟o k ]jbeke ^kjkimrbhkjk’ oa qum mstkgk ‟mj dumfa mj Hkrkhks’, pkrk oa huko sm ckhék uj ookikea ko ‟smjtbea em rmspajskgbobeke kimrbhkja’. Atrks eas ebrmhtbvks em ok HBK pkskgkj par rmikrhkr ok ‟saomeke’ em Fuktmikok mj ok Hajlmrmjhbk Ha jlmrmjhbk y emjujhbkr ok sbtukhbøj bipmrkjtm mj msm pkés mj hukjta k ok prmjsk sm rmmrm. Xagrm oa prbimra, mo 75 em ikrza Ok Ikûkjk emstkhø qum ‟Fuktmikok mstë gktbmjea uj râhare (…) mj sus prapumstks y apasbhbajms. Uaeks haj uj vata. Mo suya, mjtrm 7> pkésms’. Urms eéks kjtms, ujk haouijk mj Mo Eék Eék emshrbgék mo ‟pmobfra’ qum
;=7
Mo ^kés, ;6 em ikrza em ;2=5.
38
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
harrék ‟ok prmjsk bjempmjebmjtm mj Fuktmikok’, pkés eajem sm rmstrbjfék ok obgmrtke em apbjbøj ‟tko y haia sm prkhtbhk mj ok ]jbøj Xavbâtbhk’. Mo rmsuotkea jko. Mj Hkrkhks, ok emomfkhbøj urufukyk sm iastrkgk pkrhk y ja ekgk iumstrks em khaipkûkr ok iahbøj em Lastmr Euooms. Ko iaimjta em hajtkr oas vatas, Fuktmikok sm apusa, Krfmjtbjk y Iâxbha sm kgstuvbmraj y jumstra pkés jkoimjtm eba mo sé. ]ja em jumstras emomfkeas, mo mspmhbkobstk mj Emrmhca Bjtmrjkhbajko Er. Dbiâjmz em Krâhckfk hajlmsø qum ckgékj khmptkea ‟sbj mjtusbksia (…) y sbj mo smjtbibmjta em mstkr hajtrbguymjea k ok keaphbøj em ujk imebek hajstruhtbvk’.;=8 Mj mo iaimjta, mo pkrtbea fagmrjkjtm mjskyø ebstbjtks løriuoks pkrk mxpobhkr ok hajtrkebhhbøj, sbfjbhktbvk sb tmjmias mj humjtk ok hmrrkek emlmjsk mebtarbko qum emsem mo pmrbøebha emo ahbkobsia sm cbza rmspmhta em Fuktmikok. Khhbøj Fuktmikok. Khhbøj pugobhø pugobhø ok tatkobeke em oas ebshursas emo hkjhboomr fuktmikotmha Fuboomria Uarbmooa, pbmzks arktarbks emgbekimjtm sbomjhbkeks par ok prmjsk kjtbhaiujbstk migkrfa, uj imiarëjeui em ok HBK urufukyk. lmhckea mo Xbj 72 em ikrza jas kyuek k haiprmjemr ok khtbtue emo fagbmrja4 ‟mo vata urufukya lum agtmjbea’ oumfa em ‟smûkokrPomY bjlarikoimjtm’ ko ‟prmsbemjtm em ok emomfkhbøj’ urufukyk ‟qum mo kpaya qum paeékj mspmrkr em Mstkeas ]jbeas mj hksa em PujkY kfrmsbøj Krfmjtbjk empmjeék
;26. ;=8
Hbtk Hb Hbtkea tkea ea mj Fareaj Fare Fa reaj aj Hajjmo-Xibtc, Hajj Ha jjmo mo-X -Xib ibtc tc,, Mo sbstmik, pëf.
35
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
mj frkj imebek em ok pasbhbøj kjtbhaiujbstk kjtbhaiujbstk (…) mj ok hajlmrmjhbk’.;=5 Dukj Dasâ Krâvkoa mj Iajtmvbema. ^msm k ok bjeuekgom ‟vbhtarbk iarko’ hajsmfubek par ok emomfkhbøj fuktmikotmhk mj Hkrkhks, eajem oas ebshursas mibtbeas par mo hkjhboomr Uarbmooa hajhbtkraj vbvas kpokusas, mo rmsuotkea em ok rmujbøj pajék ko emshugbmrta mo kbsokibmjta mj qum ckgék qumekea su pkés, eajem par msm mjtajhms ok pasbgbobeke em ujk bjvksbøj sm smjték hkek vmz haj iës lumrzk.;== Lruta em mooa y em atrks mvbemjhbks ―par mdmipoa, ok mxcbgbhbøj pôgobhk em trapks ‟rmgmoems’ mj Cajeurks―, mo fagbmrja em Krgmjz haiprø uj hkrfkimjta em kriks hcmhks mouebmjea ksé mo hmrha jartmkimrbhkja qum om pracbgék ok bipartkhbøj em iktmrbko gâobha emsem ;253. Lumraj trkjspartkeks mj smhrmta par uj guqum sumha y ok HBK sm mjtmrø emiksbkea tkrem, mvkoukjea qum sb cujeék mo gkrha
;=5
HBK, ‟Wmpartme gy Ir. P Y Aj AKX Hajlmrmjhm’,
Eah. Ja. ;8=32>8)0 y Kjk Ikrék Waeréfumz Kyhkfumr, Mjtrm ok cmrikjeke y mo pkjkimrbhkjbsia. Mo Fagbmrja em Kiâzkfk y oks rmokhbajms haj Krfmjtbjk (Iajtmvbema4 Lkhuotke em Cuikjbekems y Hbmjhbks em ok Meuhkhbøj, ^kpmoms em Urkgkda, 7>>5). ;==
^bmra Fombdmsms, Ok mspmrkjzk, pëf. 83;. 3=
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
smrék bipasbgom jmfkr ok bipobhkjhbk em MM.]]. Emhbebø skgatmkr ok rme lmrravbkrbk qum trkjspartkrék mo krikimjta, pmra oas trms bjtmjtas lkookraj. lkookr aj. Kjtm msm mshmjkrba, kjkobstks hajhouymraj qum ok bipartkhbøj paeék smr oas gbmj kpravmhckek, kgrbâjeasm uj pmréaea em ‟gajkjzk mj târibjas em prapkfkjek’.;=86, 7 em dujba em ;2=5. ;=3
Dukj Dasâ Krâvkoa, Mshrbtas haipomimjtkrbas (Fuktmikok4 Ibjbstmrba em Meuhkhbøj, ;233), mspmhbkoimjtm pëfs. 8>-8;. Xagrm su khtukhbøj haia ‟Migkdkear sbj smem’ vâksm Krhcbva em Dukj Dasâ Krâvkoa, (mj kemokjtm, KDDK), ‟Migkdkear ‘ ;2=;-;266’. ;=2
^ar uj emtkookea bjlarim gbafrëha, haj eas em sus hbjha pëfbjks hmjsurkeks vâksm4 HBK, ‟Gbafrkpcbh Ektk ;
36
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Kjtm ok frkvmeke em ok cark, ok smfujek smikjk em dujba em ;2=5 mo mx prmsbemjtm oomfø k ]rufuky pkrk hajtrkrrmstkr oks emjujhbks hajtrk Fuktmikok. Xm rmujbø kutarbekems y pmrsajkobekems paoétbhks,haj hajlmrmjhbø pkrk oahkoms uj jutrbea y cmtmrafâjma pôgobha, lum kfkskdkea haj ujk hmjk par mo rmhbâj hrmkea Iavbibmjta em Emlmjsk k Fuktmikok y su prmsmjhbk sbrvbø pkrk iastrkr haia mo pôgobha oahko rmpuebkgk oa qum pkrmhék ujk smfurk bjvksbøj k Fuktmikok. Ok mstkhbøj em ok HBK mj Iajtmvbema iajtø ujk bjtmjsk smrbm em ktkqums pkrk imookr ok kshmjemjtm furk em kquâo. Kofa sbibokr sm ckgék bjstruimjtkea paha kjtms mj Hcbom, eajem Krâvkoa lum emjujhbkea par uj Iavbibmjta Kjtbhaiujbstk.;2), pëf. ;87. ]j iuy mxckustbva mstueba, ebshutm haj âxbta huëjta bjuyø mj Koomjem mo emrrahkibmjta em Krgmjz. Xagrm msta vâksm Ikr` U. Cavm, ‟Ucm Krgmjz Lkhtar’. HBK, ‟Hkgom Wm Fuktmikok ;2=5 Haup’, Eah. Ja. 277=>3, ;; Dujm ;2=5. \âksm tkigbâj Xkovkear Koomjem, Agrks mshafbeks (Xkjtbkfa em Hcbom4 Kjtërtbhk-Hcbom mj mo Xbfoa SS, ;227), pëfs. ;3;-;37. ; em dujba em ;2=5) saj beâjtbhas k oas qum hajstkj mj uj eahuimjta ‟rmsmrvkea’ qum ok Migkdkek em MM.]]. om cbhbmrk oomfkr k jumstrk hkjhboomrék k oas mlmhtas em qum ]rufuky jmfkrk ‟oas eahuimjtas jmhmskrbas pkrk vbkdkr k kqumooks pmrsajks qum oa ckhmj ko smrvbhba em oas bjtmrmsms emo haiujbsia’. KIWM], Lajea4 Ibjbstmrba em Wmokhbajms Mxtmrbarms, Hkdk HBS3, Hkrpmtk =, Eah. Ja. 7=2. ;3;
26
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
qum mj Fuktmikok sm ckgék mjtrajbzkea ujk ebhtkeurk em tbpa savbâtbha eajem sm vbaokgkj rmbtmrkekimjtm oas emrmhcas hbvboms. Kemiës, sm hajsbemrkgk qum mo kgbmrta ‟kpaya’ ekea par ok ]WXX ko pmqumûa pkés hmjtrakimrbhkja ―rmhuâremsm mo mpbsaeba em oks kriks hcmhks― hajstbtuék ujk ‟kfrkjtm’ bjtmrvmjhbøj em ujk patmjhbk larëjmk mj oas ksujtas emo cmibslmrba ahhbemjtko oa huko rmhokikgk ksuibr ok rmspajskgbobeke em ujk ‟khhbøj haomhtbvk y iuotboktmrko’ qum em larik urfmjtm kbsoksm mo laha haiujbstk.;37 Ok ja obgmrkhbøj ko pôgobha em oas iktmrbkoms em prmjsk fmjmrkeas par ok mstkhbøj em ok HBK mj Iajtmvbema bipbem hukjtbhkr emtkookekimjtm ok tatkobeke em oa pugobhkea eurkjtm oas eéks em ok bjvksbøj.;38 Xbj migkrfa, mjtrm oas eahuimjtas pôgobhas cky uj bjlarim em hkipa mjvbkea emsem Iajtmvbema eajem hajstk qum eurkjtm ok smikjk jkobzkek mo 75 em dujba, oas kfmjtms hajtkgbobzkraj 8< krtéhuoas kjtb Fuktmikok. Hblrk qum pmribték supmrkr oas 72 krtéhuoas pra Fuktmikok kpkrmhbeas eurkjtm mo ibsia pmréaea em tbmipa, ckhbâjeasm ok skovmeke em qum mo rmhumjta ja bjhouék oa pugobhkea mj mo ørfkja ør fkja haiujbstk Dust haiujbstk Dustbhbk bhbk..;35 HBK, ‟^rafrmss Wmpart-^GX]HHMXX lar tcm ^mrbae 3-;5 Dujm ;2=5’, Eah. Ja. 27;2;5, ;= Dujm ;2=5. ;37
Ja suhmem oa ibsia haj oas iktmrbkoms em prapkfkjek fmjmrkeas par ok mstkhbøj Fuktmikok, cmhcas pôgobhas tatkoimjtm y eajem sé pumemj vmrsm, kedujtkeas, oas krtéhuoas mj bjfoâs dujta k su emgbek trkeuhhbøj ko mspkûao, bjebhëjeasm tkigbâj mj kofujk apartujbeke mo imeba mshrbta ko qum smrék mjvbkea pkrk su pugobhkhbøj. ;38
HBK, ‟Hkgom Ua Ebrmhtar Lrai (Emomtme) Wm Fuktmikok ;2=5 Haup’, Eah. Ja. 27;;33, 75 Dujm ;2=5. ;35
23
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Mo hbjm y ok prmjsk. Mo grmvm rmpksa em høia ok ‟prmjsk frkjem’ urufukyk ibmjtrks ok hrbsbs em Fuktmikok‟kjkobzø’ oomfkgk k usu‟apbjø’ emsmjokhm jko jumvkimjtm rmvmok ujk mspmhbko hajharekjhbk haj oa qum mrkj oks ebrmhtbvks trkzkeks par ok HBK.;3= Hajsbemrkea uj mhkz bjstruimjta em eblusbøj bemaoøfbhk, mo hbjm hajstbtuyø uja em oas hkipas em gktkook em ok Fumrrk Lrék. K oas mlmhtas emo tmik qum jas ahupk, bjtmrmsk mstkgomhmr qum ibmjtrks Fuktmikok mrk bjvkebek, eas hbjms em Iajtmvbema mstrmjkraj smjeks pmoéhuoks kjtbhaiujbstks. Kofujas bjebhbas pkrmhmj bjebhkr qum ok sbiuotkjmbeke ja mrk hksuko. ^rbimra, ujk em mooks tmjék haia mshmjkrba y tmik prbjhbpko ujk momhtrbzkjtm ‟ibsbøj subhbek mj Fuktmikok’. R smfujea, sm kevbmrtm qum dujta ko haimjtkrba y kjujhba emo oi, ujk ‟arfkjbzkhbøj hajtraokek’ em ok HBK ―mo Iavbibmjta Kjtbtatkobtkrba―, kpravmhckgk mo mspkhba pkrk praiahbajkroa y saobhbtkr haokgarkhbajms mj mstas târibjas4 ‟Ja mspmrm k emlmjemr ok obgmrtke hukjea ok ckyk pmrebea. Haapmrm haj qubmjms ok mstëj emlmjebmjea’.;3< Mj ujk apartujbeke, uj kjëobsbs kpkrmhbea mj ok pëfbjk mebtarbko em Mo ^kés oomfø ^kés oomfø k bemjtbhkr k Krgmjz haj mo oéemr haiujbstk Ca Hcb Ibjc. K prbimrk vbstk, mo kjtbhaiujbsia kooé mxprmskea hajharekgk haj oa qum mrk ujk hokrk pasbhbøj mebtarbko emo ebkrba y par oa HBK, ‟@ufawj-^GX]HHMXX-Xav ‟@ufawj-^GX]HHMXX-Xavbmt bmt Xugikrbjm Apmrktbaj (V/Kttkhcimjts)’, Eah. Ja. 2; Ok ‟savbmtbzkhbøj’ em Fuktmikok hajstbtuék atra em oas kspmhtas k pugobhbtkr. Mj Ok Ikûkjk msm msm pujta Ikûkjk lum trktkea mxtmjskimjtm, kevbrtbâjeasm qum kqumook jkhbøj hmjtrakimrbhkjk mstkgk ‟haipomtkimjtm eaibjkek par oas haiujbstks’. Âstas, oas momimjtas prbjhbpkoms y kpaya lujekimjtko em ujk ‟skjfrbmjtk tbrkjék’ qum smfôj mo mebtarbkobstk bgk mj hkibja em keaptkr ujk ‟paoétbhk kimjkzkeark lrmjtm k oas o as emiës pkésms hmjtrakimrbhkjas’, tmjebmjea k ‟smigrkr mj mooas oks iës frkvms pmrturgkhbajms’.;2; Mo ^oktk ^oktk kpartø paha emspuâs ujk emtkookek ‟mxpasbhbøj hrajaoøfbhk’ em oas kvkjhms emo iavbibmjta haiujbstk qum sm prmpkrkgk pkrk ‟eaibjkr k Fuktmikok’.;27 Bjbhbkek ok bjvksbøj em oas imrhmjkrbas haikjekeas par Hkstbooa Kriks, Mo Eék pugobhø Eék pugobhø ujk mxtmjsk smrbm em krtéhuoas qum kjkobzkgkj mo hksa em Fuktmikok haia ‟hkgmhmrk em pumjtm mj mo cmibslmrba ahhbemjtko emo haiujbsia iujebko’.;28 Mj msk oéjmk bgkj oks jatksyeblujebeks par Ok Ikûkjk gkda gkda mo tétuoa Ikûkjk ‟Fuktmikok Hcmhasoavkqubk. Mo pkrkomobsia em oks eas sbtukhbajms’.;25 ^ar msas eéks, uj mebtarbko em
Mo ^kés, 2 em em dujba dujba em em ;2=5. ;2=5.
Ok Ikûkjk, 7< 7< em em iky ikyaa em ;2=5. ;2=5 ;2 =5..
Mo ^oktk, ;3 em dujba em ;2=5.
;28
Mo Eék, 77, 78 y 77== em em dujba dujba em em ;2=5. ;2=5.
;25
Ok Ikûkjk, 78 y 75 75 em em dujba dujba em em ;2=5. ;2=5.
