La Brecha Orgasmica Web

March 23, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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r`mikc mb perek`loe km be ìtmrsmgg`cieb`kek. Mstm mv`kmigè qum be rmeb`kek km bes oudmrms y be s`tueg`÷i km cprms`÷i qum efrcitei ic pumkmi mxeoìersm i` gcoprmikmrsm eb oerlmi km bcs mfmgtcs km ctrcs mdms km kms`luebkek, gcoc be gbesm, be reze, mtg. (Gcbbìs >888). Mi mstm smit`kc, mstm iumvc perek`loe pcim km rmb`mvm qum be mxpmr`migè km be gcik`g`÷i lmiàr`ge (quà s`li`ﬅge y g÷oc sm v`vmigè mb «smr oudmr±) ekqu`mrm oet`gms prcfuikeomitm k`fmrmitms mi fuig`÷i kmb cr`lmi, be pmrtmimigè regèb àti`ge, be mkek, be s`tueg`÷i mgci÷o`ge, mb i`vmb mkuget`vc, mb espmgtc espmgt c fïs`gc, mtg. (\erimr y Wj`mbks >857). Bbmvekc eb tmoe qum ics cgupe, mstc òpb`ge qum, eb `lueb qum ctres mxpmr`migès v`tebms, be smxueb`kek teon`ài sm vmrå ì﬎u`ke pcr mstes ìtmrsmgg`cims y be pcs`g`÷i km geke oudmr mi mbbes. Mi mstm b`nrc, sì monerlc, bcs mfmgtcs km mstes ìtmrsmgg`cims ic sm eieb`zeråi km fcroe kmtebbeke y mspmgïﬅge, n`mi pcrqum ic k`spcimocs km ketcs mi msm smit`kc, n`mi pcrqum eieb`zer mi kmtebbm geke uie km mbbes eberlerïe micromomitm mb eiåb`s`s jeg`àikcbc k`fïg`bomitm bml`nbm. Genm smõeber qum, euiqum e omiukc be ìtmrsmgg`cieb`kek sm je ut`b`zekc gcoc mxpb`geg`÷i ﬅieb, mitmik`àikcbe gcoc uie f÷roube qum pmro`tm, pcr sï scbe y sì prcfuik`zer oås, gco>5

prmikmr bcs fmi÷omics mstukèkcs, kmskm iumstrc puitc km v`ste mste fcroe km prcgmkmr ms mrr÷ime. Be ìtmrsmgg`cieb`kek ic kmnm mitmikmrsm gcoc puitc km bbmleke, sìc gcoc puitc km pert`ke1 ms kmg`r,, smr ui oergc lmimreb qum mi geke gesc gcikmg`r grmtc kmnm bbmiersm km gcitmi`kc, mxeoìeikc, pcr ui bekc, g÷oc bcs s`stmoes s`stmo es km cprms`÷i sm rmbeg`ciei mitrm sï y, y, pcr ctrc, quà mfmgtcs t`mim t `mim msc mi mb fmi÷omic qum sm qu`mrm eieb`zer eieb`zer.. Ms fåg`b gcoprmikmr qum, gueikc be ìtmrsmgg`cieb`kek sm mit`mikm km mste oeimre, ic pumkmi prmtmikmr eieb`zersm tckes bes ìtmrsmgg`cims mi ui ôi`gc mstuk`c. Wmrïe, sì monerlc, ouy ìtmrmseitm qum, e pert`r pert `r km be rm﬎mx`÷i qum equï sm mfmgtôe, puk`mrei mi ui futurc mfmgtuersm eiåb`s`s oås mspmgïﬅgcs, qum mxeoìesmi, pcr mdmopbc, g÷oc ìtmrsmgg`ciei mb smx`soc y mb mkek`soc mi be v`vmigè km be smxueb`kek y mb pbegmr mi oudmrms oeycrms, c mb smx`soc y mb gepeg`t`soc mi mb gesc km oudmrms gci k`sgepeg`kek/ k`vmrs`kek fuig`cieb, mtg. 7. Fìebomitm, gciv`mim epuiter qum be smxueb`kek ic sm encrke equï kmskm uie pmrspmgt`ve smxcb÷l`ge i` n`cb÷l`ge, sìc scg`cb÷l`ge y km làimrc. Mstc qu`mrm kmg`r qum be smxueb`kek, mb pbegmr y mb crlesoc ic sm encrkei gcoc jmgjcs fïs`gcs y n`cb÷l`gcs, sìc gcoc jmgjc scgèbms. Bc qum equï sm >>

mfmgtôe ms uie rm﬎mx`÷i egmrge kmb òpegtc km ui s`stmoe km làimrc kmtmroìekc mi be v`vmigè km bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms y mb oeycr c omicr pbegmr qum oudmrms y jconrms jmtmrcsmxuebms cnt`mimi mi mbbes.

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Xertm @4 Mb gcitmxtc km kms`luebkek mstrugtureb mitrm oudmrms y jconrms Gcoc smõebåneocs mi be ìtrckugg`÷i, rmsubte òpcs`nbm gcoprmikmr g÷oc oudmrms y jconrms mxpmròmitei bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms, g÷oc sm egmrgei e mbbes y bes v`vmi, sì tmimr mi gumite mb gcitmxtc mstrugtureb km prcfuikes kms`luebkekms km làimrc mi mb qum mstes t`mimi buler buler.. [ebms kms`luebkekms mitrm oudmrms y jconrms energei tckcs bcs åon`tcs km be v`ke, pônb`ge y pr`veke, prckugt`ve y rmprckugt`ve, pmrc jeste be fmgje sm je pumstc àifes`s y sm jei kmiuigèkc scnrm tckc bes kms`luebkekms oetmrèbms, o`mitres qum mb åon`tc >=

mocg`cieb je pmroeimg`kc mi ui smluikc pbeic. Xcr mste rez÷i, gcigmptcs gcoc mb km nrmgje seberèb, fmoì`zeg`÷i km be pcnrmze, tmgjc km gr`steb y kcnbm dcrieke sci ges` ui`vmrsebomitm gcicg`kcs, o`mitres qum epmies mx`stmi icg`cims eiåbcles pere mb åon`tc mocg`cieb. Mb jmgjc km qum, mi ui pròmr ocomitc, be etmig`÷i ‗teitc egekào`ge gcoc pônb`ge y scgèb‗ sm jeye gmitrekc mi bes kms`luebkekms oetmrèbms, sm kmnm e qum sci bes qum oås fåg`bomitm sm eprmgèi y teon`ài scnrm bes qum sm k`spcim km ketcs gueit`tet`vcs qum pmro`tmi rmspebker mopïr`geomitm bes rm﬎mx`cims fmoì`stes egmrge km be kms`luebkek. kms `luebkek. Mi mstm smit`kc, pcr mdmopbc, uic km bcs åon`tcs mi qum be kmiuigè je s`kc oås gcituikmitm ms mb bencreb. Ic pcr gesueb`kek ms ui geopc mi mb qum ye mx`stm enuikeitm ìfcroeg`÷i gueit`tet`ve.5 [ckc bc rmbeg`ciekc gci be msfmre sòn÷b`ge y mocg`cieb, pcr mb gcitrer`c, ms oås scﬅst`gekc, oås k`fïg`b km pmrg`n`r y ‗scnrm tckc‗ ougjc oås k`fïg`b km kmocstrer, sme pcrqum ic tckc pumkm smr omk`kc km oeimre gueit`tet`ve, sme pcrqum ìgbusc pere bc 5

Mdmopbc km mbbc ms be Migumste km Xcnbeg`÷i Egt`ve, qum prcpcrg`cie ìfcroeg`÷i eopbè y kmtebbeke kmtebb eke y qum, kmskm jegm kàgekes, sm rmeb`ze eiuebomitm.

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qum pumkm smr omk`kc ic sm k`spcim km migumstes suﬅg`mitms. Mi gueitc eb gesc mspmgïﬅgc km be msfmre smxueb, s`lum s`mikc ui tmoe tenô mi be scg`mkek, bc qum k`ﬅgubte qum sm pumke jenber km mbbc c, pcr bc omics, qum pumke jegmrsm gci g`mrte smr`mkek y gcopmtmigè, mi gcitmxtcs eprcpèkcs y ebmdekcs kmb r`kïgubc y mb gj`stm fåg`b. Eb tretersm km ui tmoe qum ic sm encrke, k`rmgteomitm rmsubte k`fïg`b bclrer geon`cs y eveigms scgèbms. Mstc gcibbmve, mitrm ctres gumst`cims, qum pmroeimzge tckevïe ouy ìtmr`cr`zeke mi eopbès gepes km be scg`mkek be gciv`gg`÷i km qum bes oudmrms ic sci smrms smxuebms mi be o`soe omk`ke qum bcs jconrms y qum pere mbbes mb smxc, mb pbegmr y bcs crlesocs i` t`mimi i` kmnmrïei tmimr be o`soe òpcrteigè qum pere mbbcs. Gcoc rmsubtekc, kmiuigèr be mx`stmigè km uie nrmgje seberèb mitrm oudmrms y jconrms sm mit`mikm sì kuke gcoc uie rm`vìk`geg`÷i k`lie y bmlïtòe, o`mitres qum iconrer y kmiuigèr be mx`stmigè km uie nrmgje crlåso`ge permgm eblc frïvcbc y pcgc rmbmveitm, e omiukc ìgbusc mi gcitmxtcs rmbet`veomitm en`mrtcs. Ctrc mbmomitc e gcis`kmrer ms qum be rm`vìk`geg`÷i km `luebkek seberèb sm ìsmrte mi uie berle ><

trek`g`÷i km bugjes sìk`gebms pere be omdcre km bes gcik`g`cims km trenedc km be gbesm trenedekcre y teon`ài pcr mbbc ms pmrg`n`ke km fcroe oås icroeb`zeke pcr be scg`mkek. Be kmiuigè km kms`luebkekms mi mb åon`tc mocg`cieb-smxueb, pcr mb gcitrer`c, ic gumite gci uie trek`g`÷i eiåbcle y pcr msc ic ms tei lmimreb`zeke. ^msuo`mikc, tckes mstes rezcims ics eyukei e gcoprmikmr pcr quà rez÷i mb qum equï ics cgupe ms ui tmoe qum jeste be fmgje epmies sm je encrkekc1 pmrc ic dust`ﬅgei qum sm s`le `licreikc be mx`stmigè km kms`luebkekms km làimrc mi uie fegmte tei òpcrteitm km be v`ke. Gcnrer bc o`soc pcr ui o`soc trenedc, km jmgjc, ms, sì kuke, uie imgms`kek ìepmbenbm, pmrc tmimr mb o`soc kmrmgjc eb pbegmr ic ms uie rm`vìk`geg`÷i omics òpcrteitm (scnrm tckc gueikc sm mstå mst å jeg`mikc rmfmrmigè e seber`cs omk`cs y ebtcs, mi rmbeg`÷i e bcs guebms mb jmgjc km gcnrer omics ic gcibbmve r`mslc km mopcnrmgò`mitc). Mi mstm smit`kc, mb jmgjc km qum scgèbomitm sm t`mike e grmmr bc gcitrer`c ic ms oås qum ui mfmgtc kmb o`soc s`stmoe km làimrc qum sunyegm e mste kms`luebkek. Egberekc mstc, veocs e eieb`zer nrmvmomitm ebluics gcigmptcs gbevm km be tmcrïe fmoì`ste y km là>:

imrc, imgmser`cs pere mitmikmr g÷oc sm gciﬅlurei bes kms`luebkekms mitrm oudmrms y jconrms mi mste scg`mkek. Jermocs mspmgèb jìgep`à mi equmbbcs espmgtcs qum eyukei e gcoprmikmr mb tmoe qum ics cgupe4 g÷oc mb petrèrgekc gcitmopcråimc ìg`km mi be msfmre smxueb.

MB XE[^@E^GEKC Be icg`÷i km petrèrgekc pese e smr uie p`mze gbevm km be tmcrïe fmoì`ste mi bcs eõcs smtmite kmb s`lbc pesekc y ms, mi be egtueb`kek, mb gcigmptc qum oås àifes`s pcim mi mb mbmomitc mstrugtureb km be kms`luebkek. Gci àb sm jegm rmfmrmigè e uie mstrugture scgèb km kcoìeg`÷i y mxpbcteg`÷i oesgubìe, kcikm bcs jconrms k`sfrutei km oeycr mstetus y pckmr, o`mitres qum bes oudmrms sm migumitrei rmbmlekes e uie s`tueg`÷i km suncrkìeg`÷i (Xubmc 500=). Mi mste kmﬅi`g`÷i sunyegmi kcs mbmomitcs gbevm4 mb pròmrc ms qum mb petrèrgekc ms uie mstrugture scgèb. Gcoc teb, sm trete km eblc qum òprmlie tckcs bcs åon`tcs km be v`ke, eblc qum rmlube iumstrc ouikc, kmskm bc oegrc jeste bc o`grc, kmskm mb omrgekc bencreb jeste be msfmre mocg`cieb, kmskm bcs omk`cs km gcoui`geg`÷i km oeses jeste be >0

gcivmrseg`÷i oås ïitòe. Ieke sm bm msgepe y ieke pumkm kersm «eb oerlmi km± su ì﬎umigè. Mb smluikc mbmomitc gbevm km be kmﬅi`g`÷i ms be kms`luebkek4 nedc mste mstrugture, mi mfmgtc, bc oesgubìc y bc fmomiìc ‗y bes oudmrms y bcs jconrms qum bc migeriei‗ ic gcmx`stmi mi ui pbeic km `luebkek, sìc mi gbere dmrerquïe, teitc sòn÷b`ge gcoc oetmrèb ([erràs >85>). Bcs jconrms, mi ctres pebenres, cgupei uie pcs`g`÷i km pr`v`bml`c pcr mb sòpbm jmgjc km smr vercims. Mstc ms bc qum Nciìc (>88 Mxgursc 5 Mstcs pr`v`bml`cs y mste sòn÷b`ge terdmte sm trekugmi mi oubt`tuk km mbmomitcs verèkcs, qum kmspb`mlei sus mfmgtcs e bc berlc km tcke be v`ke. Xmismocs, pcr mdmopbc, mi mb jmgjc km qum, pere bcs jconrms, be icgjm y mb cg`c icgturic mi iìlôi gesc sm vìgubei gci mb o`mkc, sìc ôi`geomitm gci mb pbegmr y mb k`sfrutm4 bcs gj`gcs d÷vmims qum vumbvmi e gese kmspuàs km uie icgjm km ﬅmste ic kmnmi prmcgupersm km mv`ter zcies csgures y puitcs imlrcs1 i` km oeitmimrsm suﬅg`mitmomitm scnr`cs gcoc pere ic smr gcis`kmrekcs ui cndmt`vc fåg`b pere bcs kmprmkekcrms smxuebms, mtg. >

Mstc ic qu`mrm kmg`r qum bcs jconrms ic pumkei tmimr uie v`ke k`fïg`b c sufr`r k`sgròìeg`÷i, sìc qum ic sm kmnm e su gcik`g`÷i km jconrms , sìc e ctrcs fegtcrms (gbesm scgèb, pmrtmimigè e lrupcs «

±

àti`gcs regèb`zekcs, k`sgepeg`kek/k`vmrs`kek fuig`cieb, mtg.).

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Xerebmbeomitm, bcs jconrms mi iìlôi ocomitc sm vmi prms`ciekcs e msgclmr mitrm gerrmre prcfms`cieb y petmri`kek1 eb gcitrer`c, bcs ketcs kmoumstrei qum, mi su gesc, tmimr j`dcs m j`des rmkuike mi ui euomitc mi mb seber`c pmrg`n`kc, o`mitres qum, mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms, sugmkm mxegteomitm bc gcitrer`c. Mi mstm o`soc åon`tc, s` gu`kei km sus grètures mi be o`soe omk`ke qum sus gcopeõmres sci ebenekcs pcr be scg`mkek1 o`mitres qum mbbes ic scbeomitm ic rmg`nmi mstm gcitrestm pcs`t`vc, sìc qum ekmoås sm bms rmqu`mrm ocstrersm elrekmg`kes pcr mb gcoprco`sc km su gcopeõmrc. Eb jegmrsm oeycrms, ﬅiebomitm, ic sm vumbvmi ìv`s`nbms mi bcs omk`cs y be prckugg`÷i euk`cv`sueb i` rmg`nmi mb omisedm km qum pere mbbcs be pcs`n`b`kek km smr gcis`kmrekcs smxuebomitm etregt`vcs qumk÷ etrås (Frm`xes >857). Jmocs miuomrekc ebluics åon`tcs mi bcs qum sm rm﬎m dei bcs bcs pr`v`bm pr`v`bml`cs l`cs kmr`vekcs kmr`vekcs km smr jconrms. jconrms. Ic sm trete, sì monerlc, km uie b`ste mxjeust`ve, sìc ôi`geomitm km uie pmqumõe oumstre qum pumkm eyuker e mitmikmr mi quà sm trekugm mb pr`v`bml`c qum sm vìgube e be oesgubì`kek mi mste scg`mkek.

Bcs mbmomitcs gbevm km be icg`÷i km petrèrgekc ‗rmfmrmigè e uie mstrugture scgèb qum òpb`ge uie kms`luebkek mitrm oudmrms y jconrms‗ sm oeit`mimi ìebtmrekcs mi mb t`mopc. Mb fuig`cieo`mitc km mste mstrugture, sì monerlc, ic sm oeit`mim s`moprm `lueb, sìc qum ekqu`mrm geregtmrïst`ges k`fmrmigèkes mi fuig`÷i kmb buler y be àpcge j`st÷r`ge. ^msubte, pcr bc teitc, imgmser`c smõeber bcs mbmomi75

tcs gbevm rmbeg`ciekcs gci mb gcitmxtc cgg`kmiteb gcitmopcråimc mi mb qum sm un`ge mstm eiåb`s`s. Eitm tckc genm smõeber be mstrmgje vìgubeg`÷i kmb petrèrgekc gci mb gep`teb`soc (imcb`nmreb). Ms mste uie rmbeg`÷i qum sm je jmgjc oås ìtmise y gcopbmde km bc qum mre mi mb pesekc. Xcr ui bekc mstå be grmg`mitm ìk`v`kueb`zeg`÷i (Nmga 50:6/>886), be pàrk`ke km bezcs scgèbms y mb kmn`b`teo`mitc km bes ìst`tug`cims scgèb`zekcres trek`g`ciebms1 pcr ctrc, be pròegïe km be gubture kmb gcisuoc y bes mstretmlès imcb`nmrebms km crlei`zeg`÷i kmb trenedc4 tckc mstc ke buler e ui gep`teb`soc geke vmz oås ìves`vc, qum mstå gcbci`zeikc tckcs bcs åon`tcs km be v`ke y mitrm mbbcs teon`ài mb km bes rmbeg`cims mitrm oudmrms y jconrms (Eo`lct >85>). Mi mstm gcitmxtc, rmsubte òpcs`nbm pmiser be kms`luebkek smxueb eb oerlmi km bes rmbeg`cims mgci÷o`ges gep`teb`stes. Eones fcroei ui mitreoekc gcopbmdc y k`fïg`bomitm smperenbm (Gcnc >855) qum ìg`km teon`ài mi be v`vmigè km bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms.7 ]i smluikc mbmomitc gbevm kmb petrèrgekc gcitmopcråimc ms qum rmprmsmite, eb `lueb qum mb gep`teb`soc, uie sïitms`s km gcegg`÷i y b`nmrtek 7

Oås ekmbeitm, mstes gumst`cims sm eieb`zeråi gci kmtebbm.

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kmsgcicg`ke mi ctres àpcges (Dcieskctt`r 5007). Be kms`luebkek mitrm oudmrms y jconrms ye ic mstå mstenbmg`ke pcr bmy. Fcroebomitm be `luebkek km làimrc sm rmgcicgm y kmﬅmikm y mx`stmi, ìgbusc, bmyms mspmgïﬅges pere fcomiterbe (k`sgròìeg`÷i pcs`t`ve). Xmsm e mbbc, be kms`luebkek pmrs`stm. ³G÷oc ms pcs`nbm3 Xcrqum, euiqum be b`nmrtek m `luebkek km bes oudmrms mstå rmgcicg`ke y lereit`zeke mi ui pbeic fcroeb, pmrs`stmi prågt`ges km làimrc kms`luebms y k`sgròìetcrès. Mxgursc > Xere gcoprmikmr mb fuig`cieo`mitc y ebgeigm km tebms prågt`ges, pckmocs pmiser, pcr mdmopbc, eblc mi eper`migè tei tr`vèb gcoc be prågt`ge km kmp`bersm4 iek`m cnb`le e bes oudmrms e jegmrbc y, sì monerlc, be ìomise oeycrïe s`lum rmgurr`mikc e k`stìtes tàgi`ges (be oeycrïe kcbcrcses) pere b`nrersm km bcs pmbcs qum rmgunrmi su gumrpc. Wm trete km uie kmg`s`÷i epermitmomitm b`nrm, pmrc mi rmeb`kek gcik`g`cieke4 pcr ui bekc, pcrqum mx`stm ui gest`lc scgèb gcitre qu`àitm icòpumstc bc jegm1 pcr mb ockmbc mstàt`gc scgèbomi scgèbomitm mståctrc, tei pcrqum ìtmr`cr`zekc qum, ìgbusc mi eusmigè km mse o`reke mxtmrie, rmsubte ouy gcopbmdc b`nrersm km àb y bclrer vmrsm mstàt`geomitm etregt`ve sì guopb`r gci bcs oeiketcs qum mstm vmj`gube. Eiåbcleomitm, teopcgc mx`stm uie bmy qum mstenbmzge guåb ms uie ìkuomiterè «kmgmitm±, pmrc s` uie oudmr ms elrmk`ke c ocbmsteke smxuebomitm bbmveikc uie febke kmoesèkc gcrte, uics tegcims kmoesèkc ebtcs y uie

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geo`smte kmoesèkc msgcteke, iek`m bm b`nrerå km smr gcis`kmreke pcr bc omics pergèbomitm rmspcisenbm km bc qum bm je sugmk`kc. Mdmopbc Mi ctrc åon`tc,km pmismocs, pcrscbtmres, mdmopbc,i`qum ye ic sm 5. bò`te be b`nmrtek bes oudmrms sm bes oeit`mim nedc be tutmbe petmrie pcr ic tmimr oer`kc, pmrc be scg`mkek s`lum gcis`kmreikc qum s`, e pert`r km g`mrte mkek, uie oudmr qum ic t`mim permde m j`dcs c j`des ic ms uie oudmr gcopbmte. Mi suoe, su s`tueg`÷i sm gciﬅlure gcoc fcroebomitm b`nrm pmrc, mi ôbtòe ìsteigè, km mxpbcteg`÷i, kmb o`soc ockc qum mb trenedc eseberèkc vmik`kc b`nrmomitm b`nrmomitm nedc mb gep`teb`soc (Dcieskctt`r 5007).

Be ôbtòe geregtmrïst`ge kmb petrèrgekc cgg`kmiteb gcitmopcråimc ms qum mb eocr y be smxueb`kek ekqu`mrmi uie òpcrteigè pert`guberomitm lreikm, sì kuke oeycr km be qum jenïei tmi`kc mi àpcges eitmr`crms (Dcieskctt`r 5007).; Mstc rmo`tm eb jmgjc km qum mstcs åon`tcs, e k`fmrmigè km ctrcs, epmies jei mxpmròmitekc geon`cs mi bes ôbtòes kàgekes. Mi ui gcitmxtc km lreikms eveigms mi ctres msfmres (pmismocs mi mb åon`tc icroet`vc), bcs åon`tcs efmgt`vc y smxueb sm jei oeitmi`kc ìebtmrekcs y, y, km mste oeimre, sm jei gcivmrt`kc jcy mi bcs nest`cims km kmfmise y epuitebeo`mitc kmb ;

Gumst`÷i qum sm eieb`zerå mi kmtebbm oås ekmbeitm.

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petrèrgekc. Xcr mbbc, mopmzer e ﬅder be o`reke mi mstcs, eieb`zer bes rmbeg`cims smitòmitebms y smxuebms, y jegmrbc gci pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc y fmoì`ste rmsubte tei òpcrteitm.

MB LÀIM^C Be icg`÷i km làimrc ms ui gcigmptc gbevm pere mitmikmr mb fuig`cieo`mitc kmb petrèrgekc y, y, mi bc qum mspmgïﬅgeomitm equï ics cgupe, be mx`stmigè km uie nrmgje crlåso`ge mitrm oudmrms y jconrms. Ms kmg`r, kmg`r, qum s` mb petrèrgekc rmspcikm eb quà, qu à, e guåb ms be gciﬅlureg`÷i km uie scg`mkek kmtmroìeke, mb làimrc rmspcikm eb g÷oc, feg`b`te be gcoprmis`÷i km g÷oc mse mstrugture scgèb sm oeit`mim y sm rmprckugm e sï o`soe. Mi bcs s`lu`mitms epertekcs eieb`zermocs nrmvmomitm sus crïlmims, su gcitmi`kc y epcrteg`cims fuikeomitebms.

5.>.5 Crïlmims kmb gcigmptc y kmnetms gbevm Be `kme qum sustmite mb kmserrcbbc kmb gcigmptc km làimrc fum fcroubeke jegm oås km smsmite eõcs pcr Nmeuvc`r qum, mi su cnre «Mb smluikc smxc± 7=

(50;0, p.580), eguõ÷ be ye feocse mxprms`÷i km qum «ic sm iegm oudmr4 sm bbmle e smrbc±. Be miuigèg`÷i km Nmeuvc`r, Nmeuvc`r, rmgcrketcr`c km qum «be n`cbclïe ic ms mb kmstìc± (Nurlcs Kïez >88>, p. 7). Xmsm e be mx`stmigè km pbeitmeo`mitcs k`fmrmitms, sì monerlc, tckes mstes pcs`g`cims tm÷r`ges gcìg`kmi e be jcre km `kmit`ﬅger be k`fmrmigè y be kms`luebkek gcoc etr`nutcs gbevm kmb làimrc. 76

5.>.>. Mb làimrc gcoc k`fmrmigè4 bes `kmit`kekms km làimrc Mb làimrc pumkm smr kmﬅi`kc gcoc «be s`li`ﬅgeg`÷i sundmt`ve y gcbmgt`ve qum uie scg`mkek ke e bc oesgubìc y bc fmomiìc y g÷oc eb jegmrbc, mbbe gciﬅmrm e bes oudmrms y e bcs jconrms sus rmspmgt`ves `kmit`kekms± (Wgctt 50:6, p. 6). Gci mbbc sm jegm rmfmrmigè eb jmgjc km qum, mi geke ìtmregg`÷i gct`kèie y teon`ài pcr pertm km bcs omk`cs km gcoui`geg`÷i km oeses, e geke pmrscie sm bm prmsupcimi uics ìtmrmsms, eﬅg`cims, lustcs, kmsmcs, o`mkcs y mocg`cims kmtmroìekcs y k`fmrmigèkcs mi fuig`÷i km su pmrtmimigè (rmeb c pmrg`n`ke) e ui kmtmroìekc smxc n`cb÷l`gc. Mste gciﬅlureg`÷i scgèb kmb làimrc ic pmroeimgm mxgbus`veomitm mi ui pbeic enstregtc, mxtmric, sìc qum bbmle e gcik`g`cier mb kmserrcbbc sundmt`vc4 bcs oeiketcs scgèbms, km jmgjc, gcifcroei ui k`spcs`t`vc sòn÷b`gc km `kmit`ﬅgeg`÷i, y mstc rmv`mrtm mi be sundmt`v`kek kmb ìk`v`kuc, gr`steb`zeikc mi `kmit`kekms km làimrc qum rmspcikmi, km oeimre oås c omics mxegte, e tebms oeiketcs (Eo`lct >855). Mi ctres pebenres, be `kmit`kek gcigrmte km bcs ìk`v`kucs ms pmromenbm pmro menbm e mscs epcrtms mxtmr mxtmr--

7<

ics y egene gciﬅluråikcsm mi rmbeg`÷i gci mbbcs, rmspcik`mikc y ekmguåikcsm. Mv`ter be ì﬎umigè km tebms oeiketcs, km jmgjc, sm gciv`mrtm mi uie quòmre, sme pcr su rm`tmreg`÷i gcisteitm, frmitm e be gueb rmsubte òpcs`nbm oeitmimr uie ebmrte pmroeimitm, sme pcrqum sm trete, gcoc sm vmrå oås ekmbeitm, km omisedms qum vmj`gubei gcitmi`kcs fumrtmomitm ietureb`zekcs y, gcoc tebms, rmsubtei e omiukc ges` ìkmtmgtenbms.

Bcs mbmomitcs gbevm km bes `kmit`kekms km làimrc oesgubìe y fmomiìe Eitm tckc, genm smõeber qum bes `kmit`kekms km làimrc pumkmi smr kmﬅi`kes pcr omk`c km k`gctcoïes esòàtr`ges (Ncurk`mu >888)4 gubture y ieturebmze, reg`cieb`kek y moct`v`kek, fumrze y kmn`b`kek, egt`v`kek y pes`v`kek. Be `kmit`kek oesgubìe sm gcistruym ebrmkmkcr km bcs vebcrms km be eutcmstòe, mb pckmr, pckmr, be vebmitïe, be fumrze, be mx`lmigè, be rez÷i, be gcopmtmigè, be r`veb`kek y be elrms`v`kek1 be `kmit`kek fmomiìe sm mr`lm mi tcric e bes `kmes km be eusmigè km pckmr pckmr,, be pes`v`kek, be kmn`b`kek, mb o`mkc, bes mocg`cims, be eoen`b`kek, be mopetïe, be mitrmle y mb eutcsegr`ﬅg`c (Belerkm >88:). 7:

Mxgursc 7 ]ie o`reke supmrﬅgèb pckrïe ìkug`rics e grmmr qum, mi be uiXckrïe msqumoe tei rïl`kc k`gct÷o`gc ic egtueb`kek, mstå v`lmitm. supcimrsm, pcr ymdmopbc, qum ye ic mx`stm teb prmsupcs`g`÷i egrït`ge km fumrze y vebmitïe mi bcs jconrms y km kmn`b`kek, ìkmfmis`÷i y o`mkc mi bes oudmrms. Mstes k`gctcoïes, sì monerlc, s`lumi ouy v`lmitms y ui eiåb`s`s km bes cnres km ﬅgg`÷i bc rm﬎mde gbereomitm. Mdmopbc >. Mi mstm smit`kc, g÷oc geonè mb omisedm qum sm treso`tm mi uie msgmie mi be qum uie oudmr y ui jconrmmsgcikm kmnmi mifrmitersm e ui t`rctmc ms be oudmr qu`mi sm kmtrås kmb jconrm c eb s` gcitrer`c. Mb pròmr supumstc sm pmrg`nm gcoc pmrfmgteomitm «icroeb±, ui mbmomitc oås km be j`stcrè, qum ic ms omrmgmkcr km oeycr kmtmiò`mitc i` sm vìgube gci mb kmserrcbbc pcstmr`cr km be treoe. Mb smluikc, pcr mb gcitrer`c, ms ui mbmomitc k`sruptcr y bbeoet`vc, qum scbc pumkm rmbetersm gci ui s`li`ﬅgekc y cndmt`vcs prmg`sc (susg`ter j`ber`kek c rm﬎mder be gcnerkïe kmb jconrm). Wm trete km ui mdmopbc iò`c pmrc ouy rmbmveitm pcrqum rm﬎mde teitc be v`lmigè egtueb kmb msqumoe k`gct÷o`gc eitms kmsgr`tc qum su vmj`gubeg`÷i treiso`tm omisedms qum, pcr su ietureb`zeg`÷i, rmsubte ouy gcopbmdc kmtmgter.

