L Islam Una Religione Un Etica Una Prassi Politica

`MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

@' As`ob, ueo rf`adamef, ue ftako, ueo prossa pm`atako

[tmrao ifa pofsa as`obaka (Veavfrsatã ifd`a [tuia ia So`frbm)

[tuImku eme ç spmesmrazzotm m suppmrtotm io efssueo ueavfrsatã m otfefm.

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb)

`MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

AEY^MIVZAMEF Ae ue‑fro kmbf `o prfsfetf, ef``o quo`f a` sfetabfetm rf`adamsm sfbnro ae bm`tf porta if` bmeim ohhafvm`arsa emtfvm`bfetf, `‑As`ob ç hro `f rf`adamea ueo if``f pañ ottavf f vato`a. vato`a.   _uoeim iakaobm rf`adamef, ef` kosm if``‑As`ob, imnnaobm onnoeimeorf a` kmekfttm ia rf`adamef o kua saobm onatuota ef` emstrm bmeim troiazameo`bfetf 00krastaoem55. Sfr `‑As`ob `o rf`adamef (iae) ç quo`kmso kgf onnrokkao sao `o emstro rf`adamef sao `o emstro pm`atako, ç rfdm`o ia vato, `fddf, bfetrf boekoem `f kmeemtozamea sokfrimto`a-ratuo`astakgf fssfezao`a ef``o emstro emzamef ia 00rf`adamef55. [a spafdoem kmsà o`kuea kosa opporfetfbfetf poroimsso`a kmbf quf``m ia km`mrm kgf quoeim `‑Aeiao ef` ?194 hu iavaso efa iuf stota ia Veamef Aeiaoeo o boddamroezoo aeiñ f Solastoe busu`boem, goeem skf`tm a` sfkmeim: `‑As`ob fro pfr `mrm ue bmim ia boddamroez vavfrf, ue aesafbf ia kmbpmrtobfeta, ue aifo`f pm`atakm, m bfd`am ueo baskf`o ia tuttm qufstm. @‑As`ob eme go sokfrimta eá rata f `m 00stotm as`obakm55, sf prmpram sa vum`f vum `f porodmeorf o quo`kmso, sa pmtrfnnf sfbboa ovvakaeorf o` 00pmpm`m ia Iam55 if` pframim ourfm if` prmhftasbm p rmhftasbm fnroakm. @‑As`ob kgf prfeifrfbm o bmif``m sorã quf``m 00sueeato55, kua oifraskmem `o strodroeif boddamroezo ifa busu`boea ottuo`a (karko a` 13%).

KOSAYM@M ?: @O YFM@MDAO Ç stoto spfssm emtoto kmbf korottfrastako if``‑As`ob quf``o ia ue 00ossmrnabfetm if``o tfm`mdao ef``o Ĭʽog, 00iarattm `fddf55. Aehotta kgaoborf `o `fddffquavmkm. rf`adamso @o if``‑As`ob, `o sgor sgoras`obako busu`boem55 00iarattm koemeakm55, ç pauttmstm `fddf rf`adamso sa aetfrfsso, pfr fsfbpamm if``o prfdgafro f if``‑f`fbmsaeo rf`adamso, if` ku`tm fkk. bfetrf a trottotasta ia tfm`mdao imdbotako smem raimtta o trottorf ueo botfrao pauttmstm skoreo f dfefro`bfetf skmesad`aoem a` `fttmrf emrbo`f io``‑aetfrfssorsa ia tfm`mdao. @o rodamef ia kaþ sto ef``‑abpmssana`atã ia rodameorf su ue Iam kmbf quf``m as`obakm, pfr `o suo fstrfbo 00pfrsmeo`atã55 ornatrorao, pfr `o suo fstrfbo bmna`atã. @f hmeta   if``o tfm`mdao as`obako smem smprottuttm trf: ➮ 

A` Kmroem , `anrm ifttotm io``‑orkoedf`m Donraf`f o` prmhfto Bugobboi Bugobboi (643-8;>), ae ue pframim kgf vo io` 831-8?3 831-8?3 o` 8;>, o nroea, bo raspfttoetf ue orkgftapm kf`fstf. @‑osparozamef if` Kmroem , sfkmeim `o tfm`mdao as`obako ç efttobfetf 00`fttfro`f55, ç ueo vfro f prmprao ifttoturo if``‑oedf`m. Bugobboi ç ue umbm kmbf d`a o`tra (Kmr. x, >) f eme go o`tro portakm`orf quo`atã aetraesfko kgf eme sao `o suo f`fzamef io portf ia Iam oi fssfrf 00bfssoddfrm55 if``o suo vm`metã pfr `o 00mrdoeazzozamef55 ifd`a umbaea<

00Abatotam Bugobboias 55, 55, `‑abpmrtoezo ia Bugobboi ç smprottuttm dauraiako, bo hro a eubfrmsa ḦoiĬtg (troiazamea), tg (troiazamea), rokkm`ta ae eubfrmsf obpaf km``fzamea, vf ef smem o`kuea ae kua, a` Srmhfto ç Iam kgf por`o ae prabo p rabo pfrsmeo: sa trotto ia ravf`ozamea iavaef eme troboeiotf ef` Kmroem   pfrkgá eme ovfeta vo`mrf emrbotavm pfr tutto `o kmbueatã, nfesà bastakgf ravf`ozamea pfrsmeo`a ia Iam o` sum Srmhfto ae bmbfeta ia drozao< ➮  A` 00kmesfesm 5 55 5 ifa tfm`mda m, pfr `o `fddf, ifa dauraspfrata, aetfsa kmbf ropprfsfetota if``o kmbueatã busu`boeo. [fkmeim ue ḦoiĬtg aehotta Bugobboi ovrfnnf ifttm 00`o bao kmbueatã eme sa okkmrifrã boa su ue frrmrf55< ➮  A` rodameobfetm sua iota troiazameo`a . Ef` kosm if``o tfm`mdako a` rodameorf, a` iaskutfrf m kmevfrsorf iã a` embf o``o skafezo stfsso, kgf sa kgaobo pfr `‑oppuetm Lo`ďb (iaskmrsm) f Butolo``abŬe (km`mrm kgf `o prmhfssoem). @o tfm`mdao kmbf skafezo eokquf ae As`ob smprottuttm o skmpa opm`mdftaka ?. A`  droeif stmrakm busu`boem Ane Go`iŬe ifhaeaskf `o tfm`mdao kmbf 00`o skafezo kgf hmreaskf a bfzza ia prmvorf a imdba if``o hfif h fif kme ordmbfeta rozameo`a f ia rfhutorf d`a aeemvotmra aee mvotmra kgf s‑o``metoeoem ➮ 

io``o imttraeo sfduato iod`a oetakga f ioa troiazameo`asta. troiazameo` asta. @‑fssfezo stfsso ia qufsta imdba ç `o ? Mssao

o` haef ia iahfeifrf kme orba 00rozameo`a55 `o ravf`ozamef

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb)

`MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

prmhfssamef if``‑ueatã ia Iam55. Xa prmhfssamef Iam55. Xa smem oekgf fsp`akata tfsta kmroeaka kgf aevatoem o rah`fttfrf sua sfdea ia Iam f o ifiuref ifiu ref quaeia `‑fsastfezo. `‑fsastfezo.   Sfr a tfm`mda mrtmimssa `‑mnn`adm ia rodameorf ae to` sfesm ç o``o pora ia mnn`adga `fdo`a abpmsta pfr ravf`ozamef f sf `o @fddf (@fddf su``o Yfm`mdao) eme d`afef ovfssf prfskrattm `‑mnn`adm, `o rodamef eme ovrfnnf pmtutm f`fvorsa o``o kmemskfezo ia Iam.  Iam. 

?.>. A praekapa hmeiobfeto`a if``'mrtmimssao as`obako, d`a ottranuta f `f mpfrozamea ia Iam Fsobaeaobm mro quf``m kgf a` busu`boem mrtmimssmhmrbo if` WAA sfkm`mif` frobusu`boem tfeutm o krfifrf sfkmeim a` praekapf ifa tfm`mda, O`-Dozzo`a f kgf protakobfetf a` krfim mrtmimssm oekgf ottuo`f: ➮ 