;2> ;2; ;27
;>;
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Mo ^kés ^kés kevmrték qum oa em Fuktmikok mvbemjhbkgk qum ‟mo savbmtbsia faopmk ok pumrtk’ y ‟par msa sm ckhm urfmjtm prmvmjbr, par taeas oas imebas (…) mo hrmhbibmjta em oks khtbvbekems emo haiujbsia’.;2= Haia mstkgk prmvbsta mj mo pokj fmjmrko em khhbøj mjhugbmrtk, ok bjvksbøj smrék khrmebtkek k oas MM.]]. par oa huko ujk mvbemjtm khhbøj em prapkfkjek mrk prmsmjtkr oas mpbsaebas haia kofa bjtmrja mjtrm fuktmikotmhas. Ok Ikûkjk Ikûkjk ebrbfbø su mslumrza mj msk ebrmhhbøj4 ‟ok paoétbhk pra savbâtbhk emo fagbmrja fuktmikotmha’ hrmø uj ‟frkvm pragomik’ k ok ‟haiujbeke cmibslârbhk’, oa qum kigbmjtø mo mstkoobea rmvaouhbajkrba ko lrmjtm emo huko ‟sm mjhumjtrkj jatarbas ibobtkjtms fuktmikotmhas’ y ja mxtrkjdmras. Wmhajahbmjea qum tko vmz mo ibsia cugbmrk pkrtbea emsem mo mxtmrbar, mo haouijbstk bjvbtø k qum ok apbjbøj pôgobhk iajtmvbemkjk duzfkrk mooa sbj mxtrkûmzk y haj prkfiktbsia4 ‟mo cmhca em qum sm ckykj arfkjbzkea mj uj pkés vmhbja ja gkstk pkrk ekrom hkrëhtmr (…) em bjtmrvmjhbøj mxtrkjdmrk’ pums ‟ok cbstarbk em oks ouhcks hbvboms mj Oktbjakiârbhk mstë pokfkek em mpbsaebas sbibokrms’.;2< Xbj kpaya bjtmrjkhbajko y trkbhbajkea par mo Mdârhbta fuktmikotmha qum jmfø su hajhursa k ok cark em mjlrmjtkrsm ko bjvksar, ok tkrem emo 76 em dujba mo prmsbemjtm Krgmjz eba mo pksa ko hastkea. Mo khta ckgrék em ikrhkroa par mo rmsta em sus eéks y kquâo ebshursa
;2=
Mo ^kés, 77 em dujba em ;2=5.
;2<
Ok Ikûkjk, 75 em dujba em ;2=5.
;>7
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
mjtrmhartkea em rmjujhbk søoa mrk mo haibmjza em uj tarimjtasa mxboba qum, ko hkga em ujk sbstmiëtbhk hkipkûk em emsbjlarikhbøj arqumstkek par ok HBK, tmribjø garrëjeaoa em ok cbstarbk em su pkés. ;26 Bfukoimjtm, ja pkrmhm ahbasa kfrmfkr qum oks oéjmks qum kjtmhmemj boustrkj oks krbstks prbjhbpkoms em ujk mstrktmfbk em fumrrk psbhaoøfbhk qum ok HBK vkoarø pasbtbvkimjtm, pums smfôj uja em sus kjkobstks, ‟mo omjfukdm, oas krfuimjtas y oks tâhjbhks emo mpbsaeba Krgmjz’ lumraj ‟uskeas mj Hugk k prbjhbpbas em ok eâhkek em ;2, mj Grksbo mj ;25
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
8. MO MSBOBA EM KWGMJT R OKX KHHBAJMX MJH]GBMWUKX EM OK HBK4 ±IAEMOA EM A^MWKHBØJ ^WA^KFKJEÉXUBHK1 Obgmrkeas mj su hksb tatkobeke oas rmfbstras em ok apmrkhbøj mjhugbmrtk par imeba em ok huko ok mstkeaujbemjsm HBK larzø mo emrrahkibmjta emo prmsbemjtm em Fuktmikok Dkhaga Krgmjz Fuziëj mj dujba ;2=5, ck qumekea emjbtbvkimjtm hokra qum mo tmik hajstbtuym uj mvmjta emhbsbva em oks rmokhbajms em MM.]]. haj Kiârbhk Oktbjk eurkjtm ok Fumrrk Lrék. Ja emgm mjtajhms sarprmjemr qum ekek ok trkshmjemjhbk emo ibsia, cmhca qum yk lumrk pmrhbgbea mj su iaimjta, uj gumj jôimra em mstuebasas ckyk emebhkea sus mslumrzas k trktkr em haiprmjemr kqumooas mpbsaebas. Haj oas rmfbstras kcark pôgobhas y k iës em imeba sbfoa em kqumooas cmhcas, mo emgktm cbstarbafrëha habjhbem mj qum ok emhbsbøj em emrrahkr k Krgmjz par pkrtm em MM.]]. mstuva sagrm taea iatbvkek par oas bipmrktbvas bemaoøfbhas y paoétbhas prapbas emo mjlrmjtkibmjta gbpaokr. Khokrkea msm tøpbha y pumsta mj mvbemjhbk qum iës kooë emo vksta apmrktbva ebsmûkea par ok HBK mo prmsbemjtm fuktmikotmha hkyø imebkjea uj faopm
;>=
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
ibobtkr,;22 rmsuotkj tkj mshksks haia ebspmrsks oks rmlmrmjhbks qum oas mstuebasas om ckj emebhkea k uj tmik qum, haia oa lum mo mxboba em Krgmjz, k prbarb søoa pkrmhm mjtrkûkr uj eaoarasa erkik pmrsajko. Xasokykjea oks hbrhujstkjhbks imjarms y hajahbeks khmrhk emo tartuasa pmrbpoa qum haia mxbobkea vbvbmrk mo mx fagmrjkjtm dujta k su lkibobk eurkjtm paha iës em trms oustras, mstm trkgkda gushk emtmjmrsm mj boustrkr høia ok khhbøj em ok HBK mj mo hksa Krgmjz ja sm kfatk mj iastrkrjas oks tâhjbhks y iâtaeas haj oas hukoms sm lrkfuk smhrmtkimjtm uj faopm em mstkea. Kujqum pkrhbko y obibtkek, ok eahuimjtkhbøj obgmrkek par ebhck kfmjhbk tkigbâj jas kevbmrtm em huëjta mstk sm mslarzø mjhugbmrtkimjtm par ekûkr ok bikfmj pôgobhk em kquâo prmsbemjtm fuktmikotmha, par msm mjtajhms emvmjbea yk mj furk paoétbhk em prbimr aremj emjtra emo mspmhtra oktbjakimrbhkja. Kiâj em oa qum pumem hktkoafkrsm haia ujk bjimebktk khtbtue vbfbokjtm ckhbk su pmrsajk, lkibobk y hérhuoa em kibstkems, oas eahuimjtas tkigbâj pajmj ko emshugbmrta høia msks apmrkhbajms em prapkfkjek lumraj pumstks mj prëhtbhk par ok HBK. Em mstkmlmhtbvkimjtm larik, y sbj emdkr sbmiprm em rmibtbrjas k oks mvbemjhbks eahuimjtkoms, ms pasbgom lujekimjtkr ok mxbstmjhbk em ujk hokrk apmrkhbøj em emsprmstbfba qum par iaimjtas lum pkrtbhuokrimjtm bjtmjsk ―mjtrm ;2=5 y ;2―, pmréaea oumfa emo huko oas rmfbstras em ok HBK rmspmhta k Krgmjz saj mshksas y qum, Wmvaouhbøj Hugkjk imebkjtm, su jatarbmeke ckgék mjtrkea yk mj ujk lksm em lrkjha emhobvm. Mj lujhbøj ;22
Jbh` Huooktcmr, ^GX]HHMXX, pëf. ;>7.
;><
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
em mooa, ms kotkimjtm pragkgom qum oas mslumrzas em ok HBK ja lumrkj jmhmskrbas pums par msm mjtajhms mo mx prmsbemjtm sbigaobzkgk ok emrratk.7>> ^ar ôotbia, oas eahuimjtas qum em kqué mj kemokjtm lujekimjtkrëj mo prmsmjtm trkgkda, jas pmribtmj hajahmr em hmrhk ujk lkhmtk kofa bjâebtk em sus apmrkhbajms y ja par mooa imjas bipartkjtm4 ok em høia sm hajstruym apbjbøj. Ksé mjtmjebea, ja emgbmrk pkskrsm par kota qum ‟mo omjfukdm, oas krfuimjtas y oks tâhjbhks emo mpbsaeba Krgmjz’ lumraj ‟uskeas mj Hugk k prbjhbpbas em ok eâhkek em ;2, mj Grksbo mj ;27 Krikhbøj sbfjbhktbvk y qum hajrik, hajstk mj ujk kipobk obtmrkturk, qum mo trbujla ‟sbjhaia ikjhcks’ em ;2=5 lum iuhca iës kooë emo hksa Fuktmikok.7>8
Ckstk mo iaimjta, oas iktmrbkoms rmomvkeas pmribtmj lujekimjtkr trms hmrtmzks prbjhbpkoms. ^rbimra, emgm iktbzkrsm ok apbjbøj em qum ‟mo cbstarbkear, mj mstas kûas em ok vbek em Krgmjz, ja pumem ckhmr atrk hask qum jkrrkr haj smjhboomz oas cmhcas’ yk qum âstm ‟emskpkrmhm haipomtkimjtm em ok 7>5
cbstarbk em su pkés’ oumfa em su rmjujhbk.
^bmra Fombdmsms, Ok mspmrkjzk, pëf. =8=.
Jbh` Huooktcmr, ^GX]HHMXX, pëf. ;;6.
7>> 7>;
Ucmaearm Erkpmr, ‟Bs tcm HBK Jmhmsskry1’, mj Ucm Jmw Rar` Wmvbmw al Gaa`s, SOB\4;8, ;226. 7>7
7>8
Wcaerb Dmllrmys-Dajms, Cbstarbk.
Dmsôs Dmsôs Fkrhék Dm Fkrhék Kûavmras, Kûavmras, Dkhaga Krgmjz (Ikerbe4 Cbstarbk ;5
;>6
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Xmfujea, ms jmhmskrba kevmrtbr qum mstkias kjtm ujk bjstkjhbk tkj eaoarask haia sbomjhbkek em ok cbstarbk em Fuktmikok.7>= Umrhmra, taea bjebhk qum mj oas bjjuimrkgoms dubhbas emebhkeas k Dkhaga Krgmjz, uj bipartkjtm momimjta ja ck sbea ebshutbea kôj4 huëjta bjuyø ok prapkfkjek hajtrkrbk em ok HBK mj ok paokrbzkhbøj mxtrmik qum khmrhk emo mx prmsbemjtm y su agrk sbfumj taekvék vbfmjtms mj ok Fuktmikok khtuko. Dkhaga Krgmjz, mo ‟Xaoekea emo ^umgoa’. Cbda emo lkrikhâutbha subza Dkhaga y ok qumtzkotmhk Ahtkvbk, mo qum smrék prmsbemjtm em Fuktmikok jkhbø mj smtbmigrm em ;2;8 mj [umtzkotmjkjfa. Mj ok hkpbtko emo pkés, Hbueke em Fuktmikok, sm frkeuø haia ibobtkr mj ok Mshumok ^aobtâhjbhk agtmjbmjea mxhmomjtms hkobhkhbajms, oa qum supusa su hajtrktkhbøj haia pralmsar em ok ibsik. ibsik. Mrkj oas tbmipas tbmi pas em ok ebhtkeurk ebhtk eurk em Darfm ]gbha (;28;-;255), qubmj ja ebsbiuokjea sus sbipktéks par mo lkshbsia, mj ;255 emgbø ekr uj pksa ko hastkea prmsbajkea par uj hajdujta cmtmrafâjma em lumrzks. Mo davmj ibobtkr Krgmjz lum uja em oas hkgmhbooks qumkooé bjspbrkraj kqumookpaoétbhk cbstørbhk rmvumotk, haimjzkjea ujk hkrrmrk vmrtbfbjask4 rmvaouhbajkrba mj ok bjstkjhbk, ibmigra em ok o k dujtk qum oumfa ookiø k oks momhhbajms y ibjbstra emlmjsar em ok omfkobeke eurkjtm mo ikjekta emo prmsbemjtm Dukj Dasâ Krâvkoa (;25=-;2=;) lumraj oas trms iaimjtas qum prmhmebmraj k su momhhbøj haia prbimr ikjektkrba em ok rmpôgobhk k jkoms em ;2=>. Xbfoa SSB , 8; em kfasta em ;22>. P‟Ok hajspbrkhbøj emo sbomjhba’, par Ikrék \bokjavkY. 7>=
;>3
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Haj Krgmjz mj ok prmsbemjhbk, mo ckstk msm iaimjta téibea prafrkik rmvaouhbajkrba hagrø éipmtu. Mo pokj em Wmlarik Kfrkrbk, par âo ibsia emjbea haia mo lruta iës cmriasa em ok Wmvaouhbøj, hajstbtuyø mo mdm prbjhbpko em taea uj praymhta em hkigba mstruhturko qum ujk vmz kgartkea par ok bjvksbøj mrk rmkoimjtm mxbtasa. Ok rmjujhbk4 ‟lum ujk trkfmebk’. Urkbhbajkea par sus haomfks ibobtkrms, sbj kpaya bjtmrjkhbajko y ko hkga em bjtmjsas imsms em tmjsbøj iëxbik, Krgmjz ebibtbø mjtrmfkjea mo paemr k uj 7><
ibobtkr hrmék mo.smrvbrék Xupusa,pkrk ja sbj bjfmjubeke, qum mo pksaqum ko hastkea skovkr oks hajqubstks emo pmréaea rmvaouhbajkrba. Mrk ok tkrem emo 76 em dujba y mooa ckgrék ckgrék em em ikrhkroa par mo rmsta em em sus eéks. Krgmjz ‟pmrikjmhék rmharekjea y rmhrbibjëjeasm’ par ok rmjujhbk, rmhumrek ujk kibfk hmrhkjk em Dkhaga y Ikrék ibmjtrks vbvbmrkj mj ]rufuky. Xus ckgbtukoms hajvmrskhbajms eurkjtm ok tkrem sbmiprm emrbvkgkj k oas iaimjtas jkoms em ok Wmvaouhbøj fuktmikotmhk y Dkhaga pkrmhék ‟kofubmj qum qubmrm vaovmr ktrës’ mj mo tbmipa. Dujta ko subhbeba em su pkerm, kqumooa mstkgk emtmjbea ‟mj su hkgmzk’.7>6 Xbj emdkr em okea sus prapbks bjsmfurbekems, emgm kfrmfkrsm qum ok ikfjbtue em ok eahuimjtkhbøj em ok HBK mj oa qum ktkûm mxhousbvkimjtm k ok prmsbøj mdmrhbek sagrm mo fagmrjkjtm pmribtm taikr ebstkjhbk
7><
^bmra Fombdmsms, ^bmra Fombdm Fom bdmsms sms,, Ok mspmrkjzk, pëf. =;2.
Mjtrmvbstk haj Ikrtck \komjtbjb, Iajtmvbema, smptbmigrm em 7>>=. 7>6
;>2
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
em kqumooks mxpobhkhbajms sbipobstks sagrm sus ôotbiks carks mj ok prmsbemjhbk. Ja rmjujhbø par hagkreék haia sm rmpbtbmrk ujk y atrk vmz haj bjsbstmjhbk emsem oks kibfks y mjmibfks, ebhck mxpobhkhbøj rmsuotk bjsuhbmjtm pkrk bjtmrprmtkr uj lmjøimja iuy haipomda mj mo qum sbj eueks ok trkbhbøj em sus haomfks ibobtkrms rmsuotø emhbsbvk. Iuhca emspuâs, vkoarø kqumooks hbrhujstkjhbks tko y haia oa ckgék sulrbea mj msas eéks haj ujk smjtmjhbk okpbekrbk4 ‟lum ujk trkfmebk’ rmhajahbø Dkhaga mj ok qum smrék su ôotbik mjtrmvbstk.7>3 Wmsuotk sarprmjemjtm huëjta ok HBK oomfø k hajahmr Iës sagrmkooëoksemolartkomzks y em emgbobekems emo prmsbemjtm. ‟huipobea’ ;2=>, hukjea oa emjbø haia ‟grbookjtm…huota’,7>2 oas pujtas khas em su vbek y pmrsajkobeke sbrvbmraj pkrk qum ok kfmjhbk, ujk vmz emrrbgkea emo paemr, khtukrk mj emsimera em su furk y prmstbfba em paoétbha jkhbajkobstk. ]j rmsuimj sagrm mo prahmsa cbstørbha fuktmikotmha emstkhkgk ok hkrrmrk kshmjemjtm em kqumo davmj ibobtkr, prbimra rmvaouhbajkrba y oumfa emlmjsar em ok omfkobeke haia ibjbstra em Krâvkoa.7;> Mstkr tkjta em su mstkea em skoue bipa bipartkjtm rtkjtm y uj ko rmpartm hoéjbha emo kûa ;256pkrmhék ―hukjea Krgmjz Ikrtk Hmcmos`y, ‟Ckgok Krgmjz. Xu dubhba cbstørbha rmtraspmhtbva’, mj Komra, tmrhmrk âpahk, Ja. 3, pëf. ;75. PMjtrmvbstk em ok kutark k Dkhaga Krgmjz mj Xubzk, ;23
7>2
^bmra Fombdmsms, ^bmra Fombdm Fom bdmsms sms,, Ok mspmrkjzk, pëf. ;33.