Ctrc mbmomitc gbevm ms qum, ebbå kcikm be `kmit`kek oesgubìe sm nese mi ui smitò`mitc km ìkmpmikmigè y gcopmt`t`v`kek, ms kmg`r «smr pere uic o`soc±, km omk`rsm e sï o`soc mi nesm eb àx`tc mi 70

mb ouikc, be fmomiìe sm kmﬅim pcr ui smitò`mitc km frel`b`kek y kmpmikmigè, km «smr pere ctrcs± y e trevàs km bcs ctrcs (Neselbè 50:7). Mstm «smr pere uic o`soc± frmitm «smr pere ctrcs± ‗fumrtmomitm vìgubekc gci bcs vebcrms k`gct÷o`gcs err`ne smõebekcs y, y, scnrm tckc, gci be escgèg`÷i km be `kmit`kek fmomiìe gci bcs vebcrms km be mopetïe, mitrmle y eutcsegr`ﬅg`c‗ ms, prcnenbmomitm, uic km bcs mbmomitcs oås s`li`ﬅget`vcs mi be gciﬅlureg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km làimrc. [eon`ài ms eblc qum, mi bc qum mspmgïﬅgeomitm ics cgupe, rmv`stm ui rcb gmitreb mi be mx`stmigè km uie nrmgje crlåso`ge mi rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebms. Xerebmbeomitm, teon`ài genm smõeber qum bes `kmit`kekms fmomiìe y oesgubìe o esgubìe sm gcistruymi km fcrfcroe k`gct÷o`ge mi nesm e peråomtrcs qum be ﬅb÷scfe fmoì`ste Eombè Vebgergmb (>85=) je kmﬅi`kc gcoc «bmy kmb elrekc± y «bmy kmb kcoì`c±. Gci mbbc sm jegm rmfmrmigè eb jmgjc km qum, eb oerlmi km treisfcroeg`cims gcitìlmitms mi mb gcitmi`kc km bcs oeiketcs km làimrc, eôi jcy mi kïe mb kmnmr km elreker s`lum s`mikc ui mbmomitc gbevm mi be gcistrugg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km làimrc km bes ou dmrms, e be per qum ì﬎uym mi be km bcs jconrms. Wm trete, sì kuke, km eblc qum òpegte k`rmgteomitm

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mi be oeimre mi qum uies y ctrcs sm egmrgeråi e bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms. Ctrc mbmomitc qum rmv`stm uie òpcrteigè gmitreb mi be gcistrugg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km làimrc fmomiìe ms be gubpe. Ms g`mrtc qum, gcoc smitò`mitc, sm trete km eblc qum teitc oudmrms gcoc jconrms pumkmi smit`r, smit`r, pmrc bc qum k`ﬅmrm ms su rm`tmreg`÷i4 ôi`geomitm bes oudmrms t`mikmi e smit`rsm gcisteitmomitm gubpenbms pcr eblc. Mi mstm smit`kc, mitcigms, be gubpe ms ui smitò`mitc ebteomitm lmimr`zekc y, y, e be vmz, ui mbmomitc km gcitrcb ouy pckmrcsc. Kmsegt`ve mb gci﬎`gtc scgèb y km làimrc pcrqum k`ﬅgubte fumrtmomitm teitc be kmtmgg`÷i km bes ìdust`gès gcoc be rmegg`÷i frmitm e mbbes. W` bcs jconrms t`mikmi e rmegg`cier gci mifekc e bcs elrev`cs v`v`kcs, bes oudmrms t`mikmi e mitr`stmgmrsm y smit`rsm gubpenbms pcr bcs o`socs (Ncurk`mu 500:/>8881 Belerkm >88:). Mstc, mv`kmitmomitm, t`mim ui òpegtc ouy gberc teon`ài mi be msfmre smxueb, pcrqum feg`b`terå qum bes oudmrms, mi mb gesc ‗gcoc sm vmrå, ouy frmgumitm‗ km ic smit`r pbegmr y ic tmimr crlesocs mi sus rmbeg`cims smxuebms, t`mikei e s`tuer mb prcnbmoe mi mbbes o`soes eitms qum mi mbmomitcs mxtmrics, gcoc be permde smxueb y bes prågt`ges smxuebms.

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Fìebomitm, ui mbmomitc k`fmrmigèb gbevm mi be kmﬅi`g`÷i km bes `kmit`kekms km làimrc fmomiìe y oesgubìe ms qum uie sm fuike mi mb eocr (Mstmnei >88:1 Belerkm >88=1 Weipmkrc >88=), o`mitres qum be ctre sm nese mi be cntmig`÷i km rmgcicgò`mitc scgèb, rmbmleikc mb eocr e ui pbeic smguiker`c (Fmrrmr mt eb . >88:). Be oudmr oudmr,, msgr`nïe Dcieskctt`r (5007, p. 75=), «imgms`te eoer y smr eoeke pere jen`b`tersm scg`c-mx`stmigèbomitm±, o`mitres qum mb jconrm ye mstå «jen`b`tekc gcoc pmrscie± eitms km ìvcbugrersm mi be rmbeg`÷i eocrcse. Gci mbbc sm jegm rmfmrmigè eb jmgjc km qum bcs jconrms sci pmrg`n`kcs pcr be scg`mkek gcoc smrms gcopbmtcs eb oerlmi km su s`tueg`÷i smitòmiteb, o`mitres qum, mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms y pert`guberomitm e pert`r km g`mrte mkek, mstc ic sugmkm, sìc qum t`mikmi e smr pmrg`n`kes gcoc smrms gcopbmtcs y rmeb`zekcs ôi`geomitm gueikc t`mimi permde. Mste k`fmrmitm vebcreg`÷i scgèb, ekmoås, ìmv`tenbmomitm ìg`km mi be vebcreg`÷i ìk`v`kueb, mi g÷oc jconrms y oudmrms t`mikmi e eutcpmrg`n`rsm y eutcvebcrersm gueikc ic t`mimi permde smitòmiteb y mi be òpcrteigè qum etr`nuymi etr`nuy mi eb jmgjc km gcismr gcismr-verbe gueikc be t`mimi. [eon`ài [eon`ài genm smõeber qum, s` mi bes ôbtòes kàgekes bcs eveigms mi `luebkek km làimrc jei s`kc ìimlenbms, mi mb åon`tc km bes rmbeg`cims y mb eocr bcs geon`cs jei s`kc oås n`mi ;>

msgescs4 mb eocr gcitìôe s`mikc mb åon`tc gbevm pere be cntmig`÷i km rmgcicgò`mitc scgèb pere bes oudmrms y, y, e be vmz y mi rmbeg`÷i gci mbbc, su oeycr fumitm km eutcmstòe y eocr prcp`c (Fmriåikmz >88;1 @bbcuz >85>). Mi bc qum mspmgïﬅgeomitm ics cgupe, genm kmsteger qum mste oeycr òpcrteigè km be permde pere bes oudmrms mi tàroìcs km `kmit`kek pmrscieb y scgèb t`mim ui òpegtc gberc teon`ài mi be v`vmigè km be smxueb`kek4 mi mb pckmr km imlcgèg`÷i qum oudmrms y jconrms t`mimi mi mbbe y mi mb lrekc km k`ﬅgubtek qum pumkm mitreõer mitreõer,, mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms, oei`fmster en`mrteomitm be mx`stmigè km ìset`sfegg`cims mi be msfmre smxueb, kekc mb pctmigèb kmsmsten`b`zekcr qum mstc pumkm tmimr pere be rmbeg`÷i. Gcoc rmsubtekc, tmikrå teon`ài ui òpegtc mi be mx`stmigè km uie nrmgje crlåso`ge.

Be smxueb`kek mi be `kmit`kek km làimrc fmomiìe y oesgubìe Mi mb epertekc eitmr`cr sm je pck`kc cnsmrver g÷oc be gcistrugg`÷i scgèb kmb làimrc bbmle e òpegter mi be smxueb`kek km oeimre ìk`rmgte y omkèke pcr sus mfmgtcs mi ctrcs espmgtcs km be `kmit`kek. Mx`stm, ;7

sì monerlc, teon`ài uie kòmis`÷i ougjc oås ìomkète, kmr`veke kmb jmgjc km qum be smxueb`kek fmomiìe y oesgubìe sm gcistruymi scgèbomitm km fcroe k`fmrmitm, k`gct÷o`ge y eitel÷i`ge. Mi mstm smit`kc, ui pròmr mbmomitc k`fmrmigèkcr ms be òpcrteigè qum mb smxc y be set`sfegg`÷i smxueb ekqu`mrmi mi be gcistrugg`÷i `kmit`terè. Mi mb gesc km bcs jconrms, km jmgjc, mstcs jei tmi`kc j`st÷r`geomitm uie òpcrteigè gmitreb4 mb smxc sm je prmsmitekc gcoc uie imgms`kek fïs`ge y mb kmsmc smxueb gcoc eblc `rrmfrmienbm `r rmfrmienbm m ìgcitrcbenbm. Bes oudmrms, pcr mb gcitrer`c, jei s`kc trek`g`ciebomitm bes kmpcs`terès kmb jcicr y be purmze y kureitm berlc t`mopc mb oeitmiò`mitc km be v`rlì`kek jeste mb oetròci`c je s`kc uie mx`lmigè pere tckes mbbes. Jey qum eõek`r qum, ìgbusc gueikc mstm msqumoe je s`kc supmrekc, bes rmbeg`cims mxtreoetròcièbms sm jei icroeb`zekc y be smxueb`kek fmomiìe je mopmzekc e smr rmgcicg`ke, be kms`luebkek je pmrs`st`kc4 mi mb gesc km mbbes, e k`fmrmigè km mbbcs, iuige sm je bbmlekc e gcis`kmrer qum mb smxc sme uie imgms`kek n`cb÷l`ge, i` ui òpubsc `rrmprò`nbm m `rrmfrmienbm. Mi be scg`mkek cgg`kmiteb gcitmopcråime sm pmro`tm y mspmre qum bes oudmrms k`sfrutmi kmb smxc, s mxc, pmrc, e k`fmrmigè km bcs jconrms, ic sm gcis`kmre qum bc imgms`tmi. Wm ;;

trete km ui mbmomitc qum imgmserèomitm ìg`km mi be òpcrteigè qum, km fcroe gcisg`mitm m ìgcisg`mitm, oudmrms y jconrms etr`nuymi eb pbegmr y bcs crlesocs prcp`cs y km su permde smxueb. ]i smluikc mbmomitc k`fmrmigèkcr ms qum, o`mitres qum be smxueb`kek oesgubìe sm prmsmite gcoc pcs`nbmomitm kmsb`leke km bc mocg`cieb, be fmomiìe sm prmsmite gcoc imgmserèomitm vìgubeke e mbbc. Mi ctres pebenres, scgèbomitm, mstå egmptekc y icroeb`zekc qum bcs jconrms kmsmmi pregt`ger y pregt`qumi smxc gci mb ôi`gc cndmt`vc km cntmimr ui pbegmr fïs`gc qum guboìe mi ui crlesoc1 o`mitres qum, mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms, mb smxc pregt`gekc mi mstcs tàroìcs s`lum msteikc mst`loet`zekc. Wm je bbmlekc e egmpter ‗y mspmrer‗ qum bes oudmrms tmilei uie v`ke smxueb, pmrc s`lum gcis`kmråikcsm qum, mi su gesc, mb cndmt`vc pròer`c ic ms gcismlu`r pbegmr fïs`gc y crlesocs, sìc mb egmrgeo`mitc, be gcoui`geg`÷i, be rmbeg`÷i gci mb ctrc y mb ger`õc qum egcopeõei eb smxc.= Xumkm =

Mstc sm eprmgè km fcroe mspmgèbomitm gbere mi mb k`fmrmitm treteo`mitc km be oesturneg`÷i oesgubìe y fmomiìe ‗tctebomitm icroeb`zeke mi ui gesc m ìv`s`n`b`zeke mi mb ctrc‗. Mi g`mrtc ockc, be oesturneg`÷i pumkm mitmikmrsm gcoc mb òpubsc smxueb oås purc4 ic ms be cges`÷i pere gcoui`gersm gci mb ctrc, pere treiso`t`r y smit`r ger`õc, efmgtc c eocr, pere eoer y smit`rsm eoeke1 ms sòpbmomitm kmsmc, c imgms`kek, smxueb. Ms pure y sòpbm nôsqumke km ui crles-

;=

fåg`bomitm gcoprmikmrsm qum teb gciﬅlureg`÷i scgèb km be smxueb`kek fmomiìe y oesgubìe tmikrå, ìmv`tenbmomitm, ui òpegtc mi be prcnen`b`kek qum uies y ctrcs t`mimi km gcismlu`r crlesocs mi sus rmbeg`cims smxuebms. Fìebomitm, ui ôbtòc mbmomitc qum k`fmrmigè bes smxueb`kekms oesgubìe y fmomiìe scgèbomitm gcistru`kes gcis`stm mi qum uie sm gciﬅlure gcoc egt`ve y be ctre gcoc pes`ve, grmåikcsm esï uie k`gctcoïe gbere mitrm sudmtc kmsmeitm (bcs jconrms) y sudmtc kmsmekc (bes oudmrms). Mstc pumkm eprmgèrsm mi mb jmgjc km qum, mi mb òelìer`c scgèb, sci bcs jconrms qu`mims gcrtmdei y smkugmi, qu`mims msgclmi e sus prmses y ut`b`zei k`fmrmitms tågt`ges y mstretmlès pere kmrr`ner sus rms`stmigès. Mbbes, mi mstm gcitmxtc, sm vmi rmbmlekes e uie pcs`g`÷i pes`ve4 ic msgclmi, sci msgcl`kes1 ic kmsmei, sci kmsmekes1 ic smkugmi, sci smkug`kes. Mb kmsmc smxueb, mi su gesc, sm prmsmite gcoc sòpbm rmspumste eb kmsmc y etmig`÷i oesgubìcs.6 Wm trete km ui mbmomitc gbevm oc y mstc ms eblc qum mstå ietureb`zekc mi bcs jconrms pmrc ic mi bes oudmrms. 6

Wì mitrer mi mb kmnetm mitrm bmleb`zeg`÷i y encb`g`÷i km be prcst`tug`÷i, grmmocs òpcrteitm smõeber qum mste gciﬅlureg`÷i k`gct÷o`ge km be `kmit`kek oesgubìe y fmomiìe, kcikm mbbcs sm gcist`tuymi gcoc sudmtc kmsmeitm y mbbes gcoc sudmtc kmsmekc, ms, sì kuke, ui mbmomitc gbevm pere gcoprmikmr pcr quà bcs gcisuo`kcrms km

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pere gcoprmikmr, mi ui i`vmb oås lmimreb, g÷oc oudmrms y jconrms mxpmròmitei be smxueb`kek y, mi ui i`vmb oås gcigrmtc, be mx`stmigè y ebgeigm km be nrmgje crlåso`ge qum bcs ketcs rm﬎mdei. Oås ekmbeitm mstes gumst`cims sm eieb`zeråi gci kmtebbm. Mxgursc ; Xckrïe gcis`kmrersm qum ui msqumoe tei k`gct÷o`gc pmrtmimgm eb pesekc y je s`kc supmrekc mi be scg`mkek egtueb. ]i mxeomi km be prckugg`÷i euk`cv`sueb gcitmopcråime, sì monerlc, rm﬎mde gbereomitm qum sm trete km ui petr÷i tckevïe v`lmitm. Mdmopbc 7. Xmismocs, pcr mdmopbc, mi g÷oc sm gcistruym eôi jcy mi kïe be prågt`ge tcteb`kek km bes j`stcrès km eocr qum sm rmbetei mi smr`ms y pmbïgubes4 mi mbbes, mb jconrm mxpmròmite kmskm mb pròmr ocomitc uie fumrtm etregg`÷i y mop`mze e gcrtmder e be oudmr qum bm luste, o`mitres qum mbbe ic sm oumstre ìtmrmseke y rmprcst`tug`÷i sci, mi su prågt`ge tcteb`kek, jconrms. Mi su gesc, mi mfmgtc, mb jmgjc km oeitmimr rmbeg`cims smxuebms gci eblu`mi qum ic bc jegm km pcrmivmrlekure kmsmc (ic bmspcrqum kmsme) ic sìcgjcge pcr kìmrc, ic supcim cnstågubc frcitebomitm gci ui be oeimre mi qum sm je gcifcroekc su `kmit`kek smxueb1 mi mb gesc km mbbes, pcr mb gcitrer`c, sï. Fåg`bomitm pumkm òelìersm qum ui jconrm ic qu`mre oeitmimr rmbeg`cims smxuebms gci prcst`tutes pcr rezcims àt`ges, pmrc k`fïg`bomitm sm migcitrerå ebluic qum gcis`kmrm be `kme juo`bbeitm1 uie oudmr, pcr bc gcitrer`c, fåg`bomitm bc v`v`rå km mse oeimre. Mstc ms esï pcrqum, mi su gesc ‗pmrc ic mi mb km bcs jconrms‗, be `kmit`kek smxueb sm je gcistru`kc gcoc sudmtc kmsmekc, eblc qum sm rcopm mi pmkezcs mi ui migumitrc qum ìvcbugre kìmrc y mi mb qum bes oct`veg`cims kmb ctrc ieke t`mimi qum vmr gci su kmsmen`b`kek.

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s`stm sus ìsìueg`cims. Àb, sì monerlc, ic gmde mi su mopmõc jeste qum mbbe, pcr ﬅi, kmde e ui bekc sus rms`stmigès y egmpte mb eocr qum àb bm cfrmgm (eblc qum gcoc mspmgtekcrms/es sm ics jenïe bbmvekc e kmsmer kmskm mb pròmr ocomitc). Be s`tueg`÷i cpumste, pcr mb gcitrer`c, ms ìòelìenbm4 iuige sm ics oumstre e uie oudmr mopmõeke mi gciqu`ster e ui jconrm qum permgm ic rmperer mi mbbe. P eôi oås k`fïg`bomitm òelìenbm ms uie j`stcrè mi be qum pcr ﬅi sus msfumrzcs smei rmgcopmisekcs. Mse oudmr, e k`fmrmigè kmb jconrm, ic lmimrerïe mopetïe, ic rmsubterïe smkugtcre y etregt`ve, sìc qum treiso`t`rïe uie òelmi r`kïgube y petàt`ge. Wm trete km ui mdmopbc sòpbm pmrc ouy lråﬅgc km jeste quà puitc be g`teke k`gctcoïe mitrm sudmtcs kmsmeitms y sudmtcs kmsmekcs mstå ìtmr`cr`zeke y ietureb`zeke y s`lum tckevïe v`lmitm mi be scg`mkek egtueb.

Làimrc y smxueb`kek mi mb gcitmxtc gcitmopcråimc Be gcistrugg`÷i scgèb km be smxueb`kek fmomiìe y oesgubìe ic pmroeimgm ìverèke e bc berlc kmb t`mopc, sìc qum sm ock`ﬅge gcifcrom e bes treisfcroeg`cims scgèbms. Xere gcoprmikmr g÷oc ìg`km mi be v`vmigè km bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms mi be scg`mkek cgg`kmiteb gcitmopcråime, mitcigms, ms imgmser`c mitmikmr g÷oc be smxueb`kek km jconrms y oudmrms sm gcifcroe mi mbbe mspmgïﬅgeomitm, quà ;:

geon`cs jei tmi`kc buler gci rmspmgtc eb ockmbc trek`g`cieb y quà gcibbmvei. Jeste jegm ebluies kàgekes mb ockmbc sm geregtmr`zene pcr uie k`gctcoïe enscbute. Mi be egtueb`kek mstm sm je jmgjc omics rïl`kc y sòubtåimeomitm sm je geregtmr`zekc, pert`guberomitm mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms, pcr uie gcmx`stmigè km oeiketcs k`fmrmitms y gcitrek`gtcr`cs qum, pcr ui bekc, eopbïei mb oerlmi km b`nmrtek, pmrc pcr ctrc ìgrmomitei teon`ài be ìgmrt`kuonrm y mb sufrò`mitc kmr`vekcs km be òpcs`n`b`kek km guopb`r gci tckcs mscs oeiketcs eb o`soc t`mopc. Mi ctres pebenres, mi mb gcitmxtc egtueb bes oudmrms sì kuke k`sfrutei km uie oeycr b`nmrtek smxueb y jei ekqu`r`kc ‗sì n`mi km oeimre ìgcopbmte y gci iuomrcscs oet`gms‗ mb kmrmgjc e tmimr smxc y e ui v`v`r su smxueb`kek, qum pumkm mi oeycr n`mimst er..eblc n`mimster Eb o`soc t`mopcrmkuiker qum sm eopbène mb oerlmi km egtueg`÷i frmitm e bcs v`mdcs oeiketcs (purmze, gest`kek, v`rlì`kek, mtg.), sì monerlc, jei epermg`kc ctrcs iumvcs m ìgcopet`nbms gci equmbbcs, gci be gcismgumitm grmeg`÷i km ui ockmbc ougjc oås gcopbmdc y k`fïg`b km guopb`r ekmguekeomitm. Bes oudmrms gcitmopcråimes, mi suoe, kmnmi smr, smr, eb o`soc t`mopc, kmgmitms k mgmitms m ;0

ìkmgmitms, smxuebomitm en`mrtes y gcopmtmitms pmrc rmgetekes, gci mxpmr`migè pmrc sì ui iôomrc mxgms`vc km permdes smxuebms, mtg., oeiketcs òpcs`nbms km cnmkmgmr sòubtåimeomitm, gci mb ìmv`tenbm sufrò`mitc pcr be smiseg`÷i km ìekmgueg`÷i qum km mbbc sm kmr`ve.< Mi rmbeg`÷i gci mstc, jey ctre gumst`÷i òpcròpcrteitm4 genm mspmrer qum, pcr mfmgtc km bcs eveigms mi oetmrè km `luebkek km làimrc qum jei tmi`kc buler mi bes ôbtòes kàgekes y pcr mfmgtc teon`ài km g`mrte b`nmreg`÷i smxueb, mi be àpcge egtueb mb pcrgmitedm km oudmrms qum cnt`mim pbegmr y crlesocs e trevàs kmb smxc sme oeycr qum jegm ui s`lbc. Wm trete km ui mbmomitc e vvebcrer ebcrer pcs`t`veomitm, pmrc qum ic pumkm msgcikmr qum ui mbmvekc iôomrc km oudmrms s`lum sì mxpmròmiter msm pbegmr (km ejï, be mx`stmigè km mse nrmgje crlåso`ge qum bcs ketcs rm﬎mdei) y ‗bc

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Esò`soc, ms òpcrteitm qum ics ìtmrrclumocs egmrge km quà sunyegm e be iumve mx`lmigè km jen`b`kek y gcopmtmigè smxueb qum rmgem scnrm bes oudmrms (eblc qum sm eprmgè ouy gbereomitm mi mxprms`cims gcoc smr «uie ﬅmre mi be geoe±, uie «ncone smxueb±, mtg.). Kmskm ui eiåb`s`s gci pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc, km jmgjc, ms imgmser`c prmluitersm mi nmimﬅg`c km qu`ài sm s`tôe mse jen`b`kek, s` km bes prcpès oudmrms c km sus gcopeõmrcs smxuebms. Mi ctres pebenres, genm prmluitersm s` bc qum sunyegm e mstes iumves mx`lmigès ms uie oeycr gcte km b`nmrtek smxueb c mb v`mdc y trek`g`cieb oeiketc km làimrc km «smr pere ctrc± epb`gekc e be smxueb`kek.

=8

qum oås ics ìtmrmse‗ qum mste rmeb`kek lmimrerå ejcre ui oebmster oås ìtmisc qum mi mb pesekc. Ms kmg`r, kmg`r, qum mse febte km pbegmr fmomiìc, eui supci`mikc uie ìdust`gè y uie omroe mi mb kmrmgjc km v`v`r km fcroe set`sfegtcrè be smxueb`kek mi tckes bes àpcges, ms pert`guberomitm kcbcrcse mi be àpcge egtueb y bc ms pcrqum, mi be gcopbmd`kek kmb ockmbc gcitmopcråimc, bclrer pbegmr y tmimr crlesocs sm jei gcivmrt`kc mi g`mrtc ockc mi uie cnb`leg`÷i, mi uie omk`ke kmb vebcr km bes oudmrms: (km ejï, be mx`stmigè kmb mst`loe km frïl`ke±). Mi mstm gcitmxtc, be febte km crlesocs egene tmi`mikc ui òpegtc ougjc oeycr qum be sòpbm febte km pbegmr fïs`gc, ye qum gcibbmve teon`ài ui fumrtm sufrò`mitc sufrò `mitc omiteb y uie smiseg`÷i km ìekmgueg`÷i. «

Mste s`tueg`÷i sm vm ìtmis`ﬅgeke mi mb oergc km uie scg`mkek imcb`nmreb mimi be qum, sm eieb`zerå oås ekmbeitm, mb àx`tc tckesgcoc bes msfmres, ìgbuymikc teon`ài be msfmre smxueb, sm je gcivmrt`kc mi cn dmt`vc dmt` vc ggbevm bevm km be be mx`stmi mx`stmigè gè y su gcitr gcitrer`c er`c,, mb freg fregesc, esc, mi eblc e mv`ter enscbuteomitm. :

Mstc, sì monerlc, ic je gcikug`kc e uie ock`ﬅgeg`÷i kmb smxc jmlmo÷i`gc mi eres km feg`b`ter f eg`b`ter msm pbegmr, gcoc sm eieb`zerå mi kmtebbm mi be smluike pertm kmb b`nrc.

=5

5.>.7. Mb làimrc gcoc kms`luebkek Wm je egberekc qum mb s`stmoe km làimrc ms ui omgei`soc qum es`lie e oudmrms y jconrms geregtmrïst`ges gbereomitm k`fmrmigèkes, vebcrms y icroes ekmguekcs eb smxc km geke uie/c. Bc qum ejcre ìtmrmse sunreyer ms qum, euiqum mstes gueb`kekms, e pròmre v`ste, pumkmi permgmr gcopbmomiterès, mi rmeb`kek mståi dmrerqu`zekes (Nbeigc >88=). Mb s`stmoe km làimrc, pcr bc teitc, ic òpb`ge ôi`geomitm k`fmrmigè, sìc teon`ài kms`luebkek. Dusteomitm pere pcimr àifes`s mi mbbc, km jmgjc, mstm je s`kc kmﬅi`kc gcoc «uie fcroe pròerè km rmbeg`cims s`li`ﬅget`ves km pckmr± (Wgctt 50:6 p. 5.86880, p. 5>>). Mxgursc = Be mx`stmigè km uie omdcr vebcreg`÷i scgèb km be `kmit`kek km làimrc oesgubìe mi gcopereg`÷i e be fmomiìe sm eprmgè, pcr mdmopbc, mi mb jmgjc km qum scgèbomitm sm egmpte gci ougje oås feg`b`kek y ietureb`kek qum bes oudmrms ekqu`mrei reslcs y esuoei gcopcrteo`mitcs trek`g`ciebomitm oesgubìcs qum bc gcitrer`c. Mi msm gesc, mi mfmgtc, sm mit`mikm qum bes oudmrms mståi, mi g`mrtc ockc, ìgrmomiteikc su vebcr scgèb, gci bc gueb =>

su kmg`s`÷i sm gcoprmikm y, s`moprm qum ic mxgmkei g`mrtcs bïo`tms ic msgr`tcs, jeste sm rmspebke. Eb gcitrer`c, ui jconrm qum, kmskm su pcs`g`÷i, t`mim egt`tukms y gcopcrteo`mitcs qum sm pmrg`nmi gcoc fmomiìcs mstå, sòn÷b`geomitm, kmvebuåikcsm, kmvebuåikcsm, eblc qum scgèbomitm i` sm mit`mikm i` sm rmspmte. Xerebmbeomitm, mste k`fmrmitm vebcreg`÷i km bc oesgubìc y bc fmomiìc teon`ài sm rm﬎mde mi mb jmgjc km qum be oesgubì`kek gcibbmve uie imgms`kek gcisteitm km imleg`÷i km be fmoì`kek, o`mitres qum be fmoì`kek ic gcibbmve uie eiåbcle imgms`kek km imleg`÷i km be oesgubì`kek. Wmr jconrm, gcoc kmgïe Nciìc (>88888), qum jegm rmfmrmigè e bcs omgei`socs qum bclrei qum bcs o`monrcs km be getmlcrïe kcoìeke, pcr ui bekc, eprmikei bcs vebcrms qum sm gcis`kmrei eptcs pere mbbcs y, y, pcr ctrc, epb`qumi «e guebqu`mr rmeb`kek y, y, mi msp mspmgèb, mgèb, e bes rmbeg`cims km pckmr mi bes qum mståi etrepekcs, uics msqumoes =7

omitebms qum sci mb prckugtc km be esò`beg`÷i km mstes rmbeg`cims km pckmr±. Mi ctres pebenres, tebms k`spcs`t`vcs, pcr uie pertm, gcis`lumi qum bes ou dmrms ìtmr`cr`gmi uics vebcrms y gcikugtes kmtmroìekcs (kubzure, frel`b`kek, kmn`b`kek, kmpmikmigè, mtg.) y, y, pcr ctre, bclrei qum, e be jcre km pmrg`n`rsm y vebcrersm c km pmrg`n`r y vebcrer e bcs jconrms, kmvebômi bcs vebcrms y prågt`ges qum jei eprmik`kc y misebgmi bcs kmb lrupc kcoìeitm (fumrze, ìkmpmikmigè, vebmitïe, mtg.). Km mste oeimre «be v`s`÷i eikrcgàitr`ge± sm migumitre «gcitìueomitm bml`tòeke pcr bes o`soes prågt`ges qum kmtmroìe± (Ncurk`mu >888, p. ;:), teitc qum uie u ie km bes termes oås k`fïg`bms pere mb fmoì`soc je s`kc ocstrer y kmocstrer be mx`stmigè km be cprms`÷i ‗y mstc pmsm e be mx`stmigè km ìk`gekcrms ouy gbercs qum be prumnei‗. Mi mstm smit`kc, be ìtmr`cr`zeg`÷i km bcs oeiketcs km làimrc sm gciv`mrtm mi uie prcfmgïe eutcguopb`ke qumbegcitr`nuym e gciﬅroer prm du`g`c y pmrpmtuer kcoìeg`÷i (Ncurk`mumb>8881 Mstmnei >88:). Mste ìfrevebcreg`÷i km bc fmomiìc gci rmspmgtc e bc oesgubìc, ekmoås, sm vm ìtmis`ﬅgeke mi be egtueb`kek mi mb oergc km uie scg`mkek imcb`nmreb. Bcs vebcrms qum mi mbbe sm misebzei ‗mb ìk`v`kueb`soc, be gcopmt`t`v`kek, be nôsqumke kmb àx`tc gcoc =;

vebcr suprmoc, be eusmigè km mopetïe jegè qu`mi ic je bclrekc msm àx`tc‗ àx`t c‗ sci vebcrms qum rmprmsmitei, mi g`mrtc ockc, uie rek`geb`zeg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km làimrc oesgubìe. K`gjc km ctre oeimre, be sundmt`v`kek imcb`nmreb ms, mi msmigè, uie sundmt`v`kek j`pmroesgubìe. Gcoc rmsubtekc, mi mbbe, bc fmomiìc sm kmvebôe oås eôi. Ms eblc qum sm eieb`zerå mi kmtebbm mi be smluike pertm kmb b`nrc. Fìebomitm, mitmikmr qum bcs vebcrms fmomiìcs y oesgubìcs ‗y, ‗y, gci mbbcs, bes oudmrms y jconrms qum bcs migeriei‗ ic gcmx`stmi mi ui pbeic km `luebkek, sìc km gbere dmrerquïe, ms ui mbmomitc gbevm pere gcoprmikmr pcr quà, mi rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebms, bcs jconrms t`mimi crlesocs gci ougje oås frmgumigè qum bes oudmrms. Xmrc ye pumkm v`sbuonrersm g÷oc, mi ui gcitmxtc km mstm t`pc, bcs kmsmcs, mb pbegmr y be set`sfegg`÷i km uies y ctrcs ic tmikråi mb o`soc pmsc i` be o`soe rmbmveigè.

5.7. MB EIK^CGMI[^@WOC Gci be icg`÷i km eikrcgmitr`soc sm jegm rmfmrmigè e equmbbe v`s`÷i kmb ouikc qum s`tôe eb jconrm (mi lr`mlc, eikrcs ) mi mb gmitrc km tckes bes gcses.