Iam fsastf: `o prmvo if``'fsastfezo ia Iam ç `o kouso`atã fhhakafetf o portarf io` bmeim kmetaedfetf< Iam ç `o kouso if` bmeim, ueo kouso kgf ç ftfreo o portf oetf  f  f pfrboefetf ae oftfreub < aesmstoezao`f,, eme ç ueo sfbp`akf smstoezo kgf mkkupo ue `umdm, fi ç aekmrpmrfm aekmrpmrfm,, a` kgf ç ➮  Iam ç aesmstoezao`f ohhfrbotm kmetrm km`mrm kgf prfeifeim o``o `fttfro o`kuea possa kmroeaka smstfefvoem `o kmrpmrfatã ia Iam. Bm`ta smstfedmem kgf Iam stao ae kaf`m 00ossasm su` Yrmem55 prmpram pfr qufstm Dozzo`a ohhfrbo kgf bm`ta possa voeem `ftta ae sfesm bftohmrakm bo ef` kmetfbpm prmhmeiobfetf rfo`astakm, pmefeimsa o bftã hro a` dfefro`f o``fdmrasbm ia kfrta tfm`mda tfeifezao`bfetf rozameo`asta, f a` krossm oetrmpmbmrhasbm ifa `fttfro`asta. Ef``o hottaspfkaf a` trmem ç a` sabnm`m if``o Smtfezo ia Iam f quoeim sa iakf kgf "Iam iaskfeif ef``o emttf" sadeahako kgf `o sm`atuiaef emttureo ç `o kmeiazamef pañ prmpazao pfr `o prfdgafro< mppurf, qquoeim uoeim sa iakf

kgf "Iam çsa vasana`f" pfrkgá ç io quo`kgf portf hasakobfetf, pfrkgáabbodaeotavo< kme a` tfrbaef "vasamef" aetfeif eme ueo çspfkaf ia Iam pfrkfzamef pañ pfrhftto f pañ kgaoro bo ia quf``o ➮  Iam ç uem uem f  f ueakm ueakm,, kamç eá iavasana`f ae porta, eá kmbpodem ia o`tra iça. @‑ordmbfetm pmrtotm o prmvo if``‑ueakatã if``‑ueakatã ia Iam ç quf``m k`ossakm if``o tfm`mdao busu`boeo f daã okkfeeotm ef` Kmroem sfkmeim a` quo`f, sf fsastfssfrm pañ iça, va sorfnnf aeabakazao tro `mrm f ef sfduarfnnf droe kmehusamef ef``o krfozamef, kmso kgf ia hottm h ottm eme ovvafef. @f quo`atã hae qua kmesaifrotf kmesaifrotf smem quo`atã if``‑fssfezo  iavaeo.   iavaeo. [fdumem a vfra f prmpra ottranuta ia Iam kgf Dozzo`a, raiukf o sfttf: SMYFEZO: `'Meeapmtfezo  iavaeo SMYFEZO:  iavaeo ç aetfso ef``'As`ob ae sfesm oekmr pañ tmto`atoram fi obpam kgf ef``f o`trf rf`adamea bmemtfastakgf. @'mddfttm if``o pmtfezo iavaeo smem tutta d`a fssfra pmssana`a f pfr Iam ç oekgf pmssana`f horf a` kmetroram ia quf``m kgf `o suo prfskafezo kmemskf: `o suo ç ue'aehaeato pmtfezo f tuttm iapfeif fi ç ifkasm io `ua (fs. quoeim ue umbm bumvf ueo boem, Iam, m`trf oi ovfr krfotm `'umbm f `o suo boem, krfo oekgf a` bmvabfetm ef``o boem f krfo a` pmtfrf if``'umbm su` sum stfssm bmvabfetm: iuequf `'umbm ç "pmtfetf" sm`m ae ue sfesm rah`fssm f boa "krfotmrf " ifa prmpra otta, bo ç pauttmstm  prmpraftoram  ia   ia fssa. Iam krfo vm`to pfr vm`to a saedm`a hfembfea, `o kua kmeefssamef kouso`f eme ç ohhottm ohhott m efkfssorao. A` bmeim ç quaeia krfotm, oeeafetotm f rakrfotm ottabm impm ottabm io Iam. ➮  [KAFEZO [KAFEZO:: _uoetm o``o skafezo iavaeo  fsso  fsso ç to`f kgf Iam kmemskf tutta d`a fssfra kmemskana`a, sao  d`a fsastfeta kgf a eme fsastfeta. ➮  XAYO XAYO:: ueo vm`to kgf "vavfetf" vafef ifhaeatm "fssfrf kgf go kmskafezo ia sá stfssm f kmemskf a` prmpram fssfrf f d`a o`tra io sá iastaeta", ç mvvam ottranutm iavaem. @o tfm`mdao mrtmimsso eme uso `‑fsprfssamef ‐ pfrsmeo ‒ f ‐ pfrsmeo`f ‒ o prmpmsatm ia Iam, oekgf pfrkgá, efdoeim `‑As`ob `o Yraeatã f `‑Aekoreozamef, va boekormem `f smtta`assabf iasputf su` kmekfttm ia ‐ pfrsmeo ‒ tapakgf if` Krastaoefsabm. XM@MEYÃ:: _uoetm o``o vm`metã iavaeo  ç  ç efkfssoram pfesor`o kmbf ottranutm outmembm ia Iam. ➮  XM@MEYÃ @'mrtmimssao iakgaoro kgf a` bmeim kmbaekaþ o fsastfrf ef` bmbfetm ifkasm io``o vm`metã ftfreo ➮ 

ia Iam, bo sfezo kgfif``'ottranutm a` sum ottm vm`atavm oi fsastfrf ef``otfbpm f sfezo ae eu``oo sa o`tfrossf `'ftfreatã iavaem.kmbaekaossf Kmbf `o pmtfezo, oekgf vm`metã iavaeokgf sa fstfeif tuttm: bo`f, fbpaftã f pfkkotm smem oekg'fssa vm`uta io Iam pfrkgá kaþ kgf Iam vum`f, fsastf,

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb)

`MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

bfetrf kaþ kgf Iam eme vum`f, eme fsastf (pfr `'As`ob mrtmimssm iarf kgf a pfkkota f a bo`a eme saoem vm`uta io Iam ç ueo nfstfbbao, pfrkgá kaþ abp`akgfrfnnf `'fsastfezo ia ue quo`kmso kgf Iam eme puþ kmetrm``orf).  kmetrm``orf).  ➮  VIAYM & XA[YO: XA[YO: Fsp`akata possa kmroeaka kmstraedmem `‑mrtmimssao oi obbfttfrf oekgf hro d`a ottranuta iavaea, quf``a if``‑uiatm   f if``o vasto . @f porm`f if``o [kratturo ifnnmem fssfrf aetfrprftotf ae ue sfesm kgf sa o``metoea io quf``m `fttfro`f. A` kgf eme ovvafef pfr `'uiatm f `o vasto ia Iam, kgf smem io kmesaifrorf kmbf ueo pfrhfzamef if``o "pfrkfzamef" ae dfefro`f f eme kmbf korottfrastakgf hasakgf ae sfesm oetrmpmbmrhakm.  oetrmpmbmrhakm.  ➮  SO^M@O SO^M@O:: abpmrtoetassabm hro d`a ottranuta iavaea ç prmpram quf``m if``o  porm`o . A` Kmroem  stfssm  stfssm ç `o porm`o ia Iam. Efdorf qufstm ottranutm sadeahakgfrfnnf efdorf a` kmekfttm ia Srmhfto, uem ifa koriaea if``‑As`ob, ae quoetm trosbfttatmrf quoetm trosbfttatmrf if``o porm`o iavaeo . Mvvaobfetf, eme sa trotto ia sumea sussastfeta ef``'fssfezo ia Iam, bo ia ue vfrnub vfrnub   bfetas bfetas   kgf eme kmesastf ae sumea f `fttfrf: Dozzo`a obbfttf kgf `f `fttfrf smem tfbpmro`a, bo smem a sfdea if` `aeduoddam ftfrem ia Iam.  Iam.   Srmpraftã kmbuea o tutta d`a ottranuta smprokatota smem kgf fssa eme sa aifetahakoem kme `‑fssfezo ia Iam. Ae o`trf porm`f eme nosto n osto iarf kgf Iam ç sovam, vavm, pmtfetf fkk., bo sa ifvf okkfttorf kgf fsasto ueo vato, ueo skafezo fkk. ia Iam. Kmbuequf km` tfrbaef 00Iam55 sa aetfeif eme `o sm`o fssfezo nfesà `‑fssfezo ia pañ ottranuta. Ae sfkmeim `umdm, d`a ottranuta ia Iam sussastmem ef``o suo fssfezo, kmsà kmbf ae ueo pfrsmeo quo`saosa. Ae tfrzm `umdm, tutta d`a ottranuta smem ftfrea. Ae quortm `umdm a eubfrmsa emba m oddfttava kgf ef` tfstm sokrm f ef``o troiazamef sa ottranuaskmem o Iam smem tosnag,, ueo smrto ia prfiakona`a ia Iam on oftfrem  f   f ae oftfreub  (sua   (sua 11 emba ia Iam ç nosotm a` tosnag rmsoram busu`boem io` quo`f ifravo quf``m krastaoem, abpmrtotm iuroetf `f Krmkaotf). M`trf od`a ottranuta ia Iam, Dozzo`a oeo`azzo oekgf `f suf mpfrozamea. O iahhfrfezo ia quoetm ovvafef ef` Krastaoefsabm, imvf mpfrozamef kfetro`f f praekapo`f ia Iam ç quf``o ia rfifezamef , ef``'As`ob `o korottfrastako praekapo`f if``f mpfrozamea ia Iam ç kgf fssf d`a smem kmetaedfeta, f ia efssueo ia fssf sa puþ iarf kgf ç efkfssorao. @'As`ob ratfrrfnnf nfstfbbao quo`saosa fsprfssamef kgf fquavo`fssf o ue "Iam ifvf  horf  horf qufstm" m "ç mnn`adotm  o  o horf qufstm". Ae quoetm Iam ifkaif tuttm f eme ç mnn`adotm o horf eafetf (if` rfstm, As`ob 2 smttmbassamef f bus`ab 2 smttmbfssm): a` Iam as`obakm go ue korottfrf pfrsmeo`astakm (pfrsfduf a suma haea pfrsmeo`a), meeapmtfetf f meeaprfsfetf. Hmeiobfeto`f ç koparf kgf ef``'As`ob a` kmekfttm ia "nfef" f "bo`f" ç iavfrsm io quf``m krastaoem fi ç pañ hrfiim f prodbotakm: "numem" ç `'ottm kgf kmevafef o``'odfetf (Iam) f `o nmetã if``'ottm eme sadeahako o`tro kmso kgf `o suo kmevfeafezo km` haef if``'odfetf. Iuequf, a kmekftta ia "nfef" f "bo`f" smem rf`otava, fi mdea outmembao if``'ottm bmro`f ç onm`ato. Sfrtoetm, eme ç efkfssoram eá mnn`adotmram o Iam krforf `f krfoturf. Fd`a go a` iarattm o eme abpmrrf `mrm efssue mnn`adm, f, sf `m abpmef, eme ç pfrkgá d`a sao efkfssoram hor`m. Iam go iarattm o abpmrrf od`a umbaea mnn`adga o `mrm pmssana`a m abpmssana`a fi ç aem`trf `anfrm ia hor smhhrarf `f krfoturf fsfeta io km`po f eme e me ç mnn`adotm o rakmbpfesor`a pfr numef ozamea. Fd`a aem`trf eme ç mnn`adotm o horf kaþ kgf ç pañ kmevfeafetf oa suma sfrva. O qufstm puetm smrdfrfnnf spmetoefm imboeiorsa sf Iam ç aedaustm, bo Dozzo`a raspmeif ia em, ae quoetm sfkmeim `ua: `'aedaustazao sa kmekfpaskf sm`m ia kga kmbpaf otta kgf pmssmem pmrtorf prfdauiazam o``o prmpraftã o`trua, bo sakkmbf ç tuttm prmpraftã ia Iam f Iam eme ç smttmpmstm oi o`kueo `fddf supframrf, a` prmn`fbo eme sa pmef efbbfem. Iam eme ç ae o`kue bmim mnn`adotm o prfbaorf pfr `f numef ozamea f o kostadorf pfr `f km`pf. A` prfbam ç ottm purobfetf drotuatm ia Iam, kua `'umbm eme go o`kue fssfezao`f iarattm. Efttobfetf kmetroram o``'mrtmimssao ç a` kmekfttm bu'toza`ato kgf Iam ifvf kostadorf o` humkm ftfrem a` pfkkotmrf f, o iahhfrfezo ia quf``o kottm`ako, `o tfm`mdao as`obako efdo `'ftfreatã if``f pfef aehfreo`a (eme ovrfnnf sfesm puearf ae ftfrem oekgf pfr ue pakkm`m pfkkotm). @'umbm, sf kaþ eme kmestossf pfr ravf`ozamef, eme sorfnnf mnn`adotm o kmemskfrf Iam eá oi fssfrd`a drotm pfr a suma nfefhaka< kmetroraobfetf o``o troiazamef kottm`ako, `o rodamef eoturo`f eme fsadf, io sá, s á, `o kmemskfezo ia Iam: `o rodamef ç sà abpmrtoetf, bo sm`m kmbf strubfetm ia kmbprfesamef if` sfesm if``o porm`o if` Srmhfto. Aehaef, `'aevam ifa Srmhfta io portf ia Iam eme ç eá efkfssoram eá abpmssana`f.