HBK, ‟Ucm Wmvaoutbajs al ;255 (V/Kttkhcimjts)’, Eah. Ja. 273866, ;< Iky ;2=7. Oks ;3 pëfbjks kedujtkeks k mstm rmpartm ckj sbea ‟hmjsurkeks tatkoimjtm’. 7;>
;;>
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
vbsbtø k uj mspmhbkobstk pkrk trktkr su pragomik haj mo kohacao― lum trkgkdkea.7;; R tkj bipartkjtm haia mooa, pkrmhm hokra qum mj mo pmréaea prmvba k ok bjvksbøj mo prmsbemjtm lum saimtbea k uj bjtmjsa emsfkstm lésbha y 7;7 psbhaoøfbha. Mo ksboa mj ok migkdkek imxbhkjk y ok pkrtbek ruiga ko mxboba. Ebhck ibsbøj ebpoaiëtbhk lum mo prbimr koadkibmjta em oas Krgmjz trks ok rmjujhbk. Oas 68 eéks mj ok ibsik lumraj bjhøiaeas yk qum kemiës kooé sm ksbokgkj atrks 8>> pmrsajks. \bhtarbask ok hajtrkrrmvaouhbøj em Hkstbooa Kriks, ok HBK bjbhbø ujk jumvk lksm em su apmrkhbøj haj trms agdmtbvas prbarbtkrbas. ]ja, mslarzkrsm mj iastrkr oks bipobhkjhbks haiujbstks emo râfbimj empumsta0 eas, ‟qum oas ksbokeas smkj oomvkeas k dubhba Mj mo bjlarim hoéjbha sm om rmhaimjekgk k Dkhaga qum ‟ms iuy bipmrktbva par su smjtbea em gbmjmstkr ksé haia tkigbâj par su lmobhbeke qum ustme sm haoaqum k sé ibsia mj uj pokj gkokjhmkea em vbek’. HBK, ‟Hobjbhko Wmpart aj Krgmjz‒Imjtko Kttbtuem’, Eah. Ja. 2;=> Kprbo ;2=50 ‟Cuok->. ^assbgom Kttkhs Kfkbjst Krgmjz’, Eah. Ja. 2;=>=. 7;5
HBK, ‟Dkhaga Krgmjz, mx-^rmsbemjt al FuktmikokApmrktbajs Kfkbjst (V/Kttkhcimjts)’, Eah. Ja. 2;22, 7;=
;;7
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Mo rmpksa em oks lariks y hajtmjbeas haj qum ok prmjsk fuktmikotmhk y urufukyk hugrbø oas suhmsas pmribtm kvmjturkrjas mj mo trkzkea em ujk tatko sbibobtue haj oas agdmtbvas pokjmkeas par ok kfmjhbk. Mj smhrmta, ok HBK y mo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea apbjkgkj qum oas ksbokeas emgékj smr ‟oomvkeas k dubhba mj Fuktmikok’.7; y ;2=6. Mj mo ibsia, em 73 pëfbjks, sm kûkemj haimjtkrbas y sufmrmjhbks sagrm høia trktkr ―a lumraj trktkeas yk pôgobhkimjtm― kspmhtas pmrsajkoms y paoétbhas em ok lkibobk Krgmjz y su hérhuoa em koomfkeas lujekimjtkoimjtm eurkjtm mo mxboba. 7;<
HBK, Eah. Ja. 2855;em ok mxtrkûk lrbkoeke qum rmbjkgk mj mo kigbmjtm’. Krgmjz kfrkemhbø k oks kutarbekems imxbhkjks y lum raemkea em kofujks furks bipartkjtms, haia ok lkibobk Hëremjks. Xbj migkrfa, imjas kooé puea fazkr em trkjqubobeke yk qum, haia bjlarikrk uj imeba urufukya, su prmsmjhbk pokjtmkgk k Iâxbha ‟uj emobhkea pragomik ebpoaiëtbha’.77; Emsem Fuktmikok oomfkraj emjujhbks y uj pmebea mx prmsbemjtm ookiø k em ujkmxtrkebhbøj. hajlmrmjhbk Mjtajhms, em prmjsk.moArfkjbzkhbajms kjtbhaiujbstks ―kofujks, smjeks ‟lkhckeks’ emtrës em oks hukoms apmrkgk ok HBK― prmpkrkraj ujk pratmstk mj ok pumrtk emo catmo, par oa huko oas imxbhkjas agobfkraj k qum Krgmjz suspmjebmrk mo
Mo Bipkrhbko, ;> em smptbmigrm em ;2=5.
77>
Éemi.
77;
Ok Ikûkjk, ;; em smptbmigrm em ;2=5.
7;2
;;=
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
khta. Kjtm msa, ok jatbhbk qum sm mhcø k raekr ikjtuva mo pmro tmjemjhbasa4 mj rmkobeke Dkhaga ckgék emdkea ‟pokjtkeas grushkimjtm’ k ujas hbmj pmrbaebstks.777 Xartmkjea mj pkrtm ok vmek, apbjø pkrk ok rmvbstk smikjko Xbmiprm Xbmiprm.. Ok rmkhhbøj ja sm cbza mspmrkr. ]jk vmcmimjtm jatk emo pmrbaebstk pmrba ebstk imxbhkja Kjtajba ]røz, sufbmrm qum smfuék uj obgrmta prmmstkgomhbea. Eurkjtm ok mjtrmvbstk, Krgmjz ckgék ebhca qum mo migkdkear em MM.]]. mj Fuktmikok mrk uj ‟fëjfstmr’ y qum su hkéek sm emgék k ok trkbhbøj ibobtkr. Xmfôj ok HBK, oas ‟haimjtkrbas kjtb-Krikek’ mrkj ôtboms pkrk smr ‟mjlktbzkeas mj prapkfkjek 778
bjtmrjk mj Fuktmikok’. Habjhbebmjea ]røz om prmfujtkgk k Dkhaga ‟±^ar quâ kcarkhaj oa mooa, khusk em fëjfstmr1 ±^ar quâ ja tuva mo vkoar suhbmjtm em ckhmroa mj kqumook ahksbøj1’. ‟]stme ―smfuék ]røz― ja tbmjm hkrëhtmr y iuhca imjas krrada, pums, ±quâ saoekea em jumstrk Kiârbhk, haj iës em eahm ibo caigrms, sm mjtrmfk mj ok larik haia oa cbza1 Oas bjea cbspkjas jas kvmrfajzkias em ustme’. Oumfa em oa huko om pbebø qum emdm ‟mj pkz k Fuktmikok, pums kooé jkebm oa qubmrm y sm emsmkj qum oomfum (…) smrë pkrk kpobhkrom ok omy emo Ukobøj’.775
Mo Bipkrhbko, 7; em ahtugrm em ;2=5.
HBK, Eah. Ja. 2;22.
777 778
‟^ar mo bjtmrâs qum tbmjm’ mo krtéhuoa em ]røz lum rmpraeuhbea éjtmfrkimjtm emsem Mo Bipkrhbko, ;; em ebhbmigrm em ;2=5. 775
;;<
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Wuiga k Murapk. Xbj pkpmoms jb mstkgbobeke, oas Krgmjz pkrtbmraj kXubzk Murapk hkgék ok pasbgbobeke em oomfkrsuk y kooéeajem fmstbajkr uj pkskpartm kpravmhckjea emshmjemjhbk. Ko tkjta em msas pokjms, ok HBK mvkouø qum kqumo iavbibmjta paeék pugobhbtkrsm emsem ‟eas ëjfuoas’4 ‟qum mo fagbmrja imxbhkja oa mxpuosø’ a gbmj ‟qum mo vbkdm k Murapk lumrk uj ôotbia bjtmjta em vbkdkr trks ok Hartbjk em Cbmrra pkrk ksmsarkibmjta’.77= Xu mspask Ikrék \bokjavk, rmhumrek qum ok rutk ‟sm cbzaemo vékiktrbiajba. Hkjkeë pkrk k Krkgmook’, ok cbdk 77>>), pëf. ;7=. 77<
776
Lrkjhbs Lrkjh Lrk jhbs bs X. Xkujemrs, Xkuj Xk ujem emrs, rs, Ok HBK, pëfs. pëfs. em javbmigrm em ;2==.
75> 75;
Ok jatk lum rmpraeuhbek mj Mo Bipkrhbko, 7< em mjmra em ;2=>5, pëfs. 5=-6>. (;2=6-)’,
;8>
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
ok kibstke emo fuktmikotmha ‟haj oas haiujbstks’0 ‟mxpajmr sus khtbvbekems paoétbhks y sugvmrsbvks, y par oa tkjta iastrkr qum âo ck vbaokea ok rmfok em ksboa’0 mo ‟hkrëhtmr bjmstkgom em Krgmjz’0 su ‟empmjemjhbk ko kohacao’ m ‟bjebhkhbajms em qum sus cbdks mstëj taekvék emtrës em ok Hartbjk’, mth.7=2 Mj suik, uj iâebha em ok kfmjhbk lum pumsta k trkgkdkr mj ‟uj mstueba em Krgmjz qum puea ckgmr sbea cmhca par uj psbqubktrk emspuâs em ujk smrbm em mjtrmvbstks haj âo’. Mo pokj pmjskea mrk ckhmroa ‟kpkrmhmr (…) haia sb cugbmsm vmjbea em uj emsmrtar hcmha’ y ok ‟bemk emtrës’ mrk ‟rmtrktkr k Krgmjz haia kofubmj bjhkpkz pkrk ok hask pôgobhk’. 7 Oks lmhcks, lariks y hajtmjbeas ok prmjsk kjtbhaiujbstk urufukyk hajrikj mj quâemimebek oas mebtarms em msas imebas sm pomfkgkj k oks sufmrmjhbks prapkfkjeéstbhks oomfkeks emsem ok HBK, oa qum, emgm kûkebrsm, ja mrk javmeasa mj msm mjtajhms.7.
Ikrhck, ;< em ikrza em ;2=;.
8>> 8>;
;53
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
su pmréaea’.8>7 Eéks iës tkrem, Dustbhbk8>8 emjujhbø qum Fuktmikok sm mjhajtrkgk ‟kimjkzkek par Vkoo Xtrmmt’, huyks ‟varkhms kigbhbajms’ mjdubhbkgkj ko prmsbemjtm fuktmikotmha par mstkr ‟prbsbajmra em oas haiujbstks’, uj tøpbha ktkhkea par mo haiujbsia urufukya, pkrk qubmj Krgmjz mrk ‟emiahrëtbha― gurfuâs’ y par mjem ‟ebstk gkstkjtm em smr haiujbstk’.8>5 \atkek mj mo Hajfrmsa fuktmikotmha, ok omy kfrkrbk lum skouekek haj ‟dôgboa’ par Dustbhbk Dustbhbk,, pums kqumo mrk uj ‟trbujla emo pumgoa em Fuktmikok’. Ukjta haia mooa, bipartk rmskotkr oa qum sbfjbhkgk pkrk oas haiujbstks oahkoms4 ‟Fuktmikok mxprmsk… uj mdmipoa rmspokjemhbmjtm em ebfjbeke y harkdm’, mjsmûkjea ‟qum ms pasbgom emrratkr ko bipmrbkobsia ykjqub mj sus ibsiks lkuhms’ haj ujk paoétbhk ‟kjtbbipmrbkobstk, prafrmsbstk y sagmrkjk’.8>= Gmhkea par ok ]JMXHA, uja em oas rmekhtarms em Ikrhck Ikrhck,, mo ikmstra urufukya Duoba Hkstra pmrikjmhbø hksb eas kûas mj Iâxbha. Kqumook mstkeék om pmribtbø smfubr em hmrhk oas khajtmhbibmjtas fuktmikotmhas emsem ;2=7. Ksé, k jkoms em msm kûa, Hkstra pugobhø mj Ikrhck Ikrhck uj emtkookea kjëobsbs em høia Krgmjzkokpobhkgk haj âxbta pokjmspkrk hajtrk mo oktblujeba, qum kpujtkgk hajsus emhbsbøj ksé
8>7
Ikrhck, 6 em ikrza em ;2=7.
Mj msm mjtajhms, pmrbøebha emo ^krtbea Haiujbstk urufukya. urufu kya. Xm pugobhkgk pugobhkgk ebkrbkimjt ebkrbkimjtmm y oumfa em ok hrbsbs bjtmrjk vbvbek par mo pkrtbea mj ;2== pksø k ookikrsm Mo ^apuokr , haimjzkjea k hbrhuokr ebkrbkimjtm mj lmgrmra em ;2=6. 8>8
Dustbhbk, ;5 em ikrza em ;2=7.
Dustbhbk, 3 em kfasta ;2=7.
8>5 8>=
;52
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
‟iaebhkr su mstruhturk kfrkrbk’.8>6 Mo cmhca em qum ok ]LHA lumrk smhujekek par mo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea mstkeaujbemjsm fmjmrø saspmhcks y emjujhbks. Xm euekgk em ok sbjhmrbeke haj qum emsem mo ^krtbea Wmpugobhkja y mo fagbmrja emo prmsbemjtm Ewbfct Mbsmjcawmr sm pugobhbtkgk qum Krgmjz y sus haokgarkearms iës hmrhkjas mrkj ebrbfbeas par mo ‟haiujbsia bjtmrjkhbajko’. Mj tkoms hbrhujstkjhbks, mo iës bipartkjtm em oas ebrbfmjtms sahbkobstks em ]rufuky, Miboba Lrufajb, mebtarbkobzø qum ok khtbtue em MM.]]., prmsa em uj hrmhbmjtm ‟lkjktbsia’, hajstbtuék uj ‟rmtrahmsa… ckhbk lariks em ebpoaikhbk qum hcahkj kgbmrtkimjtm haj ok smjsbgbobeke em oas pumgoas oktbjakimrbhkjas’ y rmvmokj ujk ‟ikok vmhbjeke’.8>3 ^aha emspuâs y em ikjmrk sbiuotëjmk, Ikrhck y Mo Xao Xao sm ahupkraj hkek vmz haj ikyar emo hksa Ok hajtbjukhbøj embjsbstmjhbk oks pratmstks em fuktmikotmha. MM.]]. kjtm Fuktmikok ekgk pbm pkrk mooa. Ikrhck Ikrhck pugobhbtø mjtajhms ok mjârfbhk rmspumstk emo migkdkear
Ikrhck, ;5 em javbmigrm em ;2=7.
Ikrhck, ;6 em kgrbo em ;2=8.
8>< 8>6
8>3
Mo Xao, = em ikya em ;2=8. Mo Xao mrk mo imeba
mshrbta emo ^krtbea Xahbkobstk urufukya y sm pugobhkgk smikjkoimjtm.
;=>
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
fuktmikotmha mj Vkscbjftaj kjtm mo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea, emstkhkjea haj ikyôshuoks oas përrklas qum emjujhbkgkj ok bjtraibsbøj emo fagbmrja mstkeaujbemjsm mj uj ksujta bjtmrja em Fuktmikok.8>2 Mo ibsia smikjkrba rmpksø paha emspuâs haj iës emtmjbibmjta oks emhokrkhbajms emo skobmjtm prmsbemjtm Ckrry X. Uruikj, qubmj kevbrtbø qum ok oasalék qum bjspbrkgk ko jumva fagbmrja rmpugobhkja smrék ‟kyuekr k oas frkjems jmfahbas’.8;> Emsem oks sahbkobstks sm bjvbtø k oas omhtarms pkrk hajhurrbr k ujk ebshusbøj kgbmrtk sagrm mo pragomik em Fuktmikok mj ok Hksk emo ^umgoa em Iajtmvbema.8;; Oas rmsuotkeas em ok bjstkjhbk y ok kvbemz em oas ibobtkjtms par mjtmrkrsm haj iës emtkoom em oa qum ahurrék mj mo pkés hmjtrakimrbhkja iatbvkraj k qum, mj sus mebhbajms sbfubmjtms, Mo Xao Xao brruipbmrk haj ujk smrbm em jatks mxhousbvks.8;7 K msk koturk, ok prmjsk kjtbhaiujbstk eblujeék hksb k ebkrba ‟jatbhbks’ qum kpujtkgkj k bjstkokr mj mo bikfbjkrba oktbjakimrbhkja mo frkvm pragomik emo ‟kvkjhm haiujbstk’ mj ok rmfbøj, pkrtbhuokrimjtm mj Fuktmikok y Gaobvbk. Ok bjtmjsbeke em msks ‟hkipkûks bjtmrmskeks, kqum uj haiôj arbfmj, ebrbfbeks k emskhrmebtkr oas tbmjmj rmféimjms fuktmikotmha y gaobvbkja’, oomvø k qum Ikrhck Ikrhck mebtarbkobzkrk ujk pasbhbøj hkek vmz iës emjbek mj ok emlmjsk em
Ikrhck, 5 em smptbmigrm em ;2=8.
Ikrhck, ;7 em smptbmigrm em ;2=8.
Mo Xao, 2 em smptbmigrm em ;2=8.
8>2 8;> 8;; 8;7
;< em smptbmigrm em ;2=8 yMo6 Xao em ,ahtugrm em ;2=8. em ;2=80 8> em smptbmigrm
;=;
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
kigas pkésms, ‟bjjmfkgomimjtm frktas k ok o k hkusk em ok mikjhbpkhbøj em oas pumgoas oktbjakimrbhkjas’.8;8 ‟Ko iktkemra’4 ok hmjsurk k Fuktmikok mj Hkrkhks. Oas eahuimjtas em ok HBK pmribtmj hajahmr høia ebhck bjstbtuhbøj emsem jkoms em ;2=7 haimjzø k ebsmibjkr uj hajdujta em emjujhbks tmjebmjtms k emsprmstbfbkr k Krgmjz. ]jk vmz kpragkek k jkoms em ;2=8, ok khhbøj mjhugbmrtk prmpkrø mo tmrrmja pkrk rmiavmroa em su fagbmrja sagrm ok gksm em qum mo prmsbemjtm mstkgk ‟hajtraokea par haiujbstks’.8;5 Oks mvbemjhbks bjebhkj qum ok hkipkûk prapkfkjeéstbhk kequbrbø em kooé mj iës moujjôimra hkrëhtmremsbstmiëtbha hrmhbø hajsbemrkgomimjtm krtéhuoas y oky bjtmjsbeke em oks emjujhbks. Haia mstkgk prmvbsta mj ok tmrhmrk mtkpk emo pokj em ok apmrkhbøj em ok HBK, kpobhkr lumrtms ‟prmsbajms ebpoaiëtbhks’ k trkvâs em ok AMK hajstbtuék uj pujta bipartkjtm, pums kûkeék uj momimjta iës k ok emjaibjkek ‟hajhmjtrkhbøj’ em lumrzks hajtrk mo agdmtbva.8;= Oas mhas msk hkipkûk cbhbmrajHaj rmkhhbajkr mj ]rufuky k oasemsmhtarms em bzqubmrek. oa qum mrkj sus mshksas imebas, sahbkobstks, tmrhmrbstks8; em ahtugrm em ;2=8.