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Gcist`tuym ui mfmgtc kmb s`stmoe km làimrc kms`lueb eitms kmsgr`tc. Mi ui s`stmoe eikrcgàitr`gc, be o`reke oesgubìe sm ui`vmrseb`ze y, gci mbbe, teon`ài bes geregtmrïst`ges y kmsmcs km bcs jconrms1 bes oudmrms y sus imgms`kekms, pcr bc gcitrer`c, t`mikmi e kmsepermgmr. Mi mstm gcitmxtc, bc oesgubìc cgupe mb buler km bc imutrc y bc ui`vmrseb (Nmeuvc`r 50;01 Ncurk`mu >888), o`mitres qum bc fmomiìc sm ìv`s`n`b`ze. Bes geregtmrïst`ges, kmsmcs, ìqu`mtukms, k`ﬅgubtekms y prcnbmoåt`ges oesgubìcs sm pmrg`nmi gcoc rmfmr`kcs eb gciduitc km be scg`mkek, o`mitres qum tckc equmbbc qum gcig`mrim e bes oudmrms sm getmlcr`ze gcoc eblc «km oudmrms± c k`rmgteomitm ic sm pmrg`nm. Mstm msqumoe ic cpmre ôi`geomitm mi ui pbeic tm÷r`gc, sìc qum bbmle e ìg`k`r km fcroe ouy gbere mi g÷oc sm gciﬅlure be scg`mkek, fevcrmg`mikc qum ebluics tmoes ìtmrmsmi y prmcgupmi oås qum ctrcs, qum ebluies gumst`cims sm tretmi y ctres ic, qum ctres teites sm pmrg`nei km fcroe pergèb, mtg. Mxgursc 6 Mb eikrcgmitr`soc efmgte e tckcs bcs åon`tcs km egtueg`÷i juoeie. Mdmopbc km mbbc sci bcs smslcs eikrcgàitr`gcs prmsmitms ìgbusc mi uie k`sg`pbìe prmtmik`ke-

=6

omitm imutre gcoc be omk`gìe. Mdmopbc 7. Mi mstm smit`kc, gcis`kàrmsm, pcr mdmopbc, qum bes mifmromkekms qum sci pekmg`kes scnrm tckc pcr oudmrms (md. mikcomtr`cs`s c ﬅnrcoèblè) sci cndmtc km omicr ìvmst`leg`÷i g`mitïﬅge, rmkuikeikc mi rmtrescs y mrrcrms mi mb kèli÷st`gc y treteo`mitc1 c qum, gueikc uie mifmromkek lmimre sïitcoes k`fmrmitms mi oudmrms y jconrms, mx`stm ui oeycr kmsgcicgò`mitc km su sìtcoetcbclïe y kmserrcbbc mi mbbes. Ms mstm mb gesc kmb ìfertc, gci mb rmsubtekc km rmtrescs mi mb kèli÷st`gc y treteo`mitc mi bes oudmrms y, e pert`r km ebbï, mi uie oeycr tese km ocrteb`kek (Fuikeg`÷i Mspeõcbe kmb Gcrez÷i).

Genm rmsebter qum mb eikrcgmitr`soc ìg`km km fcroe k`rmgte teon`ài mi be gciﬅlureg`÷i km be smxueb`kek juoeie y, y, oås gcigrmteomitm, sunyegm eb gc`tcgmitr`soc qum geregtmr`ze bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms y, y, pcr omk`c km mstm, teon`ài e be nrmgje crlåso`ge qum bcs ketcs k`spci`nbms rm﬎mdei. Oås ekmbeitmgci bes òpb`geg`cims gc`tcgmitr`soc sm eieb`zeråi kmtebbm1 kmskmkmb mstm ocomitc, sì monerlc, genm eit`g`per qum fcgeb`zer mb smxc mi mb gc`tc ms eblc mxtrmoekeomitm m xtrmoekeomitm prcnbmoåt`gc, ic scbeomitm pcrqum bò`te bes eopbès pcs`n`b`kekms km be smxueb`kek juoeie, sìc scnrm tckc pcrqum be ìomise oeycrïe km bes oudmrms ic mxpmròmite crlesocs gci mste prågt`ge.

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Mi rmbeg`÷i e mstc ôbtòc ms òpcrteitm mitmikmr be vìgubeg`÷i kmb gc`tcgmitr`soc gci mb eikrcgmitr`soc. Ôi`geomitm mitmik`mikc qum mb gc`tcgmitr`soc ms gcismgumigè kmb eikrcgm eikrcgmitr`soc itr`soc mitmikmrmocss qum uie prågt`ge omkèitm be gueb be mitmikmrmoc lrei oeycrïe km bes oudmrms ic t`mim crlesoc crlesocss sm jeye gcivmrt`kc mi be prågt`ge smxueb pcr mxgmbmigè, o`mitres qum tckes equmbbes prågt`ges e trevàs km bes guebms be lreikïsòe oeycrïe km bes oudmrms sï mxpmròmitei crlesocs s`lumi gcis`kmråikc gcis`kmråikcsm sm eggmscrès. Mb àifes`s pumstc mi be pmimtreg`÷i pckïe mxpb`gersm e pert`r km be vìgubeg`÷i kmb smxc gci be rmprckugg`÷i. Wì monerlc, qum mi ui gcitmxtc mi mb qum be smxueb`kek sm je `kc prclrms`veomitm kmsvìgubeikc km ﬅims rmprckugt`vcs, msm msqumoe epmies ìmx`stmitm sm jeye v`stc ock`ﬅgekc ms ui gberc rm﬎mdc km be scg`mkek eikrcgàitr`ge y petrèrgeb mi be qum mstm prcgmsc je tmi`kc buler. Fìebomitm, rm`tmrer qumqum mb gc`tcgmitr`soc, prckugtc kmbgenm eikrcgmitr`soc pmrome be scg`mkek, ms ui mbmomitc ouy rmbmveitm mi be gcoprmis`÷i km be mx`stmigè y ebgeigm km be nrmgje crlåso`ge mi rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebms (y su kmseper`g`÷i mi rmbeg`cims jcocsmxuebms jcocsmxuebms).).

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5.;. GCIF@L]ÊG@×I MWXMGÏF@GE KM BE W]NDM[@V@KEK MI BE WCG@MKEK IMCB@NMÊB Wm je egberekc eitms qum be oeimre mi qum be mstrugture petrèrgeb y mb s`stmoe km làimrc sm oei`ﬅmstei y egtôei verïe mi geke scg`mkek gcigrmte. P bc qum ics ìtmrmse eôi oås4 ekqu`mrm uies geregtmrïst`ges mspmgïﬅges mi be scg`mkek cgg`kmiteb gcitmopcråime, uie scg`mkek imcb`nmreb. ]i pmqumõc rmpesc km bes geregtmrïst`ges gbevm km mste scg`mkek, mitcigms, ms ìk`spmisenbm pere gcoprmikmr g÷oc fuig`cie be mstrugture km làimrc mi mstm gcitmxtc mspmgïﬅgc y, oås gcigrmteomitm, gg÷oc ÷oc bbmle e òpegter mi be v`vmigè km be smxueb`kek.

5.;.5. Mbmomitcs gbevm km be sundmt`v`kek imcb`nmreb Gci be icg`÷i km imcb`nmreb`soc sm jegm, jen`tuebomitm, rmfmrmigè e uie fcroe mspmgïﬅge km crlei`zeg`÷i mgci÷o`ge. Equï, sì monerlc, bc qum ics ìtmrmse ic ms g÷oc sm gciﬅlurei mi mste scg`mkek bes rmbeg`cims km prckugg`÷i y mb omrgekc bencreb, sìc quà sundmt`v`kek sundmt `v`kek bms egcopeõe, ms kmg`r kmg`r,, quà sudmtc juoeic sm gcistruym mi mbbe. Wm trete km uie

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gumst`÷i pert`guberomitm rmbmveitm mi mstm gcitmxtc, pumstc qum uic km bcs mbmomitcs geregtmrïst`gcs kmb ockmbc mgci÷o`gc egtueb ms qum ic rmlube ôi`geomitm be msfmre mgci÷o`ge prcpèomitm k`gje, sìc qum bbmle e crkmier tckcs bcs åon`tcs km be v`ke, grmeikc esï be sundmt`v`kek oås fuig`cieb eb prcp`c kmserrcbbc mgci÷o`gc. Xrmg`seomitm pcr mbbc, km jmgjc, mstm ockmbc je s`kc kmﬅi`kc gcoc gep`teb`soc eveizekc (Nmga >886). ]i pròmr mbmomitc gbevm km be sundmt`v`kek imcb`nmreb ms be ìk`v`kueb`zeg`÷i. Mb gcigmptc km ìk`v`kuc teb y gcoc sm mit`mikm mi be scg`mkek cgg`kmiteb gcitmopcråime, km jmgjc, ms uie icvmkek mi tàroìcs j`st÷r`gcs. Xmrg`n`rsm Xmrg`n`rsm y pmrg`n`r e bcs kmoås gcoc sudmtcs kmsb`lekcs km su gcitmxtc, qum scbc sm pmrtmimgmi e sï o`socs, scbc rmspcikmi eitm sï y tcoei sus kmg`s`cims km fcroe tctebomitm b`nrm y ic gcik`g`cieke (y pcrmsbceblc teitcgeregtmrïst`gc gci enscbutekmb rmspcisen`b`kek scnrm mbbes) ockmbc imcb`nmreb. Ms mb rmsubtekc rmsubtekc km ui gcitmxtc mi mb qum be kòmis`÷i gcbmgt`ve km be mx`stmigè je `kc pmrk`mikc rmbmveigè, bcs bezcs gcbmgt`vcs sm jei kmn`b`tekc y bes trek`g`ciebms mstrugtures km veb`keg`÷i y rmgcicgò`mitc scgèb (gcoc mb lrmo`c, be gbesm, be @lbmsè, be feo`bè, mtg.) jei v`stc rmkug`ke su òpcrteigè y gepeg`kek km elrmleg`÷i.

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Mste kmstrugg`÷i km be kòmis`÷i gcbmgt`ve km be mx`stmigè ‗qum, pcr ctre pertm, ic ms ui mfmgtc gcbetmreb, sìc uie kòmis`÷i msmigèb kmb gep`teb`soc eveizekc (Nmga >886)‗ b`nmre km gcistr`gg`cims y km gcitrcb scgèb y, mi mstm smit`kc, ms ui gcitmxtc prcp`g`c pere be prcgbeoeg`÷i km be b`nmrtek kmb ìk`v`kuc. Wm grme, km jmgjc, ui vmrkekmrc gubtc e be b`nmrtek1 be gciv`gg`÷i km qum ic jey bò`teg`cims mxtmries, qum geke pmrscie pumkm ebgeizer tckes bes omtes qum sm prcpcim, qum t`mim e su k`spcs`g`÷i tckes bes gbevms km àx`tc y su ôi`gc gcomt`kc ms senmr eprcvmgjerbes n`mi ms ui mbmomitc k`stìt`vc km mste scg`mkek. Xrmg`seomitm mb misebzeo`mitc kmb àx`tc ìk`v`kueb (y su gcitrer`c, be mst`loet`zeg`÷i kmb fregesc) ms ctrc km bcs mbmomitcs kmﬅi`tcr`cs km be scg`mkek imcb`nmreb, ìk`scbunbmomitm b`lekc eb àifes`s pumstc mi be b`nmrtek kmb ìk`v`kuc. Be scg`mkek imcb`nmreb, mi ctresprms`÷i pebenres, sm geregtmr`ze pcr pcimr uie microm scnrm bcs ìk`v`kucs pere qum sm jelei e sï o`socs, sm k`fmrmig`mi km bcs kmoås y smei ôi`gcs y mx`tcscs. Mi mstm gcitmxtc, sm mit`mikm qum geke pmrscie ms tctebomitm rmspcisenbm km bc qum bm sugmke4 qu`ài ebgeize mb àx`tc ms ìkug`kc e grmmr qum mb oàr`tc ms ôi`geomitm suyc y qu`ài fregese e esuo`r qum be gubpe ms mitmreomitm suye.

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Wm trete km ui rezcieo`mitc mileõcsc, sme pcrqu pcrqumm cbv`ke pcr gcopbmtc be mx`stmigè km mstrugtures scgèbms (km gbesm, làimrc, reze, mtg.) qum gcik`g`ciei s`li`ﬅget`veomitm s`li`ﬅget`veomi tm bes cpg`cims km àx`tc y fregesc ìk`v`kueb, sme pcrqum co`tm qum bes b÷l`ges o`soes kmb àx`tc rmqu`mrmi imgmserèomitm km be mx`stmigè kmb fregesc. Be gbevm kmb àx`tc, km jmgjc, rms`km prmg`seomitm mi mb jmgjc km scnrmseb`r, kmsteger scnrm bcs kmoås, y mstc ms eblc qum sm vcbvmrïe òpcs`nbm mi ui gcitmxtc km trùifc lmimreb`zekc, mi mb qum mb àx`tc pmrkmrïe su msmigè. Mi ui j`pctàt`gc gcitmxtc mi mb qum tckc mb ouikc trùifesm, km fegtc iek`m trùiferïe. Km tckc mstc sm kmr`ve qum, pere qum ui iôomrc ouy rmkug`kc km pmrscies pumkei pmrg`n`rsm gcoc trùifekcres, be oeycrïe sm vm encgeke e v`v`rsm gcoc fregeseke, gci be gerle mocg`cieb qum gcibbmve.pcr Wm trete km be uiscg`mkek mbmomitccgg`gbevm peremstc gcoprmikmr quà, mi kmiteb gcitmopcråime, pmsm e be mx`stmigè km ui mbmvekc i`vmb km n`mimster mgci÷o`gc y oetmrèb, be sebuk omiteb y mocg`cieb km be pcnbeg`÷i ms tei oebe, gcoc etmst`lue be mbmveke prmvebmigè km mifmromkekms omitebms gcoc g coc eis`mkek, kmprms`÷i, mtg.

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5.;.>. ]ie o`reke gci pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc e be sundmt`v`kek imcb`nmreb ]i mxeomi gci pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc kmb sudmtc imcb`nmreb pmro`tm cnsmrver qum sm trete, mi g`mrtc ockc, km ui sudmtc j`pmroesgubìc4 ms ìk`v`kueb`ste, elrms`vc, gcopmt`t`vc, gepez km k`r`l`r tckes sus mimrlïes pere leier be netebbe km be v`ke, trùifekcr trùifekcr,, òpbegenbm gci bc qum sm ìtmrpcile mi su geoìc ‗tckes gueb`kekms qum, mi mb s`stmoe km làimrc eitms kmsgr`tc, sm vìgubei fumrtmomitm gci be oesgubì`kek y sm jebbei, pcr mb gcitrer`c, ouy ebmdekes km be fmoì`kek‗. Mb jmgjc km qum bcs vebcrms qum sm misebzei mi be scg`mkek imcb`nmreb gcìg`kei, gcìg`kei, mi lrei pertm, gci mbmomitcs gbevm km uie `kmit`kek km làimrc oesgubìe òpb`ge qum bes oudmrms rmg`nmi km oeimre sòubtåime oeiketcs en`mrteomitm tcr`cs (gcocuics oudmrms, pcr ui bekc, y gcocgcitrek`gsudmtcs imcb`nmrebms, pcr ctrc) y qum, pcr bc teitc, bms ms òpcs`nbm egtuer km fcroe ekmgueke mi rmbeg`÷i e tckcs mbbcs.0 Mstc lmimre gubpe (rmguàrkmsm (rmguàrkmsm,, ekmoås, 0

Mste òpcs`n`b`kek sm vìgube gci mb jmgjc km qum bes `kmit`kekms km làimrc y bes jen`b`kekms e mbbes escgèkes ic sci eblc qum sm pumke vmst`r y kmsvmst`r gcoc s` km geo`ses sm tretere, sìc qum sm ìtmr`cr`zei gci mb t`mopc y rmqu`mrmi km mitrmieo`mitc gcisteitm.

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qum be gubpe gcist`tuym ui mbmomitc gmitreb km be `kmit`kek km làimrc fmomiìe), begmreg`÷i y kcbcr. Wm trete km smitò`mitcs k`fïg`bms km mv`ter, pumstc qum su cr`lmi sm s`tôe mi ui i`vmb mstrugtureb scnrm mb qum mb ìk`v`kuc t`mim msgesc c iubc gcitrcb, pmrc qum pumkmi o`t`lersm kmskm mb ocomitc mi mb qum, km fcroe teitc ìk`v`kueb gcoc gcbmgt`ve, sm mop`mze e tcoer gcig`migè km bes treopes kmb s`stmoe.

5.;.7. Wundmt`v`kek imcb`nmreb y smxueb`kek Xere tmroìer, genm prmluitersm g÷oc ìg`km be sundmt`v`kek imcb`nmreb imcb`nmreb mi be v`vmigè km be smxueb`kek. Mi mstm smit`kc, ui pròmr mbmomitc e rmsebter ms qum, s` be prcpè `kmit`kek km làimrc ye fevcrmgïe qum bes oudmrms oudmrms sm gubpesmi e sï o`soes y e sus gumrpcs, eitms qum eb mitcric, pcr su febte km pbegmr y crlesocs, mi mb gcitmxtc imcb`nmreb egtueb teb tmikmigè e be eutcìgubpeg eutcìgubpeg`÷i `÷i sm vm ìtmis`ﬅgeke. Ms ui gcitmxtc mi mb qum, `lueb qum mi ctrcs åon`tcs, teon`ài mi bc rmfmrmitm e be smxueb`kek sm òpubse e bes pmrscies (mi mstm gesc, mspmgïﬅgeomitm e bes oudmrms) e grmmr mi be mx`stmigè km uie b`nmrtek (y, pcr bc teitc, rmspcisen`b`kek) enscbute scnrm su gumrpc y su rmeb`kek. Ms ui rezcieo`mitc gcismgumigè kmb oerlmi km b`nmrtek smxueb egtueb

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mi gcopereg`÷i gci mb km jegm uies kàgekes. Mi mstm gcitmxtc, bes oudmrms t`mikmi e ìtmrprmter su febte km pbegmr y crlesocs crlesocs mi gbevm mxgbus`veomitm ìk`v`kueb y e esuo`r qum be gubpe km mse eusmigè km pbegmr ms scbc suye. Xumkmi gcis`kmrer qum mb febbc rms`km mi su gumrpc, mi su febte km jen`b`kek e be jcre km msgclmr permde c mi su ìgepeg`kek pere treso`t`r sus lustcs y kmsmcs mi mb geopc smxueb1 mi guebqu`mr gesc, gerleråi gci tcke be gubpe y bc jeråi pcrqum, gcoc sm je egberekc, mb rmbetc scgèb bms je treiso`t`kc qum tuv`mrci bes cpg`cims y be b`nmrtek pere lmst`cier omdcr su smxueb`kek, puk`mr puk`mrci ci tcoer omdcrms kmg`s`cims y ic sup`mrci jegmrbc y ic jey iek`m e qu`ài rmspcisen`b`zer km mbbc epertm km mbbes o`soes. Mstm msqumoe mi mb qum sm misebze mb àx`tc y sm mst`loet`ze mb fregesc sm epb`ge e be msfmre smxueb, kcikm pumkmi `kmit`ﬅgersm leiekcres kcres, trùifekcrms y fregesekcs. Mi mstey pmrkmscg`mkek kmb k`sfrutm y pbegmr cnb`letcr`c, bes oudmrms qum ic bclrei tmimr crlesocs mi sus migumitrcs smxuebms sm s`tôei, gbereomitm, mi be smluike getmlcrïe. Gcoc rmsubtekc, mb kcbcr mocg`cieb qum egcopeõe e tebms s`tueg`cims sm ìgrmomite s`li`ﬅget`veomitm, n`mi pcrqum (gcoc sm je v`stc eitms) rmgem ejcre scnrm bes oudmrms uie mxpmg-

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tet`ve km k`sfrutm y jen`b`kek smxueb qum eitms ic mx`stïe1 c n`mi pcrqum teitc be febte km pbegmr gcoc mb jmgjc km ic rmspcikmr e bes mxpmgtet`ves km kmstrmze smxueb sm ìtmrprmte gcoc ui fregesc pmrscieb. P mb o`mkc eb fregesc t`mim mi be egtueb`kek ebtcs i`vmbms km ìtmis`kek. Ctre gcismgumigè kmb o`mkc eb fregesc kmb qum treteocs ms qum, euiqum sm trete km uie scg`mkek mi g`mrtc ockc j`pmrsmxueb`zeke y mx`stm uie b`nmrtek pere treter tmoes smxuebms ìàk`te mi tàroìcs j`st÷r`gcs, km fegtc ôi`geomitm sm jenbe km smxc mi tàroìcs pcs`t`vcs. Mi ctres pebenres, rmbeter uie mxpmr`migè smxueb pbegmitmre ms eblc rmbet`veomitm icroeb`zekc y qum lcze km eopbè egmpteg`÷i scgèb, o`mitres qum rmgcicgmr bes mxpmr`migès imlet`ves (oås gcigrmteomitm, be febte km pbegmr y crlesocs mi bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms) s`lum eblcsmìfrmgumitm y ic icroeb`zekc. Gcocs`mikc rmsubtekc, treso`tm uie òelmi k`stcrs`cieke kmb smxc y ui prcnbmoe gcoc be febte km crlesocs fmomiìcs qum ‗gcoc kmoumstrei bcs ketcs k`spci`nbms‗ ms scgèb, euiqum sm s`lum v`v`mikc gcoc ìk`v`kueb. Km ejï sm kmr`ve be òpcrteigè km rcopmr mb tenô qum tckevïe rckme be febte km crlesocs yy,, gci mbbc,

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pcimr km oei`ﬅmstc qum mb prcnbmoe ic rms`km mi bes oudmrms ìk`v`kuebms, sìc qum ms mstrugtureb. Xere mbbc, k`spcimr km ketcs qum kmoumstrmi be oeli`tuk kmb prcnbmoe ms gbevm, ye qum k`ﬅgubte qum mstm pumke smlu`r ìtmrprmtåikcsm gcoc uie gumst`÷i ìk`v`kueb y, eb jegmrbc, rmste pmsc y rmspcisen`b`kek e bes oudmrms pere gmitrer be etmig`÷i kcikm ms kmn`kc4 mi uie mstrugture kms`lueb, eikrcgàitr`ge y petrèrgeb.

6<

Xertm @@. Be nrmgje crlåso`ge Mi mste smluike pertm sm prmsmiteråi ketcs km ver`cs mstuk`cs qum kmoumstrei be mx`stmigè km uie nrmgje crlåso`ge pere bumlc ìtmrprmterbcs smlôi bcs peråomtrcs mxpumstcs jeste equï. Bcs ketcs gueit`tet`vcs qum sm prcpcrg`ciei sm mit`mikmi gcoc ui ìstruomitc pere ìtmrprmter be rmeb`kek. Ic sm prmsmiterå y kmtebberå, pcr bc teitc, ui km pere g`fres,sustmiter sìc qumuie sm cfrmgmråi mi mxgms`vc be omk`keiôomrc imgmserè kmtmroìeke rm﬎mx`÷i y pci`mikc mb fcgc mi mb rmbetc qum bcs ketcs sul`mrmi. ]ie smluike gumst`÷i e sunreyer ms qum, teitc mi mstm åon`tc gcoc mi guebqu`mr ctrc, ui ôi`gc ketc pcr sï o`soc pumkm ic smr pert`guberomitm rmbmveitm, kekc qum pumkm kmnmrsm eb ezer,

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e mrrcrms mi mb k`smõc km be migumste, e fegtcrms g`rguisteigèbms, mtg. Mi mstm smit`kc, s` scbc jun`mre ui mstuk`c qum rm﬎mdesm be mx`stmigè km uie nrmgje crlåso`ge, pckrïeocs kuker km qum fumre ui rm﬎mdc ﬅmb km be rmeb`kek. Xcr mb gcitrer`c, bcs ketcs sm rmp`tmi y bc jegmi km oeimre gcis`stmitm, mi mstuk`cs k`fmrmitms, rmeb`zekcs pcr mit`kekms k`fmrmitms, mi ocomitcs y bulerms k`fmrmitms, pcr bc qum guebqu`mr kuke qumke kmsgerteke y sm pumkm esuo`r gci smlur`kek qum bcs ketcs k`nudei ui rm﬎mdc km be rmeb`kek. Uu`zås sm pumke kmnet`r egmrge km g÷oc ìtmrprmterbe, pmrc ic jey kuke egmrge km mbbe. Mstm ms dusteomitm mb gesc km be nrmgje crlåso`ge. ]i ôbtòc mbmomitc kmstegenbm ms qum be oeycrïe km bcs ketcs k`spci`nbms sm jei rmgenekc km mstuk`cs rmeb`zekcs pcr moprmses pr`vekes (oerges km prmsmrvet`vcs c kmjeste dulumtms smxuebms). rmo`tm eb jmgjc km qum, be fmgje, (y gci Mstc uie rmsmõenbm mxgmpg`÷i, qum sm mxeoìerå mi kmtebbm) iìlôi crlei`soc pônb`gc je gcis`kmrekc qum mstm fumre ui tmoe qum omrmg`msm uie ìvmrs`÷i km kìmrc y msfumrzc. Wm trete, mv`kmitmomitm, km ui rm﬎mdc kmb eikrcgmitr`soc qum geregtmr`ze be scg`mkek y qum rmste pmsc, rmbmveigè y v`s`n`b`kek e prcnbmoåt`ges qum efmgtei oeycr`terèomitm e oudmrms, pcr ui

.5. BE MZ@W[MIG@E KM ]IE N^MGJE C^LÅWO@GE Gcoc jmocs gcomitekc, mx`stmi iuomrcscs mstuk`cs qum rm﬎mdei be mx`stmigè km uie nrmgje crlåso`ge. [ckcs [ckcs mbbcs, pmsm e be mx`stm mx`stmigè igè km pmqumões k`fmrmigès mi be fcroubeg`÷i km bes prmluites y mi bcs ketcs, rm﬎mdei uie o`soe rmeb`kek4 ic mxpmròmiter crlesocs kureitm bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms ms eblc qum sugmkm gci ougje oeycr frmgumigè e bes oudmrms qum e bcs jconrms. ]i mstuk`c rmeb`zekc mi >85< mi Jcbeike y Nàbl`ge, pcr mdmopbc, oumstre qum mb pcrgmitedm km oudmrms qum ic s`moprm mxpmròmitei crlesocs gueikc oeit`mimi rmbeg`cims rmbeg`cims smxuebms ms trms vmgms oeycr mitrm mbbes qum mitrm mbbcs (:% mi mb gesc km mbbcs). Mi ctres pebenres, trms km geke guetrc oudmrms ic s`moprm t`mimi crlesocs gueikc oeit`mimi rmbeg`cims rmbeg`cims smxuebms, o`mitres qum mi mb gesc

% kmb tcteb, ms kmg`r, ui jconrm geke =8), bc gueb pmro`tm pmiser qum sm treterå oeycr`terèomitm km jconrms km mkek ouy eveizeke c gci ebluie prcnbmoåt`ge fïs`ge sunyegmitm. Mitrm mbbes, pcr mb gcitrer`c, mstm pcrgmitedm pcrgmite dm sm oubt`pb`ge pcr k`mz (ebgeize mb >8% kmb tcteb, ms kmg`r, uie oudmr km geke gìgc). Lråﬅgc 5. Frmgumigè gci be qum oudmrms y jconrms t`mimi rmbeg`cims smxuebms qum ic ìgbuymi crlesocs (%)

Fumitm4 Mstuk`c rmeb`zekc pcr be oerge km prmsmrvet`vcs Kurmx mi Jcbeike y Nàbl`ge mi >85<

Ctrc mstuk`c, rmeb`zekc teon`ài mi >85< pmrc rmfmr`kc eb Mstekc mspeõcb rm﬎mde uie rmeb`kek permg`ke. Oumstre qum mb pcrgmitedm km oudmrms qum t`mimi k`ﬅgubtekms pere bbmler eb crlesoc ms trms vmgms oeycr qum mb km jconrms. Mitrm mbbes, km jmgjc, sm trete km uie s`tueg`÷i qum mxpmròmite oås km be o`tek km bes migumstekes (=0,7,7%). Lråﬅgc >. Oudmrms y jconrms qum s`moprm c e vmgms t`mimi k`ﬅgubtekms pere bbmler eb crlesoc (%)

Fumitm4 Mstuk`c rmeb`zekc pcr be oerge km prmsmrvet`vcs Gcitrcb mi mb Mspeõe mi >85<

]i tmrgmr mstuk`c, rmeb`zekc `luebomitm mi mb Mstekc mspeõcb pmrc mi >856, teon`ài k`nude uie

,6% kmb tcteb) t`mim (s`moprm c e vmgms) k`ﬅgubtekms pere bbmler eb crlesoc, o`mitres qum mitrm bcs jconrms mste prcpcrg`÷i sm rmkugm e uic km geke gìgc gìg c (50,:%). Ms oås, mstm mstuk`c teon`ài pmro`tm bbmler e `kmit`ﬅger mb pcrgmitedm km oudmrms y jconrms qum s`moprm mxpmròmite k`ﬅgubtekms pere bbmler eb crlesoc. Wm kmsgunrm esï qum mste ms uie s`tueg`÷i mi be qum sm migumitrei mb 6,0% km bes oudmrms frmitm eb 5,:% km bcs jconrms. Mi ctres pebenres, sm trete km uie s`tueg`÷i s`t ueg`÷i qum, mitrm mbbes, ms guetrc vmgms oås frmgumitm. Xerebmbeomitm, ges` be o`tek (;=,% kmb tcteb) frmitm e omics km be o`tek km mbbes (;855 tmiïe uie oumstre km ebrmkmkcr km :.888 oudmrms y be Oegrcmigumste km v`cbmigè gcitre be oudmr km >85= uie oumstre eopbèke km ebrmkmkcr km 58 888.

y 5.7.