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

?.;. @o prmhftm`mdao if``'As`ob  Iam boeahfsto `o suo vm`metã o``'umbm ottrovfrsm ueo sfraf ia " aevaota "",, "opmstm`a ". ". A` `mrm droim ç quf``m ia pura umbaea, bo portakm`orbfetf prfskf`ta io Iam f kgf, pfr bfzzm ia Iam, mpfroem to`vm`to ifa barokm`a. A` kmekfttm ia "prmhfto" ç strfttobfetf `fdotm o quf``m ia "`fdas`otmrf": a` Srmhfto eme ç toetm kga ho kmemskfrf ifa bastfra iavaea m astatuaskf sokrobfeta rfifetava, quoetm pauttmstm km`ua kgf prmbu`do `f `fdda kgf Iam ratafef oiottf pfr `'uboeatã ae ue iftfrbaeotm ift frbaeotm pframim. A prmhfta obbfssa io``'As`ob smem protakobfetf tutta quf``a if``o troiazamef nan`akm-krastaoeo: Oiobm, Emç, Onrobm, Bmsç, Dfsñ, Iovai f o`kuea orona kmbf Gui f [o`ag. Ia Dfsñ kgf dmif ia i a portakm`orf kmesaifrozamef ef` Kmroem  sa  sa obbfttmem `o eoskato vfrdaeo`f f `'oskfesamef o` kaf`m, bo eme `o bmrtf (su``o krmkf sorfnnf stotm ukkasm ue smsao ia Dfsñ, a` quo`f aevfkf sorfnnf tuttmro vavm efa kaf`a). Bombfttm ç aevfkf a` "sada``m ifa Srmhfta": `o `fddf ia Bombfttm ç quf``o ifhaeatavo f vo`aio pfr tutto `'uboeatã. @o prmvo fssfezao`f if``o suo bassamef prmhftako ç ue barokm`m, quf``m if``‑‒aeabatona`atã if` Kmroem", sfkmeim kua d`a Orona eme rauskarmem o abatorf `f `fdda if` Srmhfto< pfr a` rfstm, a` Kmroem sfbnro kgaorobfetf aeiakorf `o eme efkfssatã ifa barokm`a pfr iabmstrorf `o vfraiakatã if``o `fddf. A` bfssoddam if` Srmhfto, m`trf o``f `fdda, kmetafef oekgf vfratã okkfttona`a sm`m pfr hfif su qufstamea fskotm`mdakgf (su` ifstaem if``'umbm), kgf `'umbm eme ovrfnnf pmtutm kmemskfrf sfezo `o suo ravf`ozamef. @f pañ abpmrtoeta, kgf a` busu`boem mrtmimssm ç tfeutm oi obbfttfrf smem: o)  @o rfsurrfzamef if``o koref: Doroezao if``o rfsurrfzamef ç `o krfozamef, eme fssfeim rfsurrfzamef kgf ueo sfkmeio krfozamef. @o imttraeo mrtmimsso, o iahhfrfezo ia quf``o pfrapotftako busu`boeo, eme obbfttf `'abbmrto`atã if``'oeabo ostrotto, stokkoto io` kmrpm. n)  A` tmrbfetm if``o tmbno: ç imttraeo ia hfif kgf a kmrpa bmrta, ef``o tmbno, sunaroeem ueo spfkaf ia aetfrrmdotmram rf`adamsm io portf ia i a iuf oedf`a, Buelor f Eolar. D`a umbaea kgf eme ovroeem soputm raspmeifrf daustobfetf soroeem tmrbfetota ef``f `mrm tmbnf io qufa iuf oedf`a. O``o mnafzamef kgf eme sfbnro ohhottm kgf a bmrta ef``f tmbnf smhhroem, Dozzo`a raspmeif iakfeim kgf `o portf kgf smhhrf a` tmrbfetm eme ifvf fssfrf efkfssoraobfetf tuttm a` kmrpm, bo sm`m ueo portakf``o if` kumrf if` ifhuetm rfso sfesana`f io Iam oppmsatobfetf o to`f skmpm. k)  Aetfrrmdotmram ifd`a oedf`a Bueloe f Eolar: a` koiovfrf ç rfsm o to`f skmpm p porzao`bfetf orzao`bfetf vavm ae quo`kgf portakf``o sfesana`f io Iam. i)  @o Na`oekao: sa trotto if``o na`oekao fskotm`mdako imvf soroeem pfsotf `f ozamea ifd`a umbaea o` ià if` dauiazam, ia kua sa por`o ef` Kmroem . O``‑mnafzamef su kmbf ueo na`oekao puþ pfsorf kmsf aekmrpmrff kmbf d`a otta uboea, a` prmhfto stfssm ovrfnnf raspmstm sfkmeim ue goi Ĭt ae kua sa ohhfrbo kgf soroeem pfsota a hmd`a skratta iod`a oedf`a raduorim `f ozamea uboef. f)  A` pmetf: [a trotto ia ue‑o`tro kmekfzamef fskotm`mdako ia kgaorf mradaea aroeakgf, quf``o kamç if` pmetf tfsm smpro `‑aehfrem, pañ smtta`f ia e ue kopf``m f ia ue ha`m ue  ha`m ia spoio, kgf imvrã fssfrf ottrovfrsotm ioa rasuskatota, hro a quo`a a bo`voda koiroeem dañ ef``o dfgfeeo. Smakgá `‑mrtmimssao sueeato sa iastaeduf io``m skaasbm, o`bfem od`a aeaza, pfr qufstamea ia sukkfssamef pm`atako if` Srmhfto, a trottota ia tfm`mdao mrtmimsso spfssm kmetfedmem ueo trottozamef if` prmn`fbo if``‑ab if``‑a bďbotm. @‑Ab @‑Abďb ç a` kopm if``o kmbueatã busu`boeo, pañ usuo`bfetf kgaobotm ioa sueeata 00ko`ahhm55. Iotm kgf a` Srmhfto ç oekgf `fdas`otmrf f kgf `o `fddf rf`adamso aevfstf tutta a kobpa if``o vato aeiavaiuo`f, smkao`f f pm`atako if` krfifetf, `‑abob m ko`ahhm sorã a` sukkfssmrf if``o suo `fddf, daã ioto, quaeia ae efssue bmim sum sukkfssmrf ef``o quo`atã ia prmhfto. @'Abďb eme ç efbbfem imtotm, o iahhfrfezo if` pmetfhakf kottm`akm, ia outmratã iimkfetf mkfetf m `fdas`otavo (pfr d`a skaata aevfkf `m ç). _uo` ç iuequf a` sum skmpm= Vem ifa haea if` Srmhfto ç `o numeo mrdoeazzozamef if``o vato smkao`f f rf`adamso if``o kmbueatã-stotm, kmso kgf, pfr fssfrf ottuoto, efkfssato if``o prfsfezo ia ue kopm suprfbm mnnfiatm io tutta, kgf ç oppuetm `'Abďb. Fd`a ifvf ovfrf `f sfdufeta quo`atã: ✛ 

fssfrf if``o tranñ ifa _uroaů (quf``o ia Bombfttm)< ✛  pmssfifrf kmbpftfezo f kopokatã<