HBK, ‟Fuktmikok ‘ Fmjmrko ^okj al Khtbaj’, Eah. Ja. ;8=36=, ;7 Javmigmr ;2=8. 8;5
8;=
Xagrm mooa vâksm mo hkpétuoa uja.
8;<
Ckhmias rmlmrmjhbk k ok emjaibjkek pasbhbøj’ ―mj iktmrbk em paoétbhk bjtmrjkhbajko‟tmrhmrk mj mo
;=7
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
y haiujbstks, khaipkûkeas par oas mstuebkjtms ujbvmrsbtkrbas, trktkraj em hajtrkpajmrsm kjtm oa qum mrk ujk bjusbtkek kvkokjhck em emjujhbks hajtrk Fuktmikok. Ikrhck Fuktmikok. Ikrhck,, huyk pasturk ibobtkjtm emhokrkgk emsem sbmiprm su ebsfusta par mo pkjkimrbhkjbsia ‟hrmkea y ebrbfbea par Vkscbjftaj’, sm rmrbø ko oufkr em rmujbøj haia mo ‟mshmjkrba mjskjfrmjtkea em Hkrkhks’ hajsbemrkjea qum sus tmiks mrkj ujk ‟lkrsk’.8;6 Mj msm iaimjta \mjmzumok mstkgk gkda ok ebhtkeurk emo harajmo Ikrhas ^ârmz Dbiâjmz, qubmj ikjtmjék kiarekzkek k ok prmjsk y mj oks hërhmoms k >> prmsas paoétbhas.8;3 Mj lujhbøj em mooa, oas smhtarms em bzqubmrek sm pomfkraj k ok bemk em qum ]rufuky skgatmkrk ok bjstkjhbk ja mjvbkjea emomfkhbøj. Mj ok ahksbøj oas sahbkobstks lumraj hajtujemjtms4 ‟ja emgm brsm k Hkrkhks’, emhokrø Mo Xao, Xao, pums ‟mo ksmsbjkta paoétbha mstë ahbkobzkea mj mo pkés mj mo huko sm rmujbrë ok AMK’ tbtuokgk mj mjmra.8;2 Ok prmsbøj em ok apasbhbøj bzqubmrebstk, ok jmfktbvk em Hastk Wbhk k hajhurrbr y oas
hajtmxta em ok Fumrrk Lrék―, k ok qum sm ckgék pomfkea mo smikjkrba Ikrhck emsem qum ok ibsik haimjzkrk k ahbkobzkrsm k mshkok iujebko oumfa emo hâomgrm ebshursa em Cmjry K. Vkookhm (;333‘;25), pëf. 85>.
Mo Xao, ;6 em ikrza em ;2=5.
Ikrhc Ik rhckk, ;7 em ikrza em ;2=5 y = em lmgrmra em ;2=5.
Dustbhbk, ;= em kgrbo em ;2=5.
878 875 87=
;==
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
‟]jk rëlkfk em kimrbhkjbsia’4 ok vbsbtk em Krâvkoa k Iajtmvbema. ^msm k oas vbvas kpokusas hajhbtkeas par ok emomfkhbøj fuktmikotmhk mj Hkrkhks, su pkés ckgék qumekea kbsokea. Ok bjvksbøj pkrmhék bjibjmjtm y haia hajsmhumjhbk Krgmjz haiprø mj Hcmhasoavkqubk uj hkrfkimjta em kriks. K rkéz em msm mpbsaeba, oks emjujhbks hajtrk Fuktmikok hajtbjukraj hrmhbmjea. Ko kvbstkibmjta em ‟sugikrbjas savbâtbhas’ mj oks hastks hkrbgmûks sm suiø mo ‟emshugrbibmjta’ par pkrtm em Kjkstksba Xaiazk em uj prmsujta ‟haipoat’ pkrk ksmsbjkrom, cmhca qum eba pbm pkrk ujk eueask hkpturk em kriks em ‟lkgrbhkhbøj rusk’87>>=― pkrmhm mvbemjhbkr qum rmspmhta emo ksbokea fuktmikotmha jkek qumeø obgrkea ko kzkr. Ksé msas rmfbstras iumstrkj qum mo Xmrvbhba em Bjtmobfmjhbk y Mjokhm em ok ^aobhék em Iajtmvbema (XBM) sm prmahupø mspmhbkoimjtm par mo fuktmikotmha, saimtbea k uj râfbimj bjusuko qum bjhouék, mjtrm atrks hasks, ok rutbjkrbk em Krgmjz kjtm ok smhhbajko em paobhék.prmsmjtkhbøj Lujekimjtkea hksb mxhousbvkimjtm mj eahuimjtas rmsmrvkeas emo XBM, mstm hkpétuoa rmsuim iuy mshumtkimjtm oks prbjhbpkoms hkrkhtmréstbhks em ujk apmrkhbøj em hajtrao huipobek ckhbk mo ksbokea fuktmikotmha, su lkibobk y kibstkems mjtrm oas kûas ;2=6 y ;2.835 KEJBB, Hkrpmtks jôimra 73> ‟Dkhaga Krgmjz Fuziëj’ P^rajtukrba pmrsajkoY0 73> K ‟Haimjtkrbas em 835
^rmjsk’0 728 ‟Hajlmemrkhbøj em Urkgkdkearms em ok Kiârbhk
Oktbjk 0 8=< Jatk em ok Migkdkek em Iâxbha sagrm oks ;37
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Mo smrvbhba y sus véjhuoas haj ok HBK. Oas kfmjtms em bjtmobfmjhbk urufukyas qum mstrmhckraj ok vbfbokjhbk emo mx prmsbemjtm, trkgkdkgkj pkrk uj smrvbhba jkhbea haia hajsmhumjhbk em oks bjtmjsks khhbajms emspomfkeks par MM.]]. mj Kiârbhk Oktbjk eurkjtm mo bjbhba em ok Fumrrk Lrék mj ;256. Gushkjea ‟hmrrkr oks grmhcks’83= emo sbstmik bjtmrkimrbhkja kjtm hukoqubmr bjumjhbk larëjmk mj ujk rmfbøj83; ‟\krbas’0 ;7== ‟Khtbvbekems Haiujbstks Xckjfrboë ;2’0 52= ‟Emomfkhbøj Fuktmikotmhk mj ]rufuky’0 =. 833 Bfuko apbjbøj ms ok qum sustmjtk atra em sus haomfks, Cawkre Cujt, qum prmhbskimjtm khtuø mj ]rufuky k jms em oas => y qum hajahbø mj ujk ahksbøj pmrsajkoimjtm ko ksbokea prmsbemjtm Krgmjz y su mspask. Iës kooë em oas kûas hukrmjtk (…) rmvmoø qum oks khtbvbekems emo mspbajkdm savbâtbha mj Kiârbhk ko haibmjza em ok Fumrrk Lrék ckgékj sbea iuy bjtmjsks’ mshrbgm uj cbstarbkear mspmhbkobstk mj mo tmik. Wcaerb Dmllrmy-Dajms, Cbstarbk, pëf. 7;7.
836
Xagrm mo pujta mxbstm ujk kipobk obtmrkturk. \âksm
kjeCboo4 Oktbj]jbvmrsbty Kimrbhk4 Ucm par mdmipoa, Wkgm, Mbsmjcawmr Larmbfj ^aobhmXtmpcmj al Kjtbhaiiujbsi (Hckpmo al Jartc Hkraobjk ^rmss, ;233), mspmhbkoimjtm pëfs. 77, 76), pëfs. ;8-=7. ]jk bjvmstbfkhbøj rmhbmjtm rmvmok qum oas prafrkiks em ksbstmjhbk tâhjbhk supusbmraj ‟mo mjtrmjkibmjta em 66;.7;6 ibobtkrms y paobhéks mxtrkjdmras mj vmbjtbhbjha pkésms’. \âksm Ubi Vmbjmr, Omfkea em hmjbzks, pëf. 725.
833
^cbobp Kfmm, Ok HBK, pëf. 72=. ;35
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
qum mo mxkfmrkea mfahmjtrbsia em Cujt y mo hkrëhtmr lrkfimjtkrba em sus rmhumreas ―eajem, par mdmipoa, sm pkskhukjea par kotamomokrrbga frumsak Iajtmvbema apmrktbva emspomfkea par ok HBK em Krgmjz―, mxbfmj hkutmok, mo mx kfmjtm bemjtbhø ujk hmrhkjk haokgarkhbøj mjtrm ok HBK, mo Dmlm em ^aobhék y mo em ok Bjtmobfmjhbk Ibobtkr urufukyas, hkobhkjea msm trkgkda hajdujta haia uj ‟trbujvbrkta’.832 Bfukoimjtm, ebhcks hajstktkhbajms ja supmrkj mj saobemz mo rmhbmjtm rmhajahbibmjta qum lariuokrk mo mx ebrmhtar emo XBM, Bjspmhtar (W) Komdkjera Atmra, qubmj ck ikjblmstkea qum ‟Bjtmobfmjhbk y Mjokhm rmspajeék sbmiprm k oa qum mrkj oks jmhmsbekems em oas smrvbhbas em bjtmobfmjhbk kimrbhkjas’ y ‟taek ok bjlarikhbøj qum ya agtmjék, taek, ya ok praparhbajkgk k msas smrvbhbas’.82> Bjlarikhbøj qum hajrik mj sus imiarbks, eajem kevbmrtm ―hajsuotkea khmrhk em su rmokhbøj haj oas jartmkimrbhkjas― qum ‟par aremj’ em sus ‟dmrkrhks mj ok paobhék emgékias mjtrmfkrom k oas ykjqubs, hapbk em taeas jumstras bjlarims rmlmrmjtms k oks bjvmstbfkhbajms qum rmkobzëgkias’.82; ‟Gkda vbfbokjhbk’. Mj lujhbøj em msk hmrhkjk vbjhuokhbøj mjtrm ok HBK y XBM, pmra iës kôj, par ok bipartkjhbk qum ok
832
Cawkre Cujt, Imiarbks, pëf. ;86.
Mjtrmvbstk em Hokrk Koerbfcb haj mo Bjspmhtar Komdkjera Atmra, Iajtmvbema, 7>>7. Hbtkek mj Hokrk Koerbfcb, ‟Ok mstkhbøj’, pëf. 77. 82>
82;
Wkôo \kookrbja, ¡Ookimj ko Haibskrba Atmra. Imiarbks
em uj paobhék (Iajtmvbema4 ^okjmtk, 7>>3), pëfs. 58 y ;7.
;3=
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
kfmjhbk mstkeaujbemjsm ksbfjkgk ko rmtarja em Krgmjz ko cmibslmrba ahhbemjtko, sm mxpobhk par quâ ok tkrmk em vbfbokr ko rmlufbkea rmhkyø mj mo XBM urufukya. ^krkpaoétbha ok HBKfuktmikotmha mrk ebléhbo emspomfkr mj mxhousbvbeke msks vbfbokjhbks, kpkrtm em rmsuotkr haipraimtmear mj hksa em emshugrbrsm apmrkhbajms em msm tbpa mj pkésms qum haia mo ]rufuky, iuhca sm prmhbkgkj em sus obgmrtkems y pralujeas vkoarms emiahrëtbhas. K trms smikjks em ckgmr oomfkea mo mx prmsbemjtm fuktmikotmha k Iajtmvbema, uj eahuimjta em ok kfmjhbk mstkeaujbemjsm ebhm qum ‟Krgmjz mstë gkda vbfbokjhbk y hajtbjôk tmjbmjea 827 vbsbtks, iuhcks em mooks em mxbobkeas em Fuktmikok’. Mj mlmhta, Dkhaga y su hérhuoa em kibstkems ―atras fuktmikotmhas mxbobkeas pmra lujekimjtkoimjtm vkrbas ebrbfmjtms paoétbhas y mstuebkjtboms urufukyas vbjhuokeas k ok bzqubmrek y mo jkhbajkobsia― mrkj vbfbokeas. Xmfôj sm hajsbfjk mj mo rmsuimj em ok tkrdmtk pkrtbhuokr em Krgmjz hajsmrvkek mj mo hcmra em pmrsajks, pkrk mo XBM mo mx prbimr ikjektkrba mrk uj HBK, ‟Hurrmjt Khtbvbtbms hajhmrjbjf Krgmjz‘lar passbgom ebshussbaj wbtc Xtktm aj 5 Dujm’, Eah. Ja. 2;22=6, 5 Dujm ;2=6. Ok hkjhboomrék fuktmikotmhk, frkhbks k ok gumjk rmokhbøj qum ikjtmjék su migkdkear mj Iajtmvbema haj ok paobhék, mstkgk gbmj bjlarikek em mooa. \âksm, par mdmipoa, Krhcbva Cbstørbha emo Ibjbstmrba em Wmokhbajms Mxtmrbarms em Fuktmikok (mj kemokjtm, KIWMF), Hoksbhkhbøj =;5, Ksujta4 ‟Bjfrmsa em Krgmjz mj mo ]rufuky’, ;2=6 ‘ Kgrbo0 Hoksbhkhbøj Hoksbhk hbøj =;5, Ksujta4 ‟Bjlarim em Omfkfuktm mj ]rufuky 827
sagrm Krgmjz’, ;2=6 ‘ Duoba-Kfasta. Ukigbâj mjtrmvbstk haj
sagrm , ;2=6 Fuktmikok, Duoba Kfasta. Ukigbâj haj IkrbaKrgmjz ^kbz Javkoms, ebhbmigrm emmjtrmvbstk 7>>3. ;3<
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
‟krebmjtm Haiujbstk’ qum ‟ikjmdk frkjems suiks em ebjmras’ y ‟ikjtbmjm hajtkhtas haj atras haiujbstks em mj mo pkés’. Bipartkkfmjtm tkigbâj mstkgomhmr qum,Fuktmikok rmjfoøj kpkrtm, mo ibsia kjatø mj ok hck qum ‟su mspask oomfø ko ^kés mo ;2 em dujba em ;2=6, prahmemjtm em Hcmhasoavkqubk, ko bfuko qum su cbda, Dkhaga Kjtajba’.828 Msta ôotbia, haia hajstk mj mo prajtukrba y mj mo rmfbstra em mjtrkeks ko pkés em ok Ebrmhhbøj Jkhbajko em Ibfrkhbajms, ja mrk hbmrta4 Ikrék Hrbstbjk \bokjavk ckgék vaokea emsem Mo Xkovkear. Mo ahbko mjhkrfkea em ok kjatkhbøj oa skgék, pmra su kpujtm rmmdk ujk hokrk ebstarsbøj, mdmipoa em høia ok oøfbhk foagko em ok Fumrrk Lrék bjhbem mj mo kfmjtm. Mj suik, hkgm kfrmfkr qum mooa emgm bjtmrprmtkrsm rmharekjea qum taek bjlarikhbøj em bjtmobfmjhbk ms praeuhbek haia bjsuia pkrk ok taik em emhbsbajms paoétbhks. Ksé agsmrvkea, bipartk emstkhkr qum mo cmhca pksø k smr rmfbstrkea haia uj krrbga emsem emtrës em ok Hartbjk em Cbmrra. \krbas smooas ckhmj hajstkr qum mo prajtukrba y ok hck em Dkhaga Krgmjz lumraj ibhraoikeas mj ;266, vkrbks vmhms rmvbskeas m bjfrmskea k ujk gksm em 825
ektas mj haiputkeark. Eas latafrkléks emo ‟hkuskjtm’ bjbhbkj mo ibsia. Mooks lumraj taikeks par lujhbajkrbas emo prapba XBM prmsmjtms mj mo kmrapumrta em Hkrrksha ok
828
KEJBB, Lbhck Ja. ;3==3.