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omitm mb mfmgtc gcitrer`c (mi su gesc, mb pcrgmitedm km bcs qum tuv`mrci crlesocs s`moprm c jen`tuebomitm ms sm`s puitcs oås nedc qum mitrm bcs jmtmrcsmxuebms, :0% kmb tcteb frmitm eb 0=%) (lråﬅgc ;). Wm trete km ui ketc gbevm, pcrqum pmro`tm kmsmgjer kmskm mb prìg`p`c mse `kme ieke prcnbmoet`zekcre qum vìgube be oeycr feg`b`kek pere ebgeizer crlesocs kmtmgtekes mitrm oudmrms bmsnèies mi gcopereg`÷i gci bes jmtmrcsmxuebms gci be sò`b`tuk fïs`ge km y lmi`tebms ìvcbugrekcs, feg`b`terïebcsmbgumrpcs gcicgò`mitc km quà prcvcge mb qum k`sfrutm km be ctre pmrscie. W` fumre esï, sì monerlc, be o`soe b÷l`ge kmnmrïe pckmr epb`gersm teon`ài e bcs jconrms leys mi gcopereg`÷i gci bcs jmtmrcsmxuebms. Mi su gesc, ic cnsteitm, bcs ketcs rm﬎mdei ui peicreoe gcitrer`c, kcikm mb jmgjc km smr jcocsmxueb ic scbeomitm ic sm egcopeõe km uie euomitc mi prcnen`b`kek crlesocs,Oås sìcbedusteomitm kmkm bc mxpmròmiter gcitrer`c, su rmkugg`÷i. ekmbeitm eieb`zermocs mi prcfuik`kek quà prcgmscs pumkmi mster kmtrås km mstcs rmsubtekcs. Genm, eit`g`per qum be gbevm permgm s`tuersm mi mb smxc (omdcr k`gjc, mb làimrc) kmb/be gcopeõmrc/e smxueb4 uie oudmr (ms kmg`r, kmg`r, eblu`mi scgèb`zekc mi mb «smr pere ctrcs±, be òpcrteigè km elreker, elreker, be enimleg`÷i, mtg.) mi buler km uuii jconrm (ms kmg`r kmg`r,, eblu`mi

:5

scgèb`zekc mi mb «smr pere uic o`soc±, gci omicr kmserrcbbc km be mopetïe, mtg.) mi mb gesc km bcs jconrms jmtmrcsmxuebms, e k`fmrmigè km bcs jcocsmxuebms1 y ui jconrm mi buler km uie oudmr (gci bc qum tckc mstc s`li`ﬅge) mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms jmtmrcsmxuebms, e k`fmrmigè km bes bmsnèies. Jmocs mxeoìekc mi kmtebbm quà pcrgmited pcrgmitedmm km oudmrms y jconrms, jmtmrcsmxuebms y jcocsmxuebms, jenïei tmi`kc crlesocs s`moprm s`moprm c jen`tuebomitm mi sus rmbeg`ci rmbeg`cims ms smxuebms. «Jen`tuebomitm±, sììtmrmse, monerlc, ui gcigmptc sundmt`vc y, bc qum oås ics gcims ui òpcrteitm gcopcimitm km làimrc. Genm mspmrer, mi mfmgtc, qum tmimr crlesocs «jen`tuebomitm± pumke ic s`li`ﬅger bc o`soc pere bcs jconrms (guye smxueb`kek j`st÷r`geomitm sm je rmgcicg`kc y guye set`sfegg`÷i smxueb scgèbomitm sm je mitmik`kc gcoc eblc enscbuteomitm pròcrkèb pròcrkèb pere su sebuk y n`mimster) qum bes oudmrms (guye smxueb`kek sm jepere imlekc m ìv`s`n`b`zekc y mi guycj`st÷r`geomitm gesc be set`sfegg`÷i smxueb iuige sm je gcis`kmrekc gcoc uie imgms`kek n`cb÷l`ge `rrmiuigènbm). Mi mb gcitmxtc mxpumstc, genm mspmrer mspmrer qum, s` bò`teocs be prmluite e qu`ài je tmi`kc crlesocs «s`moprm±± qum je oeitmi`kc rmbeg`cims smxuebms, mb «s`moprm peicreoe eitms kmsgr`tc sm rmpmt`rå y bes kms`lueb-

:>

kekms epermgmråi km oeimre oås mv`kmitm. Mitrm bes oudmrms jmtmrcsmxuebms, km jmgjc, ôi`geomitm uie km geke trms (mb 77%) je tmi`kc crlesocs tckes bes vmgms qum je oeitmi`kc rmbeg`cims smxuebms, o`mitres qum, mitrm bcs jconrms, mstc je sugmk`kc mi trms km geke guetrc gescs (mb 8585<

:7

Mb ketc rmfmr`kc e bes oudmrms bmsnèies, pcr su pertm, iumveomitm ms k`stìtc. Bes qum jei mxpmròmitekc crlesocs tckes bes vmgms qum jei oeitmi`kc rmbeg`cims smxuebms prågt`geomitm kupb`gei e bes jmtmrcsmxuebms (=0% kmb tcteb frmitm eb 77% mitrm mstes ôbtòes) (lråﬅgc =). Ms kmg`r kmg`r,, qum bes oudmrms jmtmrcsmxuebms mxpmròmitei uie nrmgje crlåso`ge ouy lreikm gci rmspmgtc e bcs jconrms (;> puitcs), pmrc teon`ài gci rmspmgtc e ctres oudmrms gci cr`miteg`÷i smxueb k`fmrmitm (>6 puitàroìcs etcs, uiegcrrmspcik`mitms, nrmgje kmb % mitrmgueikc mbbcs), be gè prågt`geomitm bcsk`fmrmiketcs km oudmrms bmsnèies sm gcoperei gci bcs km bcs jconrms leys (be k`steigè mitrm uies y ctrcs, mi mstm gesc, ic supmre mb puitc pcrgmitueb, uie g`fre tei nede qum mitre kmitrc kmb oerlmi km mrrcr qum guebqu`mr migumste prmsmite).

:<

Lråﬅgc 6. Oudmrms y jconrms jmtmrcsmxuebms y jcocsmxuebms qum, mi mb ôbtòc oms, gueikc jei tmi`kc rmbeg`cims smxuebms, iuige jei tmi`kc crlesocs c bcs jei tmi`kc rereomitm (%)

Fumitm4 Frmkmr`ga mt eb . >8585<

Bcs ketcs prmsmitekcs ôi`geomitm pumkmi mitmikmrsm e pert`r km bes kms`luebkekms km làimrc qum etrev`msei be scg`mkek y mb eikrcgmitr`soc prcp`c km mbbe.msEitms km ekmitrerics mb eiåb`s`s km mstc ôbtòc imgmser`c kmtmimricsminrmvmomitm e rm﬎mx`cier egmrge km uic km bcs ketcs err`ne prmsmitekcs4 qum uie quìte pertm km bes oudmrms jmtmrcsmxuebms ic t`mim crlesocs jen`tuebomitm mi sus rmbeg`cims smxuebms. Wm trete km ui ketc enruoekcr qum cnb`le e rmpmiser mi prcfuik`kek jeste quà puitc ms ekmguekc smlu`r k`fuik`mikc mb k`sgursc, eb qum jegïeocs rmfmrmigè eb prìg`p`c kmb b`nrc,

::

qum prmtmikm rmster òpcrteigè e bcs crlesocs smõebeikc qum, mi mste scg`mkek, sm bms etr`nuym kmoesèke rmbmveigè, qum mb smxc y mb k`sfrutm vei oås ebbå km mbbc, qum bc qum òpcrte ms mb geoìc, ic be omte, mtg. Be `kme qum òpbïg`teomitm sustmite msm k`sgursc, km jmgjc, ms qum be eusmigè puitueb km crlesocs ic kmnmrïe prcnbmoet`zersm mi mxgmsc i` kmnmrïe òpmk`r mb k`sfrutm smxueb. Wm trete km uie `kme gci be mi prìg`p`c, mster km egumrkc. Wìqum, monerlc, cbv`ke pckmocs qum mstekïst`geomitm uie km geke gìgc oudmrms jmtmrcsmxuebms kmstìeterès kmb omisedm ic sm migumitre mi mse s`tueg`÷i, sìc qum ic t`mim crlesocs iuige c ges` iuige y qum mi mb gesc km tckes mbbes mb smxc ic ìgbuym crlesocs s`stmoåt`geomitm. Wm trete, ekmoås, km eblc qum bms sugmkm scbc e mbbes, ic e bcs jconrms i` e sus gcilàimrms qum sm egumstei gci oudmrms. Mstcs ketcs jenbei km kms`luebkek, làimrc y petrèrgekc. Bcs o`socs mbmomitcs qum k`ﬅgubtei micromomitm qum bes oudmrms pumkei rm`vìk`ger su pbegmr y smit`r qum t`mimi pbmic kmrmgjc e àb mi be o`soe omk`ke qum sus gcopeõmrcs. Mi mstm gcitmxtc genm prmluitersm s` rmebomitm, kmskm pcs`g`cims km `zqu`mrkes y lmimrebomitm gcoprc-

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omt`kes gci be `luebkek km bes oudmrms, ms ekmguekc smlu`r k`fuik`mikc ui k`sgursc qum gcitr`nuym e ìv`s`n`b`zer be kms`luebkek y pumkm, ekmoås, k`ﬅgubter prcgmscs km mopckmreo`mitc. Wm trete km ui k`sgursc qum treiso`tm e bes oudmrms mb omisedm km qum be eusmigè km crlesocs qum s`stmoåt`geomitm mxpmròmitei mi sus rmbeg`cims smxuebms ic ms prcnbmoåt`ge, ìduste i` ui mfmgtc km be kms`luebkek, sìc qum ic ms òpcrteitm, qum kmnmrïei eprmikmr e k`sfruter `luebomitm. Eôi ms oås4 mstm o`soc omisedm teon`ài mståsm s`mikc treso`t`kc e bcsqum jconrms. E mbbcs teon`ài bms mstå ìgubgeikc mb jmgjc km qum sus gcopeõmres smxuebms ic tmilei crlesocs (ic cbv`kmocs qum bcs ketcs kmoumstrei gbereomitm qum, mi be prågt`ge tcteb`kek km bcs gescs, sci mbbes qu`mims ic bcs t`mimi) ic ms prcnbmoåt`gc i` urlm jegmr ieke pere ock`ﬅgerbc, sìc qum bes kcs pmrscies ìvcbugrekes pumkmi k`sfruter `luebomitm kmb smxc.

>.>. C^@LMI MW[^]G[]ÊB KM BE N^MGJE C^LÅWO@GE Jmocs eieb`zekc uie smr`m km ketcs qum oumstreisì kuke qum be nrmgje crlåso`ge mx`stm, qum ms mbmveke mitrm oudmrms y jconrms jmtmrcsmxuebms,

08

pmrc qum sm rmkugm jeste prågt`geomitm kmsepermgmr mitrm leys y bmsnèies. Mstc, gcoc smõebåneocs oås err`ne, cnb`le e kmsmgjer guebqu`mr mxpb`geg`÷i n`cbcl`g`ste km mste nrmgje mi fevcr km uie scg`cb÷l`ge y km làimrc. Mi ctres pebenres, qum bes oudmrms jmtmrcsmxuebms tmilei uie omicr prcnen`b`kek qum bcs jconrms jmtmrcsmxuebms km mxpmròmiter crlesocs kureitm sus rmbeg`cims smxuebms scbc pumkm gcoprmikmrsm s` sm gcis`kmre qum mstes rmbeg`cims t`mimi buler mi mb oergc km uie scg`mkek prcfuikeomitm kmskm uileys puitc km v`ste km làimrc. Xcr mbkms`lueb gcitrer`c, mitrm y bmsnèies, qum mste nrmgje kmsepermzge rmo`tm eb jmgjc km qum, mi su gesc, mste kms`luebkek ic òpegte c bc jegm km fcroe ougjc omics ìtmise, pumstc qum sm trete km rmbeg`cims mitrm sudmtcs gci uie `kmit`kek y pcs`g`÷i km làimrc sò`ber. Bcs mbmomitcs gbevm pere crlåso`ge be gcoprmis`÷i km be mx`stmigè km uie nrmgje sci trms4 pròmrc, qum mstes rmbeg`cims smxuebms t`mimi buler mitrm kcs pmrscies gci `kmit`kekms km làimrc gbereomitm k`fmrmigèkes1 smluikc, qum ìtmregtôei mi mbbes pmrscies qum cgupei pcs`g`cims dmrerqu`zekes mi be mstrugture km làimrc1 làimrc1 tmrgmrc, qum mb eikrcgmitr`soc pmrome be scg`mkek y qum

05

kmspb`mle sus mfmgtcs km fcroe ougjc oås ìtmise mi bes rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebms.

>.>.5. @kmit`kekms km làimrc k`fmrmigèkes [eb gcoc sm je eit`g`pekc, ui pròmr fegtcr gbevm pere be mx`stmigè km uie nrmgje crlåso`ge mi rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebms y pere su kmseper`g`÷i mi rmbeg`cims jcocsmxuebms ms qum ôi`geomitm mi mb pròmrkmgesc ìtmregtôei kcs k`fmrmigèkes. pmrscies gci `kmit`kekms làimrc gbereomitm Xcr mbbc tmimocs qum rmo`t`rics e be oeimre mi qum sm gciﬅlurei scgèbomitm bes `kmit`kekms km làimrc fmomiìe y oesgubìe. Mb pròmr mbmomitc kmstegenbm ms qum be `kmit`kek fmomiìe sm gcistruym gcoc ui «smr pere ctrcs± y>888), e trevàs km bcsqum ctrcs Ncurk`mu o`mitres be (Neselbè oesgubìe50:71 sm kmﬅim gcoc «smr pere uic o`soc±. Xerebmbeomitm, teitc be òpcrteigè km elreker (Vebgergmb (Vebgergmb >85=) gcoc be mitrmle y mb eutcsegr`ﬅg`c ekqu`mrmi ui pmsc lreikm mi be gcistrugg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km làimrc km bes oudmrms, pmrc ic mi be km bcs jconrms. Gcoc rmsubtekc, pcimr bes imgms`kekms y mb n`mimster kmb ctrc pcr kmbeitm kmb prcp`c ms ui gcopcrteo`mi-

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tc qum egene ekqu`r`mikc ui gberc gcopcimitm km làimrc. Esò`soc, be mopetïe ‗qum pumkm smr kmﬅi`ke gcoc be gepeg`kek km rmgcicgmr bes mocg`cims, kmsmcs y imgms`kekms kmb ctrc y gcoprmikmrbcs, e omiukc eitms ìgbusc km qum smei mxprmsekcs vmrnebomitm‗ sm gciﬅlure gcoc ui mbmomitc gbevm mi be gcistrugg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km mbbes, pmrc ic mi be km mbbcs. Epb`gekcs eb tmoe qum ics cgupe, mstcs mbmomitcs sm trekugmi mi qum, gueikcsmxuebms ui jconrm smxueb oeit`mim rmbeg`cims gcijmtmrcuie oudmr oudmr,, pcr icroe lmimreb bc jegm gci eblu`mi qum sm geregtmr`ze pcr ui mbmvekc kmserrcbbc km be mopetïe, be mitrmle y be enimleg`÷i, eblu`mi qum sm gciﬅlure gcoc ui «smr pere ctrcs± yy,, mi rmbeg`÷i ggci ci mbbc, mstå egcstuonrekc e pcimr bes imgms`kekms kmb ctrc pcr kmbeitm km bes prcpès, e segr`ﬅger sus prcp`cs kmsmcs mi pcsjekmìtmr`cr`zekc bcsr`cr`zekc km be ctreprcfuikepmrscie1 eblu`mi qum, ekmoås, ìtm omitm be òpcrteigè km elreker elreker.. Mi mb gesc km uie oudmr jmtmrcsmxueb sugmkm mxegteomitm bc gcitrer`c4 su gcopeõmrc smxueb, mi mfmgtc, ms eblu`mi qum je s`kc scgèb`zekc pere pcimr sus prcpès imgms`kekms mi pròmr pr òmr buler buler,, gci ui fumrtm kmserrcbbc km be elrms`v`kek y be gcopmt`t`v`kek pmrc pcgc mitrmieo`mitc mi mb segr`ﬅg`c, be mopetïe y be mitrm-

07

le1 eblu`mi qum, ekmoås, ic je s`kc scgèb`zekc i` sm je mitrmiekc mi be òpcrt òpcrteigè eigè km elreker elreker,, sìc km kcoìer. kcoìer. Xumkm fåg`bomit fåg`bomitmm kmkug`rsm qum mste gcistrugg`÷i k`gct÷o`ge tmikrå uie ì﬎umigè mi be prcpmis`÷i km geke uie y geke uic e prmster etmig`÷i e bcs kmsmcs y lustcs kmb ctrc, esï gcoc mi be k`spci`n`b`kek e suncrkìer su prcp`c k`sfrutm smxueb eb kmb ctrc. ]i smluikc mbmomitc gbevm pere be gcoprmis`÷i km be mx`stmigè km uiey su nrmgje crlåso`ge rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebms kmseper`g`÷i mimi rmbeg`cims jcocsmxuebms ms be oeimre k`fmrmitm y gcitrepumste mi qum sm gcistruym y gciﬅlure be smxueb`kek mi be `kmit`kek km làimrc oesgubìe y fmomiìe. Mste òpegte km fcroe ougjc oeycr gueikc ìtmregtôei pmrscies km smxc cpumstc y vm k`fuoìekcs sus mfmgtcs mi rmbeg`cims mitrm pmrscies kmb o`soc Mi mb sm gesc bcs jconrms, j`st÷r`geomitm be smxc. smxueb`kek jekm prmsmitekc gcoc ui kmrmgjc y, y, e be vmz, ui òpm òpmret`vc ret`vc n`cb÷l`gc ìepmbenbm m `rrmiuigènbm. Kmitrc km be smxueb`kek, ekmoås, tmimr crlesocs teon`ài sm je prmsmitekc gcoc uie imgms`kek n`cb÷l`ge pròerè, bbmleikc e erluomitersm ìgbusc be prmsmigè km prcnbmoes y kcbcrms fïs`gcs mi eusmigè km crlesocs. Mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms, mstc ic sugmkm4 be smxueb`kek fmom-

0;

iìe iuige sm je mitmik`kc gcoc uie imgms`kek ﬅs`cb÷l`ge, i` gcoc ui òpubsc pròer`c. Kmitrc km su smxueb`kek, ekmoås, tmimr crlesocs iuige sm je prmsmitekc gcoc uie imgms`kek `rrmiuigènbm. Eb gcitrer`c, mi su s u gesc sm je mitmik`kc yy,, mi lrei pertm sm s`lum mitmik`mikc, qum mb cndmt`vc pròer`c kmb smxc ic ms gcismlu`r pbegmr fïs`gc y crlesocs, sìc mb egmrgeo`mitc, be gcoui`geg`÷i y be rmbeg`÷i gci mb ctrc. Wm mspmre tmimr t mimr crlesocs (euiqum, e omiukc, prìg`pebomitm mi nmimﬅg`c oesgubìc), pmrc ic qum sme mb ôi`gc c prìg`peb cndmt`vc kmsm besmit`mikm rmbeg`cims smxuebms. Mste gciﬅlureg`÷i k`gct÷o`ge feg`b`te qum teitc uies gcoc ctrcs etr`nuyei uie òpcrteigè y gmitreb`kek ougjc oeycr eb crlesoc oesgubìc qum eb fmomiìc1 y, y, pcr ctrc, gcibbmve qum, pere bes oudmrms, rm`vìk`ger sus crlesocs sme uie terme ougjc oås gcopbmde qumfrmitm pere bcs jconrms, frmitm e sï o`soes gcoc e bcs kmoås. teitc Wm trete, mi tckc gesc, km mbmomitcs qum s`tôei e bes oudmrms y bcs jconrms mi pcs`g`cims k`fmrmitms y kms`luebms y qum, gcoc tebms, efmgtei km fcroe oås s`li`ﬅget`ve e bes rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebms ‗kcikm ìtmregtôei sudmtcs s`tuekcs mi pcs`g`cims km pckmr gbereomitm k`fmrmigèkes‗ qum e bes rmbeg`cims jcocsmxue-

0=

bms ‗kcikm ìtmregtôei sudmtcs gci pcs`g`cims sò`berms kmskm ui puitc km v`ste km làimrc‗. Be mx`stmigè km uie gciﬅlureg`÷i tei fumrtmomitm pcber`zeke km be smxueb`kek fmomiìe y oesgubìe y su òpegtc mi be nrmgje crlåso`ge ms ctrc mbmomitc qum ics bbmve e pcimr mi mitrmk`gjc msm k`sgursc qum prmtmikm rmster òpcrteigè eb crlesoc kmitrc km bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms. Kmskm àb sm sul`mrm qum, jeste be fmgje, sm je etr`nu`kc kmoesèke òpcrteigè y gmitreb`kek e tckcs crlesocs pcr km `lueb. Be rmeb`kek, sì monerlc, msbcs ctre4 mb crlesoc mbbcs sï je tmi`kc uie òpcrteigè microm y sì kuke mxgms`ve1 mb crlesoc km mbbes je s`kc tctebomitm `licrekc m ìv`s`n`b`zekc m, ìgbusc mi be egtueb`kek, sm gcis`kmre eblc mspmrenbm pmrc km iìluie oeimre òprmsgìk`nbm. Mi mstm gcitmxtc kms`lueb, mitcigms, oeitmimr ui k`sgursc qum `licre y cnvè mse kms`luebkek rmsubte prcnbmoåt`gc, pcrqum pumkm gcitr`nu`r e k`ﬅgubter y ebmder eôi oås be pcs`n`b`kek km geon`c. Fìebomitm, ui ôbtòc mbmomitc qum pumkm mster gcitr`nuymikc e be nrmgje crlåso`ge mitrm oudmrms y jconrms jmtmrcsmxuebms ms be oeycr òpcrteigè qum pere mbbes t`mim be permde mi tàroìcs km `kmit`kek pmrscieb y scgèb. Mstm jmgjc pumkm mster

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feg`b`teikc qum bes oudmrms rmiuig`mi e oei`fmster en`mrteomitm be mx`stmigè km ìset`sfegg`cims mi be msfmre smxueb pcr su pctmigèb kmsmsten`b`zekcr pere be rmbeg`÷i. Mstm omgei`soc sm vm ìtmis`ﬅgekc pcrqum, mi mb oergc km be mstrugture scgèb petrèrgeb mi mb qum bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms t`mimi buler,, mx`stm be `kme km buler k m qum esmlurer be fmb`g`kek kmb jconrm mi be msfmre smxueb ms uie mstretmlè gbevm pere gcismrver ‗c gcismlu`r‗ su eocr y ﬅkmb`kek. 5> Ms fåg`b fåg`b gcoprmikmr pcr quà efmgte mstm ôbtòc mbmomitc ìtmis`kek e rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebmsgci qumoeycr e jcocsmxuebms.

>.>.>. Be mx`stmigè km prcfuikes kms`luebkekms km làimrc ]i smluikc fegtcr gbevm km gere e gcoprmikmr mi be nrmgje crlåso`ge ms qum be scg`mkek mstå etrevm5> Ms ui omisedm gci ui mv`kmitm gcopcimitm km làimrc, ye qum mi mb gesc km ìvmrt`r bcs rcbms, mb k`sgursc kmde km fuig`cier. fuig`cier. E bcs jconrms iuige sm bms je treiso`t`kc mb omisedm km qum kmnmi oeitmimr e su permde smxuebomitm set`sfmgje pere mv`ter smr eneikciekcs. Mstc rmspcikm e qum, mi lmimreb, bcs omisedms y gcismdcs pere mv`ter mstm eneikcic sm k`r`lmi ges` s`moprm e bes oudmrms y e qum scgèbomitm sm mit`mikm qum, mi gesc km qum uie oudmr qu`s`mre eneikcier e su permde, be rez÷i km jegmrbc ic smrïe g`mrteomitm mb smxc (pumstc qum pere mbbe e be set`sfegg`÷i mi geopc smxueb sm bm supcim tmimr uie òpcrteigè omicr) sìc ctrcs prcnbmoes.

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seke pcr prcfuikes kms`luebkekms km làimrc, lài mrc, uies kms`luebkekms qum gbereomitm ic òpegtei km be o`soe oeimre mi rmbeg`cims mi bes qum ìtmregtôei pmrscies kmb o`soc smxc c km smxc cpumstc. Mi mstm smit`kc, genm smõeber qum, mi mb oergc km uie mstrugture scgèb petrèrgeb, bcs vebcrms fmomiìcs y oesgubìcs ‗y, ‗y, gci mbbcs, bes oudmrms o udmrms y jconrms qum bcs migeriei‗ ic gcmx`stmi mi ui pbeic km `luebkek, sìc km gbere dmrerquïe, teitc sòn÷b`ge gcoc oetmrèb ([ ([erràs erràs >85>). Mi ctresomicr pebenres, mstrugturebomitm, bes oudmrms t`mimi vebcr scgèb qum bcs jconrms, sm s`tôei oås enedc mi mb msgebef÷i scgèb y, y, pcr mbbc, sus ìtmrmsms, kmsmcs y n`mimster teon`ài t`mimi omics gmitreb`kek. Bes pmt`g`cims, imgms`kekms y kmsmcs km mbbes, mi mstm gcitmxtc, pumkmi smr oås fåg`bomitm prcgrestìekcs m `licrekcs. Ic ìqu`mtei mi be o`soe omk`ke i` prcvcgei mb o`soc òpubsckm e set`sfegmrbcs. Ms y oås, mste omicr òpcrteigè bes imgms`kekms kmsmcs fmomiìcs gcoperekcs gci bcs oesgubìcs ms eblc qum, eb smr eoncs prckugtcs km uie o`soe mstrugture scgèb, teitc jconrms gcoc oudmrms jei ìtmr`cr`zekc, y bc jei jmgjc gci kmsmcs y imgms`kekms edmics gcoc prcp`cs.

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Mi mstm smit`kc, s` uie kmtmroìeke gciﬅlureg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km làimrc oesgubìe y fmomiìe mxpb`gene pcr quà bes oudmrms t`mikmi e etr`nu`r oeycr rmbmveigè e bcs kmsmcs y imgms`kekms km ctres pmrscies frmitm e bcs suycs prcp`cs, o`mitres qum mi mb gesc km bcs vercims sugmkm dusteomitm bc gcitrer`c, be kms`luebkek qum equï ics cgupe mxpb`ge, ekmoås, pcr quà teitc bes oudmrms gcoc bcs jconrms t`mikmi e etr`nu`r oeycr òpcrteigè e bes imgms`kekms y kmsmcs km bcs jconrms qum e bcs km bes oudmrms. Epb`gekc e be smxueb`kek, mstc sm trekugm mi mb jmgjc km qum, mi rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebms, teitc bcs jconrms gcoc bes oudmrms tmikmråi e etr`nu`r oeycr rmbmveigè eb pbegmr, kmsmcs y crlesocs km mbbcs, o`mitres qum bcs km mbbes qumkeråi, gci ougje oeycr feg`b`kek, mi smluikc pbeic. Mi rmbeg`cims rmbeg`cims jcocsmxuebms, gcitrer`c, uie dmrerqu`zeg`÷i km mstm t`pc ic pcr t`mimmbbuler, sme pcrqum mi mbbes ìtmregtôei kcs pmrscies kmb o`soc smxc qum, gcoc tebms, cgupei mb o`soc c sò`ber buler mi be mstrugture km làimrc1 sme pcrqum, mi mstm gesc, ic sm gcitrepcimi kcs gcistrugg`cims scgèbomitm k`fmrmitms k`fmrmitms km be smxueb`kek.

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[eon`ài ms òpcrteitm rmsebter qum mb qum sm je kmsgr`tc ic ms, be oeycrïe km bes vmgms vmgms,, ui gcopcrteo`mitc gcisg`mitm, sìc qum sm gciﬅlure gcoc ui msqumoe km gcopcrteo`mitc ietureb`zekc m ìtmr`cr`zekc qum egene ìv`s`n`b`zåikcsm4 teitc bes oudmrms gcoc bcs jconrms scgèb`zekcs mi mb oergc km uie mstrugture scgèb petrèrgeb egtueråi gcifcrom e àb, pmrc i` bes uies i` bcs ctrcs smråi gcisg`mitms km mbbc.

]ie scg`mkek eikrcgàitr`ge y gc`tcgàitr`ge ]i ôbtòc mbmomitc gbevm km gere e gcoprmikmr be mx`stmigè km uie nrmgje crlåso`ge mi rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebms y su kmseper`g`÷i mi rmbeg`cims jcocsmxuebms rmo`tm eb eikrcgmitr`soc qum geregtmr`ze be y, jmtmrcsmxueb oås gcigrmteomitm, e su òpegtc òpegt mi be scg`mkek smxueb`kek nedc be fcroe kmb c gc`tcgmitr`soc. Gci mste icg`÷i sm jegm rmfmrmigè eb jmgjc km qum, mi be scg`mkek cgg`kmiteb gcitmopcråime, eb `lueb qum mx`stm uie oesgubì`kek jmlmo÷i`ge teon`ài mx`stm ui smxc jmlmo÷i`gc y qum mstm smxc jmlmo÷i`gc sm trekugm mi mb gc`tc ‗eblc qum, jeste be fmgje, ic je s`kc cndmtc km suﬅg`mitm eiåb`s`s gci pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc‗.

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Uum mb smxc jmlmo÷i`gc gcìg`ke gci y sm bò`tm eb gc`tc s`li`ﬅge qum, ìkmpmik`mitmomitm km bes prågt`ges smxuebms qum geke pmrscie, mi su ìk`v`kueb`kek y pr`veg`kek oeitmile, msm gcist`tuym mb smxc mståiker, y qum ms bc qum scgèbomitm sm mit`mikm gcoc smxc. Mi msqumoe, mb rmstc km prågt`ges smxuebms ic sm kmsgertei tctebomitm, sm rmgcicgm su mx`stmigè m ìgbusc sm vebcrei gcoc mbmomitc km ver`mkek, pmrc ic kmdei km gcis`kmrersm prågt`ges eggmscrès y pmr`fàr`ges, eblc qum pumkm mster c ic mster, o`mitres qum mb gc`tc sm s`tôe mi ctrc i`vmb supmr`cr. Mxgursc < Be mx`stmigè km ui msqumoe gc`tcgàitr`gc sm gcistete e pert`r km ver`cs mbmomitcs, gcoc mb bmiluedm. Esï, pcr mdmopbc, kmnm ìtmrprmtersm mb jmgjc km qum tckes equmbbes prågt`ges smxuebms qum ic sci gc`tc scgèbomitm s`lei kmﬅi`àikcsm gcoc «prmbòìerms± c «dumlcs prmv`cs±. Mstes scikeõìes, kmﬅi`g`cims km `kmcbclïe y prcfuikeomitm pumstcgerlekes qum ìmv`tenbmomitm treiso`tmi mb omisedm km qum sci prågt`ges qum germgmi km veb`kmz prcpè, qum ôi`geomitm gcnrei smit`kc s` prmgmkmi (km ejï be icg`÷i km prmbòìerms) eb qum sm mit`mikm ms mb smxc pcr mxgmbmigè, be pmimtreg`÷i. Jeg`mikc ui perebmb`soc gci be gco`ke, scgèbomitm su fuig`÷i sm mit`mikm permg`ke e be km bcs mitrmomsms4 pbetcs r`gcs qum, sì monerlc, pcr s` scbcs ic gcist`tuymi uie gco`ke gcopbmte1 mxprmseomitm pmisekcs

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pere enr`r mb epmt`tc pere bc qum v`mim kmspuàs1 y qum, euiqum sm vebcrei y eprmgèi, ic sm gcis`kmrei imgmser`cs y, y, e k`fmrmigè kmb pbetc prìg`peb, ic sm ìgbuymi mi tckes bes gco`kes, i` mi be oeycrïe km mbbes. Wò`beromitm, be icg`÷i km «v`rlì`kek teon`ài ms ui rm﬎mdc km msm gc`tcgmitr`soc. Xcr ui bekc, àste sm kmﬅim jen`tuebomitm gcoc be gcik`g`÷i km qu`mi tckevïe ic je oeitmi`kc rmbeg`cims smxuebms1 pcr ctrc, sì monerlc, scgèbomitm sm mit`mikm qum be v`rlì`kek jegm rmfmrmigè eb jmgjc km ic jenmr oeitmi`kc rmbeg`cims smxuebms gci pmimtreg`÷i. Gueikc sm gcis`kmre qum «v`rlmi± ms uie pmrscie (jen`tuebomitm, ui gj`gc ±

c uie gj`ge dcvmi) qum tckevïe ic jesm oeitmi`kc rmbeg`cims smxuebms, mitcigms, mi rmeb`kek mstå bò`teikc mb smxc e be pmimtreg`÷i y, perebmbeomitm, gcis`kmreikc qum tckc bc qum mxgmkm e be o`soe ic ms, prcpèomitm, y pcr sï scbc, smxc. ]i omgei`soc eiåbclc egtôe mi rmbeg`÷i e be icg`÷i km «pròmre vmz±4 mste, mi mfmgtc, supumsteomitm jegm rmfmrmigè eb ocomitc mi mb qum uie pmrscie (teon`ài mi mstm gesc, be oeycrïe km bes vmgms, uie gj`ge c ui gj`gc dcvmi) oeit` oeit`mim mim su pròmre rmbeg`÷i smxueb, smxue pmrcsmit`kc, egene, km fegtc , bò`tåikcsm e be pmimtreg`÷i. Mi b,mstm uie gj`ge c ui gj`gc qum jun`msm oeitmi`kc, uie c ìiuomrenbms vmgms, smxc oeiueb u creb, c reb, pmrc ic jun`msm mxpmròmitekc be pmimtreg`÷i, smlu`rïe gcis`kmråikcsm scgèbomitm «v`rlmi± y smlu`rïe gcis`kmråikcsm qum su «pròmre vmz± tmikrå buler mi mb ocomitc mi qum tmile gc`tc. Ms uie `kme k`fïg`bomitm dust`ﬅgenbm mi mb oergc km ui eiåb`s`s mxpbïg`tc y reg`cieb, pmrc qum s`lum msteikc v`lmitm mi be scg`mkek y bbmle e òpegter mi be oeimre mi qum oudmrms y jconrms v`vmi be smxueb`kek.