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

✛ 

pmssfifrf skafezo f vartñ< ✛  fssfrf ifdem ia dmvfreorf d`a umbaea f kmeiur`a vfrsm a` rfttm sfetafrm< ✛  fssfrf pravm ia iahftta hasaka (fkkm pfrkgá o`kuea praekapa hokfvoem okkfkorf hrotf``a f kudaea). @o suo embaeo puþ ovvfearf m pfr iarftto ifsadeozamef if` Srmhfto m pfr 00f`fzamef55 m bfd`am, ifsadeozamef io portf ifa boddamrfeea if``o kmbueatã. Ef` kosm ia smspfttm ia a``fdattabatã, ç bfd`am ue Abďb a``fdattabm bo outmrfvm`f f ona`f dmvfreoetf, kgf `'oeorkgao: bodora ef` pravotm a` smddfttm kgf vafef embaeotm vo o imeef f ukkaif, bo `'abpmrtoetf ç kgf sao hmrbo`bfetf krfifetf f raspfttmsm o`bfem ia hokkaoto if``f rfdm`f ia Iam (v. Bunorol f Nfe N fe O`a, iattotmra bo okkfttota pfrkgá oeiovoem ae bmskgfo). @f aiff skaatf su``‑abďbotm smem kmehutotf, sfkmeim o`-Dozzo`a, io` hottm stmrakm kgf Bombfttm eme ifsadeþ o`kuem kme kgaorfzzo o sukkfifrd`a. Ae bfratm o``o iadeatã ifa praba quottrm ko`ahha, `'mrtmimssao sueeato ohhfrbo kgf fsso sao quf``o aeiakoto oekgf io``'mriaef stmrakm ae kua sa smem sussfduata, mvvfrm: On Ŭ  Nolr, 'Mbor, 'Vtbďe f 'O`Ĭ, kgaobota "a ko`ahha nfe iarftta" (8;>-88? i.K.).

?.9. @o skmbueako if``'frftakm ef``'mrtmimssao busu`boeo A` kmekfttm ia mrtmimssao ae As`ob ç pauttmstm kmehusm, smprottuttm pfr quoetm raduorio a` kmekfttm ia "aehfif`f" f "baskrfifetf" (l ďhar). [m`atobfetf, l ďhar ç km`ua kgf sbfetaskf, iakgaoro bfetatmrf, a` prmhfto Bombfttm, bo ae qufstm sbfetarf va smem voraf droiozamea ia drovatã: `o pañ drovf ç fssfrf hfif`f ia ue'o`tro rf`adamef, bfetrf `o bfem drovf ç ohhfrborf kgf Iam, impm Bombfttm, pmsso aevaorf o`tra prmhfta (aetfrprftozamef bftohmrako if` Kmroem). Ae ifhaeatavo, `o qufstamef if``o skmbueako if``'frftakm raboef ef``'As`ob eme kgaorobfetf ifhaeato f, o`bfem ae tfmrao, `o tfm`mdao busu`boeo ç ae kfrtm sfesm pañ `ordo ia i a quf``o kottm`ako. @o imttraeo tfm`mdako qua ifskratto sfkmeim a` kotfkgasbm ia o`-Dozzo`a o`-Dozzo`a ç quf``o iftto oů'orato, io o`Oů'orĬ ia Nosro, hmeiotmrf if``o skum`o ef` W sfkm`m i.K. _ufsto skum`o tfm`mdako ç quf``o kgf ottuo`bfetf sfdumem tutta a busu`boea ia [arao, Fdattm, Aroq f Bodgran, bfetrf bm`ta sueeata ia Yurkgao, Aeiao f Osao kfetro`f sfdumem aevfkf `'o`tro  droeif skum`o tfm`mdako, quf``o iftto b ďturĬiato io o`-BďturĬiĬ ia [oborkoeio (W sfkm`m i.K.). @o iahhfrfezo praekapo`f ç kgf ef``o sfkmeio fsastmem shuboturf okkfetuoeta ue pm' pañ `'obnatm if``'outmembao if``'umbm f if``f kmsf ia hrmetf o``o meeaprfsfetf vm`metã pfrsmeo`f f ornatrorao ia Iam.

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

KOSAYM@M >: @O @FDDF >.?. @o [gorao @o `fddf pmsatavo (ůorĬ'o, "`o vao iaratto", "nottuto"), iaskap`aeo `'ottavatã uboeo ae quoetm fsp`akoto ef` bmeim fstfrem, prfskaeifeim io quf``o hfif f io quf``f krfifezf ia kua ç dauiakf sm`m Iam: fsso iaskap`aeo tutto `'ottavatã uboeo. ďiďt (otta if`kme Akamç trottota ia iarattm busu`boem oprmemaekme ueo prabo i ftto iftto ku`tm) aek`uifetf d`a otta hasaka kgf bfttmemsa`'umbm roppmrtm kme portf Iam, pfr pmaankmetaeuorf `f bu' ďbo`ďt, mvvfrm a roppmrta if``'umbm kme d`a o`tra umbaea. Soro``f`obfetf o``o tfm`mdao, imvf `'As`ob oppaottaskf su``m stfssm paoem a` smprorozameo`f f a` rozameo`f, kmsà `o `fddf as`obako kmesaifro sm`m kopatm`a iahhfrfeta, bo eme satuota su paoea iahhfrfeta, a` kmbf nasmdeo prfdorf f quoetm nasmdeo `oskaorf ae frfiatã oa had`a. O iavfrsatã ifa krastaoea f ifd`a oetakga, pfr a quo`a `o `fddf ç `o emrbo ia iarattm soekato io` pmpm`m iarfttobfetf m bfiaoetf a suma mrdoea, pfr `'As`ob `o `fddf eme ç o`trm kgf `o iarftto f pfrsmeo`f vm`metã ia Iam, fsprfsso ae kgaorf `fttfrf io` Srmhfto. Ef` kmekfttm busu`boem sa kgaobo "iarattm ia Iam" tuttm quoetm troskfeif a` pravotm aetfrfssf. @f hmeta if``o `fddf smem protakobfetf `f stfssf if``o tfm`mdao:

?)  A` Kmroem, kgf kmetafef astruzamea sua kana, su` botrabmeam, su``'frfiatã f su``f numef boeafrf< >)  `o sueeo , a kua goiĬt smem kmbpmsta io iuf porta: a` tfstm if``o troiazamef f `o sfraf ia tfstabmea bfiaoetf a quo`a sa ç trosbfssm a` rokkmetm (fsastmem voraf rokkm`tf, tuttf skrattf hro `' XAAA f a` W sfkm`m i.K.: o`-Buwotto' ia Bo`al, a iuf [og Ĭg ia Nugora f ia Bus`ab, `f rokkm`tf ia Ane Bodo, ia Onu Io'ui, ot-Yarbaia f ia oe-Eoso'a)< ;)  a` "kmesfesm" (adbď') ifa imtta f ifa dauraspfrata: quf``m kgf go boddamr vo`mrf kmbf hmetf ia `fddf ç quf``m ifa kmbpodea if` Srmhfto, quf``a kgf kmevassfrm kme `ua f `m vaifrm< fstaeto qufsto qufst o  dfefrozamef, a` kmesfesm vo`aim ç quf``m ifa budtogai, mvvfrm ifa dauraspfrata pañ ooutmrfvm`a< utmrfvm`a< 9)  a` rodameobfetm oeo`mdakm (qay ďs) ç aehaef ueo vfro f prmprao oeo`mdao, nosoto sua kosa, rasm`vana`a kme `'oautm if``f trf hmeta prfkfifeta: sa trotto ae protako ia dauiakorf trobatf ue'oeo`mdao rozameo`f pañ f`ostako o sfkmeio ifa kosa.