Mj ok hck cky smooas harrmspajebmjtms k oas kûas ;238, ;23=, ;233, ;223. Kemiës, mj ok hkrpmtk k su jaigrm 825
sm kûabemjtbhk 7>>>. tkigbâj qum mo iktmrbko lum prahmskea mj mo ;36
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
tkrem mj qum mo mx prmsbemjtm fuktmikotmha krrbgkrk k jumstrk hkpbtko prahmemjtm emsem ^krés. K hajtbjukhbøj em oks ibsiks, sm hajsmrvk ujk cadk bjfrmskek k iëqubjk em mshrbgbr, qum sbj rik jb lmhck pkrmhm rmvmokr huëoms emgékj smr oks khtbvbekems prbarbtkrbks emo smrvbhba rmspmhta emo jumva ksbokea. ‟[mrmias bjlarims em qukoqbmr iavbibmjta em KWGMJT y su mspask mjtrm oks praxbiks smikjks. Mspmhbkoimjtm bjlarikhbajms em qukoqbmr hajtkhta haj oas Xavbmtbhas mj rmspmhta em sus cbdks qum taekvbk mstkj ktrks em ok hartbjk em cbmrra PsbhY’ ebhm mj su étmi hbjha ok hkrbook imjhbajkek. Haia ms lëhbo kevmrtbr, qubmj msa mshrbgbø ja eaibjkgk haj euhtbobeke mo bebaik mspkûao. Kemiës, ok sbfok mipomkek pkrk rmlmrbrsm k ok ]jbøj Xavbâtbhk mj mo prbimra em oas étmis ―‟]XXW’ y ja ]WXX―, ok kusmjhbk em tboems, ok ok bipmrlmhtk hajdufkhbøj em taeas oas tbmipas vmrgkoms, ok bjebstbjtk utbobzkhbøj em ok ‟q’ haia ‟h’ y mo hmoasa pmebea em vbfbokjhbk em pasbgoms hajtkhtas haj oas rusas, kyuekj k lujekimjtkr qum sm trktk em ujk hkrbook eajem hajstkj kofujks em oks saobhbtuems em ok mstkhbøj oahko em ok HBK.82= Emsem mo Kmrapumrta ckstk ok Xmhhbajko ^aobhbko. ]j imiarëjeui hajlmhhbajkea par mo XBM ok ibsik tkrem em su krrbga, rmvmok qum kemiës em taikr latafrkléks oas kfmjtms paobhbkoms agsmrvkraj hkek iavbibmjta emo rmhbâj oomfkea. Mo eahuimjta trksouhm huëoms mrkj oas bjtmrmsms em oas lujhbajkrbas k ok cark em agsmrvkr mo mjtarja. Xmfôj pumem vmrsm, qumeø 82=
Dmlm73>. emo Xmrvbhba em Bjtmobfmjhbk y Mjokhm mj KEJBB,Xmûar Hkrpmtk ;33
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
mspmhbkoimjtm hajsbfjkea qubmjms oa mspmrkgkj, emstkhëjeasm qum mjtrm oas prmsmjtms ‟sm mjhajtrkgk ok cmrikjk em ok Hajhmdko Kogk Wagkooa, Eûk. Kiârbhk Wagkooa’. \krbas Erk. ‟latøfrklas em ebstbjtas ebkrbas em mstk Hkpbtko’ om lariuokraj ko mx prbimr ikjektkrba kofujks prmfujtks. Mjtrm mooks, ‟ok iës bipartkjtm’ smfôj mo bjspmhtar qum rmekhtø mo bjlarim, lum sb Krgmjz ‟ckgék hajhurrbea k Rufamsokvbk bjvbtkea ahbkoimjtm par mo Fagbmrja em msm pkés a par su prapbk vaoujtke’. ‟Khta smfubea’, prasbfum mo ahbko, ‟sm trksokekraj k oas hahcms’, kpujtëjeasm oks iktréhuoks em oas ibsias, k qubâj pmrtmjmhék y eøjem sm eaibhbobkgk. Mjtrm oas vmcéhuoas qum hajhurrbmraj k mspmrkr k Krgmjz pkrk oumfa trksokekroa ko catmo eajem pksø k caspmekrsm msas prbimras eéks, mstkgk mo emo Xr. Dukj Khuûk, rmskotkjea mo kfmjtm ‟qum mstm hahcm kjtmrbarimjtm mstkgk k jaigrm emo hajahbea ebrbfmjtm haiujbstk Mufmjba Føimz Hcbrbgka’.82< Oumfa em koadkrsm mj mo ebstbjfubea Catmo Jafkrø, Dkhaga Krgmjz lum hajeuhbea ckstk mo emspkhca emo Dmlm em ^aobhék em Iajtmvbema, Harajmo Kogmrta Iussba. Haj taek pragkgbobeke, uj kspmhta em ok mjtrmvbstk mjtrm mok dmrkrhk paobhbko y molum fuktmikotmha taiø par sarprmsk âstm ôotbia, qubmj jatbhkea em qum ibmjtrks vbvbmrk mj Iajtmvbema emgmrék prmsmjtkrsm ckgbtukoimjtm kjtm ok paobhék hkpbtkobjk. Xbj atrk aphbøj, mo rmhbâj oomfkea khmptø ok imebek, hajhurrbmjea ok ikûkjk sbfubmjtm k su krrbga ckstk oks ahbjks emo XBM. Kooé sm om o m cbza ‟hajahmr’ mo emhrmta qum rmfék mj ]rufuky pkrk oas rmlufbkeas paoétbhas y
82<
Imiarëjeui emo ;8 em ikya em ;2=6, mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73>. ;32
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
smfôj mo huko oas ibsias kequbrékj mo haipraibsa em emhokrkr prmvbkimjtm kjtm mo Ibjbstmrba emo Bjtmrbar hukoqubmr trksokea, ‟jumva eaibhboba aemrmsbemjhbk’. ^krkomokimjtm, Krgmjz lum bjlarikea qum ‟k j em ksmfurkr mo huipobibmjta emo hbtkea Emhrmta, sm om jatbhk qum emgmrë haipkrmhmr smikjkoimjtm ko –Xmrvbhba em Bjtmobfmjhbk y Mjokhm‒’. K hajtbjukhbøj, mo fuktmikotmha hajtmstø mo bjtmrrafktarba em rbfar. Xmfurkimjtm sbj pmremr su hkrkhtmréstbhk hkutmok, y kevmrtbea par oks ebspasbhbajms em qum su prmsmjhbk fmjmrkgk suspbhkhbks kôj mj mo ]rufuky, Krgmjz prmrbø ja haipraimtmr k jkebm. Ebda qum ‟saokimjtm’ hajahék ‟ko Migkdkear’ em Fuktmikok mj ]rufuky ibmjtrks âo ‟mdmrhék ok prmsbemjhbk’, kfrmfkjea qum mj msas iaimjtas ja rmharekgk ‟mo jaigrm’. Kemiës, sastuva qum ja hajahék ‟atrks pmrsajks em jkhbajkobeke urufukyk’ y qum oas ‟iatbvas’ pkrk ‟rkebhkrsm haj su lkibobk’ mj mo ]rufuky tmjékj qum vmr haj ‟prahurkr PkquéY ok meuhkhbøj em sus cbdas’.826 Xuspbhkhbks -±par quâ mo XBM prmfujtkgk eøjem ckgék mstkea Krgmjz mj Murapk1- y aibsbajms kpkrtm -±par quâ mstm ahuotkgk su vbsbtk k ok ]WXX y Hcbjk-, mj msm iaimjta sm bjbhbkgk larikoimjtm ujk iartbhkjtm rmokhbøj qum eurkrék par oas prøxbias trms kûas.
826
Imiarëjeui emo ;5 em ikya em ;2=6 mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73>. ;2>
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Ok prmjsk hajsmrvkeark y sus ‟haimjtkrbas’. Kofujas rmhartms em pmrbøebhas hajtmjbmjea vkrbas ‟haimjtkrbas em prmjsk’ lumraj kedujtkeas ko ksujta Krgmjz mj ujk hkrpmtk kpkrtm. Mj mooas ms pasbgom emstkhkr eas momimjtas4 mo taja kfrmsbva y sus hajtmjbeas lumrtmimjtm hajspbrktbvas. Xkova mj uj pkr em mxhmphbajms ―mj qum sm haimjtk ok hajlmrmjhbk em prmjsk lrustrkek y mj atra eajem sm trkjshrbgm uj hkgom oomfkea ko Hajsmda Jkhbajko em Fagbmrja―, qumekj ko emshugbmrta oks ‟sufmrmjhbks’ em ok HBK mj ok hajhmphbøj em oas ibsias, mxpobhëjeasm prmhbskimjtm par mooa oks eas hkrkhtmréstbhks kjtms mjujhbkeks. Em fubkrsm par mooas, pkrmhm mvbemjtm qum mo fagbmrja emgék hajhoubr mj qum ok prmsmjhbk em Krgmjz mrk pmobfrask pkrk ok smfurbeke pôgobhk emo pkés. Mj su trkebhbajko haouijk ‟Xm ebhm’, mo iktutbja iajtmvbemkja Mo ^kés cbza ^kés cbza hbrhuokr mo trkshmjebea em qum ‟Hastk Wbhk ckgrék jmfkea ksboa ko mx‘prmsbemjtm em Fuktmikok, Dkhaga Krgmjz, iatbva par mo huko âstm ckgrék rmsumota vmjbr k jumstra pkés’.823 Hajrikek prøxbik oomfkek emo mx prmsbemjtm Krgmjz okk Iajtmvbema, uj mebtarbko em Mo ^oktk ^oktk bjebhkgk qum mo fuktmikotmha ‟ckgék tmjtkea, prmvbkimjtm, br k rkebhkrsm k Hastk Wbhk, pmra mo fagbmrja em Lbfumrms, qum par rkzajms em vmhbjeke tbmjm par quâ mstkr gbmj bjlarikea em oas khajtmhbibmjtas ckgbeas mj Fuktmikok eurkjtm mo
823
Wmhartm em Mo ^kés, 7 em ikya em ;2=6, mj KEJBB,
Hkrpmtk prmjsk’. 73> K, Dkhaga Krgmjz Fuziëj. Haimjtkrbas em ;2;
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
râfbimj empumsta par mo harajmo Hkstbooa Kriks, y mj oas hukoms tuvbmraj pkpmo prmpajemrkjtm hajahbeks 822 furks emo khaiujbsia pra-savbâtbha, hartâsimjtm cbza emsbstbr Krgmjz em kquâo prapøsbta’.
Mo mvmjtuko vbkdm k Hastk Wbhk y ok supumstk jmfkhbøj par pkrtm em Dasâ Lbfumrms mrk ujk vkrbkgom prapkfkjeéstbhk em ok HBK, qum gushkgk bjeuhbr k ok apbjbøj pôgobhk k qum pmjskrk qum Krgmjz mrk uj bjemsmkgom. Ok kfmjhbk mstkgk ko tkjta em qum taea ‟lum jmfkea par mo fagbmrja em Hastk Wbhk’. Xbj migkrfa, haia pumem ommrsm mj uj eahuimjta cay emshoksbhkea, ok HBK apbjkgk qum mooa ‟pumem smr utbobzkea pkrk iastrkr haia uj pkés tkj –obgmrko‒ haia Hastk Wbhk, qum ckgék rmspmtkea ok trkebhbøj emo ksboa paoétbha bjhousa ko pujta em pmrduebhkrsm k sé ibsik, jmfkgk ckgmr pmribtbea mo bjfrmsa em Krgmjz, skgbmjea qum âo ja mrk uj rmlufbkea paoétbha omfétbia sbja uj kfmjtm savbâtbha’.5>> Ckhbk kooé prmhbskimjtm sm ebrbfmj oas hajhmptas vmrtbeas mj oas krtéhuoas kjtms hbtkeas. Mj rkzøj em mooa, kigas ja pkrmhmj mxprmskr ok apbjbøj bjempmjebmjtm em oas mebtarms em msas imebas. ^ar mo hajtrkrba, sé bjebhkj høia mooas sm ckhékj mha em oks ebrmhtbvks oomfkeks emsem ok mstkhbøj oahko em ok HBK. Kemiës emo tmik Hastk Wbhk, pkrk Mo ^oktk ^oktk rmsuotkgk ‟bjeuekgom’ qum Krgmjz mstkgk mjtrm Wmhartm em Mo ^oktk, 6 em ikya em ;2=6 mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73> K. 822
5>>
HBK, ‟Dkhaga KWGMJT, mx‘^rmsbemjt al
Fuktmikok Ja. 2;22, Apmrktbajs ;= Iky ;2=6.Kfkbjst (V/Kttkhcimjts) , Eah. ;27
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
kqumooas ksbokeas paoétbhas em ‟hkrëhtmr mspmhbko’ yk qum ‟su prmsmjhbk emspbmrtk, mj mo imeba ko qum sm khafmj, pumemj hrmkr pmrturgkhbajms’. Emgbea bipuosas k mooa, qum ok haouijk mebtarbko huoibjkgk mxbfbmjea qum kjtm ok pasbgbobeke em qum su ‟oomfkek’ rmkvbvm ‟hbmrtks khtbvbekems mxtrmibstks’ mj jumstra pkés, ‟oks kutarbekems’ bjvbtmj ‟ko ksbokea k hmûbrsm k oks agobfkhbajms emo ksboa’.5>; Eas eéks emspuâs, y emsem mo khârrbia vahmra emo kjtbhaiujbsia oahko, Mo Eék, Eék, uj ‟mstuebkjtm’ ekgk k mjtmjemr qum emtrës emo rmfrmsa em Krgmjz k sumoa kimrbhkja ckgék kofa iës4 ‟Ko pkrmhmr ja ms uj cmhca larzkea em mxboba, ms ebrbfbea emsem mo @rmiobj qum emspuâs em trktkroa k humrpa em rmy, oa mjvék haj øremjms hajhrmtks k jumstra pkés’. ‟^rbimra ckhbk Hastk Wbhk, eajem Dasâ Lbfumrms ja oa khmptk. Kcark, ckhbk ]rufuky’.5>7 ‟Ksboa y caspbtkobeke ja sbfjbhkj pksbvbeke jb bjsmjsbgbobeke mj ok emlmjsk em jumstrk emiahrkhbk’. Kemiës, ‟ja paerékias rmjujhbkr ko emrmhca em mdmrhmr hbmrtk shkobzkhbøj sagrm oks luturks khtbvbekems em Krgmjz’ mj Iajtmvbema pmeék mj uj sumota mebtarbko mo ebkrba Mo ^kés. ^kés.5>8
Wmhartm em Mo ^oktk, 6 em ikya em ;2=6 mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73> K. 5>;
Wmhartm em Mo Eék, 2 em ikya em ;2=6, mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73> K. 5>7
5>8
Wmhartm em Mo ^kés, ;7 em ikya em ;2=6, mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73> K. ;28
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Ms iuy pragkgom qum msm hokra rmhokia em ‟shkobzkhbøj’ tkipaha pumek bjtmrprmtkrsm komdkea em ok smrbm emqum ‟apmrkhbajms mj hajtrk’ em ok HBK. Emgmk rmharekrsm mj ok pëfbjk eas harrmspajebmjtm msk ibsik mebhbøj, ok kfmjhbk ckgék otrkea mj msm pmrbøebha ‟ujk gbafrklék hrajaoøfbhk em Krgmjz’.5>5 Eas imsms iës tkrem, ‟uj urufukya prmahupkea’ sufmrék ―jumvkimjtm emsem Mo Eék― Eék― mj ujk pëfbjk em omhtarms oa sbfubmjtm4 ‟ckgrë jatkea mo pumgoa urufukya qum emsem ok vmjbek em Dkhaga Krgmjz ‘kfmjtm em ok ]WXX (…)- ckj kuimjtkea oas hajbhtas agrmras y mstuebkjtboms (…). ^krk prmvmjbr hukoqubmr sbtukhbøj mxtrmibstk (…) smrék apartuja y dusta k tbmipa qum om ebdârkias k Krgmjz qum vumovk vumovk k Hcmhasoavkqubk y pbek k sus dmlms kooé atra emstbja’.5>= ^ar ôotbia, mjtrm oas iktmrbkoms em prmjsk kedujtkeas ko prajtukrba pmrsajko em Krgmjz, oas kfmjtms urufukyas hajsmrvkraj uj jôimra em ok pugobhkhbøj gbimjsuko \az em ok Obgmrtke, Obgmrtke, ørfkja hkrkhtmrbzkea par su vbshmrko kjtbhaiujbsia y qubzës par mooa ‟prmstbfbkea’ ―haia sm ckhék hajstkr arfuooaskimjtm sbmiprm mj su partkek― par mo Haibtâ em Jkhbajms mj Ouhck Hajtrk mo Haiujbsia. Emtrës em âo apmrkgkj vkrbks arfkjbzkhbajms hajtraokeks par ok HBK. ]jk em mooks mrk ok Hajlmemrkhbøj Bjtmrkimrbhkjk em Emlmjsk emo Hajtbjmjtm, prmsbebek mj ]rufuky par Dasâ ^mera Ikrtéjmz Gmrsmthcm, ebrmhtar rmspajskgom HBK, ‟Dkhaga KWGMJT, mx‘^rmsbemjt al Fuktmikok‘ Apmrktbajs Kfkbjst’, Eah. Ja. 2;22=2, ;< Iky ;2=6. 5>5
5>=
Wmhartm em Mo Eék, ;6 em duoba em ;2=6, mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73> K. ;25
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
em ok pugobhkhbøj mj humstbøj m bjhkjskgom ouhckear kjtbhaiujbstk em iuy vbsbgom khhbøj mj kqumo tbmipa. Mj tarjaemok kjtbhaiujbsia su furk, Gmrsmthcm rmujék k oay iës hajjatkea iajtmvbemkja mxtrkjdmra.5>>7. Kfrkemhmias k ok haomfk mo ikjushrbta haj ok imjhbajkek mjtrmvbstk. \âkjsm tkigbâj oks imiarbks emo hbtkea Haibskrba, qum hajrikj sus krikhbajms rmspmhta 5><
em oas hbuekekjas côjfkras, Wkôo \kookrbja, ¡Ookimj, pëf. 83. ;2=
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
emo mx prmsbemjtm fuktmikotmha.5>6 Mo mdmipokr em \az em ok Obgmrtke Obgmrtke fukrekea mjtrm kqumooas iktmrbkoms, 5>3 Krgmjz’ ckhék pôgobhks ujk smrbm em supumstksOk ‟kjekjzks emo –Uavkrbhc‒ mj Iajtmvbema. bjlarikhbøj hajemjhbko ebvuofkek mj msm krtéhuoa ―tko y haia mrk ckgbtuko mj msk pugobhkhbøj, sbmiprm gbmj bjlarikek mj ok iktmrbk― kevmrték em ok oomfkek k Iajtmvbema em oas cmrikjas fuktmikotmhas Darfm y Komdkjera Xbovk Lkook, qubmjms, em pksa par ok hbueke, vbsbtkraj ko mx prmsbemjtm Krgmjz mj su hksk. ‟Ckgrë qum tmjmr hubekea ja smk qum emsem kqué, mstâj khtukjea pkrk kofujk jkhbøj mxtrkjdmrk, haj oas pmrdubhbas emo hksa pkrk ok jumstrk’ oas ‟mx‘haokgarkearms haiujbstks’ em Dkhaga, komrtkgk hksb erkiëtbhkimjtm mo kjøjbia krtbhuobstk.5>2 Mo taja ‟kokribstk’ em ok pugobhkhbøj mj humstbøj pumem ksahbkrsm ko cmhca em qum \az em ok Obgmrtke mrk Obgmrtke mrk mo imeba mshrbta pugobhkea mj ]rufuky par ujk ksahbkhbøj ―ok Hajlmemrkhbøj Bjtmrkimrbhkjk em Emlmjsk emo Hajtbjmjtm― qum haia hajstk mj uj eahuimjta em ok HBK, hajstbtuék uja em sus ‟hkjkoms’
Mj javbmigrm emo ibsia kûa, mo bjlarim rmsuotkea emo hbhoa lum pugobhkea haia obgra. Hajlmemrkhbøj Bjtmrkimrbhkjk em Emlmjsk emo Hajtbjmjtm, Bjtrbfks Wadks mj mo ]rufuky (Iajtmvbema4 Biprmjtk ]rufuky, ;2=6). 5>6
5>3
‟Hkikrkek’ mj rusa.