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Mb gc`tcgmitr`soc, ﬅiebomitm, teon`ài sm rm﬎mde gci tcteb gber`kek mi be prckugg`÷i euk`cv`sueb euk`cv`sueb y msgr`te. Mb smxc qum sm oumstre c sm ìsìôe mi pmbïgubes, smr`ms y icvmbes, qum sm oeycrïe kmsgr`nmkm gci c omics kmtebbm, ms, mi bepcr ìomise bcsoås gescs, gc`tc. Mi mstm smit`kc, mdmopbc, ms ouy jen`tueb qum sm prmsmitmi msgmies mi bes qum be rmbeg`÷i smxueb mop`mze k`rmgteomitm gci y sm bò`te e be pmimtreg`÷i, uie pmimtreg`÷i qum guboìe, pcgcs ìsteitms kmspuàs km su ì`g`c, mi crlesocs sòubtåimcs km be oudmr y mb jconrm qum be mstenei oeitmi`mikc. Mi mb oergc km uie j`stcrè gciteke gci oemstrïe, sì monerlc, su msgese ekjmrmig` ekjmrmigèe gci be rmeb`kek qumke fumrtmomitm k`fuoìeke, ye ic sm eprmgè gci eiåbcle gber`kek y, km mste oeimre, egene gciv`rt`àikcsm mi ui ockmbc km rmbeg`÷i, ì﬎uymikc km fcroe gbere mi bc qum scgèbomitm sm mit`mikm qum ms uie rmbeg`÷i smxueb y, pcr gcis`lu`mitm, teon`ài mi bes rmbeg`cims qum oudmrms y jconrms oeit`mimi mi be v`ke rmeb.

Mb jmgjc km qum be smxueb`kek jmtmrcsmxueb scgèbomitm gcistru`ke sme prcfuike prcfuikeomitm omitm gc`tcgàitr`ge ms gbevm pere bey gcoprmis`÷i km be nrmgjepumstc crlåso`ge mitrm oudmrms jconrms jmtmrcsmxuebms, qum mb gc`tc ms uie prågt`ge omkèitm be gueb tckcs ‗c prågt`geomitm tckcs‗ bcs jconrms mxpmròmitei crlesocs, pmrc qum scbc rmsubte mﬅgez pere mstm ﬅi pere ui pmqumõc pcrgmitedm km bes oudmrms. Mb gc`tcgmitr`soc sm je ìsteurekc y oeitmi`kc, pcr ctre pertm, pcr mb gerågtmr eikrcgàitr`gc km be scg`mkek mi be qum mstm prcgmsc sm je kmserrcbbekc.

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Fìebomitm, ms ui mbmomitc qum ìg`km gci ougje oeycr fumrze mi rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebms qum jcocsmxuebms y ms, gcipcr tcke km gere e gcoprmikmr quàprcnen`b`kek, mb pcrgmitedmgbevm km oudmrms qum mxpmròmite jen`tuebomitm crlesocs mi sus rmbeg`cims smxuebms ms ougjc oås mbmvekc mitrm oudmrms bmsnèies ‗kcikm be pmimtreg`÷i ekqu`mrm omicr prctelci`soc‗ qum jmtmrcsmxuebms ‗kcikm su gmitreb`kek ms sì kuke oeycr‗.

>.7. KM U]À OEIMÊ BEW O]DM^MW EBGEITEI C^LEWOCW P MB W@IWMI[@KC KMB GC@[CGMI[^@WOC >.7.5. Ebluics ketcs Wm je smõebekc oås err`ne euiqum mb ockmbc be jmlmo÷i`gc mismõe qum bequm, pmimtreg`÷i gcist`tuym fcroe «icroeb± y oås jen`tueb pcr be qum oudmrms y jconrms gcis`lumi crlesocs, be rmeb`kek ms k`fmrmitm, pumstc qum, mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms, ôi`geomitm uie rmkug`ke oìcrïe mxpmròmite crlesocs gci mb gc`tc. Wmlôi ui mstuk`c rmeb`zekc pcr be oerge km dulumtms mr÷t`gcs Bmbc, pcr mdmopbc, omics km uie km

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geke gìgc oudmrms (mb 5:%) mxpmròmite mxpmrò mite crlesocs omkèitm pmimtreg`÷i, o`mitres qum bes rmsteitms guetrc gìgc(lråﬅgc (mb :>%)85:. «\comi‐s «\comi‐s Mxpmr`migms \`tj Lmi`t Lmi`teb eb [cugjìl, Wmxueb Xb Xbmesurm, mesurm, eik Crleso4 ^msubts Frco e ].W. Xrcnen`b`ty Weopbm cf \comi Elms 5: tc 0;±. [jm Dcurieb cf Wmx eik Oer`teb [jmrepy.

Mstcs ketcs rmbmveitmsjmlmo÷i`ge kmoumstreismgci gber`kekebrmqum, euiqum be smxueb`kek gcistruym kmkcr kmb gc`tc y sm fuike scnrm be gcis`kmreg`÷i km qum be tcteb`kek, c prågt`ge tcteb`kek, km bes oudmrms pumkmi mxpmròmiter crlesocs omkèitm be pmimtreg`÷i, be rmeb`kek ms ouy k`fmrmi k`fmrmitm. tm. Ôi`geomitm ui ouy rmkug`kc pcrgmitedm km oudmrms, km jmgjc, migede mi msm geici, mi mse «icroeb`kek± qum, supumsteomitm, kmnmrïe milbcnerbes milbcnerbes e tckes1 be lrei

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oeycrïe sm s`tôei mi mb åon`tc km be «eicroeb`kek±, gci be gerle mocg`cieb qum msc gcibbmve.57 Ics jebbeocs, pcr teitc, frmitm e be perekcde km uie supumste «icroeb`kek± mi be qum ouy pcges oudmrms migedei y uie «eicroeb`kek± mi be qum sm s`tôe be lrei oeycrïe. ]ie s`tueg`÷i km mstm t`pc, gcoc sm je smõebekc, scbc pumkm gcoprmikmrsm s` sm gcis`kmre mb oergc eikrcgàitr`gc. Mi ui gcitmxtc mi mb qum bcs jconrms sï mxpmròmitei km fcroe lmimreb`zeke crlesocs omkèitmsmpmimtreg`÷i y bc mi mb qum, ekmoås, bc oesgubìc gciv`mrtm mi imutrc y bc ui`vmrseb, sm cbv`ke fåg`bomitm qum, mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms, be rmeb`kek ms ouy k`fmrmitm. Mi eusmigè km mstm oergc, pcr mb gcitrer`c, msm cbv`kc rmsubte ìmxpb`genbm. 57 Genm gcis`kmrer qum mb kmsmc km migeder mi mse «icroeb`kek± pumkm mster k`stcrs`cieikc bcs ketcs y ker buler e uie scnrmmstòeg`÷i kmb pcrgmitedm km oudmrms qum mxpmròmitei crlesocs omkèitm pmimtreg`÷i. Mi ui gcitmxtc mi mb qum mb oeiketc scgèb ms tmimr crlesocs km uie oeimre kmtmroìeke, teon`ài bes oudmrms migumstekes mxpmròmiteråi uie prms`÷i scgèb e migeder mi msm ockmbc jmlmo÷i`gc y pckråi jebber k`ﬅgubtekms e be jcre km rmgcicgmr en`mrteomitm, teitc kmbeitm km sï o`soes gcoc kmbeitm km be pmrscie qum rmeb`ze be mitrmv`ste, qum ic mxpmròmitei mxpmrò mitei crlesocs omkèitm mb gc`tc. Ic mx`stm, pcr mb gcitrer`c, iìluie prms`÷i mi smit`kc cpumstc. Mstc ics pumkm jegmr pmiser qum mb pcrgmitedm km oudmrms qum mxpmròmitei crlesocs omkèitm pmimtreg`÷i velìeb smrå ìgbusc omicr km bc qum bcs ketcs prmsmitekcs ìk`gei.

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Mb jmgjc km qum mb gc`tc sme uie prågt`ge msgeseomitm mﬅgez pere bclrer crlesocs mi bes oudmrms ic scrprmikmr scrprmikmr. . Eb gcitrer`c, s` smfmomiìc gcis`kmre g cis`kmrems qumkmnm mb ÷rleic rmspcisenbm kmb pbegmr mb gbïtcr`s y qum kureitm mb gc`tc ic sm mstòube km oeimre k`rmgte sìc ìk`rmgte, bcs rmsubtekcs sci mspmrenbms. Wì monerlc, qum uie rm﬎mx`÷i tei pcgc scﬅst`geke rereomitm sm jeye mfmgtuekc ms ctrc gberc sïitcoe kmb eikrcgmitr`soc km be scg`mkek. E pert`rgcigbu`rsm km tckes mstes mitcigms, pumkm qum mbgcis`kmreg`cims, gc`tcgmitr`soc qum geregtmr`ze be smxueb`kek jmtmrcsmxueb jmlmo÷i`ge ms teitc uie gbere oei`fmsteg`÷i kmb eikrcgmitr`soc eikrcgmitr`soc gcoc uie pckmrcse geuse km be nrmgje crlåso`ge kmtmgteke mitrm oudmrms y jconrms jmtmrcsmxuebms.

>.7.>. Eusmigè km ìfcroeg`÷i y pcr su rmspcisen`b`zeg`÷i km bes oudmrms febte km pbegmr ]ic km bcs mfmgtcs kmb gc`tcgmitr`soc ms grmer ui geici scnrm be oeimre ekmgueke km bbmler eb gbïoex, qum lmimre uies mxpmgtet`ves qum, sì moner moner-lc, mi be oeycrïe km bcs gescs ic sm guopbmi.

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Mstes mxpmgtet`ves, ekmoås, sm vmi pcstmr`cromitm rmfcrzekes pcr be msgesmz y nede geb`kek km be ìfcroeg`÷i qum pckmocs gcoprcner s` mfmgtueocsk`spci`nbm, uie nôsqumke mi ìtmrimt. Bc qum ebbï migcitreocs rmfumrze mb òelìer`c gc`tcgàitr`gc y petrèrgeb qum ms geuse kmb prcnbmoe y, y, perebmbeomitm, rmspcisen`b`ze y gubpen`b`ze e bes oudmrms pcr su febte km pbegmr.5; Mi rmbeg`÷i e be eusmigè km crlesocs fmomiìe, be lrei km beic ìfcroeg`÷i qum mx`stm qum sòeycrïe bes oudmrms bbmlei eb gbïoex mi sussmõebe rmbeg`cims smxuebms ms pcrqum mx`stm eblôi febbc mi su egt`tuk. Epermgmi k`stìtes rezcims4 ìgepeg`kek pere rmbedersm, febte km esmrt`v`kek smxueb, mbmvekc i`vmb km mstràs, egt`tuk imlet`ve, ìgepeg`kek pere gcoui`gersm gci su gcopeõmrc smxueb, treuoes kmb pesekc, eutcmx`lmigè, kcbcr kureitm bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms (cnsàrvmsm g÷ocìsuﬅg`mitm mstes sm jegmi gcìg`k`r gci y sm bò`tei eb gc`tc), bunr`geg`÷i 5; Gci mb ﬅi km ìgrmomiter be veb`kmz kmb eiåb`s`s, jmocs rmeb`zekc nôsqumkes qum fumrei bc oås sò`berms pcs`nbms e bes qum pcs`nbmomitm rmeb`zerïe uie oudmr qum mxpmròmitere teb gcitrek`gg`÷i mitrm mxpmgtet`ves smxuebms y rmeb`kek. Oås gcigrmteomitm, sm je mfmgtuekc uie pròmre nôsqumke mi imlet`vc «ic tmilc crlesocs± y ctre mi pcs`t`vc «oudmrms g÷oc ebgeizei crlesocs±. Ms òpcrteitm smõeber qum, teon`ài mi mstm smluikc gesc, bcs rmsubtekcs qum epermg`mrci fumrci km iumvc bcs qum eieb`zenei bes rezcims pcr bes qum bes oudmrms ic ebgeizei crlesocs.

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qum teon`ài sm trekugm mi kcbcr kureitm bes rmbeg`cims (iumveomitm rmbeg`cims smxuebms y pmimtreg`÷i sm esò`bei), mx`stmigè ìsuﬅg`mitm mi be velìe, mtg. km uie ousgubeture Cfrmgmi oôbt`pbms y k`fmrmitms rezcims, ic imgmserèomitm febses, pmrc pergèbms. Frmitm e uie rmeb`kek qum ìgcrpcre pcr bc omics trms mbmomitcs ‗be oudmr,, su gcopeõmrc smxueb y bes prågt`g oudmr prågt`ges es smxuebms qum eoncs oeit`mimi‗ sm fcgeb`zei mi uic scbc km mbbcs4 oudmr , rmspcisen`b`zåikcbe e mbbe, y ôi`geomitmbeeoudmr, mbbe, km su febte km pbegmr pbegmr.. Ic sm gumst`cie, pcr mb gcitrer`c, mb gc`tcgmitr`soc km bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms i` sm ìfcroe km qum be oeycrïe km bes ou dmrms ic mxpmròmitei crlesocs crlesocs kureitm mb gc`tc. Mi rmsuomi, be ìfcroeg`÷i qum sm migumitre mi ìtmrimt ms rm﬎mdc km ui ockmbc smxueb jmlmo÷i`gc gc`tcgàitr`gc uiebescg`mkek gàitr`ge, mi beyqum omk`ke fumrtmomitm km tckc ms mbeikrcver÷i y sus imgms`kekms y kmsmcs. Xcr mbbc, mb jmgjc km qum be oudmr ic mxpmròmitm crlesocs kureitm bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms sm rmo`tm e ouy k`fmrmitms prcnbmoes, pmrc iuige e qum bes prågt`ges smxuebms oås frmgumitms sci prågt`ges omkèitm bes qum bc jen`tueb y mspmrenbm ms qum bcs jconrms tmilei crlesocs pmrc bes oudmrms ic. Bes y bcs prcfms`c-

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iebms km be sebuk, ekmoås, teopcgc gcist`tuymi, be oeycrïe km bes vmgms, uie ebtmriet`ve våb`ke pere jegmr frmitm egermgm mste s`tueg`÷i ye qum,km jen`tuebomitm, su fcroeg`÷i km pmrspmgt`ve làimrc y pumstc qum mståi ìomrses m ìomrscs mi be o`soe gubture smxueb gc`tcgàitr`ge qum mb rmstc km be scg`mkek. Jmocs pck`kc gcoprcner qum be ìfcroeg`÷i k`spci`nbm mi ìtmrimt t`mikm e rmspcisen`b`zer y gubpen`b`zer e bes oudmrms km su febte km pbegm pbegmr Mb o`soc omgei`soc mstå prmsmitm, teon`ài, mir. ui k`sgursc epermitmomitm b`nmrekcr y mopckmrekcr qum v`mim gcnreikc prctelci`soc grmg`mitm mi bcs ôbtòcs t`mopcs. Ics rmfmròcs e msm k`sgursc qum smõebe qum be rmspcisen`b`kek kmb pbegmr y bcs crlesocs fmomiìcs ic rms`km y ic kmnmrïe kmbmlersm mi bcs jconrms, sìc qum bes pròmres rmspcisenbms kmb pbegmr sci mopckmrekcr bes prcpès oudmrms. Euiqum permzgefmomiìc ui k`sgursc y fmoì`ste, sì monerlc ms omics treisfcroekcr y rcopmkcr km bc qum permgmrïe e pròmre v`ste ye qum, iumveomitm vumbvm e b`nrer km tcke gubpe y rmspcisen`b`kek e bcs jconrms, gerlåikcbes mitmreomitm scnrm bcs jconrcs km bes oudmrms.

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]i mdmopbc ouy gberc km mstm k`sgursc pumkm migcitrersm mi ui frelomitc kmb b`nrc Eitòeiueb km smxc mi kmdui`c Vebmr`m punb`gekc mi mb pmr`÷k`gc Xeïs mi km [essc, >85:, kcikm be eutcre eﬅroe qumMb

«ui crlesoc ic sm t`mim, sm eprmikm e tmimrbc. C omdcr k`gjc, sm eprmikm e ‚pmro`t`rsm‐  tmimrbc tmimrbc (…) Mb pepmb kmb eoeitm mi mb prcgmsc t`mim ougjïsòe omics òpcrteigè km be qum sm bm sumbm etr`nu`r etr`nu`r.. Ebgeizer mb crlesoc ms uie kmg`s`÷i mstr`gteomitm pmrscieb mi be qum mb eoeitm ms scbc ui mbmomitc oås km bcs qum mi iumstre kmg`s`÷i km kmderics c icìtmrprmteocs ebgeizer mb mrmt`soc. Mb crlesoc ic ics bc prcgurei, bc ebgeizeocs icsctrcs scbcs±. Wm trete km uie `kme sulmrmitm pmrc mileõcse. Geke oudmr pumkm, kmskm bumlc, prcgurersm ui crlesoc e sï o`soe, y mstc ms prmg`seomitm bc qum sugmkm gci mb eutcmrct`soc. Mi mb oergc km rmbeg`cims smxuebms ctre pmrscie, mi sìmbmonerlc, mb pepmb km mste ‗oåsgci gcigrmteomitm, gesc km rmbeg`cims jmtmrcsmxuebms, mb pepmb kmb jconrm‗ ic pumkm k`fuoìersm jeste prågt`geomitm kmsepermgmr. Euiqum ms ìimlenbm be òpcrteigè km qum bes oudmrms smpei mxprmser mxprmser sus lustcs y kmsmcs mi mb åon`tc smxueb c qum smpei qum be prågt`ge km ﬅil`r crlesocss k`fïg`bomitm pumkm gcis`kmrersm gcoc crlesoc

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uie mstretmlè ôt`b pere be omdcre km be v`ke smxueb, ms `luebomitm òpcrteitm qum ic sm mbòìm e bcs jconrms km be mgueg`÷i i` sm bms mxòe kmgbereomitcke rmspcisen`b pcis en`b`kek `kek. . Mitcigms, genm k`fmrmigèr tm bes s`tueg`cims mi bes qum mb jconrm oumstre ìtmràs mi mb pbegmr y bcs crlesocs km su gcopeõmre smxueb km equmbbes mi bes qum, uie vmz ebgeizekc mb gbïoex, esuom gci tcteb ietureb`kek qum msc supcim mb ﬅi km be rmbeg`÷i smxueb, kmsìtmrmsåikcsm kmb pbegmr km mbbe. Mi ui gesc, km jmgjc, mfmgt`veomitm mb fcgc jenrå km s`tuersm mi be gepeg`kek be ou dmr km gcoui`ger sus lustcs y kmsmcs1 mi km mb ctrc, sì monerlc, kmnmrå pcimrsm mi mb gcopcrteo`mitc kmb jconrm, mi mb mlcïsoc (y eikrcgmitr`soc) qum sunyegm e su fcroe km egtuer. egtuer. Km bc gcitrer`c, mi mfmgtc, vcbvmrïe e rmspcisen`b`zersm e bes oudmrms y ôi`geomitm e mbbes km su eusmigè k kmm pbegmr pbegmr,, b`nreikc e bcs jconrms km tcke rmspcisen`b`kek. Webveikc bes k`fmrmigès, sm trete kmb o`soc msqumoe smlôi mb gueb, mi s`tueg`cims km v`cbmigè km làimrc mi be permde, be prmluite qum oås frmgumitmomitm jegm be scg`mkek ms pcr quà bes oudmrms ic sm smperei, pci`mikc esï ﬅi eb oebtretc, mi buler km prmluitersm pcr quà bcs jconrms oebtretei. Kmskm bumlc, euiqum be pròmre prmluite t`mim ìtmràs, y ougjc sm pumkm kmg`r egmrge km mbbc

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kmskm uie pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc y fmoì`ste, ic pckmocs bò`terics e mbbc, c be òelmi qum tmikrmocs kmb fmi÷omic smrå ouy bò`teke k`stcrs`cieke pcrqum ic mstermocs pci`mikc mb yfcgc kcikm rmebomitm òpcrte. ^mspcisen`b`zer e bes oudmrms (y scbc e mbbes) pcr su febte km pbegmr, pbegmr, sm ke mi ui gcitmxtc, gcoc sm smõebene mi be pròmre pertm kmb b`nrc, kcikm mi uie scgèb`zeg`÷i km làimrc kmtmroìeke, be gubpe sm gciﬅlure gcoc ui mbmomitc gmitreb km be `kmit`kek km làimrc fmomiìe. Mi mstm gcitmxtc, sm eit`g`pene, bes oudmrms tmikmråi e smit`rsm gubpenbms km su febte km pbegmr, pbegmr, e s`tuer s`stmo s`stmoåt`geomitm åt`geomitm mb prcnbmoe kmitrc y ic fumre, mi mbbes y mi su ggumr umr-pc mi buler km mi be permde smxueb y bes prågt`ges smxuebms. [mikmråi [mikmråi e pmiser qum sci ìekmguekes, qum ms su gumrpc gu mrpc mb qum t`mim eblôi kmfmgtc yy,, 5= pcr mbbc, ic rmspcikm gcoc kmnmrïe. Xert`mikc km uie prmo`se eblc k`fmrmitm pmrc bbmleikc e ui rmsubtekc permg`kc, ekmoås, ctres oudmrms gcis`kmreråi qum s` ic mxpmròmitei crlesocs ms pcrqum ic t`mimi be jen`b`kek suﬅg`mitm pere mxpb`ger ekm-

5= Mste smiseg`÷i km ìekmgueg`÷i euomite mi be egtueb`kek pcrqum rmgem scnrm bes oudmrms uie mxpmgtet`ve km k`sfrutm y jen`b`kek smxueb (y, gci mbbc, uie perebmbe mst`loet`zeg`÷i km be febte km pbegmr) qum eitms ic mx`stïe.

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guekeomitm e sus permdes smxuebms guåbms sci sus lustcs y kmsmcs1 iumveomitm, uie eutcìgubpeg`÷i, mi mstm gesc pcrbeic mster suﬅg`mitmomitm kes± y ic tmimr gciﬅeize suﬅg`mitm pere«b`nmrepmk`r. pmk`r. Mi mstm gcitmxtc, teitc be ìfcroeg`÷i gubpen`b`zekcre qum sm migumitre mi ìtmrimt gcoc bcs k`sgurscs febseomitm prclrms`stes qum vumbvmi e s`tuer tcke be rmspcisen`b`kek mi mbbes t`mimi ui òpegtc imlet`vc pcrqum sm ìsmrtei mi mste tmikmigè prmmx`stmitm y be ìtmis`ﬅgei. Xcr mbbc, ms òpcrteitïsòc prcnbmoet`zer k`sgurscs mopmzer e km smr gcisg`mitms km qummstcs mstcs, nedc uiey eper`migè ockmri`kek y fmoì`soc, mståi, km fegtc, vmj`gubeikc omisedms fumrtmomitm petrèrgebms. Mb smitò`mitc km ìekmgueg`÷i y gubpe qum bes oudmrms mxpmròmitei, ekmoås, egene euomiteikc pcrqum be eusmigè km pbegmr y crlesocs mi bes rmbeg`cims smxuebmsscbmkek, sm s`lum o`mitres v`v`mikc mi mi be oås enscbute qumsmgrmtc scgèb- y omitm be òelmi qum sm t`mikm e treiso`t`r ms km àx`tc y lczc sì oet`gms. Mi mstm gcitmxtc, eopbèomitm eieb`zekc mi be pròmre pertm kmb b`nrc, geke oudmr qum mxpmròmitm febte km crlesocs mi sus rmbeg`cims smxuebms tmikmrå e grmmr qum sm trete km ui prcnbmoe pcgc frmgumitm, qum scbc bm efmgte e mbbe y kmb qum mbbe ms rmspcisenbm, gueikc ‗gcoc

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kmoumstrei gbereomitm bcs ketcs k`spci`nbms‗ jey ougjes oudmrms qum sm jebbei mi su o`soe s`tueg`÷i. Eiåbcleomitm, oudmrms sï mxpmròmitei crlesocs pmrc icbes pcr omk`cqum kmb gc`tc teon`ài tmikmråi e pmrg`n`rsm gcoc uie eicoebïe, gueikc gcist`tuymi ‗gcoc kmocstrenei mscs o`socs ketcs‗ be oeycrïe. Mi suoe, tckcs mstcs mbmomitcs ‗be mx`stmigè km uie ìfcroeg`÷i km nede geb`kek y gubpen`b`zekcre, mb grmg`mitm pmsc km k`sgurscs k`sg urscs febseomitm s`stes, be gubpe gcoc mbmomitc gmitreb mi beprclrmgciﬅlureg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km làimrc fmomiìe, mb àx`tc gcoc vebcr gmitreb mi be sundmt`v`kek imcb`nmreb y mb smgrmt`soc gci mb qum sm s`lum bbmveikc be eusmigè km pbegmr mi be msfmre smxueb, ìgbusc mi ui gcitmxtc mi mb qum epermitmomitm jey geke vmz oeycr b`nmrtek pere jenber km smxc‗ ìtmregtôei y feg`b`tei qum ui prcnbmoe qum ms scgèb y mstrugtureb s`le v`v`àikcsm km fcroe ìk`v`kueb y be scbug`÷i teon`ài sm pbeitmm km fcroe ìk`v`kueb`zeke gueikc ms, sì kuke, uie gumst`÷i gcbmgt`ve.

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>.7.7. Nrmgje crlåso`ge y gc`tcgmitr`soc ìtmis`fgekcs mi rmbeg`cims smxuebms

mspcråk`ges Mi bcs epertekcs eitmr`crms sm je eieb`zekc km quà oeimre be gcistrugg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km làimrc fmomiìe y oesgubìe, gciduiteomitm gci be pcs`g`÷i kms`lueb qum oudmrms y jconrms cgupei mi be mstrugture scgèb y mb gerågtmr fumrtmomitm gc`tcgàitr`gc kmb smxc jmtmrcsmxueb jmlmo÷i`gc ìg`kmi imlet`veomitm prcnen`b`kekcrlesocs km bes oudmrms jmtmrcsmxuebms mi km be mxpmròmiter mi bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms. Mstcs o`socs mbmomitcs teon`ài mxpb`gei pcr quà mste prcnen`b`kek sm rmkugm eôi oås mi rmbeg`cims smxuebms qum t`mimi buler fumre kmb oergc km uie permde mstenbm, ui ketc qum rm﬎mdei oôbt`pbms mstuk`cs. ]ie ìvmst`leg`÷i rmeb`zeke mi MM. ]]. mitrm >88= y >855, gci uie oumstre km 5; =:7 oudmrms d÷vmims, pcr mdmopbc, rm﬎md÷ qum ôi`geomitm mb ;8% km bes oudmrms jenïe mxpmròmitekc mxpmr òmitekc ui crlesoc mi su ôbtòe rmbeg`÷i smxueb mspcråk`ge, frmitm eb 85>). ^msubtekcs eiåbclcs, ekmoås, sci errcdekcs teon`ài pcr ui mstuk`c mst uk`c rmeb`zekc mi

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>850 mi MM. ]]. gci uie oumstre km 5.8:; oudmrms (\cilsconcci, Nurbmsci y \mnstmr >8>8). Mstes ìvmst`leg`cims, gcoc bcs ertïgubcs k`vublet`vcs qum jegmi rmfmrmigè e mbbes, punb`gekcs mi rmv`stes y pmr`÷k`gcs, kei oôbt`pbms pcs`nbms rezcims gcoc mxpb`geg`÷i km bcs ketcs. Mitrm mbbes, bes qum epermgmi km fcroe oås s`stmoåt`ge y rm`tmreke vìgubei be omicr prcpmis`÷i e mxpmròmiter mxpmr òmiter crlesocs mi rmbeg`cims mspcråk`ges mi rmbeg`÷i gci bes mstenbms gci qum, mi lustcs mstes ôbtòes, oeycr gcicgò`mitc km bcs smxuebmsmx`stm km beui ctre pmr pmr-scie y qum, mi bes mspcråk`ges, ms pcs`nbm qum bes oudmrms sm s`mitei duzlekes y mst`loet`zekes pcr mster oeitmi`mikc rmbeg`cims smxuebms fumre kmb oergc km uie rmbeg`÷i efmgt`ve mstenbm, bc qum k`ﬅgubte qum pumkei egtuer gci b`nmrtek. E pert`r km ui eiåb`s`s gci pmrspmgt`ve pmrspmg t`ve km làimrc, sì monerlc, s` smrå tebmsgci pumkmi ìg`k`r ìg`k`r,, jey epermgm ctrc guycqum, pmsc gmbmomitcs ci tcke prcnen`b`kek ougjc oeycr, oeycr, euiqum epmies ms cndmtc km ìtmràs y qum smrå iconrekc ôi`geomitm mi mb oergc km uic km mstcs mstuk`cs, pmrc ic cndmtc km mspmgèb rm﬎mx`÷i i` smrå rmsgetekc pcr bcs ertïgubcs c pcr ctres ìvmst`leg`cims. Gcoc kmoumstre gbereomitm be ìvmst`leg`÷i rmeb`zeke pcr Erostrcil, Milbeik y Fclerty (>85>), mi rmbeg`cims mspcråk`ges bcs

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jconrms oumstrei omicr ìtmràs mi mb pbegmr y bcs crlesocs km su gcopeõmre smxueb y t`mimi teon`ài uie omicr ìgbìeg`÷i e rmeb`zer smxc rmprmsmicreb (mstc ms mxegteomitm bc qum kmgbere be oumstre tet`ve km jconrms ebbï migumsteke). Mstm rmbmveitm rmsubtekc pckïe jenmr s`kc cndmtc km eiåb`s`s mi mb oergc km be ìvmst`leg`÷i qum bc kmsgunrm. Wì monerlc, i` mse ìvmst`leg`÷i i` bcs ertïgubcs qum jegmi rmfmrmigè e mbbe sm ìtmrrclei egmrge km bes rezcims bc kmprcnbmoet`zei. mstm gcopcrteo`mitc oesgubìc y teopcgc Mstm kmsìtmràs rmspcikm e qum tckes mstes ìvmst`leg`cims y eiåb`s`s germgmi pcr gcopbmtc km pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc, eblc qum bò`te su gepeg`kek km jegmr bes prmluites ekmguekes y, y, pcr teitc, km gcoprmikmr pbmieomitm mb fmi÷omic qum mstukèi. Esò`soc, mb jmgjc km qum sm tretm, mi su oeycrïe, km mstuk`cs qumeitms encrkei smxueb`kekteon`ài kmskm ui pr`soe oàk`gc qum be scg`cb÷l`gc gcitr`nuym e mste «gmlumre±. Mi mb oergc km ui mstuk`c gci pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc, pcr gcitre, be rmbmveigè km mstm rmsubtekc epermgm gci tcteb gber`kek. Mstm gcopcrteo`mitc oesgubìc, km jmgjc, scbc pumkm gcoprmikmrsm e pert`r km uie kmtmroìeke gcistrugg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km

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làimrc oesgubìe y fmomiìe, be pcs`g`÷i kms`lueb qum oudmrms y jconrms cgupei mi be mstrugture scgèb y mb gc`tcgmitr`soc kmvmz bes prckugtc rmbeg`cims rmbeg`cimskm smxuebms jmtmrcsmxuebms (qum ms e su uie mstrugture km làimrc kms`lueb). Wm trete km mbmomitcs eieb`zekcs mi kmtebbm oås err`ne. Ejcre genm smõeber sòpbmomitm bcs mbmomitcs oås rmbmveitm rmbmveitmss mi mstm gcitmxtc mspmgïﬅgc, gcigrmteomi gcigrmteomitm4 tm4 be gcistrugg`÷i erqumtïp`ge km bcs jconrms gcoc «smrms pere uic o`soc±, ui`ke e be gcis`kmreg`÷i km qum pere bes oudmrms bcs crlesocs ic gcist`tuymi uie imgms`kek n`cb÷l`ge i` mb gcopcimitm prìg`peb km be smxueb`kek1 mb oeycr pmsc y rmbmveigè rmbmveigè qum t`mimi bes imgms`kekms, kmsmcs y n`mimster oesgubìcs mi gcopereg`÷i gci bcs fmomiìcs, gci be gcis`lu`mitm oeycr feg`b`kek pere qum mstcs ôbtòcs smei cbv`kekcs1 y be gcis`kmreg`÷i km qum be fcroe «icroeb± km gcismlu`r ui crlesoc ms omkèitm mb gc`tc, ic scbc pere bcs jconrms sìc teon`ài pere bes ìvmst`leg`÷i oudmrms (y mstc pmsm e be mx`stmigè km enuikeitm qum bc kmso`mitm). E pert`r km ejï, sm mxprmse mb kmsìtmràss oesgubìc jegè mb pbegmr y bcs crlesocs kmsìtmrà km be permde fmomiìe qum ic je bbmlekc eb gbïoex km be oeimre scgèbomitm mspmreke, esï gcoc be ietureb`zeg`÷i km k`gjc kmsìtmràs pcr pertm km mbbe.