>.>. @f skum`f dauraiakgf Ef``'obnatm if``'mrtmimssao fsastmem quottrm skum`f dauraiakgf uhhakao`bfetf rakmemskautf kmbf mrtmimssf: ?.  Goeohato: hmeioto io``'mraueim pfrsaoem Onu Goeaho ef``' XAAA sfkm`m< ç `o skum`o rf`otavobfetf pañ `anfro`f if``f o`trf f pañ iaspmsto o``'usm if` rodameobfetm oeo`mdakm< ç iahhuso smprottuttm efa tfrratmra if``'fx i f``'fx Abpfrm mttmboem, ef``'Osao kfetro`f, ef``'Ohdgoeastoe, ae Aeiao f ef` Solastoe< >.  Bď`alato: hmeioto io Bo`al nfe Obos ef``' XAAA sfkm`m< a suma sfduoka smem ottuo`bfetf ef``'Ohrako sfttfetrameo`f (troeef `'Fdattm), f ae portf if``'Ohrako mrafeto`f< ;.  ţďha'ato: hmeioto io os-[oha'a ef` AW sfkm`m< a sfduoka smem smprottuttm ae Nogrfae, ef``'Oronao bfraiameo`f, ae Aeimefsao, ae Fdattm f ef``'Ohrako mrafeto`f< 9.  Goeno`ato: hmeioto io``'u`tro-troiazameo`asto Ogboi Ane Goeno` ef` AW sfkm`m, kgf rfstraedf emtfvm`bfetf `'usm if``'oeo`mdao rozameo`f< a suma sfduoka smem ae Oronao [ouiato, ef``'Mboe f ef` Dm`hm Sfrsakm. @'mrtmimssao obbfttf a` possoddam ia ue busu`boem io ueo skum`o dauraiako o``'o`tro. A praekapa ia qufstf skum`f smem hmeiobfeto`bfetf d`a stfssa f `f iavfrdfezf sa boeahfstoem smprottuttm ef``'opp`akozamef o kosa portakm`ora. `o (aehotta krasa if`tuttf ko`ahhotm Onnosaif efa sfkm`a a` sueeasbm abpmrrãia a`rfdm`f iavaftm ia raeemvorf a` Kme iarattm `f skum`f eoskmem praboWiaf WA, quf` pframim): a` bmbfetm posso o``o stmrao kmbf `o kgausuro if``o pmrto if``o aǤtagďi, kamç

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

toq`ai,, kamç if``‑aetfrprftozamef if` iarattm, su``o quo`f s‑ if``‑ s‑abpmef aevfkf a` kmekfttm if` toq`ai if``‑‑abatozamef okratako if``f aetfrprftozamea if` possotm. Ottuo`bfetf iuequf, a` iarattm as`obakm ç if`` kmiahakotm efa trottota ia haqg haqg (dauraspruifezo  (dauraspruifezo kmroeako), pfiassfquobfetf sfduata. O`kuea stuiamsa kmbuequf krfimem sao pmssana`f oekmro ue pm‑ ia h`fssana`atã ottrovfrsm `f mpaeamea dauraspruifezao`a, hotwã (kmbf  (kmbf quf``o ia Lgmbfaea kme `o quo`f kmeioeeovo kmbf sotoeakm ue `anrm f a` sum ifttf hotwã outmrf): sa trotto ia ue‑mpaeamef fbfsso io ue‑outmratã quo`ahakoto kmbf ue daurfkmesu`tm ( hoqĬg), kgf onnao stuiaotm ae ueo skum`o f onnao ue iap`mbo ia skafezf dauraiakgf busu`boef,  dfefro`bfetf kmemskautm kmbf "buhtĬ". @f hotwã vfedmem fbfssf ef` kosm ae kua eme sa rafskf o raso`arf oi ueo sm`uzamef pfr kosa bmifrea f eumva, oekgf su rakgafsto ia ue krfifetf f pfr ue kosm spfkahakm. Ef``'As`ob, kmsà kmbf a` sokrobfetm ç smstatuatm io` prfkfttm ia `fddf (eme fsastmem sokrobfeta kmbf ef` krastaoefsabm), kmsà a` prftf ç a` imttmrf if``o i f``o `fddf, sfbprf sfkmeim a` praekapam ia kmbpfeftrozamef hro dauraspruifezo f rf`adamef.

>.;. A prfkftta ia `fddf f a kaequf hmeiobfeto`a Xfiaobm mro quo`a smem a prfkftta ia `fddf, oeo`azzoeim sm`obfetf d`a anďiďt, mvvfrm d`a otta ia ku`tm prabo katota. Xo fvaifezaotm kgf, kmbf ef``o tfm`mdao boekoem vfra f prmpra imdba, kmsà ef``o `fddf boekoem otta sokrobfeto`a: pfr a busu`boea, a` imdbo sorfnnf ue pfkkotm ia n`oshfbo prfsuezamef, ae quoetm ifhaeazamef f rodameobfetm uboem su Iam, bfetrf n`oshfbo bodao ç a` sokrobfetm, ae quoetm ottm kgf kmstraedf Iam o iftfrbaeotf mpfrozamea. Imdbo f sokrobfetm kmbf f`fbfeta uboeastakm-bodaka, fsp`akozamea m oiiaratturo prmiuzamea ia `fdda efkfssoraf ef` kobpm if` Iavaem smem abpfesona`a pfr `'ornatroram Iam as`obakm. Sfr a` haqg haqg fsastmem  fsastmem kaequf kotfdmraf `fdo`a, mvvfrm mdea ottm ot tm ç: Imvfrmsm: `o kua mbassamef ç pueato< hro qufsta otta sa iastaedumem quf``a imvfrmsa pfrsmeo`bfetf ?.  Imvfrmsm: (kmbf `o prfdgafro) f quf``a kgf pmssmem fssfrf fsfduata sm`obfetf io ueo portf if``o kmbueatã (kmbf `o dufrro soeto)< >.  ^okkmboeiona`f ^okkmboeiona`f:: `o kua mbassamef eme ç pueato bo `o kua fsfkuzamef ç prfbaoto< Sfrbfssm:: Sfr `o kua mbassamef m fsfkuzamef eme ç prfvasto eá pfeo eá prfbam< ;.  Sfrbfssm 9.  ^aprmvfvm`f ^aprmvfvm`f:: eme pueana`f bo rf`adamsobfetf raprmvfvm`f< 6.  Srmanatm Srmanatm:: ottm prmanatm f pueana`f pfr `fddf. Oi mdea `avf``m kmrraspmeif ueo rfozamef iavfrso io portf if``o kmbueatã f d`a otta pueana`a smem sm`obfetf quf``a prmanata f imvfrmsa. Bm`tf if``f iahhfrfezf hro `f skum`f dauraiakgf stoeem prmpram ef` hottm ia kmesaifrorf kfrta otta kmbf rokkmboeiona`a mppurf pfrbfssa f kmsà vao. Ve ottm `fdo`f puþ fssfrf aem`trf vo`aim m eu``m, prfskaeifeim io` sum droim ia `akfatã: kmsà, pfr fsfbpam, sf uem kmbpaf `o prfdgafro impm `‑on`uzamef kme okquo runoto, `‑ottm ç vo`aim, vo`aim, nfekgá prmanatm f pueana`f. [a iakf kgf Bombfttm ovrfnnf ifttm: "@'As`ob ç nosotm su kaequf hmeiobfeto`a: `o prmhfssamef ia hfif, `o prfdgafro, `'f`fbmsaeo ratuo`f, a` pf``fdraeoddam o``o Bfkko f a` iadauem". _ufsta kaequf otta ku`tuo`a   smem kgaobota a kaequf pa`ostra if``'As`ob  ku`tuo`a if``'As`ob  (orl ďe o`-as`ďb), oa quo`a a boeuo`a ia iarattm as`obakm oddauedmem ue f`fbfetm koemeakm abpmrtoetassabm, `o  purahakozamef  (tog   (togďro), kgf ifvf prfkfifrf tutta d`a otta if` ku`tm: HFIF ( ůogďio): io): eme vo kmehuso kme `o sfbp`akf oifsamef if` kumrf, sa trotto ?)  S^MHF[[AMEF IA HFIF ( qua if``‑ottm `fdo`f ia prmeuekaorf `o sfdufetf hmrbu`o: 00Srmhfssm kgf eme v‑ç o`trm Iam (O``og) f kgf Bugobboi ç `‑aevaotm ia Iam55 ia hrmetf o tfstabmea. Nosto qufsto sfbp`akf iakgaorozamef pfr hor fetrorf kga `o prmeuekao o tutta d`a fhhftta, ef``o kmbueatã busu`boeo, eme pmssfifeim `‑As`ob rata ia aeazaozamef (fs. nottfsabm krastaoem). >)  S^FDGAF^O S^FDGAF^O (  (so` so`ďt): sa aetfeif eme `o prfdgafro aetabo f `anfro if` kumrf io horsa quoeim q uoeim sa vum`f, bo `o prfdgafro ratuo`f, koemeako: sa trotto ia ue "mpfrorf sokro`bfetf". Ef` Kmroem rasu`tfrfnnfrm quottrm prfdgafrf koemeakgf damreo`afrf f ueo prfdgafro emttureo (ae tmto`f 6) f ottuo`bfetf a tfbpa stona`ata smem: `'o`no, a` bfzzmdamrem, a` pmbfraddam, a` trobmetm f `o sfro