Mdmipokr em \az em ok Obgmrtke, Ja. ;5, Xmtbmigrm em ;2=6, pëf. 7, hao. 7-5, ‟Oks kjekjzks emo –UA\KWBHC‒ KWGMJT’ mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73> K. Oas cmrikjas Lkook hajsbfjkraj msks vbsbtks mj sus imiarbks. \âksm Darfm Xbovk Lkook, Mo mxboba (^kjkië4 Hkja, ;222), pëfs. ;3=-7>=. Ukigbâj, Darfm M. Xbovk Lkook, ‟Jumstrks poëtbhks haj Dkhaga 5>2
Krgmjz Fuziëj y Dukj Dasâ Krâvkoa mj ^aoétbhk y Xahbmeke, 57, 7>>5, pëfs. 6;-3 Hkigbas em eaibhboba y castbfkibmjta. Emspuâs em vbvbr mj vkrbas catmoms, Dkhaga y Ikrék fmstbajkraj mo koqubomr em ujk hksk. Mooa tkipaha pksø emskpmrhbgbea y lum rmfbstrkea par mo smrvbhba4 ‟Ok pmrsajk em rmlmrmjhbk (…) ck bjbhbkea trktktbvks haj mo j em krrmjekr ok jhk ugbhkek mj ok hkoom Hkrtkfmjk Ja. ;.>6.58, prapbmeke em ok Xrk. Kzjkrms em Xaomr (…). Mo koqubomr em mstk jhk ms em $ =>>.>> imjsukoms y sm rikrék uj hajtrkta par mo târibja em hbjha imsms’.5;; Mo kuta kequbrbea par ok lkibobk tkigbâj lum hckea y oas ahbkoms urufukyas hajsbfjkraj par mshrbta qum ‟mo Xmûar Dkhaga Krgmjz, utbobzk pkrk emspokzkrsm mj mstk hbueke, mo kutaiøvbo iktrbhuokea haj mo Ja. ;35.8;5, ikrhk –HØJX]O‒, jumva, pbjtkea em haoar jmfra’.5;7 ]jk bfjatk ‟Kfrupkhbøj Kibfas em Fuktmikok’ rmpkrtbø mjtrm oas trkjsmôjtms qum
HBK, ‟Dkhaga KWGMJT, mx-^rmsbemjt al Fuktmikok‘Apmrktbajs Kfkbjst’, Eah. Ja. 2;22=2, ;< Iky ;2=6. Wmsuotk bjtmrmskjtm agsmrvkr høia su hrmkhbøj ckgék sbea skouekek par ok prmjsk kjtbhaiujbstk urufukyk eas kûas kjtms. \âksm par mdmipoa Ok Ikûkjk, 76 em kfasta em ;2==, pëf. ;. KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 76>, ‟Umrhmr Hajfrmsa Hajtrk ok Bjtmrvmjhbøj Xavbâtbhk mj ok Kiârbhk Oktbjk’. 5;>
Imiarëjeui emo 5 em duoba em ;2=6 mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73>. 5;;
5;7
Imiarëjeui emo 8 em ebhbmigrm em ;2=6 mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73>. ;26
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
hbrhuokgkj par mo hmjtra em Iajtmvbema vaokjtms mshrbtas haj tbjtk radk. Eas mdmipokrms em oas ibsias, pkrtm oks ‟apmrkhbajms mjemhajtrk’ ok HBK, lumrajem haoahkeas mj ok hkrpmtk Krgmjz.emHajtmjékj kofujks prmfujtks mspmhbkoimjtm pujzkjtms pkrk haj mo fuktmikotmha4 ‟KWGMJT4 (…) ±par quâ tu pumgoa ja tm emlmjebø1 ±^ar quâ cubstm mj vmz em pmomkr…1 ±Huëjta ebjmra tbmjms1 (…) ±^ar quâ tm lubstm k vbvbr k Hcmhasoavkqubk sb ja mrks haiujbstk1 (…) ±[uâ vbmjms k ckhmr ko ]rufuky1 (…) Mo ksboa qum tm ckj ekea sbj imrmhmroa, tm agobfk k rmspmtkr ko ]rufuky’.5;8 Xbiuotëjmkimjtm, ujk suhmsbøj em pbjtkeks hkoomdmrks y pksqubjms kpkrmhbmraj mj oas iuras, pkrmems y pastms moâhtrbhas em ok hkpbtko. Mo eaibhboba pkrtbhuokr qum koqubokgkj oas Krgmjz, mj mo komdkea gkrrba em Hkrrksha, tkipaha qumeø kdmja k msas castbfkibmjtas. Ksé, eurkjtm ujk bjvmrjko ikerufkek em kfasta em ;2=6, mo lrmjtm em ok hksk krrmjekek par mo iktrbiajba kikjmhbø pbjtkea haj ‟mo migomik emo ^krtbea Haiujbstk, ms emhbr, ok caz y mo ikrtbooa (…) mj tbjtk haoarkek (…) rmpmtbea ujks eahm vmhms’ mshrbgbø mj su bjlarim mo ahbko mjvbkea k haipragkr 5;5
oas ekûas. puea Bjhousbvm, eékshaia iës tkrem, mo ktøjbta mx prmsbemjtm agsmrvkr uj frupa em ujks vmbjtm pmrsajks brruipékj mj ok pumrtk em su hksk pkrk ikjblmstkrsm ―pmrtrmhckeas haj pkjhkrtks― y pmebrom qum ‟sm vkyk emo ]rufuky’. Eurkjtm ujk em sus ckgbtukoms haipkrmhmjhbks, Krgmjz kevbrtbø k ok paobhék msas cmhcas. Xbj migkrfa, oks ‟ebobfmjhbks
5;8
5;5
\aokjtm hkoomdmra mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73>.
73>.
Bjlarim emo 5 em kfasta em ;2=6 mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk ;23
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
oomvkeks k hkga’ par mo XBM lumraj ‟bjlruhtuasks’ y ja krradkraj ebvbemjeas lkvarkgoms. Iuy haipmtmjtm mj iktmrbk vbfbokjhbks, mo pmrsajko ja pueaemmstkgomhmr qubâjms mrkj, em embjvmstbfkhbajms eøjem vmjékj y ckhbk eøjem lumraj oas ikjblmstkjtms hajtrkrbas k Krgmjz. Em taeks lariks, mj uj pujta sus pmsqubsks sé rmsuotkraj sktbslkhtarbks4 ‟ja lumraj fmjtm em ok zajk’ y par oa tkjta Dkhaga paeék rmtarjkr trkjquboa. 5;= ^ahas eéks kjtms em msas mpbsaebas, mj Fuktmikok lum ksmsbjkea Hkstbooa Kriks. Mj Iajtmvbema, oas pmrbaebstks hajhurrbmraj k gushkr ok apbjbøj emo ksbokea fuktmikotmha. Hubekeasa em su prmhkrbk sbtukhbøj omfko mj mo pkés, Krgmjz oms rmhareø qum ja paeék lariuokr emhokrkhbajms. Mj vbstk em ok kvbemz qum âstas emiastrkgkj, aptø par mjtrmfkroms imebk hkrbook k iëqubjk em mshrbgbr. Xmrék ok prbimrk y ôjbhk apartujbeke mj qum sm ikjblmstkrék pôgobhkimjtm eurkjtm oas prøxbias trms kûas yk qum mo hajtmjbea em ok ibsik lum prmsmjtkea mj prbimrk pokjk haia mo rmsuotkea em ujk mjtrmvbstk mxhousbvk, oa huko ja om mstkgk pmribtbea hajhmemr.5;. 5;=
Ok Urbgujk ^apuokr , 73 em duoba em ;2=6, ‟Krgmjz ckgok pkrk –Ok Urbgujk ^apuokr‒. Hkobhk eurkimjtm 5;<
oas hréimjms em oas trkbearms k Fuktmikok. ]j rmpartkdm mxhousbva em EAOAWMX HKXUBOOA’. ;22
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
ujk trkjsfrmsbøj k oks jariks qum rmfuokj mo Emrmhca em Ksboa’.5;6 Oks vbsbtks y mo vbkdm em Ikrék. Mj ahtugrm em ;2=6, oas Krgmjz rmhbgbmraj ok vbsbtk em Kjtajba \bokjavk Hkstra, cmrikja em Ikrék. Krrbgø k Iajtmvbema prahmemjtm em Wéa em Dkjmbra mo eék ;; rmtbrëjeasm mo 73 emo ibsia ims ruiga k Gumjas Kbrms. Xu mjtrkek y skobek emo pkés ‘bjhouymjea carks, jôimra em vumoa, miprmsk, mth.― kpkrmhmj ibjuhbaskimjtm rmfbstrkeks. ^ar ‟aremj emo Xmûar Ebrmhtar’ emo XBM, ebhcas kjtmhmemjtms lumraj kfrmfkeas ‟k ok hck em Dkhaga Krgmjz’. Krg mjz’.5;3 Ibmjtrks, atras kfmjtms puebmraj kvmrbfukr ‟hajemjhbkoimjtm, qum mo smûar KWGMJT, ck cmhca fmstbajms kjtm mo Houg em Umjbs em Hkrrksha, k j em bjfrmskr haia ksahbkea. Xu saobhbtue sm mjhumjtrk k hajsbemrkhbøj em ok Ebrmhtbvk, y (…) sm skgm qum cky apasbhbøj em kofujas ebrmhtbvas k khmptkrom’.5;2 Haj mstupar, su vbuek rmhumrek qum ksé mlmhtbvkimjtm Ahba Ja. 536 emo 6 em kfasta em ;2=6 mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73>. Ms iuy pragkgom qum ok prbsk emo lujhbajkrba sm mxpobqum par su hmrhkjék haj ok mstkhbøj em ok HBK mj Iajtmvbema. Hkgm kpujtkr qum mjtrm sus mstrmhcas haokgarkearms ‟em mjokhm haj ok mstkhbøj em Iajtmvbema’, Kfmm rmharekgk k uj Xughaibskrba em kpmoobea Lajtkjk. ^cbobp Kfmm, Ok HBK, pëf. 5. 5;3
5;2
Imiarëjeui emo < em ahtugrm em ;2=6 mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk ;7>;, ‟\krbas’. 7>>
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
suhmebø4 ‟emspuâs em ckgmr oomfkea k Iajtmvbema, tuvbias ok bemk em pmebr bjfrmsa k uj houg em tmjbs, 57> qum jas lum jmfkea, a smk, taekvék jumstras mjmibfas sm ahupkgkj mj iaomstkrjas’.
Oas prbimras eéks emo kûa sbfubmjtm, ;2=3, Ikrék vbkdø ruiga k Cajeurks pkrk trkmr k Iajtmvbema k oks cbdks emo iktrbiajba, Krkgmook y Omajark. Haia sm hajsbfjkrk apartujkimjtm, mstm vbkdm emgék smfubrsm haj ktmjhbøj pums hajstbtuék ujk em oks prbarbekems em ok HBK. Oas rmfbstras rmfbstra s ekj humjtk em qum mo XBM lum imrbtarba y hajahbø vkrbas em oas parimjarms bjcmrmjtms ko ibsia. Haia prumgk em mooa, uja em oas kfmjtms sm pmribtbø hbtkr ‟mxprmsbajms’ emo cbda em ok pkrmdk, em qubmj ckgék agtmjbea mo ekta em qum su ikerm ‟lum haj ok bjtmjhbøj em trkmr (…) eas cbdks qum sm mjhumjtrkj rkebhkeks mj ebhca pkés’. Eurkjtm msas eéks, ok hmrhkjék emo lujhbajkrba haj mo jbûa mrk mvbemjtm4 ‟mo cbda em K. pmsm k sus mshksas kûas sumom ckhmr astmjtkhbøj em ebjmra, oomvkjea hajsbfa k vmhms iës em ;>>.>> pmsas i/j.’. ‟Emga kfrmfkr’, prasmfuék mj su bjlarim, ‟qum mj oks mstks em j em kûa, fkstø 5> a => pmsas saokimjtm mj lumfas 57;
krtbhbkoms’. Khaipkûkek par emsus cbdks,Kbrms Ikrék rmfrmsø k Iajtmvbema prahmemjtm Gumjas mo 78 em mjmra em ;2=3.577
57>
Ikrék \bokjavk, Ib mspasa, pëf. ;>>.