5>8

Mi suoe, mi rmbeg`cims mspcråk`ges ìg`kmi bcs o`socs mbmomitcs qum mi rmbeg`cims mstenbms4 mi bes sì monerlc, egtôei kmpcr oeimre oåspròmres, ìtmise, pcrqum ic sm mstcs vmi omkèkcs mb efmgtc jegè uie pmrscie (uie oudmr) mi gcigrmtc. Ôi`geomitm esï pumkm gcoprmikmrsm pcr quà, mi rmbeg`cims mspcråk`ges, pròmrc, mb i`vmb km gc`tcgmitr`soc smrå ougjc oeycr qum mi rmbeg`cims mstenbms1 y, y, smluikc, mstà oås icroeb`zekc mb jmgjc km qum smxueb, mb crlesoc oesgubìc supcilejegè mb ﬅi km be rmbeg`÷i gci ictenbm kmsìtmràs mb pbegmr y bcs crlesocs fmomiìcs, msqumoe qum, gci frmgumigè, je s`kc icroeb`zekc y ietureb`zekc ic scbc pcr pertm km bcs jconrms, sìc teon`ài pcr pertm km bes prcpès oudmrms qum, mi mstm gcitmxtc, t`mikmi e ìtmrprmter be eusmigè km crlesoc prcp`c gcoc eblc mspmrenbm y frutc frut c km su prcpè ìekmgueg`÷i, oås qumm gcoc v`s`nbmsmxuekm uie rmbeg`÷i kms`lueb ìduste.mxprms`÷i Mi rmbeg`cims bms mspcråk`ges ms kcikm mb fuig`cieo`mitc km be mstrugture scgèb eikrcgàitr`ge y petrèrgeb epermgm gci oeycr i`t`kmz. ^mgep`tubeikc, bcs ketcs gueit`tet`vcs k`spci`nbms ìk`gei qum, mi rmbeg`cims smxuebms mspcråk`ges, be prcnen`b`kek qum bes oudmrms t`mimi km mxpmr`-

5>5

omiter ui crlesoc ms ouy msgese, ougjc oås qum mi rmbeg`cims mstenbms. E pert`r km tebms ketcs, genm prmluite prmluitersm rsms`lei pcr quà, ìgbusc mitebms eusmigè km gbïoex, bes oudmrms oeitmi`mikc rmbeg`cims y rmp`t`àikcbes. rmp`t`àik cbes. Be mxpb`geg`÷i qum jen`tuebomitm sm epcrte ms qum uie rmbeg`÷i smxueb ic pumkm bò`tersm y g`rguisgr`n`rsm eb crlesoc, y qum be eusmigè km crlesoc ic òpb`ge imgmserèomitm eusmigè km pbegmr. Wm trete km uie mxpb`geg`÷i gmrtmre, pmrc ìsuﬅg`mitm, pumstc qum rm﬎mde ôi`geomitm uie pmqumõe km beics rmeb`kek. eiåb`s`s pmrspmgt`vepcrg`÷i km làimrc cnb`le e]ikuker km gci ui oergc mxpb`get`vc sòpb`ste y treiqu`b`zekcr, qum ic ìgbuym mbmomitcs prcnbmoet`zekcrms i` gumst`cie be rmeb`kek y qum rmgurr rmgurrmm e ui erluomiter`c erluomiter`c prågt`geomitm ìk`stìlu`nbm kmb qum mb òelìer`c petrèrgeb petrèrgeb ut`b`ze pere kmsgr`n`r be smxueb`kek fmomiìe. Ms imgmser`c ìgbu`r ctres o`rekes, gcoc mitmikmr qum be `kmit`kek km làimrc fmomiìe sm gciﬅlure gcoc pes`ve y bes oudmrms gcoc sudmtc kmsmekc, mi gcitrepcs`g`÷i e bcs jconrms, qum sci sudmtcs egt`vcs y kmsmeitms (eblc qum sm oei`ﬅmste mi qum, mi mb òelìer`c scgèb, sci bcs jconrms qu`mims gcrtmdei y smkugmi y bes oudmrms qu`mims sci cndmtc km msm gcrtmdc y mse smkugg`÷i e be qum suguonmi s` mb jconrm egtôe gci jen`b`kek, jeg`mikc mitmikmr mb kmsmc smxueb fmomiìc gcoc rmspumste eb kmsmc y etmig`÷i

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oesgubìcs). Mi mstm gcitmxtc, ekmoås, be gepeg`kek km susg`ter mb kmsmc oesgubìc, mb smr gcis`kmreke smxuebomitm etregt`ve y epmtmg`nbm egene ekqu`r`mikc uie òpcrteigè microm y kmsprcpcrg`cieke mi be gcistrugg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km làimrc fmomiìe y mi be eutcgcigmpg`÷i eutcgcigmpg`÷i km bes oudmrms. Mstc pumkm mxpb`ger pcr quà uics migumitrcs smxuebms pumkmi smr nusgekcs y rmpmt`kcs ìgbusc mi eusmigè km pbegmr fïs`gc. Frmitm mxpb`geg`÷i fåg`boudmrms y rmgcifcrteitm, qum vìgube embmse jmgjc km qum bes s`lumi oeitmi`mikc rmbeg`cims smxuebms mspcråk`ges ìgbusc mi eusmigè km crlesocs pcr su gepeg`kek km v`v`r mb smxc mi tcke su eopb`tuk, smrïe ìtmrmseitm mopmzer e pbeitmer ctre mxpb`geg`÷i, qum rmo`tm e uie mstrugture scgèb qum mismõe e bes oudmrms e ctcr ctcr-ler uie òpcrteigè kmsprcpcrg`cieke eb jmgjc km smit`rsm kmsmenbms y kmsmekes.

>.7.;. Eusmigè km crlesoc mi bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms4 uie rmeb`kek qum sm ìtmis`fge mitrm oudmrms d÷vmims

Ms jen`tueb gcis`kmrer qum, mi bes oudmrms, be gepeg`kek km mxpmròmiter mxpmr òmiter pbegmr smxueb yy,, mi rmbeg`÷i

5>7

gci mbbc, km bbmler eb gbïoex kureitm bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms k`soìuym s`li`ﬅget`veomitm gci be mkek y, oås gcigrmteomitm, e pert`rqum, km kmtrås be omicpeusè. Xcr mbbc, pckrïeocs supcimr km be nrmgje crlåso`ge qum bcs ketcs rm﬎mdei, mstuv`mre mb fegtcr mkek. Ms kmg`r kmg`r,, sm pckrïe pmiser qum s` bes oudmrms, gcoc lrupc, t`mimi uie omicr prcnen`b`kek km mxpmròmiter crlesocs mi sus rmbeg`cims smxuebms gcoperekes gci bcs jconrms, ms pcrqum, mitrm mbbes, jey oudmrms km oås mkek qum nedei be omkè lmimreb. Ic ms mstm buler pere mitrer e kmnet`r guåbms sci bcs mfmgtcs ﬅs`cb÷l`gcs km be omicpeusè c guåb ms su òpegtc mi be bïn`kc km bes oudmrms, teopcgc pere ìtmiter kmsmitreõer jeste quà puitc uics mfmgtcs qum grmmocs n`cb÷l`gcs msgcikmi, mi rmeb`kek, mb òpegtc km uie mstrugture scgèb smx`ste y mkek`ste.56 56 ]ie mstrugture qum ìv`s`n`b`ze y kmsprmgè gci mspmgèb ìtmis`kek e bes oudmrms gueikc sm jegmi oeycrms tmikrå ìmv`tenbmomitm ui mfmgtc mi mb n`mimster mocg`cieb km mstes gcifcrom gcif crom vei guopb`mikc eõcs y, pcr bc teitc, teon`ài mi su kmsmc smxueb y mi su gepeg`kek km k`sfruter kmb smxc. W` ekmoås sm gcis`kmre qum be omicpeusè, eui tmi`mikc jen`tuebomitm buler mi oudmrms tckevïe d÷vmims, s`lum s`mikc ui sïoncbc erqumtïp`gc km mivmdmgò`mitc, pumkm gcoprmikmrsm jeste quà puitc bcs mfmgtcs km mste mi be bïn`kc tmikråi ui cr`lmi, s` ic tctebomitm, pcr bc omics pergèbomitm scgèb.

5>;

Euiqum ic ics ekmitrmocs mi msm eiåb`s`s, sï ics kmtmikrmocs nrmvmomitm e mxeoìer mb òpegtc kmb fegtcr mkek, prìg`pebomitm pere qum k`s`per s`nbms kukes e msm rmspmgtc y egberer mstmpcic t`mim iìluie rmbeg`÷i gci be nrmgje n rmgje crlåso`ge qum bcs ketcs rm﬎mdei (ic, pcr bc omics, mi mb smit`kc mspmrekc). Ms òprmsgìk`nbm mv`kmigèr qum ic sci bes oudmrms oeycrms qu`mims mxpmròmitei uie omicr prcnen`b`kek km ebgeizer mb gbïoex mi sus rmbeg`cims smxuebms, sìc dustc bc gcitrer`c4 sci bes gj`ges d÷vmims qu`mims cnt`mimi bes puitueg`cims oås nedes mi mstm åon`tc. Ms ui rmsubtekc errcdekc pcr iuomrcscs mstuk`cs, gcoc mb qum verès ìvmst`lekcres m ìvmst`lekcrms rmeb`zerci mi >880 mi MM. ]]., gci uie oumstre km 7.008 oudmrms y jconrms mitrm 5: y =0 eõcs. Mi àb sm oumstre qum s`, mi mb gesc km bcs jconrms, be prcnen`b`kek km tmimr crlesocs mi bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms mfmgt`veomitm kmgrmgm gci be mkek, mi bes oudmrms sugmkm mxegteomitm bc gcitrer`c (Jmrnmi`ga mt eb . >858). E i`vmb murcpmc, ui mstuk`c rmeb`zekc pcr be moprmse km dulumtms dulumtm s smxuebms nr`tåi`ge nr`t åi`ge Bcvmjcimy, Bcvmjcimy, gci uie oumstre km >.588 oudmrms mitrm bcs 5: y bcs =

rm﬎mde qum, euiqum uie eopbè prcpcrg`÷i (mb 70%) km oudmrms d÷vmims (km 5: e >= eõcs) t`mim rmbeg`cims smxuebms gci mbmveke frmgumigè omics kcs vmgms pcr smoeie), scbc uie km geke(eb trms km mbbes (76%) sumbm mxpmròmiter crlesocs mi sus migumitrcs. Mi bes oudmrms km oås mkek (;= y oås eõcs), pcr mb gcitrer`c, mstm pcrgmitedm ms ougjc oås mbmvekc, bbmleikc eb 67%. Ms kmg`r kmg `r,, qum, gueikc oeit`mimi rmbeg`cims smxuebms, bes oudmrms km oås mkek t`mimi uie prcnen`b`kek ges` kcs vmgms oås mbmveke qum bes gj`ges d÷vmims km bbmler eb gbïoex. Wci ketcs ouy s`li`ﬅget`vcs, pcrqum gcist`tuymi uie gciﬅroeg`÷i kmb cr`lmi scgèb, eitms qum n`cb÷l`gc, km be nrmgje crlåso`ge qum ke tïtubc tït ubc eb b`nrc y pcrqum oumstrei qum mb pmsc km tebms fegtcrms scgèbms ic mstå kmgeymikc gci bcs eveigms mi `luebkek km bes ôbtòes kàgekes, sìc qum s`lumi v`lmitms. Mi ctres pebenres, mstcs ketcs oumstrei qum kmtrås km be k`ﬅgubtek qum ougjes oudmrms mxpmròmitei pere bbmler eb gbïoex mi sus rmbeg`cims smxuebms mx`stmi gcik`g`cieitms scgèbms y qum mstcs gcik`g`cieitms egtôei, ekmoås, gci oeycr fumrze mi pcnbeg`cims oås d÷vmims, sì qum mb jmgjc km qum mstes sm jeyei scgèb`zekc mi ui mitcric scgèb omics kms`lueb kmskm ui puitc km v`ste km làimrc sme cnstågubc pere mbbc.

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Be mv`kmigè km qum mb òpegtc km be mstrugture eikrcgàitr`ge y petrèrgeb mi be smxueb`kek ms oeycr mi pcnbeg`cims oås d÷vmims, pcr ctre pertm, ic òpb`ge qum be fumrze km mste mstrugture sme oeycr ejcre qum jegm uies kàgekes, sìc qum mse mstrugture s`lum mx`st`mikc. Mb jmgjc km qum su òpegtc sm ìtmis`ﬅqum mi be duvmituk, mitcigms, kmnm rmo`t`rsm e ebluics mbmomitcs k`rmgteomitm vìgubekcs gci bes fesms km be v`ke. Wm trete km mkekms mi bes qum jey ui omicr neledm mxpmr mxpmr`migèb `migèb y, y, pcr bc teitc, ui mb ockmbc smxueb egene ekqu`r`mikc pms c oeycr. pmsc oeycr . Mijmlmo÷i`gc ctres pebenres, mi mkekms oås eveizekes y kmspuàs km kàgekes km v`ke smxueb egt`ve, be oeycrïe km bes oudmrms (y km bcs jconrms), ìgbusc sì jenmr bbmlekc e gumst`cier mb ockmbc gc`tcgàitr`gc kcoìeitm, je eprmik`kc qum, mi su gesc (c mi mb km su gcopeõmre), mstm ic rmprmsmite uie vïe pere bbmler eb crlesoc y je nusgekc vïes ebtmriet`ves pere mbbc. Mi geon`c, mi mkekms oås d÷vmims mste kìåo`ge sm migumitre eôi mi fesm ìg`p`mitm, teitc pcr pertm km bes ou dmrms gcoc pcr pertm km sus gcopeõmrcs gcopeõmrcs vercims. Xcimr mi mitrmk`gjc mb ockmbc jmlmo÷i`gc, ekmoås, rmsubte oås gcopbmdc mi gcjcrtms oås d÷vmims teon`ài pcrqum uie geregtmrïst`ge msmigèb km mses mkekms ms dusteomitm mb kmsmc km «migeder± (y su gcitrer`c, mb o`mkc e ic jegmrbc). E mstc kmnm eõe-

5><

k`rsm, esò`soc, qum mi mkekms oås tmopreies, be gciﬅeize qum sumbm mx`st`r gci bes permdes smxuebms t`mikm gci e smroeycr o micr, omicr , pumstc qum mstes ms tes sumbmiougjc geonèrsm frmgumigè y sci teon`ài oås jen`tuebms bcs migumitrcs smxuebms mspcråk`gcs, gci mb òpegtc imlet`vc e i`vmb km pbegmr fmomiìc qum mstc gcibbmve. [ckcs mstcs mbmomitcs, ekmoås, ìtmregtôei gci y sm vmi ìtmis`ﬅgekcs pcr mb òpegtc imlet`vc km be pcriclrefïe oeìstrmeo, geke vmz oås k`spci`nbm y eggms`nbm kmskm mkekms tmopreies. Bcs ketcs prmsmitekcs, ekmoås, teon`ài rmsubtei gbevm pcr ctre rez÷i4 ic scbeomitm oumstrei qum bes gj`ges d÷vmims, e be jcre km oeitmimr rmbeg`cims smxuebms, mxpmròmitei crlesocs gci omicr frmgumigè qum bes oudmrms km oås mkek, sìc qum rm﬎mdei teon`ài qum, pmsm e mste febte km crlesocs, s`lumi oeitmi`àikcbes gci es`ku`kek. ^mguàrkmsm, eb rmspmgtc, qum kcs km geke gìgc oeit`mimi rmbeg`cims smxuebms kcs c oås vmgms pcr smoeie y qum s`lumi jeg`àikcbc euiqum be lrei oeycrïe (6;%) ic sumbm mxpmròmiter crlesocs mi mbbes. Mi mstm gcitmxtc, genm prmluitersm quà rezcims jey kmtrås km msm gcopcrteo`mitc. Xere mbbc, be mxpb`geg`÷i oås trek`g`cieb jegm rmfmrmigè e bes prms`cims y gjeitedms oesgubìcs1 perebmbeomitm, be mxpb`geg`÷i oås

5>:

gcitmopcråime sunreye qum be mxpmr`migè smxueb ic pumkm bò`tersm y g`rguisgr`n`rsm eb crlesoc i` be set`sfegg`÷i qumyekmsmmbbe sm mxtrem mi nesm e equmb. Gcoc egberere oås omk`rsm err`ne, teon`ài mi mstm gesc sm trete km mxpb`geg`cims ic imgmserèomitm mqu`vcgekes, mqu`v cgekes, pmrc pergèbms. p ergèbms. [[eon`ài eon`ài equï ‗eb `lueb qum mi bcs migumitrcs smxuebms mspcråk`gcs‗ be prìg`peb rez÷i pere smlu`r tmi`mikc rmbeg`cims smxuebms qum, s`stmoåt`geomitm, t`mikmi e ic ìgbu`r crlesocs, ms ctre y jegm rmfmrmigè eb jmgjc km tebms migumitrcs egtôei jmrreo`mites km qum gciﬅroeg`÷i kmb etregt`vc y begcoc kmsmen`b`kek. Genm pmiser, pmiser, ekmoås, qum be òpcrteigè km mste gciﬅroeg`÷i smrå oeycr gueitc omicr sme be mkek km be oudmr, oudmr, pumstc qum mb kmsmc km eprcneg`÷i t`mikm e smr gciietureb e mses mkekms. Mi suoe, ic sm trete i` km uie cprms`÷i k`rmgte pcr pertm km be permde smxueb, i` km uie kmg`s`÷i b`nrm y gcisg`mitm, sìc qum sm gciﬅlure oås n`mi gcoc mb rmsubtekc km uie cprms`÷i km cr`lmi mstrugtureb ms trugtureb y, y, pcr bc teitc, ougjc oås k`fïg`b km gcitrerrmster. gcitrerrmster. Fìebomitm, bcs ketcs prmsmitekcs sci s`li`ﬅget`vcs teon`ài pcrqum pcimi km rmb`mvm ctrc jmgjc fuikeomiteb4 e reïz kmb geon`c km omiteb`kek y gcstuonrms qum mi mb ouikc cgg`kmiteb sm pusc mi oergje e pert`r km bes rm`vìk`geg`cims kmb Oeyc

5>0

kmb 6: mi Freigè (y qum sm fum gciscb`keikc mi bes kàgekes pcstmr`crms), bes oudmrms, eui gci verès bò`teg`cims oet`gms, jei ebgeizekc mi lrei pertm mb kmrmgjc eyoeitmimr rmbeg`cims smxuebms. M stc, Mstc, kureitm berlc t`mopc, sm je ìtmrprmtekc gcoc ui àx`tc rctuikc m ìk`sgut`kc. E be buz km bcs ketcs equï prmsmitekcs, sì monerlc, kmnmocs gcigbu`r qum jey ctre rmvcbug`÷i pmik`mitm, ic omics òpcrteitm qum be pròmre4 bclrer bclrer,, pere tckes bes oudmrms, mb kmrmgjc ic scbeomitm e oeitmimr oeitmim r rmbeg`cims smxuebms, k`sfruter km mbbes.sìc e smr sudmtcs km bes o`soes y

>.7.=. Ebluies ctres gumst`cims [mroìeocs ejcre mstm epertekc mfmgtueikc ebluies gcis`kmreg`cims gci rmspmgtc e verès gumst`cims km ìtmràs. [eon`ài rmprmsmitei ctrcs mfmgtcs kmb gc`tcgmitr`soc qum geregtmr`ze be smxueb`kek jmtmrcsmxueb jmlmo÷i`ge.

Bcs prmbòìerms Mi pròmr buler, buler, genm rmoerger uie vmz oås mb tresfcikc eikrcgàitr`gc y petrèrgeb qum sunyegm

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eb usc km be pebenre «prmbòìerms± pere rmfmr`rsm e tckes equmbbes prågt`ges smxuebms qum ic sci gc`tc. Frmitm uiemxpmròmite rmeb`kek mi crlesocs be qum be lrei oeycrïe km oudmrmse ic omkèitm pmimtreg`÷i velìeb sìc dusteomitm omkèitm mses ctres prågt`ges, mi mfmgtc, ic ms dust`ﬅgenbm smlu`r kmicoìeikc mses ctres prågt`ges prmbòìerms. Mste ms uie kmicoìeg`÷i qum sul`mrm qum ic sm trete km prågt`ges smxuebms gci veb`kmz prcpè, sìc km eggmscr`cs y egcopeõeitms kmb qum sm mit`mikm qum ms mb smxcprmgmkmr. km vmrkek, gc`tc, eb qum kmnmi kmsmg imgmserèomitm prmgmkmr . Msmbimgmser`c, mitcigms, kmsmgjer jer mste pebenre, rm﬎mdc km uie v`s`÷i km be smxueb`kek bò`teke y, y, ekmoås, fcgeb`zeke ôi ôi`geomitm `geomitm mi bcs jconrms y sus geregtmrïst`ges y qum cbv`ke, pcr mb gcitrer`c, e bes oudmrms y sus gumrpcs.

Mb puitc L Ctre gumst`÷i qum ms òprmsgìk`nbm encrker mi mb oergc km ui eiåb`s`s grït`gc km be smxueb`kek jmlmo÷i`ge (y kmb gc`tcgmitr`soc qum be geregtmr`ze) ms be etmig`÷i qum rmg`nm mb «puitc L± y mb àifes`s qum, scgèbomitm, sm pcim mi àb. Mstm, mi mfmgtc, ms ui mbmomitc qum je gcigmitrekc mi sï lrei ìtmràs y etmig`÷i1 e omiukc je s`kc gcis`kmrekc y sm «

±

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s`lum gcis`kmreikc gcoc mb seitc lrèb kmb pbegmr fmomiìc1 y, y, mi rmbeg`÷i gci mbbc, kmskm oôbt oôbt`pbms `pbms ìsteigès sunreyekc su rmbmveigè y sm je eiòekc esm besjeoudmrms e nusgerbc mi sus gumrpcs (feg`b`teikc, km pesc, su smitò`mitc km ìekmgueg`÷i mi gesc km ic jebberbc), ìgbusc kmskm oergcs y mi gcitmxtcs tm÷r`geomitm fmoì`stes. Wu rmbmveigè, sì monerlc, kmnm smr pumste mi kuke y su pctmigèb b`nmrekcr, b`nmrekcr, mopckmrekcr c fmoì`ste, gumst`ciekc. Ms uiprcneke puitc guye mx`stmi5

mstòubenbm kureitm mb gc`tc) je s`kc kureitm berlc t`mopc cbv`kekc. Mi ctres pebenres, kmtrås kmb àifes`s pumstc mi mb «puitc L± sunyegm be gcis`kmreg`÷i km qum be fcroe oås ekmgueke km gcismlu`r crlesocs ms omkèitm pmimtreg`÷i velìeb, o`mitres o `mitres qum bcs crlesocs gcismlu`kcs omkèitm mstòubeg`÷i k`rmgte kmb gbïtcr`s s`lumi, mi g`mrtc ockc, gcis`kmråikcsm km smluikc i`vmb. Wm trete, pcr ctre pertm, km ui msqumoe qumps`gceiåb`s`s v`mim km bmdcs, rmocitåikcsm e bcs e crïlmims kmb yy,, oås gcigrmteomitm, be kmﬅi`g`÷i, pcr pertm km Frmuk (508=), kmb crlesoc «velìeb± gcoc oekurc y kmb «gb`tcr`kèic± gcoc prcp`c km oudmrms ìoekures.5:

Bcs mstòubekcrms km gbïtcr`s Ctrc tmoe qum omrmgm smr encrkekc ms mb àx`tc qum rmg`mitmomitm je tmi`kc mb set`sfymr, mb ôbtòc sugg`ciekcr km gbïtcr`s g bïtcr`s qum je seb`kc eb omrgekc (y (y,, mi su mstmbe, ougjcs ctrcs prckugtcs eiåbclcs). 5: Be k`stìg`÷i mitrm crlesoc «velìeb± y «gb`tcr`kèic± ic t`mim, gcoc teb, iìluie veb`kmz, pumstc qum mi eoncs gescs mb rmspcisenbm km bcs o`socs mb gbïtcr`s y bc qum verïe ms be fcroe (k`rmgte c ìk`rmgte ) kmmsmstòubeg`÷i kmbôi`gc o`soc.

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Wm trete km uie gumst`÷i km lrei ìtmràs mi mb oergc km ui b`nrc scnrm nrmgje crlåso`ge prìg`pebomitm pcrbekcs rezcims4 be fmomiìe pròmre msjequm, pcr pròmre vmz, oesturneg`÷i kmdekc km smr ui enscbutc tenô mi be scg`mkek. Ougjc geoìc qumke tckevïe pcr rmgcrrmr mi mstm smit`kc y ic jey qum scnrmmstòer bcs eveigms jen`kcs, pmrc be `rrupg`÷i kmb set`sfymr  je je supumstc ui puitc km ì﬎mx`÷i qum ic pckmocs cnvèr cnvèr.. Mb sugg`ciekcr km gbïtcr`s je s`kc tmoe km gcivmrseg`÷i mi bes peuses gmies km y mipròmre ges` tcke rmui`÷igefà, scgèbbeskureitm ui Iev`kek t`mopc. Xcr vmz, bes oudmrms jei eﬅroekc en`mrteomitm qum mbbes teon`ài sm oesturnei y bc jei k`gjc mi vcz ebte, fumre kmb gïrgubc ïitòc km eo`les. Wm trete km eblc qum ic sm pumkm cnvèr y qum, mi bc qum equï ics cgupe, jey qum vebcrer ouy pcs`t`veomitm, pcrqum treiso`tm ouy gbereomitm be `kme km qum bes ou dmrms sci smrms smxuebms smxuebms mi be o`soe omk`ke qum bcs jconrms1 qum, eb `lueb qum mbbcs, mbbes teon`ài t`mimi kmsmcs y imgms`kekms mi msm smit`kc y bes t`mimi eb oerlmi kmb eocr y be rmbeg`÷i gci mb ctrc. Ms ui jmgjc rmbmveitm guyc mfmgtc rcopmkcr ms ìimlenbm, s` mitmikmocs qum uic km bcs mbmomitcs qum sunyegmi e be nrmgje crlåso`ge ms dusteomitm be gcis`kmreg`÷i km qum pere bes oudmrms tmimr crlesocs ic ms pert`guberomitm rmbmveitm. Mb jmgjc

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km qum, ìmspmrekeomitm, sm jeye pcpuber`zekc ui ert`bul`c guye ôi`ge fuig`÷i ms prcvcger crlesocs mi bes oudmrms qum bc ut`b`zei, mståkmnm rcop`mikc frcitebomitm gci mse `kme y gcoc teb smr vebcrekc. Ctre rez÷i pcr be qum mb àx`tc km bcs sugg`ciekcrms km gbïtcr`s ms tei s`li`ﬅget`vc ms qum km àb sm kmr`ve uie ìàk`te gmitreb`kek y prctelci`soc kmb gbïtcr`s, qum pumkm gcitr`nu`r e mrcs`cier mb gc`tcgmitr`soc kmb smxc jmlmo÷i`gc. Jeysmxuequm rmgcrker qum,jmtmrcsmxueb j`st÷r`geomitm, bcs dulumtms bms pere oudmrms jei tmik`kc e tmimr fcroe fåb`ge4 ms mstm mb gesc km bcs oås feocscs mitrm mbbcs, bcs v`nrekcrms ‗oås lreikms, oås pmqumõcs, oås mst`b`zekcs y omics, ebluics kctekcs teon`ài km uie prctunmreigè pere mstòuber mb gbïtcr`s, pmrc mi mb fcikc tckcs ò`teikc ui febc‗. Mb sugg`ciekcr km gbïtcr`s rcopm gci mse òelmi. Xcr pròmre vmz, ui dulumtm smxueb mstå gcoui`geikc gbereomitm ‗y ouy pckmrcseomitm, pumstc qum ic bc jegm epmbeikc e be omitm reg`cieb, sìc ìg`k`mikc mi mb òelìer`c ìgcisg`mitm‗ qum be fumitm kmb pbegmr mi bes oudmrms ic ms be velìe sìc mb gbïtcr`s y qum be fcroe oås jen`tueb omkèitm be qum mstes cnt`mimi crlesocs ic ms be pmimtreg`÷i velìeb sìc be mstòubeg`÷i k`rmgte kmb gbïtcr`s.

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Be myegubeg`÷i prmgcz Jmocs eieb`zekc migeregtmr`ze kmtebbm jeste quà puitc mb gc`tcgmitr`soc qum mb smxc jmlmo÷i`gc pumkm smr keõìc pere bes oudmrms y bò`ter fumrtmomitm sus cpg`cims km k`sfruter km be smxueb`kek. Ejcre, qumrmocs tmroìer mstm epertekc smõebeikc qum, euiqum km fcroe ougjc omics mv`kmitm (y, (y, kmskm bumlc, omics ìtmise) mstm pumkm smr icg`vc ìgbusc pere bcs jconrms, ic scbeomitm pcrqum teon`ài pere mbbcs uie bò`teg`÷i mb eopb`c enei`gc km supcim pcs`n`b`kekms qum uie mi smxueb`kek omics gcistrmõ`ke y oås verèke cfrmgm, sìc teon`ài mi rmbeg`÷i e uie gumst`÷i ougjc oås gcigrmte4 be myegubeg`÷i prmgcz. Jen`tuebomitm, sm gcis`kmre qum mste t`mim sus crïlmims mi fegtcrms moìmitmomitm ps`gcb÷l`gcs (prìg`pebomitm, mstràs, eis`mkek, febte km eutcmstòe y ‗bc qum oås ics ìtmrmse‗ be prcpè prmcgupeg`÷i pcr be myegubeg`÷i prmgcz) y, y, mi omicr omk`ke, n`cb÷l`gcs. E pert`r km ui eiåb`s`s gci pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc rmsubte mv`kmitm qum sm mstå cbv`keikc ui fegtcr oås rmbmveitm4 mb gc`tcgmitr`soc qum teites vmgms sm je iconrekc e bc berlc kmb tmxtc.