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

(E.N.: a` damrem busu`boem, ia >9 mrf, vafef ko`km`otm io ue trobmetm o``'o`trm). `'mnn`adm ia fsfduarf `f kaequf prfdgafrf damreo`afrf aekmbnf o mdea busu`boem ae pafem pmssfssm if``f suf hokm`tã bfeto`a f punfrf (bulo``oh), kgf quaeia ç ae droim ia mnnfiarf o tutta a prfkftta rf`adamsa. Kmeiazamef prf`abaeorf pfr `o prfdgafro ratuo`f ç `o purahakozamef (togďro): eme sm`m `o pfrsmeo if` krfifetf bo oekgf a suma onata f a` sum`m su kua sa trmvo ifvmem fssfrf ratuo`bfetf pura (abpura smem kmesaifrota: pmrka, koea, nfvoeif aefnraoeta, soeduf soedu f f oeabo`a bmrta eme bokf``ota ratuo`bfetf< ue kmetottm kme qufsta rfeif ue busu`boem kmetobaeotm). Iavfrsobfetf io` iarattm skaato, pfr a sueeata `f pfrsmef ifa eme busu`boea smem purf: sm`m kgf ç aetfrifttm `mrm ia fetrorf ef` tfrratmram sokrm if``o Bfkko (pmssmem vasatorf `f bmskgff o` ia humra if``'mroram ia prfdgafro). Fsastmem vora `avf``a ia abpuratã m`trf o` kmetottm kme qufsta mddftta f oeabo`a, onnaobm `m stotm ia abpuratã baemrf ae kua `'umbm puþ ratrmvorsa (fs. tmkkorf pf``f ia imeeo fstroefo, impm ovfr hottm a prmpra nasmdea, impm uem svfeabfetm f kmsà vao) mppurf ia abpuratã boddamrf (fs. impm kmetotta sfssuo`a f pfr `o imeeo, ef` pframim bfstruo`f f pfr quoroeto damrea impm a` portm): `o prabo aetfriakf `o prfdgafro, `o karkubobnu`ozamef aetmrem o``o Lo'no f a` tmkkorf a` Kmroem, bfetrf a` sfkmeim aetfriakf oekgf `'fetroto ae bmskgfo f `'on`uzamef. Onm`askf `m stotm stotm ia abpuratã baemrf `‑on`uzamef f quf``m ia abpuratã boddamrf `‑on`uzamef kmbp`fto. @o @o prabo kmesastf ef` horf a sfdufeta dfsta: `ovorsa a` vasm, `f boea f d`a ovobnrokka haem o` dmbatm, strmpakkaorsa a` kopm kme `o boem nodeoto, `ovorsa a pafia. @o sfkmeio kmesastf ae ue nodem kmbp`ftm. Mriaeoraobfetf ef``f bmskgff sa trmvo tuttm `‑mkkmrrfetf pfr ueo protako fsfkuzamef if``f on`uzamea. Sfr fsfduarf `o prfdgafro a` hfif`f ifvf: o) ae iarfzamef Bfkko< n) ravm`dfrsa prmeuekaorf ae pafia `oif``o hmrbu`o ia aetfezamef (eayyo)< k) prmeuekaorf, kme boea haem o``f spo``f f po`bf ae ovoeta, `o hrosf "O`` ďgu olnor" (Iam ç Bossabm)< i) rfkatorf a` prabm kopatm`m (sŬro) if` Kmroem (H ďtago)< f) aekgaem< h) ae pafia<  d) prmstfreozamef< g) pmsazamef sfiuto< a) prmstfreozamef< `) prmhfssamef ia hfif fi fu`mdao su` Srmhfto< b) hmrbu`o ia so`utm "`o pokf sao su ia vma" (tos`abo). @'aesafbf ia qufsta bmvabfeta hmrbo ueo rol'o (aekgaem), mdea prfdgafro p rfdgafro kmeto ue kfrtm eubfrm ia rol‑o:  rol‑o:  o`bfem > o``'o`no, o`bfem ; o` trobmetm f o`bfem 9 ef``f o`trf. @o prfdgafro puþ kmbpafrsa, o` bmbfetm stona`atm, imvuequf, oekgf sf ç ifsaifrona`f kgf sa kmbpao aesafbf oi o`tra hfif`a ae ueo bmskgfo bmsk gfo (boůdai), ef``f quo`a `o portfkapozamef if``f imeef ç rokkmboeioto io``o `fddf (`'oetahfbbaeasbm ia o`kuea pofsa eme go eu``o o kgf horf kme `'As`ob)< ef``f bmskgff, `o prfdgafro ç sfbprf duaioto io ue iarfttmrf (sfbprf kgaobotm ab ďb), bfetrf `o iarfzamef if``o Bfkko vafef aeiakotm io` bagrďn (eakkgao ef``o porftf). A` tfbpm if``o prfdgafro vafef oeeuekaotm io` bu'oiiae (bufzzae), kgf io``'o`tm ifa baeorfta draio `'aevatm o``o prfdgafro (oiďe). @o prfdgafro ia bfzzmdamrem if` vfefrià ifvf i fvf fssfrf hotto ae ueo bmskgfo oppmsato pañ obpao fi fsso aek`uif oekgf ueo prfiako (gutno) hotto io` prfiakotmrf (got Ĭn), kgf ia sm`atm kmesastf ae `mia o Iam. Fsastmem pma o`trf prfdgafrf rokkmboeiotf: quf``o o bftã if``o emttf, quf``o pfr `o hfsto ifa sokrahaka, quf``o o``o haef if` ^oboi ďe, quf``o pfr a pframia ia sakkatã, pfr `f fk`assa ftk. ^AYVO@F  (zolďt): ef` Kmroem `'f`fbmsaeo ç uem hro a pañ rokkmboeiona`a imvfra ;)  F@FBM[AEO ^AYVO@F  rf`adamsa: sa trotto ia ueo "purahakozamef" if``o prmprao rakkgfzzo ioeimef ueo portf oa nasmdemsa m pfr kousf numef. @'usm dauraiakm iastaeduf hro soioqo , kgf ç `o imeozamef vm`metorao, f zol ďt , kgf ç aevfkf ueo vfro f prmprao tosso rfdm`oto io``o `fddf. Boe boem `o zol ďt iavfeef aehotta ueo vfro f prmprao ifkabo rfdm`oto io``o `fddf kme hmrbu`f prfkasf: nasmdeo iorf (oa pmvfra, oa

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

nasmdemsa, od`a fsottmra, o``o dufrro soeto ftk.) ueo portf ifa prmpra nfea, bo sm`m sf ia qufstf smstoezf (fs. prmimtta ifa kobpa, mrm, ordfetm, nfstaobf ftk.) sa pmssafif ue baeabm hassotm io``o `fddf. Mdda, `o zol ďt   çç protakobfetf koiuto ae iasusm, so`vm imvf `o `fddf as`obako ç sfduato fsottobfetf (Solastoe, Ohdgoeastoe, Oronao [ouiato, Aroe). Ç prfvasto aem`trf ue'f`fbmsaeo spfkao`f io horf o``o haef if` iadauem f `f `anfrf imeozamea pfr skmpa koratotfvm`a.  (soub): ): kme Bombfttm f `'As`ob sa ratmreþ o` ko`feioram 9)  A@ IADAVEM IF@ BF[F IF@ ^OBOI ăE (soub `ueorf purm, quaeia a bfsa busu`boea smem o`tfreotavobfetf ia >1 f ;3 damrea kmsakkgá `'oeem ç kmbpmstm io ;69 damrea. Mdea bfsf kmbaekao f haeaskf, kmbf a` damrem, kme a` trobmetm if` sm`f f, sfkmeim `o `fddf, pfr iakgaororf aeazaotm a` bfsf eme nosto a` ko`km`m, bo ka vmd`amem ifa tfstabmea mku`ora kgf vfioem a` prabm spakkgam ia `ueo if` eumvm bfsf (sf ç euvm`msm `'aeazam s`atto ia ue damrem). A` iadauem vafef fhhfttuotm ef` bfsf ia ^oboi ďe f abp`ako eme sm`m `'ostfefrsa io mdea kanm f nfvoeio, bo oekgf io quo`saosa kmetottm sfssuo`f, io``'o`no o` trobmetm ia kaoskue  damrem. Ç rokkmboeiotm, iuroetf a` pframim if` iadauem, ia eme `atadorf, ia eme km kmekfparf ekfparf kottava ifsaifra, ia eme ko`ueeaorf, ia eme bfetarf. A` iadauem ç vo`aim sm`obfetf sf prfkfiutm io``o eayyo (hmrbu`ozamef if``‑aetfezamef). if``‑aetfezamef). Yo`f iadauem ç iurassabm, spfkao`bfetf quoeim koif efa bfsa fstava io` damrem bm`tm `uedm. Ae dfefro`f, sa kmbpaf ue postm pmkm prabo if``'o`no ( s ďg Ŭr ) pfr raehmrzorsa pfr `o damreoto ia iadauem. A` postm ia rmtturo if` iadauem, impm a` trobmetm, ç kgaobotm hot Ŭr . [mem fsk`usa io` iadauem a baemrfeea, a bo`ota ia bfetf, `f imeef iuroetf `o bfstruozamef, a bo`ota, a vaoddaotmra, a bo`ota krmeaka, `f imeef drovaif m kgf o``ottoem f a vfkkga: qufsta, troeef a vfkkga, a bo`ota krmeaka, a pozza f a baemrfeea (kgf ifvmem horf imeozamea), ifvmem rfkupfrorf pma a` iadauem. O``o haef if` bfsf ia iadauem vafef kf`fnroto `o "pakkm`o " pakkm`o hfsto" kgf, aesafbf o``o "droeif hfsto" kgf sa go ae kmekmbatoezo kme a sokrahaka hotta ae mkkosamef if` pf``fdraeoddam o``o Bfkko, kmstatuaskf ueo if``f iuf hfstf rakmemskautf uhhakao`bfetf io``o `fddf. Kf ef smem o`trf eme uhhakao`a bo protakotf: prabm if``'oeem (bugorrob), eoskato if` Srmhfto, oskfesamef o` kaf`m ia Bombfttm, emttf ae kua Iam iftfrbaeo a` ifstaem ifd`a umbaea f emttf ia ravf`ozamef if` Kmroem (qoior). 6)  SF@@FD^AEODDAM SF@@FD^AEODDAM   (goǤǤ): a rata if` pf``fdraeoddam, ia ifravozamef kgaorobfetf podoeo f prfas`obako, smem `o portf bfem puro if``'As`ob (kgf rapuiao a sokrobfeta). @umdga ia pf``fdraeoddam smem aeeoezatuttm `o bmskgfo if``o Bfkko kme ifetrm `o Lo'no (kme buroto `o Saftro Efro, iftto `o "boem ia Iam"< `'aetfrem ç vumtm bfetrf `'fstfrem ç ravfstatm io ue vf`oram efrm kme skrattf sokrf kobnaotm mdea oeem), `o hmetf ia Zobzob (barokm`msf vartñ tfropfutakgf) f a` boqďb Anrďgab (abprmetf ifa pafia ia Onrobm). A` pf``fdraeoddam ç mnn`adotmram o`bfem ueo vm`to ef``o vato pfr kga onnao a bfzza ia hor`m f pfr kmbpafr`m ç efkfssorao `o eayyo. Eme oppfeo dauetm ef` tfrratmram sokrm if``o Bfkko (gorob), aetfrifttm aetfr ifttm oa eme busu`boea f ef` quo`f ç(agr vaftotm onnottfrf paoetf, a` pf``fdraem pmrsa ae stotma kopf``a ia sokro`azzozamef ďb), ukkaifrf iuroetf a`oeabo`a quo`f ç fprmanatm ovfrf roppmrta sfssuo`a,ifvf roifrsa, tod`aorsa f `f uedgaf f nasmdeo vfstarf iuf poeea pu`ata eme kukata. Sfr okkmrkaorf qufstm prmkfssm, `o `fddf kmekfif oa pf``fdraea ia kmbpafrf ueo "vasato baemrf" ('ubro) prabo if` vfrm pf``fdraeoddam: sa ho a` tow ďh, mvvfrm `o karkubobnu`ozamef if``o Lo'no pfr 4 vm`tf ae sfesm oetamroram, f pma `o kmrso hro [oh ď  f Borwo pfr 4 vm`tf. A` pf``fdraeoddam kmbp`ftm kmesastf aevfkf ef` sfdufetf prmdrobbo: portfezo io``o Bfkko (a` 4 if` bfsf), smsto o Baeã, orravm ef``o paoeuro ia 'Oroho (`'7) f smsto iovoeta o` "Bmetf if``o Basfrakmriao" (7-1), smsto o Buziã`aho (a` 1) f aeiaftrm haem o Baeã (a` ?3)< qua a` pf``fdraeoddam haeaskf, bo kga eme go hottm a` darm if``o Lo'no ifvf hor`m impm a` pf``fdraeoddam. @'?? a` ?> f a` ?; if` bfsf smem damrea ia hfsto, iuroetf a quo`a ç oiiaratturo vaftotm a` iadauem kmesaifrotm sfbprf bfratmram.