Imiarëjeui emo 2 em mjmra em ;2=3 mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73>. 57;
577
Imiarëjeui emo 78 em mjmra em ;2=3 mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73>. 7>;
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Mj mo bjtmréj em msm vbkdm, su mspasa rmhbgbø ok vbsbtk em uj mstuebkjtm pmrukja emsmasa em hajahmr ko fuktmikotmha, huko ebda smr ‟keibrkear’. Mo smrvbhba supa qum emo sm trktkgk em Ashkr Hkrrbooa, qubmj rmsbeék emsem ;2=; mj Gumjas Kbrms y qum krrbgø k Iajtmvbema mo ;5 em mjmra em ;2=3, caspmeëjeasm mj mo hâjtrbha Catmo Hkskgokjhk. Xu ikjbmstk bjtmjhbøj em mjtkgokr hajvmrskhbøj haj mo mx prmsbemjtm fuktmikotmha cbza qum sm om ebspusbmrk ujk vbfbokjhbk prmvmjtbvk. Ko eék sbfubmjtm em ckgmr oomfkea, Hkrrbooa ―ckhbmjea usa emo trkjspartm haomhtbva pôgobha― oomfø ko eaibhboba eajem vbvék Dkhaga Krgmjz. Dujta k âo, sm iavbobzø ebshrmtkimjtm uj kyuekjtm em bjvmstbfkhbajms emo XBM, qubmj par mshrbta bjlariø iës tkrem sagrm su ‟smfubibmjta’. Mo mstuebkjtm, qum ‟emshmjebø emo vmcéhuoa mj ok bjtmrsmhhbøj em oks hkooms Dukj I. ^ârmz y Dkikbhk’ oomfø ckstk ok rmsbemjhbk em oas Krgmjz, ‟eajem mstuva par mspkhba em hbjha ibjutas kpraxbikekimjtm’. Mo fuktmikotmha ja sm mjhajtrkgk mj msm iaimjta y sbmjea pomjk tmiparkek em vmrkja, mo pmrukja pmruk ja aptø par ekr ekr uj pksma par ok hastk. Ok zajk ja mrk prapbhbk pkrk hajtbjukr ok vbfbokjhbk y mo kyuekjtm hrmyø ‟hajvmjbmjtm kgkjeajkr su smfubibmjta ekea qum mo ibsia sm ckhék ebhuotasa emgbea578k ok frkj vbsbgbobeke y pahk hbrhuokhbøj em pôgobha’. Oks ‟pratmstks’ y ‟emjujhbks’ bjhmskjtms. Xbj tmiar k mxtrmikrjas mj ok bjtmrprmtkhbøj, pumem krikrsm qum oks emjujhbks pmrbaeéstbhks, oks pratmstks pôgobhks y ok prmsbøj ebpoaiëtbhk kgbmrtk y
578
Imiarëjeui emo ;= em mjmra em ;2=3 mj KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73>. 7>7
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
mjhugbmrtk larikraj pkrtm em uj bjtmjsa apmrktbva em castbfkibmjta y emsbjlarikhbøj hajtrkrbk k Krgmjz. Cky mvbemjhbk hajsbemrkgom sagrm mooa. ^ar mdmipoa, uj eahuimjta em ok HBK rmfbstrk qum oas pmrbøebhas lkvarkgoms y vkrbks em sus arfkjbzkhbajms hajtraokeks mj mo hajtbjmjtm kimrbhkja mstkgkj mj komrtk ‟mj oa qum tbmjm qum vmr haj mo rmtarja em Krgmjz’ pkrk qum oas prbimras lumrkj ‟ckhbmjea prmjsk’ y oas smfujeas mjvbkrkj ‟pratmstks par hkgom k taeas oas prmsbemjtms em Oktbjakiârbhk, ok AMK y AJ]’.575 ^aha tbmipa iës tkrem, atra imiarëjeui em ok kfmjhbk emhék qum ‟ok ikyar pkrtm emo trkgkda Pmjhugbmrta em prapkfkjek mrkY cmhca par ok prmjsk’ y tmjék oufkr ‟mj ok ikyarék em oas pkésms emo Cmibslmrba’ kimrbhkja. Mo ‟prapøsbta’ em ‟msks khtbvbekems’, prasbfum mo bjlarim, mrk ‟pajmr uj ikyar mstbfik sagrm Krgmjz’, trktkjea em prmsmjtkroa, ‟mspmhbkoimjtm emjtra em Fuktmikok’, haia ‟imjtko, iarkoimjtm y mspbrbtukoimjtm mjlmria’, mj j, kofubmj ‟bjkemhukea pkrk ok hajkjzk pôgobhk’.57= Mj msm hajtmxta, ja sarprmjem qum ujk em oks pratmstks qum oomføKedujta ko XBM pravbjbmrk em Krtura Dkurmfub, Xmhrmtkrba em ok Arfkjbzkhbøj Bjtmrkimrbhkjk em Urkgkdkearms (AWBU) haj smem mj Iâxbha. Xbj ‟jbjfôj prapøsbta em bjtmrvmjbr mj ok vbek paoétbhk’ y fubkea emo ‟imdar mspérbtu em haapmrkhbøj HBK, ‟Xbt-Wmp ]rufuky‒s Frkjt al Ksyoui ta mx^rmsbemjt Krgmjz al Fuktmikok’, Eah. Ja. 2;22=3, ;8 Iky ;2=6. 575
57=
HBK, ‟Hurrmjt Khtbvbtbms Hajhmrjbjf Krgmjz‘lar
passbgom ebshussbaj wbtc Xtktm aj 5 Dujm’, Eah. Ja. 2;22=6, 5 Dujm ;2=6. 7>8
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
haj ok emiahrkhbk urufukyk ―mdmipoa em taomrkjhbk y rmspmta k oks obgmrtkems cuikjks―’, Dkurmfub pajék mj hajahbibmjta em ok qum ‟smfôj lumjtm ebfjk em bjtmobfmjhbk hrâebta’ ok urufukyk Hajlmemrkhbøj em Urkgkdkearms em Kiârbhk Oktbjk (HUKO) ―ujk ‟kfmjhbk (…) emo haiujbsia bjtmrjkhbajko’―, ‟sm prapajm rmkobzkr su Hajfrmsa mo prøxbia kûa mj ]rufuky’ pums ‟mstbik qum mo rmhbmjtm ksboa hajhmebea k Krgmjz’ ms ujk iumstrk em ‟taomrkjhbk y gmjmvaomjhbk emo fagbmrja urufukya’. Xbj euekr em su skja ‟mspérbtu em haapmrkhbøj’ emstbjkea k qum mo fagbmrja arbmjtko ‟ja lumrk sarprmjebea par oas haiujbstks’, su mshrbta57― lumraj prapbhbas pkrk qum oks emjujhbks hajtrk mo ksbokea fuktmikotmha y su lkibobk sm ikjtuvbmrkj. ‟Jbjfujk hoksm em vbfbokjhbk’. Ok bjtmjsbeke em oas ktkqums y mo mvbemjtm smfubibmjta emo huko mrkj agdmta pravahkraj rmkhhbajms. Mo tmik sm ebshutbø mj mo Xmjkea em ok Wmpôgobhk y vkrbas pkrokimjtkrbas ―qum duzfkraj haia ‟bjebfjkjtm’ ok hkipkûk pugobhbtkrbk hajtrk Krgmjz― cbhbmraj oomfkr ko Ibjbstmrba emo Bjtmrbar uj pmebea em bjlarims tmjebmjtm k qum âstm mshokrmhbmrk sb mo hajtrao bipumsta ko fuktmikotmha ja hajstbtuék ujk larik em ‟ebshrbibjkhbøj bemaoøfbhk’. Hajtrkrbkjea ok rmkobeke, mo ibjbstra bjlariø k oas smjkearms qum ‟mo smûar KWGMJT, ja mstuva jb mstë saimtbea k jbjfujk hoksm em vbfbokjhbk’.58; ^msm k mstas hajstrmûbibmjtas, Ikrék \bokjavk mshrbgbø mj sus imiarbks qum mo iktrbiajba qumeø kfrkemhbea haj ok caspbtkobeke rmhbgbek4 ‟oas kibfas qum tuvbias lumraj jas (…) y sb jas cugbmrkj ekea KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 572, ‟Khtas haj iatbva em ok vbsbtk em Lbemo Hkstra’0 572 K, ‟Khtas haj iatbva em ok vbsbtk em Lbemo Hkstra. Haimjtkrbas em prmjsk’. ^ar uj emtkookea mstueba khmrhk em ok vbsbtk em Lbemo Hkstra k Iajtmvbema mj ;2=2 vâksm Wagmrta Fkrhék Lmrrmbrk, ‟–Msm gkrguea pbadasa‒4 Lbemo Hkstra y ok paobhék urufukyk’, bjâebta. 572
KEJBB, Hkdk ==;, ‟Hkdk haj ksujtas rmokhbajkeas haj ok vbsbtk emo Xr. ^rmsbemjtm em oas MM.]]’, ;; Hkrpmtks. 58>
58;
KEJBB, Hkrpmtk 73>. 7>=
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
ok rmsbemjhbk pmrikjmjtm, jas cugbârkias qumekea trkgkdkjea mj msm pkés’.587
587
Ikrék \bokjavk, Ib mspasa, pëf. ;>=. 7><
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
>2) K hksb == kûas em pkrtbr larzaskimjtm ko mxboba y haj 28 kûas em meke, mo pkskea = em mjmra lkoomhbø mj Xkj Dasâ em Hastk Wbhk eaûk Ikrék Hrbstbjk \bokjavk, qubmj lumrk mspask emo mx prmsbemjtm em Fuktmikok Dkhaga Krgmjz Fuziëj (;2;8-;26;). Xm ckgékj hajahbea mj Fuktmikok k jms emo kûa ;283, ujbâjeasm mj iktrbiajba paha emspuâs, k imebkeas em ikrza em ;282. Emsem kqumo prbimr mjhumjtra mo ‟mhckza’ lum iutua.588 Ckgbtukoimjtm sm ck sastmjbea qum Ikrék mdmrhbø ujk jatkgom bjumjhbk sagrm Krgmjz.585 Xbj migkrfa, cay skgmias qum vkrbas em msas dubhbas tbmjmj su arbfmj mj ok hkipkûk prapkfkjeéstbhk eblujebek ‟par oas krqubtmhtas’ em ok apmrkhbøj em ok HBK.58= Em taeks lariks, ja hkgm euek
588
Ikrék \bokjavk, Ib mspasa, pëf. 86.
Xtmpcmj Xhcomsbjfmr, Xtmpcmj @bjzmr, Lrutk Kikrfk, pëfs. 0 Hkroas Xkikyak Hcbjhcbook, Mo qumtzko, pëfs. ;5, eahuimjta bjâebta, pëfs. 8-50 Fukekoupm Waeréfumz em Btk, ‟^krtbhbpkhbøj paoétbhk em oks iudmrms mj ok prbikvmrk emiahrëtbhk fuktmikotmhk (;255-;2=5)’, \B \BB Hajfrmsa Hmjtrakimrbhkja em Cbstarbk, duoba em 7>>;. 58<
Ikrék \bokjavk, ‟Ib vbek k frkjems rksfas’ P;23>Y, mj Krhcbva em ok Lkibobk Krgmjz \bokjavk (mj kemokjtm, 586
KLK\), Xkj Dasâ em Hastk Wbhk. 583 ^bmra Fombdmsms, Ok mspmrkjzk, pëf. ;63. 7>3
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
emlrkuekea k prapbas y kdmjas. Xagrkgkj rkzajms4 kqumo askea ‟mdmipoa’ em rmpkrtbr tbmrrks k bjeéfmjks y hkipmsbjas cmréky,astmjsbgomimjtm fuktmikotmhas mj imeba emk oas ok tmrrktmjbmjtms Fumrrk Lrék, kimjkzkgk ok ‟mstkgbobeke kjtbhaiujbstk’ prmtmjebek par Mstkeas ]jbeas mj ujk rmfbøj eajem su bjumjhbk sbmiprm rmsuotø emhbsbvk. Mrkj eas mjmibfas iuy paemrasas pkrk ujk fmjmrkhbøj em døvmjms ebrbfmjtms qum kpmjks jkhék k ok vbek paoétbhk. Lum mjtajhms qum sagrmvbja mo ‟faopm ibobtkr’ arqumstkea ibobtkr’ arqumstkea par ok HBK.582 Xkgbea mooa, cay tkigbâj vkias hajahbmjea qum mo ‟hksa em Fuktmikok’ ja søoa ikrhø bjtmjskimjtm k taek ujk fmjmrkhbøj em oktbjakimrbhkjas par ok bipatmjhbk haj qum agsmrvkraj ebhcas khajtmhbibmjtas sbja par ok larik mj ok qum mo prapba prmsbemjtm lum ‟vmdkea’ kjtms em pkrtbr.55> ^ar mooa, kqumo ;; em smptbmigrm em ;2=5 mj mo kmrapumrta em Ok Kurark ja lum mo j em oas Krgmjz sbja søoa mo haibmjza em uj erkiëtbha y eaoarasa astrkhbsia. Uko ms mo agdmtbva hmjtrko em ib tmsbs, qum gushk g ushk ekr k hajahmr, em larik eahuimjtkek, huëjta, høia y k trkvâs em quâ imebas ok HBK mdmrhbø uj mstrbhta hajtrao sagrm Dkhaga y Ikrék, emsprmstbfbëjeaoas y ekûkjea su bikfmj pôgobhk mj huëjta oufkr emo iujea mooas puebmrkj oomfkr. Eurkjtm su pmrmfrbjkr par mo mxboba, mo iktrbiajba emgbø fukrekr ‘hajtrk su vaoujtke- uj okstbiasa sbomjhba. Ja pkrtbhbpkr em ikjblmstkhbajms
Jbh` Huooktcmr, ^GX]HHMXX, pëf. ;>7.
Ok latafrklék em Krgmjz emspadkea em su rapk
582 55>
lum iujebkoimjtm eblujebek. \âksm par mdmipoa ok iuy praiahbajkek rmvbstk \bsbøj, ; em ahtugrm em ;2=5. 7>2
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
pôgobhks a hajhmemr mjtrmvbstks lum ujk em oks bipartkjtms ‟hajebhbajms’ qum sm oms bipusbmraj ujk yckhék atrksmjhbook vmz pkrk smrem mxpuoskeas. Ebhca ja okja tkrmk bjvmstbfkhbøj y mj‟sbomjhba’ ok gôsqumek em kofujas rkstras oomfuâ k Xkj Dasâ mj ikrza em 7>>6. Urks vmjhmr vkrbas mshaooas, ib pmrsmvmrkjhbk cbza qum tuvbmrk mo prbvbomfba em smr mo ôotbia bjvmstbfkear mj curfkr dujta k eaûk Ikrék su pkskea. 55; Ckstk eajem sâ, iuy pahas ckj paebea ckhmroa y mo prmsmjtm qubmrm smr, k ok vmz, uj caimjkdm y rmhajahbibmjta. Kqumook tkrem em ikrza em 7>>6, hukjea khareâ vbsbtkroas, im mjhajtrkgk bipkhbmjtm y kjsbasa pums tmjerék ok pasbgbobeke em hajahmr k ujk em oks pratkfajbstks sagrmskobmjtms em oas cmhcas mj qum vmjék trkgkdkjea emsem vkrbas kûas ktrës. Ibmjtrks ooavék tarrmjhbkoimjtm, ok lkibobk Krgmjz-\bokjavk sm lum rmujbmjea y, mj uj prbjhbpba, mooas sm obibtkraj k mshuhckr haj ktmjhbøj y jkturko emshajkjzk. Wmhumrea qum mipmhâ mxpobhëjeaoms khmrhk em qum ib mxtrkûk hurbasbeke par mo tmik jkhbø hukjea ib pkerm im rmoktø qum ujk lrék jahcm em dujba em ;2=5, âo y sus haipkûmras em smhujekrbk ckgékj skobea par oks hkooms em Iajtmvbema k ikjblmstkr su rmpueba par ok ‟bjvksbøj em oas ykjqubs’ hajtrk ok ‟Fuktmikok em Krgmjz’. ^ar kqumook iumstrk mspajtëjmk em sbipkték vkrbas tmribjkraj trks oks rmdks. Khokrkea msm tøpbha, prasmfué mxcbgbâjeaoms hapbks em oks ‟lumjtms’ qum Em ja bjebhkrsm atrk hask, em kcark mj kemokjtm oas mjtrmhaibookeas harrmspajemj k mxprmsbajms em eaûk Ikrék. Mjtrmvbstks emo kutar haj Ikrék \bokjavk em Krgmjz, Xkj Dasâ em Hastk Wbhk, vkrbks hajvmrskhbajms sastmjbeks emo 55;
;3 ko 78 em ikrza em 7>>6, ;= ko 75 em duoba y = em ebhbmigrm em 7>>3. 7;>
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
hajlarikgkj ib trkgkda4 eahuimjtas em ok HBK,557 emo Empkrtkimjta em Mstkea, em ok paobhék urufukyk, 558
em hkjhboomréks em vkrbas pkésms, mjtrmvbstks haj oks pratkfajbstks, latafrkléks, gaomtbjms mshaokrms em oas jbûas ―cumooks em su mstkeék em trms kûas mj Iajtmvbema―, ok prmjsk pmrbøebhk y oks rmvbstks em âpahk, ksé haia bjtrbfkjtms bjlarims em bjtmobfmjhbk qum ekgkj humjtk em vbfbokjhbks k su eaibhboba, iavbibmjtas em ok hksk, bjotrkeas mj mo mjtarja paoétbha, eaiâstbha, mth. K ib bzqubmrek mstkgk eaûk Ikrék. ^ar iaimjtas pkrmhék ebstkjtm em oa qum ya mxpajék. ^rajta emshugré qum sm trktkgk em ujk lkosk kpkrbmjhbk. Urks mjuimrkr ibs prbjhbpkoms ckookzfas Em ok hukjtbask bjlarikhbøj emshoksbhkek par ok kfmjhbk, oa iës sbfjbhktbva rmspmhta ko tmik ms HBK, ‟Dkhaga ‟Dkhag a Krgmjz, mx-^rmsbemjt al Fuktmikok-Apmrktbajs Kfkbjst (V/Kttkhcimjts)’, Eah. Ja. 2;22, Iky ;=, ;2=6. 557
Ms em mspmhbko sbfjbhkea ok eahuimjtkhbøj rmhbmjtmimjtm ckookek mj ok hkjhboomrék fuktmikotmhk, oa qum hajrik ok utbobzkhbøj emo smrvbhba mxtmrbar haia bjstruimjta em mspbajkdm. Krhcbva emo Ibjbstmrba em Wmokhbajms Mxtmrbarms em Fuktmikok (KIWMF), Hoksbhkhbøj =;5, Ksujta4 ‟Bjlarims em Omfkfuktm mj ]rufuky sagrm Krgmjz’, Kûa em ;2=6 ‘ Duoba Kfasta0 Ksujta4 ‟Bjfrmsa em Krgmjz mj mo ]rufuky’, Kûa em ;2=6 ‘ Kgrbo0 Ksujta4 ‟Fagbmrja Hcmhasoavkqubk rmhajahm hktmfarék Migkdkear ko Harajmo Dkhaga Krgmjz’, Kûa em ;2=Y mj KLK\. 7;7
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Urks ok bjtmrvmjhbøj mxtrkjdmrk y ok rmjujhbk oomfkraj oas tbmipas ebléhboms. ^mra jas ‟kikias sbjhmrkimjtm…ârkias ibsik hask’ y ‟yak sbmiprm mstuvm haj âo’4 ‟hukjea ok k uj caigrm oa skhkj pktkeks ok mspask qumek ooarkjea…pmra ya ja mrk ksé, skobmjea âo, skoék ya…’. R ksé lum. ^krtbmraj ko mxboba pkrk mvbtkr mo objhckibmjta. Mj uj prbjhbpba ja pkrmhbø kofa emjbtbva y par mooa pkrk Ikrék ja oa cbhbmraj ‟ooarkjea… parqum taekvék tmjékias ujk bjqubmtue em ouhck par rmhupmrkr oa qum jas ckgékj qubtkea’. Ok rmkobeke emiastrø atrk hask pums sbmiprm lumraj rmhbgbeas haj mxtrmik lrbkoeke y ok jastkofbk par Fuktmikok sm cbza emsmspmrkjtm4 smem trktkgk em pkésms, bebaiks y hobiks iuy eblmrmjtms, omdas ok lkibobk, oks kibstkems, mth. Grmvms vkhkhbajms mj Iâxbha, oumfa Xubzk, trks mooa ok ‟obgmrko’ Lrkjhbk y k pastmrbarb Hcmhasoavkqubk, keajem oomfkraj bjtmjtkjea mouebr ok ‟bjsapartkgom prmsbøj’ em Mstkeas ]jbeas, emsmasa em qum mo ksboa sm oa atarfkrkj trks mo Umoøj em Khmra. Em taea msa ‟im khumrea’ prasmfuék Ikrék, ‟pmra haia ujk pmrsajk qum vk k hajahmr…saj pkésms gajbtas’ pmra ‟sm pbjtkj mj uj hukera y hcku’, ja paeékias vbvbr. ^ar j,ôjbha mj pkés ;2=6 qum hajsbfubmraj mj ]rufuky, pmsm k ok rmsbemjhbk bjumjhbk mstkeaujbemjsm atarfø mstkgbobeke k ok lkibobk4 sb gbmj ‟ja tuvbias prmtmjsbøj em gushkr kibstkems’, Ikrék rmharekgk qum oas urufukyas ‟mrkj kgbmrtas pkrk rmhbgbr ok fmjtm’ y ibmjtrks ‟mj atrk pkrtm jas pajékj hkrk em ebkgoas’, kooé ja. ^krk jasatras, qum ‟égkias gushkjea skobr em ok prmsbøj’ kqumooa ‟lum iuy bipartkjtm’. Ok mstkeék om pmribtbø emskrraookr su vahkhbøj par ok pbjturk mj mo tkoomr emo davmj krtbstk
poëstbha Kjcmoa Cmrjëjemz. sm trktkgk em uj pkés emiahrëtbha haj mo Kujqum huko mo iktrbiajba 7;8
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
sbmiprm qumeø kfrkemhbea, Ikrék ja aovbekgk huëj ‟cuibookjtm’ mrk pkrk Dkhaga ‟br taeks oks smikjks k rikr’ kjtm ok paobhék. Ok mspmrkjzk em paemr trkgkdkr y vbvbr sbj ok bjsbstmjtm prmsmjhbk em ok HBK oas oomvø k Hugk, qum kemiës trkjsbtkgk uj prahmsa rmvaouhbajkrba sbibokr ko qum mooas ckgékj miprmjebea mj Fuktmikok. ^msm k qum ja lum oa qum pkrmhék, vbvbmraj kooé ckstk qum mj ;2 em smptbmigrm em ;2. Mj msk ebrmhhbøj sm ebrbfmj mstas grmvms rmhumreas.