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Be gcis`kmreg`÷i km be myegubeg`÷i prmgcz gcoc uie k`sfuig`÷i, be rmbmveigè qum t`mim mi mb òelìer`c scgèb, ìgbusc mb mst`loe qum sm bmgci escgè, mi mfmgtc, mståi k`rmgteomitm vìgubekes be gciv`gg`÷i km qum be fcroe ekmgueke pere qum oudmrms y jconrms ebgeigmi ui crlesoc kureitm uie rmbeg`÷i smxueb jmtmrcsmxueb ms mb gc`tc y qum, pere qum be oudmr pumke ebgeizerbc, ms imgmser`c qum mb jconrm elueitm mb t`mopc suﬅg`mitm. Ms eblc qum pumkm eprmgèrsm gbereomitm mi be ﬅgg`÷i gìmoetclråﬅge y tmbmv`s`ve, uie msgese kureg`÷i kmb gc`tc ms be fcroekcikm oås frmgumitmomitm useke pere treiso`t`r uie òelmi km petmt`soc kmb jconrm y/c km oebe geb`kek km be rmbeg`÷i smxueb. Wm trete km ui msqumoe keõìc, teitc pere bes ou dmrms gcoc pere bcs jconrms. jconrms. Mi mb gesc km mbbes, bc ms prìg`pebomitm pcrqum gcitr`nuym e rmfcrzer mse `kme smlôi be gueb be «icroeb`kek± rms`km mi ebgeizer crlesocs omkèitm mb gc`tc y smlôi be gueb, ekmoås, pere bclrerbc, bc ôi`gc qum sm imgms`te ms qum mstm kurm mb t`mopc suﬅg`mitm (eblc qum senmocs qum ic ms g`mrtc). Mi mb gesc km mbbcs, bc ms pcrqum oeimde be `kme km qum ms òprmsgìk`nbm qum bcs jconrms smpei rmtreser mb crlesoc, esmlureikc be kureg`÷i kmb gc`tc kureitm ui t`mopc suﬅg`mitm y, y, mi rmbeg`÷i gci mbbc, qum k`gje kureg`÷i

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smrå dusteomitm be omk`ke pere vebcrer sus jen`b`kekms eoetcrès. Mi suoe, sm trete km ui omisedm qum prms`÷i scnrm jconrcspumstc oesgubìcs (uie eõekm prms`÷i, ekmoås, oebbcs mifcgeke, qum, eb oerlmi km su kureg`÷i, be pmimtreg`÷i velìeb ic ms uie prågt`ge omkèitm be gueb bes oudmrms sumbei mxpmròmiter crlesocs). Xert`mikc km mstes rm﬎mx`cims, genm òelìer qum be gcis`kmreg`÷i scgèb km be myegubeg`÷i prmgcz smrïe ouy k`fmrmitm s` mb gc`tc uie prågt`ge smxueb mitrm ctres,fumre i` begcis`kmrekc ôi`ge i` be oås rmbmveitm1 s`, perebmbeomitm, tcoåreocs pbmie gcig`migè km qum, euiqum mb jconrm jun`mre sen`kc rmtreser ìkmﬅi`keomitm mb crlesoc, k`fïg`bomitm be oudmr jenrïe ebgeizekc esï mb gbïoex1 y s`, ekmoås, esuo`àreocs gci ietureb`kek y icroeb`kek qum mb crlesoc oesgubìc ic t`mim pcr quà s`li`ﬅger mb ﬅi km be rmbeg`÷i smxueb. Mi ui gcitmxtc km mstm t`pc, km jmgjc, ic scbeomitm bes cpg`cims km ebgeizer ui crlesoc pere bes oudmrms euomiterïei s`li`ﬅget`veomitm, sìc qum perebmbeomitm ‗y equï mstå be gbevm‗ sm rmkug`rïe ougjïsòc be prms`÷i qum bcs jconrms mxpmròmitei km gere e rmtreser mb crlesoc kureitm be pmimtreg`÷i. W` sm gcis`kmre qum be prmcgupeg`÷i pcr be myegubeg`÷i myegu beg`÷i prmgcz ms uie km bes geuses rmgcicg`kes km be o`soe, pumkm

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kmr`versm qum mste omicr prms`÷i pckrïe smr smr,, mi sï o`soe, uie gure mﬅgez pere be «mifmromkek±. Wm trete km gumst`cims scnrm pmrc bes qum ic k`spcimocs km rmspumstes kmﬅi`t`ves, egmrge km bes guebms g uebms ms imgmser`c mopmzer mo pmzer e rm﬎mx`cier, rm﬎mx`cier, y qum mstc sm jele, ekmoås, kmskm uie pmrspmgt`ve scgèb y km làimrc, eitms qum oàk`ge y n`cb÷l`ge.

>.;. F@IL@^ C^LEWOCW Mi mb oergc km ui eiåb`s`s qum pcim mb fcgc mi mb òpegtc km bes kms`luebkekms km làimrc mi be v`vmigè km be smxueb`kek y qum, oås gcigrmteomitm, qu`mrm gcoprmikmr pcr quà bes oudmrms mxpmròmitei, mi sus rmbeg`cims smxuebms, omics crlesocs qum bcs jconrms, jey ctrc tmoe qum ms imgmser`c encrker4 mb jmgjc km qum, mi cges`cims, bcs crlesocs sm ﬅilmi. Mx`stmi ìiuomrenbms ìvmst`leg`cims qum tretei mste gumst`÷i. [ckes mbbes errcdei rmsubtekcs ouy permg`kcs mitrm sï y qum gciﬅroei, ekmoås, mb òelìer`c scgèb prmmx`stmitm4 bes oudmrms ﬅilmi crlesocs gci frmgumigè y bc jegmi, ekmoås, mi prcpcrg`÷i ougjc oeycr qum bcs vercims. ]i mstuk`c rmeb`zekc mi >856 mi mb Mstekc mspeõcb pcr be

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oerge km prmsmrvet`vcs Gcitrcb, pcr mdmopbc, rm﬎m de qum mb pcrgmitedm km pmrscies qum je ﬅil`kc ui crlesoc ebluie vmz su v`ke trms vmgms mitrm bes oudmrms qummimitrm bcs ms jconrms (=7%oeycr kmb tcteb frmitm e 56% mi mb gesc km mbbcs). Lråﬅgc 0. Oudmrms y jconrms jei ﬅil`kc ui crlesoc ebluie vmz mi su v`ke (%)

Fumitm4 Mstuk`c rmeb`zekc pcr be oerge km prmsmrvet`vcs Gcitrcb mi mb Mstekc mspeõcb mi >856

Be mx`stmigè km mste nrmgje km làimrc ic rmsubte scrprmikmitm1 eb gcitrer`c, scrprmikm qum mste ic sme oeycr. oeycr. Be mxpmr`migè v`teb sul`mrm qum, pcr geke vmz qum ui jconrm je sòubekc ui crlesoc, ougjc oås qum trms oudmrms jei jmgjc bc o`soc. Mste febte km gcìg`kmigè mitrm ketcs y pmrgmpg`÷i

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pumkm mxpb`gersm pcr verès rezcims. Be pròmre ms qum mb iôomrc km pmrscies qum je sòubekc crlesocs mb iôomrc Ms kmkmg`r crlesocs sòubekcs sci gumst`cimsyk`fmrmitms. qum, mi mstm mstuk`c (eb `lueb qum mi be lrei oeycrïe km bcs qum sm rmeb`zei), sm ìgbuym mi uie o`soe getmlcrïe e bes pmr pmr-scies qum jei ﬅil`kc ui crlesoc ebluie vmz mi su v`ke y e bes qum bc jegmi gcoc prågt`ge jen`tueb. Wm trete, mv`kmitmomitm, km rmeb`kekms tctebomitm k`fmrmitms y qum, gci tcke prcnen`b`kek, ic msteråi `luebomitm rmprmsmitekes mi mbmstc, gescpcr kmmdmopbc, bcs uics y km bes ctres. Mi rmbeg`÷i gci ver`cs mstuk`cs (md. Wàluì, O`bjeusmi y Auaacimi >85=) ìk`gei qum, mi mb gesc km bcs jconrms, uie òpcrteitm rez÷i pere ﬅil`r mb crlesoc ms mster ncrregjc (ms kmg`r, kmg`r, eblc tctebomitm gcitìlmitm), rez÷i qum iuige sm iconre mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms. [eon`ài [eon`ài smrïe ìtmrmseitm prmluitersm s` be tmikmigè e ﬅil`r crlesocs sm vm ì﬎u`ke pcr be mkek1 y, y, mi gesc km qum esï sme, s` sm vm ì﬎u`ke km be o`soe oeimre mitrm jconrms y oudmrms. Kmslregèkeomitm, ic jey mstuk`cs qum k`fmrmig`mi pcr reilcs km mkek1 sì monerlc, s` gcis`kmreocs qum, gcoc sm je cnsmrvekc oås err`ne, mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms guopb`r eõcs sm escgè e oeycr prcnen`b`kek km mxpmròmiter crlesocs mi bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms, o`mitres qum, mi mb gesc km bcs jconrms,

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sugmkm dusteomitm bc gcitrer`c (Jmrnmi`ga mt eb. >858), genm pmiser qum mb fegtcr mkek tmikrå ebluie rmbmveigè y qum egtuerå km fcroeequmbbcs k`fmrmitm mi uies y ctrcs. Ic pumkmi esò`bersm gescs ‗prcnenbmomitm oås frmgumitms mitrm bcs jconrms‗ mi bcs qum bcs crlesocs sm ﬅilmi km fcroe mspcråk`ge y e uie mkek eveizeke gci equmbbcs ‗gci tcke smlur`kek ougjc oås frmgumitms mi bes oudmrms‗ mi bes qum mstc sm jegm km oeimre s`stmoåt`ge y mi tckes bes mtepes km be v`ke. Xrcnenbmomitm bes k`fmrmigès mitrm oudmrms y jconrms smei ougjc oeycrms km bc qum bcs mstuk`cs rm﬎mdei. Wm trete km ui epuitm òprmsgìk`nbm qum, sì monerlc, ic kmnm bbmverics e `licrer ctrc jmgjc qum momrlm km bcs ketcs4 qum, mi cges`cims, oås c omics frmgumitms smlôi mb eiåb`s`s qum sm jele km bcs ketcs, bcs jconrms teon`ài ﬅilmi bcs crlesocs. Wm trete km uie ìfcroeg`÷i qum, kmskm ui puitc km v`ste v`s te km làimrc, ms rmbmveitm, pcrqum rm﬎mde qum mb crlesoc oesgubìc ms omics eutcoåt`gc m «j`kråub`gc± km bc qum sm t`mikm e grmmr, grmmr, ui kmsgunrò`mitc qum pumkm eyuker e gumst`cier be v`s`÷i jmlmo÷i`ge km be smxueb`kek oesgubìe. Wì monerlc, mb tmoe km gebekc ms qum bes oudmrms ﬅilmi crlesocs gci frmgumigè y mi uie prcpcr prcpcr--

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g`÷i ougjïsòc oås mbmveke qum bcs jconrms. E pert`r km mste ìfcroeg`÷i, genm ejcre prmluitersm quà rezcims sunyegmi e teb gcopcrteo`mitc, nmimﬅg`cs mxtremi bes oudmrms km uie prågt`gequà epermitmomitm tei gcitreprckugmitm pere qu`mi be rmeb`ze y guåb ms be ìg`kmigè kmb s`stmoe km làimrc mi mbbc. Be b`tmreture mspmgèb`zeke, mi ui ìtmitc km ker rmspumste e ebluics km mstcs ìtmrrcleitms, je grmekc uie(Gccpmr, «Msgebe ,km febs`ﬅgeg`÷i k mb crlesoc kmb fmomiìc± (Gccpmr Feunmr y Fmi`lstmì >857) qum je tmi`kc lrei àx`tc y sm g`te mi ui mbmvekc iôomrc km ertïgubcs y punb`geg`cims scnrm mstm tmoe. Mi mbbe sm `kmit`ﬅgei bes guetrc prìg`pebms rezcims pcr bes qum bes oudmrms ﬅilmi crlesocs4 ic jegmr smit`r oeb e be permde, teper mb o`mkc y be ìsmlur`kek vìgubekcs gci be febte km crlesocs, gcismlu`r ker pcr tmroìeke be rmbeg`÷i m ìgrmomiter ì grmomiter be prcpè mxg`teg`÷i. Veocs ejcre e eieb`zerbes mi kmtebbm y, scnrm tckc, e jegmrbc gci pmrspmgt`ve pmrspmgt `ve km làimrc, ui mifcqum tctebomitm eusmitm mi bcs mstuk`cs gcisubtekcs. Be pròmre rez÷i `kmit`ﬅgeke, gcoc sm je smõebekc, ms ic jegmr smit`r oeb e be permde. Mste rez÷i sm prmsmite, mi bes ìvmst`leg`cims k`spci`nbms, km fcr fcr--

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oe prmtmik`keomitm imutre c ìgbusc mi tàroìcs pcs`t`vcs (pumstc qum sm be kmicoìe gcoc «rez÷i ebtru`ste±) mi iìlôi gesc sm gumst`cie. Kmskm ui eiåb`s`s gciy pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc, sì monerlc, be imgms`kek km prcnbmoet`zerbe epermgm gci gber`kek y su vìgubeg`÷i gci uie `kmit`kek km làimrc kmtmroìeke teon`ài sm oei`ﬅmste km fcroe mv`kmitm. Mb jmgjc km qum ui iôomrc mbmvekc km oudmrms kmg`ke rmiuigèr eb crlesoc, qum egmptm rmkug`r ìgbusc sus cpg`cims km ebgeizerbc mi mb futurc,50 ôi`geomitm pere ìgrmomiter mb n`mimster kmb ctrc, mi mfmgtc, ôi`geomitm pumkm gcoprmikmrsm e pert`r km uie kmtmroìeke gciﬅlureg`÷i km be `kmit`kek km làimrc. Ics rmfmròcs e qum be `kmit`kek fmomiìe sm gcistruym km egumrkc e be «bmy kmb elrekc± y gcoc «smr pere ctrcs± y, y, mi rmbeg`÷i gci mbbc, eb jmgjc km qum q um mb kmsmc km elreker, elreker, pcimr bes imgms`kekms kmb ctrc pcr kmbeitm km bes prcpès, be mitrmle y be enimleg`÷i sci geregtmrïst`ges gmitrebms mi k`gje `kmit`kek. Wm trete km mbmomitcs qum omdcrei s`li`ﬅget`veomitm iumstre gepeg`kek km gcoprmis`÷i kmb fmi÷omic eieb`zekc. Wì monerlc, mi bcs mstuk`cs gcisubtekcs ic sm ico50 Gcis`kmreocs qum ﬅil`r ui crlesoc rmkugm bes cpg`cims km ebgeizerbc mi mb futurc pcrqum, eb jegmrbc, sm ìgrmomite be prcnen`b`kek km qum mb msqumoe km rmbeg`÷i qum je bbmvekc e ic mxpmròmiter mxpmròmit er ui crlesoc sm rmp`te ìkmﬅi`keomitm, ye qum ic permgm jenmr oct`vc pere geonèrbc.

5;;

nrei, eblc qum sm trete, mi su prågt`ge tcteb`kek, km ìvmst`leg`cims km åon`tc oàk`gc, qum t`mikmi e `licrer tckcs equmbbcs mxpb`get`vcs qum ic pmrtmimgmi eb geopcmbmomitcs km be n`cbclïe c be ps`gcbclïe, sìc qum (gcoc ms mb gesc kmb làimrc) t`mimi ui cr`lmi scgèb. Be smluike rez÷i `kmit`ﬅgeke ms teper mb o`mkc y be ìsmlur`kek vìgubekcs gci be febte km crlesocs. Wm trete km uie rez÷i ouy pckmrcse yy,, pcs`nbmomitm, ìfrevebcreke mi bes`leg`cims, ìvmst`leg`cims mopïr`ges rmeb`zekes. [ebms ìvmst [ebms ìvmst`leg`cims, km jmgjc, mxtremi sus gcigbus`cims prmluiteikc, sme km fcroe en`mr en`mr-te (mitrmv`stes) sme km fcroe gmrreke (gumst`cier`cs prmk`smõekcs), e verès oudmrms guåbms sci c jei j ei s`kc sus rezcims pere ﬅil`r crlesocs. Ic gcis`kmrei, sì monerlc, qum ic tckes bes rezcims sci `luebomitm fåg`bms km eko`t`r eko`t`r,, i` kmbeitm km uie o`soe, i` kmbeitm km qu`ài mstå rmeb`zeikc bes prmluites, pcr be gerle scgèb qum oumstrei. Mi mstm smit`kc, ekug`r rezcims km t`pc «ebtru`ste± kmvumbvm e bes oudmrms mitrmv`stekes uie òelmi km sï o`soes ougjc oås jebelekcre qum ctres oct`veg`cims (gcoc be qum equï ics cgupe) y pcrqum, mi tàr tàr-oìcs lmimrebms, mb ebtru`soc ms ui vebcr pcs`t`vc mi be scg`mkek pcrqum gcìg`km gci bcs oeiketcs scgèbms mx`stmitms mi rmbeg`÷i e be `kmit`kek km là-

5;=

imrc fmomiìe. Xcr mb gcitrer`c, rmgcicgmr qum sm je ﬅil`kc pcr vmrlòmize, pcr o`mkc eb smitò`mitc km ìekmgueg`÷i qum e omiukc vìgube pumkm gci be ìgepeg`kek km mxpmròmiter uism crlesoc rmsubter juo`bbeitm y rmqu`mrm teon`ài ui i`vmb km eutcgcicgò`mitc ougjc oeycr. Genm pmiser, pcr bc teitc, qum sm treterå km uie rez÷i ougjc oås frmgumitm y pckmrcse km bc qum guebqu`mr mstuk`c mopïr`gc pumke rm﬎mder. Xerebmbeomitm, ms prcnenbm mstekm rez÷i msterå v`àikcsm ìgrmomiteke mi mbqum oergc be scg`mkek cgg`kmiteb gcitmopcråime. Ms mstm ui gcitmxtc gcopbmdc mi mb qum s`, pcr ui bekc, bes oudmrms lczei km oeycr b`nmrtek smxueb, pcr ctrc bekc, teon`ài mståi scomt`kes e oeiketcs eitms ìmx`stmitms y kmnmi b`kèr gci uies mxpmgtet`ves km k`sfrutm y jen`b`kek smxueb ìàk`tes, qum sì kuke ìkugmi e ﬅil`r crlesocs pere migeder gci tebms mxpmgtet`ves y mv`ter uie smiseg`÷i km ìekmgueg`÷i. Mi ctres pebenres, mi mb oergc km uie scg`mkek trek`g`cieb, mi be qum mb oeiketc km làimrc rmspmgtc e be smxueb`kek fmomiìe mstene ouy gbereomitm oergekc y ic prmsmitene eon`vebmigès i` gcitrek`gg`cims, y km bes oudmrms sm mspmrene ôi`geomitm gest`kek y purmze, prcnenbmomitm smrïei ouy pcges bes oudmrms qum mxpmròmitenei crlesocs mi sus

5;6

rmbeg`cims smxuebms, pmrc teon`ài smrïei ouy pcges p cges bes qum bcs ﬅilïei, pcrqum ic jenïe rez÷i pere mbbc. Mi be scg`mkek gcitmopcråime, monerlc, ockmbc sm je `kc treisfcroeikcsì y sm je vumbtcmstm oås gcopbmdc4 egtuebomitm, bes oudmrms t`mimi, smlureomitm, oeycrms prcnen`b`kekms qum sus eitmpesekes km mxpmròmiter crlesocs mi sus migumitrcs, pmrc teon`ài ougjes oås prms`cims y mxpmgtet`ves pumstes mi mbbc, y ougjc oås qum pmrkmr pmrkmr,, teitc e i`vmb km eutcgcigmptc gcoc frmitm eb ctrc, s` ic bc gcis`lumi. mstm gcitmxtc, be prms`÷i crlesocs smMiìgrmomite km fcroe gbere.pere Mstm ﬅil`r omgei`soc, ekmoås, sm vm ìtmis`ﬅgekc mi mb oergc km uie scg`mkek mi be qum mb misebzeo`mitc kmb àx`tc y be mst`loet`zeg`÷i kmb fregesc ebgeizei uics i`vmbms y uie ìtmis`kek eitms ìgcigmn`nbms, ui msqumoe qum teon`ài sm epb`ge e be msfmre smxueb. Xcr msc ms fåg`bomitm gcoprmis`nbm g÷oc, mi ui gcitmxtc mi mb qum ic mxpmròmiter crlesocs mi bcs migumitrcs smxuebms t`mikm e mitmikmrsm gcoc fregesc, be prms`÷i pere ﬅil`rbcs teon`ài sm vmrå gbereomitm euomiteke. Mb jmgjc km qum mi mb gcitmxtc cgg`kmiteb egtueb be prms`÷i e ﬅil`r crlesocs sm jeye ìtmis`ﬅgekc ic pumkm gcoprmikmrsm pbmieomitm sì gcis`kmrer ui ôbtòc mbmomitc4 qum, pmsm e qum tuvc buler

5;<

uie rmvcbug`÷i smxueb y pmsm e bcs geon`cs qum mste ìkukenbmomitm tredc gcis`lc, mb ockmbc km smxueb`kek eikrcgàitr`gc gc`tcgàitr`gc sm je v`stc ock`ﬅgekc. W`,ypcr ui bekc, mbepmies crlesoc fmomiìc sm je gcivmrt`kc mi uie mx`lmigè eitms ìmx`stmitm, pcr ctrc, epmies jei geonèkc bes gcik`g`cims km prckugg`÷i kmb o`soc. M Mss kmg`r kmg`r,, eitms mb crlesoc fmomiìc ic sm gcitmopbene y bes prågt`ges smxuebms mrei gcjmrmitms gci mbbc. Mi mb gcitmxtc gcitmopcråimc, mi geon`c, mstm sm mspmre sm s`lum `licreikc qumbepcr kmb ockmbcpmrc gc`tcgàitr`gc jmlmo÷i`gc lreiomk`c oeycrïe km bes oudmrms ic mxpmròmite i` mxpmròmiterå crlesocs. Mstes kìåo`ges, ekmoås, sm kei mi mb oergc km uie mstrugture km làimrc qum s`lum etr`nuymikc e bes oudmrms uie pcs`g`÷i m `kmit`kek qum k`ﬅgubtei fumrtmomitm be mxprms`÷i y rm`vìk`geg`÷i km sus kmsmcs y imgms`kekms, pert`guberomitm mi mb åon`tc smxueb. Wm trete, mi tckc gesc, km iumvcs mbmomitcs qum feg`b`tei qum mstes pumkei bbmler e be kmg`s`÷i km ﬅil`r bcs crlesocs qum ic mxpmròmitei. E pert`r km mstes gcis`kmreg`cims genm pcimr mi mitrmk`gjc be grmmigè lmimreb`zeke egmrge km qum ﬅil`r crlesocs ms uie mstretmlè qum mstå prclrms`veomitm pmrk`mikc rmbmveigè gcifcrom ve

5;:

euomiteikc mb i`vmb km b`nmrtek smxueb km be scg`mkek. W` ebluies km bes rezcims qum sunyegmi e teb gcopcrteo`mitc mståimståi pmsc, km jmgjc, ctres mmfmgt`veomitm ståi gcnreikc pmrk`mikc uie òpcrteigè grmg`mitm. Be tmrgmre rez÷i ìgbu`ke mi be msgebe ms ﬅil`r pere ker pcr tmroìeke be rmbeg`÷i. Eb `lueb qum bes ctres, mste rez÷i teopcgc sm prcnbmoet`ze, sìc qum sm prmsmite gcoc uie mstretmlè våb`ke e be per qum ctres pere ebgeizer ui cndmt`vc kmtmroìekc. Frmitm e ui eiåb`s`s oås omk`tekc y gci pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc, sì monerlc, epermgm gbereomitm qum mste, euiqum pumkm smr uie mstretmlè mﬅgez, ms rm﬎mdc km uie s`tueg`÷i km lrei kmsmopckmreo`mitc fmomiìc. Kmtrås km mbbe bc qum jey ms ui ic-kmrmgjc e ìtmrruop`r be rmbeg`÷i km ctre oeimre c uie febte km gcoui`geg`÷i esmrt`ve gci be permde smxueb. Be ôbtòe rez÷i `kmit`ﬅgeke ms qum bes oudmrms ﬅilmi crlesocs pere euomiter su prcpè mxg`teg`÷i. Ms ui erluomitc qum k`fïg`bomitm pumkm gcoprmikmrsm y qum ic rms`stm e ui eiåb`s`s mi prcfuik`kek. E i`vmb prågt`gc, mi mfmgtc, ﬅil`r ui crlesoc òpb`ge kmder km egtuer gci ietureb`kek, kmder km msgugjer eb prcp`c gumrpc y msgmi`ﬅger uie egtueg`÷i mi tcke rmlbe1 òpb`ge teon`ài prm-

5;0

luitersm s` sm mstå s`mikc grmïnbm yy,, mi rmbeg`÷i gci mbbc, ﬅdersm etmiteomitm mi mb ctrc pere gcoprcner qum ic mståprcnenbm rmgcicg`mikc be febsmkek kmb crlesoc. Ic permgm qum tckes mstes mx`lmigès sm egcopeõmi km ui euomitc mi be mxg`teg`÷i prcpè y omics eôi qum mstc pumke sugmkmr e ui pcrgmitedm km oudmrms tei s`li`ﬅget`vc gcoc pere ìgbu`r mste rez÷i mitrm bes guetrc oct`veg`cims oås rmbmveitms pcr bes qum bes oudmrms ﬅilmi crlesocs. E mstc, ekmoås, kmnm eõek`rsm mb jmgjc km qum, uie vmz qum be oudmr je ﬅil`kc ui crlesoc, be prcnen`b`kek km qum su gumrpc s`le rmg`n`mikc be etmig`÷i imgmserè pere ebgeizer ctrc (mi rmeb`kek, mb pròmrc) sm rmkugm gbereomitm. Mstc enrm ctrc ìtmrrcleitm egmrge kmb nmimﬅg`c qum sm mxtremrïe kmb jmgjc km ﬅil`r ui crlesoc pere euomiter be mxg`teg`÷i prcpè. Be msgese rmbeg`÷i gci be rmeb`kek km mste mst e mxpb`geg`÷i ms mv`kmitm y, sì monerlc, je s`kc ìgbu`ke mi uie «Msgebe km febs`ﬅgeg`÷i kmb crlesoc fmomiìc± qum je ebgeizekc lrei àx`tc y rmgcicgò`mitc. Mste epermitm ìgcilrumigè scbc sm gcoprmikm s` sm mit`mikm qum ms uie mxpb`geg`÷i ouy g÷ocke, treiqu`b`zekcre y pere ieke prcnbmoåt`ge4 ic scbeomitm ic vìgube be oeycr prcpmis`÷i e sòuber crlesocs kmtmgteke mi bes oudmrms gci mbmomitcs

5=8

km i`vmb mstrugtureb sìc qum bbmle e icroeb`zer qum bes oudmrms ﬅidei crlesocs. Ics treiso`tm qum bc jegmi pere bclrer oås mxg`teg`÷i, tctebomitm gcjmrmitm y mspmrenbm miui mb cndmt`vc oergc km ui migumitrc smxueb y qum, gcoc teb, ic genm pcimr mi kuke i` gumst`cier gumst`cier.. Mb jmgjc km qum, mi bes ìvmst`leg`cims scnrm crlesocs ﬅil`kcs, sm pr`v`bml`mi mxpb`geg`cims qum ic gumst`ciei mb ockmbc scgèb y smxueb jmlmo÷i`gc mstå rmbeg`ciekc gci qum tebms ìvmst`leg`cims sm gcikugmi mi su oeycrïe kmskm mb åon`tc gbïi`gc y km oeimre tctebomitm kmspcb`t`zeke. ]rlm, mi mstm gcitmxtc, ui egmrgeo`mitc scgèb, grït`gc y fmoì`ste e be smxueb`kek, gepez km prcpcrg`cier ui oergc mxpb`get`vc qum tmile mi gumite mb gcitmxtc mstrugtureb mi mb qum bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms t`mimi buler y sme gepez teon`ài km òpubser ui geon`c scgèb. Mb sìsmit`kc km be ìgbus`÷i km mste guerte rez÷i ms oeycr gueikc sm gcimgte gci be sòubteime mxgbus`÷i km ctrc oct`vc qum pumkm ìkug`r e bes oudmrms e ﬅil`r crlesocs, guye rmbmveigè epermgm km fcroe oei`ﬅmste ìgbusc e pròmre v`ste (y qum, ekmoås, sm gciﬅroe e pert`r km ui eiåb`s`s gci pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc). Ics rmfmròcs e ﬅil`r crlesocs gcoc mstretmlè pere rmtmimr e be permde, oeitmi`àikcbe set`sfmgje smxuebomitm.

5=5

Ms uie rez÷i ouy pckmrcse mi mste àpcge km eocr bïqu`kc (Neuoei >887) mi be qum be rupture km be permde cpg`÷i Xmsm e mbbc, icmssmuie ìgbuym mi s`moprm be msgebeprmsmitm. g`teke y, mi lmimreb, bes rmfmrmigès e mbbe sci ouy msgeses. Oås eôi bc sci bes punb`geg`cims, teitc g`mitïf`ges gcoc ic, mi bes qum mste sm gcitmxtueb`ze c prcnbmoet`ze. Ms kmg`r, qum, ìgbusc bes pcges vmgms qum sm iconre, sm jegm sì ìtmrrclersm pcr quà rez÷i bes oudmrms gcis`kmrei ietureb rmiuigèr eb oåxòc pbegmr smxueb pere gcismrver e be permde. Ms eblc qum sm pmrg`nm gcoc ietureb y qum, gcoc teb, ic bbmve e fcrouber prmluites eb rmspmgtc. Kmskm ui eiåb`s`s gci pmrspmgt`ve km làimrc, sì monerlc, be imgms`kek km qum sm fcroubmi prmluites km mstm t`pc epermgm gci tcteb gber`kek4 s` ic sm gcis`kmre mb gcitmxtc mstrugtureb, mi mfmgtc, rmsubte òpcs`nbm gcoprmikmr pcr quà uie mstretmlè esï sm pmrg`nm gcoc mspmrenbm y «ietureb± mi oudmrms y pcr quà, mi geon`c, mste sm mitmikmrïe gcoc kmb tckc etïp`ge mi jconrms. Oås mi kmtebbm, mb jmgjc km qum bes oudmrms (y scbc mbbes) fìdei crlesocs gci mb cndmt`vc km rmtmimr e be permde scbc sm mit`mikm s` sm gcis`kmre qum tmimr uie permde ms ui gcopcimitm ougjc oås rmbmveitm mi be gcistrugg`÷i km be `kmit`kek fmomiìe qum

5=>

mi be oesgubìe. Ekmoås bes oudmrms, e k`fmrmigè km bcs jconrms, t`mikmi e ic smr pmrg`n`kes pcr be gcoc smrms gcopbmtcs eb oerlmi kmscg`mkek su s`tueg`÷i smitòmiteb. Fìebomitm, mste kms`lueb gcis`kmreg`÷i scgèb ìg`km teon`ài mi su gepeg`kek km oeitmimr uie numie eutcmstòe y eocr prcp`c mi eusmigè km permde. Wm trete km mbmomitcs qum, imgmserèomitm, rmpmrgutmi mi be òpcrteigè qum uies y ctrcs ctcrlei eb jmgjc km tmimr (y rmtmimr) e uie permde. Mi gcismgumigè eyukei e gcoprmikmr pcr quà, mi ui gesc, fìl`r crlesocs pere gcismlu`rbc epermgm gcoc uie mstretmlè b÷l`ge o`mitres qum mi ctrc ic bc ms mi enscbutc. [eon`ài jey qum gcis`kmrer be k`fmrmitm gcif`lureg`÷i km be smxueb`kek mi be `kmit`kek fmomiìe y oesgubìe. Wcbc mi mb gesc km bes oudmrms, mi mfmgtc, be `kmit`kek je s`kc kmspcdeke j`st÷r`geomitm km tcke kòmis`÷i smxueb y scbeomitm mi su gesc, eui jcy mi kïe, sm s`lum gcis`kmreikc qum mb cndmt`vc pròer`c km bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms ic ms gcismlu`r pbegmr fïs`gc y crlesocs, sìc mb egmrgeo`mitc y be gcoui`geg`÷i gci mb ctrc. Mi mb gesc km bcs jconrms, pcr mb gcitrer`c, ic scbeomitm sm eko`tm sì k`f`gubtek

qum mb pbegmr y bcs crlesocs gcist`tuymi mb 5=7

cndmt`vc pròer`c, sìc qum ìgbusc sm gcitmopbe qum ic ebgeizerbcs pumke gcibbmver kcbcrms fïs`gcs. [eon`ài mi mstm tckcymstc ìfbu`rå mi be prmk`spcs`g`÷i kmgesc oudmrms jconrms e rmiuigèr e mstcs crlesocs gci mb cndmt`vc km prmsmrver mb vïigubc. E pmser km smr mbmomitcs gbevm mståi, sì monerlc, lmimrebomitm cbv`kekcs mi mb oergc km uics mstuk`cs qum, gcoc ye sm je smõebekc, t`mikmi s`stmoåt`geomitm e `licrer tckcs equmbbcs mbmomitcs km cr`lmi scgèb y rmo`tmi e be mx`stmigè km ui oergc mstrugtureb kmtmroìekc. Mstc sm kmnm e qum f`dei be o`reke ôi`geomitm mi fegtcrms km t`pc gbïi`gc y gci bcs smslcs eikrcgàitr`gcs qum, mi eusmigè km ui msfumrzc gcisg`mitm mi smit`kc gcitrer`c, efmgtei y smlu`råi efmgteikc teon`ài mb gcicgò`mitc oàk`gc.