>.9. A` Ǥagďi Ef` kosm if``o `fddf skaato, fsastf oekgf ue sfstm pa`ostrm, quf``m if``o dufrro soeto (Ǥagďi), kgf ioa sueeata eme ç kmesaifrotm ue pa`ostrm bo ç kmbuequf mnn`adotmrao km``fttavobfetf. Kme Ǥagďi, kgf sadeahako `fttfro`bfetf "shmrzorsa", a` Kmroem aifetahako prfskrazamea bm`tm dfefro`a, io ue'obpao

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

tm``froezo eme-vam`feto o ueo dufrro purobfetf iahfesavo. Hu ae fhhftta a` Kmroem o hmeiorf `o imttraeo if` Ǥagďi, aekatoeim smprottuttm o` kmbnottabfetm vam`fetm (v. suro 1, "Xfrsfttm if``o [poio"), bo hu `o `fttfroturo if``o troiazamef ifd`a goiĬt o ifskravfrf ef` ifttod`am kmbf a busu`boea imvfssfrm kmbnottfrf f pfr kmso (tro a sfkm`a XAAA f AW, quaeia iavfrsa ifkfeea impm `o bmrtf if` Srmhfto: tro a praekapo`a, a` Laton o`-jagoi ia o`-Bunorol f `f sfa rokkm`tf koemeakgf if``'As`ob sueeato). M`trf od`a ospftta protaka if``o dufrro (pfkkota, prmanazamea iuroetf a` kmbnottabfetm, sportazamef if` nmttaem, trottobfetm ifa pradameafra, strotfdaf ba`atora, pmssana`f portfkapozamef if``f imeef, dfstamef ifa kovo``a, prfporozamef psakm`mdako ifa kmbnottfeta o``o vattmrao), fbfrdf kgaorobfetf `'ospfttm rfifetmrf if` Ǥagďi, ae boeafro oeo`mdo o quoetm ovvafef ef``o troiazamef krastaoeo: sfkmeim `o troiazamef, `o spoio, aesafbf o``o saekfro aetfezamef if` kmbnottfetf, spozzo vao a pfkkota if` krfifetf f pfrbfttf ia okkfifrf o` Soroiasm< aem`trf, a` kmetaeum kmbnottabfetm o``metoeo a` busu`boem io qufstm bmeim f o`abfeto a` sum ifsaifram ia onatorf ef``'o`ia`ã. Ve'u`tframrf prfkasozamef su``o quo`atã if``o dufrro `o hmreà pma a` iarattm as`obakm, kmiahakotmsa o portarf io` AW sfkm`m f nosotm su Kmroem f goiĬt. [fkmeim a` iarattm as`obakm, a` Ǥagďi iavfeto mnn`adm pfrsmeo`f ia tutta a krfifeta kopoka ia pmrtorf orba sm`m ae kosm ia oddrfssamef< ae tfmrao, sorfnnf rokkmboeiona`f o`bfem ueo kobpodeo `'oeem kmetrm d`a aehfif`a, aeh fif`a, kmetrm kamç quf` I ďr o`Gorn (koso if``o dufrro mssao tfrratmra eme as`obaka) kgf a daurasta kmetroppmedmem o` I ďr o`-As`ďb (koso if``'As`ob: tfrratmra as`obaka)< o qufstf iuf sa oddauedf a` Iďr o`-[u`g, mvvfrm a tfrratmra ae kua a busu`boea stapu`oem trottota m trfduf. _ufsto traportazamef f`onmroto io` iarattm prfsuppmef quaeia kgf a busu`boea eme saoem ae stotm pfrboefetf ia dufrro ueavfrso`f, bo kgf va saoem toppf su``o vao if``'aefvatona`f f haeo`f vattmrao if``'As`ob: ka pmssmem quaeia fssfrf oekgf bmbfeta ia pokf kme `f pmpm`ozamea eme busu`boef, pfrkgá `o dufrro ç pmssana`f, bo eme efkfssorao. @'ottokkm od`a aehfif`a ifvf kmbuequf fssfrf prfkfiutm io ue kgaorm aevatm o kmevfrtarsa f sm`m impm ue fsp`akatm rahautm sa ifvf prmkfifrf o``o dufrro: sf qufsto vafef iakgaoroto sfezo prftfstm, prftfst m, o``mro ç kmesaifroto ue vfrm f prmpram mbakaiam. @o `fddf prmanaskf `'ukkasamef ia imeef, nobnaea, vfkkga, bmeoka f ae  dfefrf aefrba, m`trf ia iastruddfrf a pmssfssa if` efbakm f ia rmvaeoref `f kosf. A` Kmroem ho aem`trf ueo iastaezamef hro vfra f prmpra aehfif`a ( l ďhar ) f pfrsmef opportfefeta o rf`adamea rakmemskautf io``'As`ob kmbf ravf`otf, bo onrmdotf io fssm (Krastaoefsabm, Fnroasbm, [onfasbm): qufsta voeem kmbnottuta eme haem o kgf sa kmevfrtoem, bo haem o kgf sa smttmbfttoem o``'As`ob, boetfefeim jazyo,, a` kua skmpm `anfrobfetf `o prmprao rf`adamef ae kobnam if` podobfetm ia ue tranutm, `o jazyo praboram fro, io` puetm ia vasto rf`adamsm, `'uba`aozamef (kme stotutm pfrsmeo`f prmpram, `anfrtã ia ku`tm f sfdea ia rakmemskabfetm< vfedmem ifhaeata "prmtftta" m "dfetf if` @anrm).