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Ikrék \bokjavk, ‟Ib vbek k frkjems rksfas’ mj
KLK\, P;23>Y. 5=> Duoba Hkstmookjas Hkigrkjms, Fuktmikok. 7;<
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
AGXMW\KHBAJMX Khmrhk em ok gbgobafrklék y lumjtms mipomkeks. ^ar rkzajms em mspkhba, ok gbgobafrklék søoa sm mjhumjtrk mj jatks k pbm em pëfbjk y ja sm bjhouym ok mxtmjsk jøibjk em obtmrkturk hajsuotkek jko mstm trkgkda. Mj su prbimrk apartujbeke, ok ko hbtk sm em rmkobzk haj ok tatkobeke em oks rmlmrmjhbks harrmspajebmjtms y mj oa suhmsbva søoa sm bjebhk su kutar, mo tétuoa rmsuibea y jôimra em pëfbjk. Mipomkias bfuko imtaeaoafék hukjea sm trktk em oas krhcbvas hajsuotkeas, huya jaigrm rmsuibias. Oks hbtks harrmspajebmjtms k pëfbjks em Bjtmrjmt lumraj jumvkimjtm vmrbhkeks ko iaimjta em mshrbgbr mo prøoafa k mstk mebhbøj fuktmikotmhk mj kfasta em 7>>2. Bjtmobfmjhbk Oas eahuimjtas em ok]jbeas Kfmjhbk Hmjtrko em em oas Mstkeas sm mjhumjtrkj bjhoubeas mj ujk haomhhbøj em eas HE‒s tbtuokek ‟HBK Cbstarbhko Eahuimjts aj ;2=5 Fuktmikok Haup’, mj paemr emo sushrbta. Mj fmjmrko ja tbmjmj jôimra em pëfbjk y hukjea sm hbtkj sm sbfum mo sbfubmjtm aremj4 lumjtm, tétuoa emo eahuimjta, jôimra y lmhck. Mo omhtar pumem khhmemr k ok tatkobeke em mstas rmfbstras k trkvâs emo skoøj momhtrøjbha em omhturk em msk kfmjhbk, ebspajbgom mj4 cttp4//www.labk.hbk.fav
7;6
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
Ok eahuimjtkhbøj paobhbko urufukyk hajsmrvkek mj mo Krhcbva em ok Ebrmhhbøj Jkhbajko em Bjlarikhbøj m Bjtmobfmjhbk mxhousbvkimjtm ko Empkrtkimjta Jôimrapmrtmjmhm BBB em ok imjhbajkek rmpkrtbhbøj. Kujqum sm bjhouymj kofujas rmhartms em prmjsk, sm trktk em rmfbstras hajemjhbkoms y smhrmtas, par oa huko mooas pmrikjmhmj bjâebtas. Mj hukjta k ok prmjsk hbtkek ―hajsuotkek mj cmimratmhks em vkrbas pkésms―, y haj mo agdmtbva em arbmjtkr ko omhtar khmrhk em su arbfmj bjhoubias ok sbfubmjtm obstk4 Ebkrbas, smikjkrbas, gaomtbjms y rmvbstks (]rufuky) Khhbøj (]rufuky) Khhbøj Khhbøj Xahbko Hrbstbkjk (Fuktmikok) Kzuo y Gokjha (Fuktmikok) Gokjha (Fuktmikok) (Hugk) Gacmibk (Hugk) Gacmibk Gaomtéj emo Hmjtra em Mstuebkjtms ]jbvmrsbtkrbas Kjtbhaiujbstks Fuktmikotmhas Fuktmikotmhas mj mo Mxboba Mxboba (HM]KFM) (Cajeurks) Hkrtk em Fuktmikok (Fuktmikok) Fuktmikok (Fuktmikok) (]rufuky) Haimjtkrba (]rufuky) Haimjtkrba • • • • •
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(Iâxbha) Hukemrjas Kimrbhkjas Kimrbhkjas (Iâxbha) (]rufuky) Ebkrba Wurko (]rufuky) Wurko Mo Emgktm (]rufuky) Emgktm (]rufuky) Mo Eék (]rufuky) Eék (]rufuky) Mo Mstuebkjtm (Fuktmikok) Mstuebkjtm (Fuktmikok) (pugobhkhbøj imjsuko) Mo Bipkrhbko (Fuktmikok) Bipkrhbko (Fuktmikok) Mo Iaimjta ^aoétbha (Fuktmikok) ^aoétbha (Fuktmikok) Mo ^kés (]rufuky) ^kés (]rufuky) Mo ^mrbøebha (Fuktmikok) ^mrbøebha (Fuktmikok)
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Mo ^oktk (]rufuky) ^oktk (]rufuky) (]rufuky) (]rufuky) Mo ^apuokr 7;3
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
• • •
•
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• • • •
Mo Wmgmoem (Fuktmikok) Wmgmoem (Fuktmikok) Mo Xao (]rufuky) Xao (]rufuky) Mjtrm graik y graik (Fuktmikok) graik (Fuktmikok) (pugobhkhbøj sktérbhk) Fuktmikok kjtm ok apbjbøj bjtmrjkhbajko (Fuktmikok) Fuktmikok. Oa qum apbjk Kiârbhk sagrm mo ^kés em ok Mtmrjk ^rbikvmrk (Fuktmikok) ^rbikvmrk (Fuktmikok) (LM]]) (]rufuky) Darjkek (LM]]) Darjkek (]rufuky) Dustbhbk (]rufuky) Dustbhbk Ok Cark (Fuktmikok) Cark (Fuktmikok) Ok Ikûkjk (]rufuky) Ikûkjk (]rufuky)
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• • • • • • •
(Krfmjtbjk) Jkhbøj (Krfmjtbjk) (Hastk Wbhk) Ok Jkhbøj (]rufuky) Ok Urbgujk ^apuokr (]rufuky) Okjzks y Omtrks (Fuktmikok) Oblm,, mebhbøj mj mspkûao (MM.]]) Oblm (]rufuky) (smikjkrba) Ikrhck (]rufuky) Ikrhck Iujea ]rufukya (]rufuky) ]rufukya (]rufuky) Ja jas tbmjtms (Fuktmikok) tbmjtms (Fuktmikok) (pugobhkhbøj sktérbhk emspkrmdk) Jumstra tbmipa (]rufuky) ^rmjsk Obgrm (Fuktmikok) Obgrm (Fuktmikok) Xmomhhbajms em Wmkemr‒s Ebfmst (Hugk) Ebfmst (Hugk) Xmikjk Høibhk (Fuktmikok) Høibhk (Fuktmikok) (smikjkrba) (Fuktmikok) Xbfoa SSB (Fuktmikok) (\mjmzumok) \bsbøj (\mjmzumok) \bsbøj \az em ok Obgmrtke (]rufuky) Obgmrtke (]rufuky)
Kgrmvbkturks utbobzkeks4 KEJBB4 Krhcbva em ok Ebrmhhbøj Jkhbajko em Bjlarikhbøj m Bjtmobfmjhbk, ^aobhék em Iajtmvbema,
Ibjbstmrba emo Bjtmrbar em ]rufuky. KLK\4 Krhcbva Lkibobk Krgmjz-\bokjavk. 7;2
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
KFJ4 Krhcbva Fmjmrko em ok Jkhbøj em ]rufuky. KDDK4 Krhcbva em Dukj Dasâ Krâvkoa. KIWMF4 Krhcbva Cbstørbha emo Ibjbstmrba em Wmokhbajms Mxtmrbarms em Fuktmikok. KIWM]4 Krhcbva Cbstørbha emo Ibjbstmrba em Wmokhbajms Mxtmrbarms em ]rufuky. HBK4 Hmjtrko Bjtmoobfmjhm Kfmjhy, Mstkeas ]jbeas. HBWIK4 Hmjtra em Bjvmstbfkhbajms Wmfbajkoms em Imsakiârbhk, Ok Kjtbfuk Fuktmikok, Fuktmikok. HVBC^4 Haoe Vkr Bjtmrjktbajko Cbstary ^radmht Guoomtbj, Vbosaj Hmjtmr, MM.]]. EXHW4 Ebkrba em Xmsbajms em ok Hëikrk em Wmprmsmjtkjtms ]rufuky. MM.]].4 Mstkeasem ]jbeas. LW]X4 Larmbfj Wmoktbajs al tcm ]jbtme Xtktms, ;2=7-;2=54 Fuktmikok,, Alhm al tcm Cbstarbkj, ].X. Empkrtimjt al Fuktmikok Xtktm, MM.]]. AMK4 Arfkjbzkhbøj em Mstkeas Kimrbhkjas. XBM4 Xmrvbhba em Bjtmobfmjhbk y Mjokhm em ok ^aobhék em Iajtmvbema kjtbfuk emjaibjkhbøj em ok khtuko Ebrmhhbøj Jkhbajko em Bjlarikhbøj m Bjtmobfmjhbk. ]LHA4 ]jbtme Lrubt Haipkjy. ]^^]4 ]jbeke ^aoblujhbajko sagrm ^ragomiks ]jbvmrsbtkrbas, Lkhuotke em Cuikjbekems y Hbmjhbks em ok Meuhkhbøj, ]rufuky. ]WXX4 ]jbøj em oks Wmpôgobhks Xahbkobstks Xavbâtbhks. ]XBX4 ]jbtme Xtktms Bjlariktbaj Xmrvbhm, MM.]].
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OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
KFWKEMHBIBMJUAX Eurkjtm mstm trkymhta cmias hajtrkéea juimrasks emueks y rmsuotk ebléhbo mjhajtrkr oks pkokgrks kemhukeks pkrk kfrkemhmr oas bjjuimrkgoms fmstas rmhbgbeas em ibs haomfks y kibfas hmjtrakimrbhkjas. Mj Fuktmikok ikjtmjfa ujk pralujek emuek haj mo prmstbfbasa cbstarbkear Duoba Hâskr ^bjta Xarbk, huyk kibstke im cajrk. Haj ok cuiboeke em taea ta ea frkj bjtmomhtuko, âo lkhbobtø y praiavbø jumstrk bjhursbøj bjhursbø j k oas tmiks qum kqué sm trktkj. Mooa ja cugbmrk sbea pasbgom sbj mo mipmûa em Hkroas Lrmeey Ahcak, emo Bjstbtuta Bjstb tuta em Bjvmstbfkhbajms ^aoétbhks ^aoétb hks y Xahbkoms em ok ]XKH, k qubmj emsma kfrkemhmr taea oa cmhca eurkjtm ib prbimrk mstkjhbk em bjvmstbfkhbøj mj Fuktmikok. [ubmra rmhajahmr tkigbâj oas bipartkjtms hajsmdas em Krtura Ukrkhmjk ksé haia mo bjtmrâs em Dukj Hkroas Fuziëj, mebtar em ok rmvbstk ^aoétbhk y Xahbmeke. Xahbmeke. Kolrmea Fumrrk Garfms, kibfa pmrsajko em Dkhaga Krgmjz, rmspajebø haj mjtusbksia hkek uja em jumstras rmqumrbibmjtas y ok pasbgbobeke em empkrtbr haj uj bjtmomhtuko em su tkook hajtbjôk sbmjea kotkimjtm frktbhkjtm. Ukigbâj mj Fuktmikok, emsma kfrkemhmr ok pkhbmjhbk y harebkobeke em Xkovkear Iajtôlkr, Ekjboa Ekreøj, Ashkr Ckmussomr y Krtmibs Uarrms, em ok Mshumok em Cbstarbk0 emo pamtk Wklkmo Futbârrmz em ok
Wmvbstk em ok ]jbvmrsbeke em Xkj Hkroas em Fuktmikok 77;
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
-]XKH-0 em oas pmrbaebstks Ikrbmoas Iajzøj y Dasâ Oubs ^mreaia0 ksé haia tkigbâj k Darfm Xaokrms, huya saobtkrba mslumrza pasbgom kqum oas rmstas emo mx prmsbemjtm Krgmjzcbza rmtarjksmj su Fuktmikok jktko. Ucmoik ^arrms m Bjfrbe Iaobjk mj mo Krhcbva emo HBWIK im lkhbobtkraj mo rmomvkibmjta y ebfbtkobzkhbøj em ok prmjsk fuktmikotmhk, rmspajebmjea haj mstbiuokjtm bjtmrâs oks iuhcks bjtmrrafkjtms em mstm bjvmstbfkear. Kooé tkigbâj hajtâ haj mo bjvkoarkgom mstéiuoa y kpaya em Krikjea D. Kolajza y V. Fmarfm Oavmoo. Oks fmstbajms em Lrkjhbsha Mjréqumz, Ebrmhtar em ok Mshumok em Cbstarbk em ok ]jbvmrsbeke em Hastk Wbhk, cbhbmraj pasbgom jumstra hajtkhta haj ok lkibobk Krgmjz, oa huko jujhk paerâ kfrkemhmr emgbekimjtm. Kooé hajtâ tkigbâj haj mo kpaya bjvkoarkgom em Dukj Dasâ Ikréj, Wajjy \bkoms, Dmjjy Hajtrmrks, Imrhmems Iuûaz y Ikurmmj Harrkoms. Duoba Hkstmookjas Hkigrkjms, ck alrmhbea tkigbâj su tbmipa pkrk empkrtbr mxtmjskimjtm sagrm mstas tmiks y sbmiprm om mstkrâ kfrkemhbea par sus mjsmûkjzks. Mj Mo Xkovkear emsma kfrkemhmr mj pkrtbhuokr ko Er. @jut Vkotmr, sbj Bfuko huyk pkrtbhbpkhbøj japkrk cugbmrk paebea vbsbtkr msm pkés. rmhajahbibmjta haj Hkroas Frmfarba Oøpmz, Lbjk \bmfks, Kolrmea Wkiérmz y oas emiës haomfks qum fmjtboimjtm ksbstbmraj k oks darjkeks em trkgkda. Emsem Mstkeas ]jbeas, ok fmjmrasbeke em ok hktmerëtbhk D. ^ktrbhm IhXcmrry y em su mspasa Wkôo Iaobjk Im Imdék ―mx ―mx rmhtar ―m rmhtar bbjtmrbja jtmrbja em em ookk ] ]XKH― XKH― rmjumvk pmrikjmjtmimjtm ib haipraibsa haj Fuktmikok.
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OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Xbj migkrfa, jkek em oa kjtmrbar cugbmrk sbea pasbgom sbj oas hajtbjuas mstéiuoas y hajsmdas pralmsbajkoms, iktmrbkoms y pmrsajkoms Meukrea \moësqumz Hkrrmrk, huyas mslumrzas par ok em rmhupmrkhbøj em ok imiarbk cbstørbhk emo pkés y trkymhtarbk ujbvmrsbtkrbk kofôj eék smrëj emgbekimjtm rmhajahbeas. Em taeks lariks, ja mstë emiës rmharekr qum hukoqubmr emlmhta ms ôjbhkimjtm ktrbgubgom ko kutar.
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HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
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OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
Mstm eahuimjta sm tmribjø em biprbibr mj ahtugrm em 7>>2, mj oas tkoomrms frëhas emo Hmjtra em Mstuebas ]rgkjas y Wmfbajkoms -HM]W- haj uj tbrkdm em 6>> mdmipokrms mj pkpmo gaje gokjha em 3> frkias. Fuktmikok, H.K.
77=
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
77<
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
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HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
773
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
772
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
78>
OK HBK R MO HKXA KWGMJT
78;
HMJUWA EM MXU]EBAX ]WGKJAX R WMFBAJKOMX
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