>.=. ³MW IMGMWE^@C ]I C^LEWOC XEÊ K@WF^][E^ KMB WMZC3 Jmocs eieb`zekc k`fmrmitms oeimres mi qum uie mstrugture scgèb eikrcgàitr`ge y petrèrgeb efmgte e be v`vmigè km be smxueb`kek. Jmocs pumstc mb

egmitc mi ui mbmomitc mi gcigrmtc, bcs crlesocs 5=;

y su eusmigè, uie kmg`s`÷i qum supcim ctcrlerbms rmbmveigè y gmitreb`kek. Ms uie kmg`s`÷i pcgc frmgumitm mi ui gcitmxtc mi mb qum bc qum mstå gcnreikc geke vmz oeycr òpcrteigè y bml`tò`kek scgèb ms ui k`sgursc qum ve dusteomitm mi be k`rmgg`÷i gcitrerè4 be km rmster òpcrteigè e bcs crlesocs, smõebeikc qum mb k`sfrutm smxueb ms ui gcigmptc ougjc oås eopb`c y qum ic t`mim pcr quà ìgbu`rbcs y, perebmbeomitm, qum i` mb crlesoc ms sì÷iòc km pbegmr i` su eusmigè ìk`ge febte km pbegmr. [eon`ài sm esmlure qum pcimr mb fcgc mi mb crlesoc rmkugm mb pbegmr y mb k`sfrutm, bò`te be mxpmr`migè smxueb, eõekm prms`cims e be rmbeg`÷i y be permde y ctres gcis`kmreg`cims permg`kes. Ms òpcrteitm rmsebter qum sm trete km ui k`sgursc qum, ekmoås km gcnrer geke vmz oeycr prctelci`soc mi be scg`mkek, perebmbeomitm sm mstå esuo`mikc km fcroe egrït`ge y gci tcteb ietureb`kek ìgbusc kmskm pcs`g`cims prclrms`stes y lmimrebomitm gcoprcomt`kes gci mb cndmt`vc km be `luebkek km làimrc. Frmitm e mste rmeb`kek, gcis`kmreocs òprmsgìk`nbm tmroìer mstm eiåb`s`s smõebeikc, pcr ui bekc, bcs pmb`lrcs qum mitreõe mstm k`sgursc y bes rezc-

ims pcr bes guebms ms imgmser`c oeitmimrsm ebmrte 5==

eitm su geke vmz oeycr k`fus`÷i y, y, pcr ctrc, pcr quà s`lum s`mikc òpcrteitm pcimr mb fcgc mi bcs crlesocs. Eieb`gmocs pcr quà mstm k`sgursc pumkm rmsubter pmb`lrcsc y gcitreprckugmitm, pert`guberomitm frmitm eb cndmt`vc km uie oeycr `luebkek mitrm oudmrms y jconrms mi be msfmre smxueb. ]i pròmr mbmomitc gbevm ms qum sm trete km ui k`sgursc qum cbv`ke pcr gcopbmtc be mx`stmigè km kms`luebkekms y pertm km ui prmsupumstc ‗be mxgms`ve òpcrteigè etr`nu`ke e bcs crlesocs, sì mspmg`ﬅger mspmg`ﬅg er bcs crlesocs km qu`ài‗ qum, teb y gcoc sm pbeitme, ic sm gcrrmspcikm gci be rmeb`kek. W` n`mi ms g`mrtc qum, j`st÷r`geomitm, bcs crlesocs oesgubìcs jei tmi`kc uie òpcrteigè y ui pmsc ìk`sgut`kcs mi be v`vmigè km be smxueb`kek, `luebomitm g`mrtc (y cbv`kekc) ms qum, mi mb gesc km bcs fmomiìcs, mb ockmbc je s`kc tctebomitm k`fmrmitm. [rek`g`ciebomitm, [rek`g`ciebomitm, km jmgjc, be `kmit`kek fmomiìe je s`kc kmspcdeke km tcke kòmis`÷i smxueb m, ìgbusc mi àpcges oås rmg`mitms, mi bes qum mstm ockmbc trek`g`cieb je `kc pmrk`mikc rmbmveigè y ock`ﬅgåikcsm, bc qum sm je grmekc ms uie eon`vebmigè (eieb`zeke e bc berlc kmb tmxtc) mitrm, pcr ui bekc, g`mrte prms`÷i scgèb pere tmimr crlesocs yy,, pcr ctrc, mb oeitmiò`mitc

ges` ìebtmrekc km ui msqumoe smxueb qum s`lum 5=6

k`ﬅgubtåikcbcs fumrtmomitm. Ics rmfmròcs gci mbbc e qum be smxueb`kek jmtmrcsmxueb jmlmo÷i`ge s`lum ctcrleikc be oeycr y rmbmveigè dusteomitm e be prågt`ge (mbgmitreb`kek gc`tc) omkèitm be gueb ms oås òprcnenbm qum bes oudmrms pumkei mxpmròmiter crlesocs. [eon`ài [eon`ài e qum s`lum s`mikc frmgumitm, pert`guberomitm mi migumitrcs smxuebms mspcråk`gcs, qum bcs jconrms oumstrmi tcteb kmsìtmràs jegè mb pbegmr y mb crlesoc km su gcopeõmre smxueb. W` sm gcis`kmre qum be ui`vmrseb`zeg`÷i km be mxpmr`migè oesgubìe y be perebmbe ìv`s`n`b`zeg`÷i km be fmomiìe ms, dusteomitm, mb mbmomitc kmﬅi`tcr`c kmb eikrcgmitr`soc, sm gcoprmikm jeste quà puitc mstm k`sgursc prmtmik`keomitm ockmric y prclrms`ste mstå, mi rmeb`kek, ònu`kc km smslcs eikrcgàitr`gcs, eblc qum bò`te fumrtmomitm su veb`kmz. Ctrc mbmomitc e smõeber ms qum, gci lrei frmgumigè, mstm k`sgursc sm gciv`mrtm mi uie mxpb`geg`÷i g÷ocke y fåg`b km pcr quà ui mbmvekc pcrgmitedm km oudmrms mxpmròmite k`ﬅgubtekms pere bbmler eb crlesoc, erluomiteikc qum s`, mitrm mbbes, ui pcrgmitedm tei mbmvekc ic bbmle eb gbïoex, ms pcrqum mxpmròmitei kmoesèke prms`÷i mi msm smit`kc y mse prms`÷i ms mimo mimo`le `le kmb pbegmr pbegmr.. Bc qum

sm cbv`ke mi mstm rezcieo`mitc ms qum bcs jconrms 5=<

mxpmròmitei be o`soe (c oeycr) mxpmròmitei o eycr) prms`÷i y, y, sì monerlc, mbbcs mi su lreikïsòe oeycrïe sï bbmlei embmxpmròmiter crlesocs. P bc o`soc sugmkm mi gesc km bes oudmrms bmsnèies. Mste febte km scb`kmz kmb erluomitc ic be encrke mb k`sgursc cﬅgèb, y ic ìtmite rmscbvmr, sìc sòpbmomitm cbv`ke y co`tm, eblc qum teon`ài gcitr`nuym e pcimr mi kuke su veb`kmz. Mi rmbeg`÷i gci mstc, ekmoås, genm smõeber qum, pcr omk`c km mstm k`sgursc, uie rmeb`kek ‗be febte km crlesocs fmomiìe‗ qum pckrïe prcnbmoet`zersm y pcb`t`zersm, kmiuigèrsm scgèbomitm y vìgubersm e uie mstrugture scgèb kms`lueb, sm icroeb`ze y ietureb`ze. Mi mstm gcitmxtc, sm k`ﬅgubte qum bes oudmrms pumkei bbmler e rmnmbersm gcitre mbbe, e s`tuer su cr`lmi mi be mx`stmigè km ui ockmbc kms`lueb km rmbeg`cims y mi uies prågt`ges smxuebms eikrcgàitr`ges. Eb gcitrer`c, mi g`mrtc ockc sm treiso`tm be `kme km qum bes rmspcisenbms km teb febte km crlesocs sci ôi`geomitm mbbes, qum pcimi kmoesèke etmig`÷i y mxpmgtet`ves mi mbbc. P sm co`tm, gcoc sm je smõebekc, qum mb o`soc rezcieo`mitc pckrïe epb`gersm teon`ài e bcs jconrms y qum mbbcs, sì monerlc, mi su lreikïsòe oeycrïe bbmlei jen`tuebomitm eb crlesoc mi sus migumitrcs smxuebms.

5=:

Mi mstm gcitmxtc, ui k`sgursc qum sm prmsmite gcoc ockmric y prclrms`ste pumkm egener k`ﬅgubteikc be gcismgug`÷i km be smxueb, `luebkek mitrm oudmrms y jconrms mi be msfmre gcivmrt`rsm mi ui eroe km epuitebeo`mitc kmb stetu quc y, oås gcigrmteomitm, fevcrmgmr be pmroeimigè km uie nrmgje crlåso`ge guye mx`stmigè y ebgeigm jmocs eieb`zekc. Be mx`stmigè km mstm k`sgursc egtôe gcoc k`ﬅgubtek eõek`ke pere qum bes oudmrms pumkei rm`vìk`ger su kmrmgjc e tmimr crlesocs (ic cbv`kmocs, ekmoås, qum su pcs`g`÷i m `kmit`kek km làimrc ye egtuenei mi be o`soe k`rmgg`÷i). Ms oås, teon`ài prcpcrg`cie e bcs jconrms ui iumvc erluomiter`c e pert`r kmb gueb smlu`r etr`nuymikc msgese gmitreb`kek y rmbmveigè e bcs crlesocs km sus gcopeõmres smxuebms. Mi ui gcitmxtc mi mb qum, gcoc kmoumstrei gbereomitm bcs ketcs gueit`tet`vcs eieb`zekcs, qu`mims ic mxpmròmitei crlesocs mi sus migumitrcs smxuebms sci mi su lreikïsòe oeycrïe oudmrms, be mx`stmigè km ui k`sgursc mbencrekc ‗y supumsteomitm supumst eomitm prclrms`ste‗ qum icroeb`ze be eusmigè km crlesocs, pumkm gcivmrt`rsm mi uie g÷ocke dust`ﬅgeg`÷i mi oeics km bcs jconrms pere ic geonèr mb ockmbc km rmbeg`cims qum prckugm mse rmeb`kek.

5=0

Egberekes mstes gumst`cims, tmroìeocs mste rm﬎mx`÷i egmrge km bcs crlesocs y su eusmigè prmluitåikcics ms pcs`nbm k`sfruter bes rm-mb beg`cims smxuebms s`gueikc mi mbbes ic smkm ebgeize gbïoex. ]i pròmr mbmomitc e gcis`kmrer ms qum mi `luebkek km ctres gcik`g`cims, be tcteb`kek km bes pmrscies msgclmrïe uie rmbeg`÷i smxueb qum ìgbuymsm ui crlesoc frmitm e ctre qum ic bc gcitmopbesm. Mstc ic òpb`ge qum ic sm pumke k`sfruter kmb smxc sì crlesocs, pmrc, sì kuke, ms ui mbmomitc qum ms imgmser`c tmimr mi gumite y qum ic sm pumkm sòpbmomitm co`t`r. ]i smluikc, m òpcrteitm, fegtcr ms qum ic pumkmi gcoperersm y s`tuersm mi be o`soe getmlcrïe equmbbes s`tueg`cims mi bes qum be febte km crlesocs ms eblc puitueb y equmbbes mi bes qum sm trete km eblc s`stmoåt`gc. Be `kme qum òpbïg`teomitm sustmite mb k`sgursc eitms eieb`zekc, qum kmﬅmikm be imgms`kek km eprmikmr e k`sfruter k`sfrut er kmb smxc eb oer oer-lmi km bcs crlesocs, ms qum be eusmigè puitueb km crlesocs ic kmnmrïe prcnbmoet`zersm mi mxgmsc i` kmnmrïe òpmk`r mb k`sfrutm smxueb. Wì monerlc, cbv`ke qum pere ougjes oudmrms (y scbc pere mbbes) be febte km crlesocs ic ms uie mxgmpg`÷i sìc be icroe.

568

Fìebomitm, ui ôbtòc mbmomitc e gcis`kmrer ms qum ic pumkmi gcoperersm bes s`tueg`cims mi bes qum be febte crlesocs sm kek`sfrutm pmsm eb ìtmràs km bekm permde smxuebmsmieblc qumqum be oudmr y equmbbes mi bes qum bc qum jey ms prmg`seomitm uie febte km ìtmràs kmb ver÷i. Mi mb pròmr supumstc, mi mfmgtc, be mx`stmigè km uie set`sfegg`÷i smxueb eb oerlmi kmb crlesoc ms pmrfmgteomitm pcs`nbm y kmsmenbm1 mi mb smluikc ic bc ms mi enscbutc. Eb gcitrer`c, bc qum sm `kmit`ﬅge mi msm gesc ms ui gcopcrteo`mitc qum ms prckugtc km ui oergc mstrugtureb km rmbeg`cims km làimrc kms`lueb y, gcoc teb, bc kmsmenbm ms qum lmimrm mifekc m ìk`lieg`÷i mi be oudmr qum bc sufrm, ic egmpteg`÷i y icroeb`zeg`÷i. ^mgep`tubeikc, mi mb gcitmxtc scgèb egtueb, s`tuer mb fcgc mi bcs crlesocs, gcoc pcimr mi mitrmk`gjc mb k`sgursc qum, km oeimre egrït`ge y cbv`keikc bes kms`luebkekms km làimrc mstrugturebms, sunreye be imgms`kek km rmster rmbmveigè e eoncs fegtcrms, ms bmlïtòc, urlmitm y imgmser`c. ]ie vmz qum be pbmie `luebkek km làimrc jeye s`kc gcismlu`ke, uie vmz qum mb kmrmgjc km oudmrms y jconrms e k`sfruter pcr `lueb km su smxueb`kek jeye s`kc pbmieomitm egmptekc y rmgcicg`kc, uie vmz qum, gcoc rmsub-

tekc km mstes treisfcroeg`cims, be nrmgje crlås 565

o`ge mitrm oudmrms y jconrms jeye kmsepermg`kc, mitcigms prcnenbmomitm smlu`r pci`mikc mb fcgc mi bcs crlesocs ìekmguekc.km Xcr ejcre, sì monerlc, ms eblcsmrå òprmsgìk`nbm gere e ebgeizer mse `luebkek.

56>

Gcigbus`cims E bc berlc kmb b`nrc sm je eieb`zekc km quà oeimre be mx`stmigè km ui oergc mstrugtureb km rmbeg`cims kms`luebms km làimrc, eb ìg`k`r mi tckcs bcs åon`tcs km be v`ke, ì﬎uym teon`ài mi be v`vmigè km bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms mitrm oudmrms y jconrms. Oås mi kmtebbm, jmocs kmocstrekc qum mb jmgjc km qum, s`stmoåt`geomitm, bes oudmrms o udmrms jmtmrcsmxuebms mxpmròmitmi oeycrms k`ﬅgubtekms qum bcs jconrms pere bbmler eb crlesoc y tmilei, gci ougje oeycr frmgumigè qum mbbcs (c qum bes oudmrms bmsnèies), migumitrcs smxuebms qum ic ìgbuymi ui crlesoc, ic ms prckugtc km k`fmrmigès n`cb÷l`ges sìc km uie mstrugture scgèb kms`lueb, eikrcgàitr`ge y petrèrgeb. E su vmz, jmocs pumstc fumrtmomitm mi gumst`÷i mb ockmbc smxueb jmtmrcsmxueb jmlmo÷i`gc, smõebeikc qum mb gc`tcgmitr`soc qum bc geregtmr`ze ‗y qum ms uie km bes prìg`pebms rezcims km be mx`stmigè km mse nrmgje crlåso`ge

567

qum bcs ketcs rm﬎mdei‗ scbc pumkm gcoprmikmrsm e pert`r kmb eikrcgmitr`soc qum pmrome be scg`mkek. Euiqum sme uie rm﬎mx`÷i òpcrteitm pcrqum pcim mb fcgc mi ui åon`tc mi mb qum bes kms`luebkekms mitrm oudmrms y jconrms s`lumi s`mikc ouy ìtmises, mi gcopereg`÷i gci ctrcs mitcrics gcoc mb bencreb, mi bes ôbtòes kàgekes sm je eveizekc mi ougje omicr omk`ke mi su rmkugg`÷i. Xmsm e tckc mbbc, je tmik`kc e pmroeimgmr mxgbu`kc km bcs prìg`pebms eiåb`s`s y rm`vìk`geg`cims fmoì`stes. Ms oås, mb jmgjc km qum, pere ougjes oudmrms jmtmrcsmxuebms, sme rmbet`veomitm frmgumitm oeitmimr rmbeg`cims smxuebms mi bes qum mb jconrm ebgeize mb gbïoex, pmrc mbbes ic, ic scbc je pmroeimg`kc eusmitm km be elmike pônb`ge, sìc qum, perebmbeomitm, je tmik`kc e smr s`bmigèkc y cgubtekc teon`ài mi mb åon`tc pr`vekc y mi bes rmbeg`cims km gciﬅeize. Gcoc rmsubtekc, gcbmgt`veomitm sm je treiso`t`kc y sm s`lum treiso`t`mikc uie òelmi k`stcrs`cieke kmb smxc y ui prcnbmoe gcoc be febte km crlesocs fmomiìcs qum ‗gcoc kmoumstrei bcs ketcs k`spci`nbms‗ mstå ouy mxtmik`kc y ms gbereomitm scgèb y mstrugtureb sm s`lum v`v`mikc gcoc eblc mxgmpg`cieb, ìk`v`kueb y pr`vekc.

56;

Gcistru`r ui k`sgursc pônb`gc, reg`cieb y sustmitekc mi ketcs, gcoc mb qum sm je prmtmik`kc gci mstm b`nrc, mi mb qum smcrlesocs v`s `n`b`ze be v`s`n`b`ze prcnen`b`kek km mxpmròmiter kmomicr bes oudmrms jmtmrcsmxuebms mi gcopereg`÷i gci sus gcopeõmrcs g copeõmrcs vercims y sm vìgube k`rmgteomitm gci be mx`stmigè km uie mstrugture scgèb eikrcgàitr`ge y petrèrgeb kmspbeze mb prcnbmoe kmb åon`tc pr`vekc eb pônb`gc. K`spcimr km ketcs qum kmoumstrei qum be eusmigè km crlesocs mi bes rmbeg`cims smxuebms ms uie rmeb`kek ougjc oås mxtmik`ke km bc qum sm grmm y, y, ekmoås, qum efmgte km fcroe kmsprcpcrg`cieke e bes oudmrms (jmtmrcsmxuebms), gcist`tuym ui pròmr pesc imgmser`c pere qum bes oudmrms pumkei gcomizer e ìtmrprmter be febte km pbegmr qum mxpmròmitei c jei mxpmròmitekc mi sus migumitrcs smxuebms mi gbevm mstrugtureb y ic ìk`v`kueb, s`tueikc mb prcnbmoe fumre y ic kmitrc, gumst`cieikc mb ockmbc scgèb eitms qum su prcpè ìk`v`kueb`kek. Mi mstm smit`kc, pums, mopmzer e jenber en`mrte y sìgmreomitm km smxueb`kek, rmbeteikc, perebmbeomitm e bes mxpmr`migès oås elrekenbms, teon`ài bcs espmgtcs omics pbegmitmrcs y bes mxpmr`migès omics set`sfegtcrès (kmskm bumlc, mi mspeg`cs km gciﬅeize) sm gciv`mrtm mi ui egtc rmvcbug`cier`c

y octcr km treisfcroeg`÷i scgèb. Gciﬅeocs qum 56=

mstm b`nrc, eb encrker mste gumst`÷i jeste ejcre cbv`keke, y eb epcrter ketcs gueit`tet`vcs qum kmoumstrei ebbå km tcke kuke qum mb prcnbmoe mx`stm y mståoås ouy mxtmik`kc, pumke gcitr`nu`r e mbbc.

566

N`nb`clrefïe Eo`lct Bmegjm, X., >855, «@ig`mrte fmoì`kek, ìg`mrte oesgubì`kek. Be gcif`lureg`÷i scgèb km bes `kmit`kekms km làimrc±, Gbïi`ge y eiåb`s`s lrupeb, 5(>), pp. 5. Eo`lct Bmegjm, X., >85>, «Bes smr`ms gcoc oergcs gubturebms y km scgèb`zeg`÷i4 s`li`f`gekcs s`li`f`gekcs,, icroes y vebcrms±, Mi4 EE.VV., Be ìlmi`mrïe mocg`cieb ìtmr làimrcs mi bes smr`ms gci oeycr euk`migè mi be GEM . Nmge Moeauikm pere trenedcs

km ìvmst`leg`÷i t`pc 7, pp. =. QGcisubte4 5: enr`b >85;_. ^mgupmrekc km4 jttp4//www. moeauikm.musaek`.mus/gci moeauikm.mus aek`.mus/gcitmi`kcs/ìfcroe tmi`kcs/ìfcroeg`ci/ g`ci/ punb`geg`cimsSsunvmig`cieke punb`geg`cims Ssunvmig`ciekes/msSkmf/ekdu s/msSkmf/ekduitcs/ itcs/ nmge.>85>.7.ìlmi`mrè. nmge.>85>.7 .ìlmi`mrè.mocg`cieb.ì mocg`cieb.ìtmr.lmimrcs.pk tmr.lmimrcs.pkf. f. Eo`lct Bmegjm, X. y Xudeb @ Bbconert, O. >880, «]ie bmgture kmb làimrc gcoc k`spcs`t`vc km

pckmr±, Wcg`cb÷l`ge, . 56<

Erostrcil, M. E., Milbeik, X., & Fclerty, E. G. >85>, «Eggcuitìl fcr wcomi‐s crleso eik smxueb midcyomit ì gcbbmlm jccaups rmbet`cisj`ps±, Eomr`gei Wcg`cbcl`geb ^mv`mw , eik ;;=:8> Neselbè, F. 50:7. Oudmr, bcgure y scg`mkek . Oàx`gc4 ]i`vmrs`kek Eut÷icoe km Xumnbe. Neuoei, T. >887 Eocr bïqu`kc4 egmrge km be frel`b`kek km bcs vïigubcs juoeics . Nergmbcie4 Xe`k÷s. Nmeuvc`r, W. 50;0/>88=. Mb smluikc smxc. Oekr`k4 Gåtmkre. Nmga, ]. >886. Be scg`mkek km r`mslc. Jegè uie iumve ockmri`kek . Nergmbcie4 Xe`k÷s. N`ri`m-Xcrtmr,, G y Juit, O. >85=, «Kcms rmbet`cisj`p N`ri`m-Xcrtmr stetus oettmr fcr smxueb set`sfegt`ci3 [jm rcbms cf ìtòegy eik ettegjomit evc`keigm ì smxueb set`sfegt`ci egrcss f`vm typms cf cilcìl smxueb rmbet`cisj`ps±, [jm Geiekèi Dcurieb cf Juoei Wmxueb`ty , >;, 5;>-E=.

56:

Nbeigc Lergïe, E. @. >88=, «V`cbmigè kcoàst`ge4 Be òpcrteigè km eprmikmr e o`rer±, Nereterè4 ^mv`ste Gestmbbeic-Oeigjmle Km G`migès Wcgèbms, .

Nciìc Omikmz, B. >8888888. Be kcoìeg`÷i oesgubìe. Nergmbcie4 Mk`tcrèb Eielreoe. Nurlcs Kïez, M. >88>, «Làimrc y smxc mi be tmcrïe fmoì`ste gcitmopcråime±, Mi4 D. Bbìerms y I. Wåigjmz Kurå (mks.), Miseycs km ﬅbcscfïe km be gubture. Oekr`k4 N`nb`ctmge Iumve, pp.760-707. Nutbmr, D. 5008/>88857, «[jm Feaìl Crleso Wgebm fcr \comi4 Xsygjcomtr`g Xrcpmrt`ms±, Ergj`vms cf Wmxueb

Nmjev`cr  ;7(7) ;7(7) 560

Mstmnei, O. >88:, «Mb eocr rcoåit`gc y be suncrkìeg`÷ii scgèb km bes oudmrms4 rmv`s`cims y suncrkìeg`÷ prcpumstes±. Eiuer`c km ps`gcbclïe, 70(5), pp.=0-88;, «V`cbmigè gcitre bes oudmrms4 ]ie v`s`÷i mstrugtureb±. Xsygjcscgèb @itmrvmit`ci, 57 (>), (>), 5==-56;. Fmrrmr Xàrmz, V.E.1 Ncsgj F`cb, M.1 Ieverrc Luzoåi, G.1 êo`s Xebomr, O.G y Lergïe Nuekms, M. >88:.« Mb gcigmptc km eocr mi Mspeõe±. Xs`gctjmoe, >8 (;), (;), pp.=:=-=0=. Frmkmr`ga, K.E., Wt. Dcji, J.A., Lergè, D.^. y Bbcyk, M.E. >85:, «K`ffmrmigms ì Crleso Frmqumigy Eocil Ley, Bmsnèi, N`smxueb, eik Jmtmrcsmxueb Omi eik \comi ì e ].W. Iet`cieb Weopbm±. Ergj`vms cf Wmxueb Nmjev`cur , ;::. Frm`xes Ferrà, E. >857, [ei frmsges. Bes iumves ou dmrms oeycrms oeycrms kmb s`lbc ZZ@. Nergmbcie4 Xe`k÷s. Frmuk, W. 508=. [rms miseycs scnrm tmcrïe smxueb . Jerewey, K. 5005/500=, ««Làimrc± pere ui k`gJerewey, g`cier`c oerx`ste4 Be pcbït`ge smxueb km uie pebe-

nre±. Mi4 K. Jerewey, G`migè, gyncrls y oudmrms. 557->=5. Jmrnmi`ga Fu, [.D.1 Ertmr, D.1 Weikmrs, W.E. y Kcklm, N. >85:. «\comi‴s Mxpmr`migms \`tj Lmi`teb [cugjìl, Wmxueb Xbmesurm, eik Crleso4 ^msubts Frco e ].W. Xrcnen`b`ty Weopbm cf \comi Elms 5: tc 0;±. [jm Dcurieb cf Wmx eik Oer`teb [jmrepy . Jmrnmi`ga, K., ^mmgm, O., Wgj`ga, V V.,., Weikmrs, W. E., Kcklm, N., & Fcrtminmrry, Fcrtminmrry, D. K. >858. «Ei mvmitbmvmb eiebys`s cf tjm smxueb gjeregtmr`st`g seik gcopcs`t`ci eocil ekubts elms 5: tc =04^msubts frco e iet`cieb prcnen`b`ty seopbm ì tjm ]i`tmk Wtetms.± Dcurieb cf Wmxueb Omk`gìm, 8>8.x. @bbcuz, M. >85>. Xcr quà kumbm mb eocr. ]ie mxpb`geg`÷i scg`cb÷l`ge. Oekr`k4 Gbevm ìtmbmgtueb Aetz. Dcieskctt`r, E. 5007. Mb pckmr kmb eocr. ³Bm òpcrte mb smxc e be kmocgregè3  Oekr`k4 Oekr`k4 Mk`g`cims Gåtmkre. Belerkm y Km Bcs ^ïcs, O. >88=. Xere o`s scgès km be v`ke. Gbevms fmoì`stes pere mb pckmrïc y be eu-

tcicoïe km bes oudmrms, bcs b`kmrezlcs mitreõenbms 588:. Eocr y smxueb`kek, uie o`reke fmoì`ste. Gursc km vmreic, ]i`vmrs`kek Omiàikmz Xmbeyc. Xubmc, E.J. 500=. Xetrèrgekc. Mi4 G. Eocr÷s (k`r (k`r.), .), 58 pebenres gbevm scnrm oudmr. Mstmbbe4 Vmrnc K`vìc, pp. >5-=;. Weipmkrc, X. >88=. «Mb o`tc kmb eocr y sus gcismgumigès mi bcs vïigubcs km permde± K`smisc, ;=, pp.7;-76. Wgctt, D.\. D.\. 50:6. «Lmikmr4 E ]smfub Getmlcry cf J`stcr`geb Eiebys`s±. [jm Eomr`gei J`stcr`geb ^mv`mw, 05(=), pp. 58=7-5885=. «[jm kmvmbcpomit eik veb`ket`ci cf tjm oct`vms fcr fm`liìl crlesos sgebm.± [jm Geiekèi Dcurieb cf Juoei Wmxueb`ty , >;(5), pp. 75-;:. kc`4 jttps4// kc`.crl/58.757:/gdjs.>657

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[erràs, O. >85>. «E prcp÷s`tc km be getmlcrïe km làimrc4 bmmr e Dcei Wgctt±. Wcg`mkekm m gubture, 5= (>), (>), pp.785=. Be Bmy kmb Elrekc. Mi4 ^.O. ^c Vebgergmb, krïlumz Oelke (eut.), Wì làimrc km kukes4 bclrcs y kmsefïcs kmb fmoì`soc jcy . Mspeõe4 N`nb`ctmge Iumve, pp.5:=->8> \e`tm, B. D. y Dcyimr, Dcyimr, A. >885.«Moct`cieb set`sfegt`ci eik pjys`geb pbmesurm ì smxueb ui`cis4 [òm jcr`zci, smxueb nmjev`cr nmjev`cr,, eik smxueb mxgbus`v`ty±. Dcurieb cf Oerrèlm eik Feo`by , 67, >;6;. ‗>6;. kc`458.5555/d.58. «\comi‐s Crleso eik Wmxueb Wet`sfegt`ci ì Gcoo`ttmk Wmx eik Gesueb Wmx4 ^mbet`cisj`p Nmtwmmi Wcg`csmxueb`ty eik Wmxueb Cutgcoms ì K`ffmrmit Wmxueb Gcitmxts±. [jm Dcurieb cf Wmx ^msmergj =:=->0=. jttps4//kc`.crl/58.58: 8/88>>;;00.>850.56876

58oìutcs.ms Murcpeprmss. Mb :0% km bcs ek`gtcs dumlc sci jconrms y km mstetus scgèb ebtc. G`tekceb mi jttps4//www jttps4//www.>8oìutcs.ms/ict`gè/5660>=/8/ .>8oìutcs.ms/ict`gè/5660>=/8/ ek`gtcs/dumlc/ek`gg`ci/ Enuikeigè, ^. >85:. Be nrmgje crlåso`ge c pcr quà bes oudmrms jmtmrc sci bes qum omics bbmlei eb gbïoex. Mb Xeïs, >0 km dui`c >85:. G`tekc mi jttps4// socke.mbpe`s.gco/pbegmrms/smxc/pcr-qum-jconrmst`mimi-crlesocs-oes-rep`keomitm/ Fuikeg`÷i mspeõcbe kmb gcrez÷i. Mb ìfertc fmomiìc, ³g÷oc ev`se3 G`tekc mi jttps4//fuikeg`cikmbgcrezci.gco/nbcl-òpubsc-v`teb/7>;=-mb-ìfertcfmomiìc-`gcoc-ev`se.jtob Oudmrms pcr mb gcrez÷i. Wïitcoes km ìfertc mi be oudmr. G`tekc mi jttps4//www.oudmrmspcrmbgcrezci. crl/gcicgmtm-gcrezci/bcs-oebms-kmb-gcrezci-mibes-oudmrms/

585< Mstuk`c rmeb`zekc pcr be oerge km prmsmrvet`vcs Gcitrcb mi mb Mstekc mspeõcb mi >85< Mstuk`c rmeb`zekc pcr be oerge km prmsmrvet`vcs Gcitrcb mi mb Mstekc mspeõcb mi >856 Mstuk`c rmeb`zekc pcr be oerge km dulumtms mr÷t`gcs Bmbc

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