>.6. Kmstuba pravota f prmanazamea  Xfiaobm mro o`kuef prfskrazamea if``o `fddf ifiakotf o bmbfeta krukao`a if``o vato if``'umbm: o)  EO[KAYO EO[KAYO:: ç rokkmboeiona`f sokrahakorf iuf kopa ia nfstaobf pfr `o eoskato ia ue boskgam f uem sm`m pfr `o eoskato ia ueo hfbbaeo f iastranuarf f`fbmsaef oa pmvfra. @'abpmsazamef if` embf ovvafef o` sfttabm damrem bfetrf `o karkmekasamef, eme bfezameoto ef` Kmroem, ç ue usm oetakgassabm ifd`a Orona prfas`obaka raprfsm ioa busu`boea. Kmbuequf, tutta a busu`boea va sa smttmpmedmem f kmesaifroem to`f protako ue sfdem iastaetavm if``‑As`ob.  if``‑As`ob.  n)  BOY^ABMEAM, IMEEF F [KGAOXAYV': [KGAOXAYV': a` Kmroem obbfttf `o pm`adobao, hassoeim o 9 a` eubfrm bossabm ia bmd`a, bfetrf ç a``abatotm a` eubfrm ia skgaovf kmekunaef. A` botrabmeam, eme kmesaifrotm sokrobfetm io``'As`ob, ç sfbp`akassabm f ia sm`atm vafef kf`fnrotm iovoeta o ue  dauiakf. Kme a` kmetrottm, `m spmsm sa abpfdeo o vfrsorf o``o spmso ueo imtf. @o `fddf obbfttf a` botrabmeam ia ue busu`boem kme imeef if``o "dfetf if` @anrm", bo eme vakfvfrso f a` iavmrzam ç bm`tm hoka`f. @o imeeo ç kmesaifroto aehframrf o``'umbm io` Kmroem, tuttovao `o satuozamef satu ozamef rfo`f if``o imeeo efa pofsa as`obaka, o kouso ia troiazamea f prfdauiaza fstroefa o``o `fddf rf`adamso, ç bm`tm pfddamrf ia quoetm a` Kmroem f `o @fddf prfskravmem: `'oetahfbbaeasbm fro trmppm hmrtf pfr fssfrf supfrotm, supfrotm, io qua pfr fsfbpam `‑usm if` vf`m (eme prfsfetf ef` Kmroem). Kmroem). _uoetm o``o skgaovatñ, kmsà kmbf ef` Krastaoefsabm, qufsto ç rakmemskauto io` Kmroem kmbf ue iotm ia hottm

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

smkao`f: ef` Kmroem ç pfrþ pañ batadoto f `m skgaovm go sfbprf dmiutm ia ueo numeo kmeiazamef efa pofsa as`obaka (aehotta, sfkmeim `o @fddf a` raskottor skgaova ç kmesaifroto mpfro hro `f pañ bfratmraf pmssana`a f `m skgaovm dmif ia porzao`a iaratta). Ç vaftotm io``o `fddf rfeifrf skgaovm ue busu`boem. BM^YF:: ae kosm ia bmrtf ka smem quottrm mpfrozamea io horf: on`uzamef kmbp`fto if` koiovfrf, k)  BM^YF ovvm`dabfetm if` koiovfrf ae suioraa, prfdgafro ifa bmrta f sfppf``abfetm (su` `otm ifstrm kme vasm vfrsm `o Bfkko). Srabo if` ifhaeatavm sfppf``abfetm, impm kgf a` koiovfrf ç stotm ifpmstm ef``o hmsso sa uso 00sfddfrarf55 o` bmrtm `o prmhfssamef ia hfif pfrkgá fssm raspmeio nfef o``f imboeif ifd`a oedf`a Buelor f Eolar. Ç usoezo horf ue noekgfttm huefnrf a` sfttabm f a` quoroetfsabm damrem impm `o bmrtf, bo eme ef` damrem if` sfppf``abfetm. Fsastmem pma o`trf prfskrazamea m prmanazamea sfkmeim `o `fddf kmroeako: •  •  •  •  •  • 

ç prmanatm `'usm ia vosa i'mrm f i'ordfetm pfr a noekgftta, kmsà kmbf `'usm ia bmea`a i'mrm f i'ordfetm pfr d`a umbaea (iavaftm rabostm sfbprf tfmrakm)< oekgf `o sfto ç prmanato< ç prmanatm raprmiurrf abbodaea ia fssfra vavfeta f oekgf a` pmssfssm ia fssf< ç prmanatm a` damkm i'ozzorim f a` prfstatm o aetfrfssf< fsastmem `abatozamea pfr `o busako f a` koetm< ç prmanatm boedaorf koref ia boao`f, soeduf f oeabo`a eme bokf``ota ratuo`bfetf< ç prmanatm `'usm ia nfvoeif o`km`akgf (oekgf sf `o skum`o goeohato prmanaskf sm`m a` vaem). A` Kmroem prmanà a` vaem sm`m droiuo`bfetf, bfetrf prabo `m aeiakovo kmbf "nume o`abfetm".

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

KOSAYM@M ;: @O BA[YAKO  BA[YAKO  Aeazao`bfetf duorioto kme ue kfrtm smspfttm iod`a obnafeta troiazameo`a, km` possorf if` tfbpm f kme bastako,, kgaoboto pañ prfkasobfetf suhasbm , a` kmetranutm ia outmra kmbf o`-_usoyra f Dozzo`a `o bastako iavfeef portf aetfdroetf if``o sparatuo`atã busu`boeo. @o bastako eme sm`m o``adeþ vadmrmsobfetf ef``‑mrtmimssao sueeato, bo oeza f smprottuttm ef` sueeasbm kgf fsso trmvþ a pañ o`ta, a pañ prmhmeia f to`vm`to a pañ fstrfba ropprfsfetoeta, bfetrf `m skaasbm `m kmesaifrþ f `o kmesaifro kme bm`tm boddamr smspfttm. Nasmdeo, oezatuttm, tfefrf prfsfetf kgf bastakasbm ç ue kmetottm pfrsmeo`f f iarfttm i arfttm hro umbm f Iam: `‑As`ob sueeato, `oskao `o bossabo `anfrtã f imdbotako f spf spfrabfeto`f, rabfeto`f, o` sum hmrm aetfrem, m bfd`am, eme sf ef aetfrfsso. Eme fsastfeim, aem`trf, eá sokfrimta s okfrimta eá sokrobfeta>, ueo vm`to kgf a` busu`boem pam go fsfduatm rfdm`orbfetf a suma mnn`adga `fdo`a ç pfrhfttobfetf o pmstm kme `o `fddf f puþ oekgf por`orf iarfttobfetf kme Iam kmbf vum`f. A` bastakasbm mrtmimssm ç quaeia ef``'As`ob `'ossm`uto pfrsmeo`atã ia Iam kgf ç spaeto o ue puetm to`f kgf eme k'ç pañ pmstm pfr o`trf pfrsmef rfo`a kgf eme saoem `o [uo pfrsmeo< ç ueo vm`uttã fstrfbo ia outmefdozamef f ia ohhfrbozamef ia Iam< ç `'okkfetuozamef if``'ueakatã ia Iam kgf pmrto a` bastakm oi ohhfrborf oiiaratturo pm`atfasbm `o suo stfsso fsastfezo outmembo.

;.>. @f tfeifezf ftfrmimssf if` suhasbm _uf``o kgf onnaobm oppfeo vastm ç `o tfeifezo pañ mrtmimsso if` suhasbm, okkfttoto io``'mrtmimssao. Xa smem oekgf if``f tfeifezf bastakgf ftfrmimssf: o)  Iam sm`m ç ifdem ia fssfrf f ia fsastfrf: ohhfrborf `'fsastfezo sao pur baeabobfetf outmembo ia o`tra fssfrf ç nfstfbbao. Yo`f vao fbmzameo`f vfrsm a` poetfasbm kmevfrdf kme quf``o ia tapm pañ pfrakm`msm f bftohasakm, kgf prmvafef io``'ottranuzamef o Iam if` tfrbaef o`-Goqq, "`o ^ ^fo`tã". fo`tã". @o prabo vao fbmzameo`f rfsto purobfetf as`obako fi ç tm``froto io``'mrtmimssao, kgf skuso d`a fkkfssa vfrno`a ("storf aesafbf kme Iam" 2 n`oshfbao) trobatf `'fsprfssamef "oeeafetorsa ae Iam". n)  Okkfetuoeim `o troskfeifezo ia Iam sa dauedf oekgf o ueo suo troskfeifezo bmro`f: Iam, kamç, ç o` ia `ã if` nfef f if` bo`f. A pfrakm`a ia ftfrmimssao orravoem quoeim o`kuea bastaka kmbaekaoem o abbfrdfrsa trmppm ef``'ottm ifstaeoetf iavaem, o bfttfrsa trmppm ef``o portf ia Iam, I am, sfetarsa fssa stfssa o` ia `ã if` nfef f if` bo`f. k)  Ve drovf pfrakm`m pfr `'mrtmimssao ç `o iabaeuzamef if``'abpmrtoezo bftohasako if``o pfrsmeo if` Srmhfto ae kfrtf hmrbf ia bastakasbm. A` bastakm smstafef ia ovfrf ravf`ozamea io Iam, toetm io iakgaororsa supframra oiiaratturo o` Srmhfto: pfr `'mrtmimssao aevfkf `f ravf`ozamea, kmbf soppaobm, smem `abatotf oa sm`a Srmhfta. Ae qufstm kosm tuttm sa puþ rasm`vfrf bfiaoetf smtta`a shuboturf ia tfrbaea tfkeaka. Daã a` Kmroem  ae   ae ue possm bm`tm aetfrfssoetf sfbnro `abatorf o trf hmrbf ia 00ravf`ozamef55 ia Iam o``f krfoturf, kaþ puþ ovvfearf: •  ottrovfrsm ue‑asparozamef (aetabm suddfrabfetm )  sfezo porm`f kmbf puþ ovvfearf pfr fsfbpam pfr d`a oeabo`a< •  Efa smdea m ae vasamea o``usavf •  ^avf`ozamef rfkatoto f hmrbu`oto o porm`f bfiaoetf ue oedf`m kgf ravf`o kmekrfta ifttoba ia `fddf o ue Srmhfto. [m`m qufst‑u`tabo hmrbo ia ravf`ozamef ç rasfrvoto o` bfssoddfrm ia Iam. I am. i)  O`trm pfrakm`m ç `'aifo ia "[oetm" (ow`ay ď', "obakm" ia Iam), kgf, spfkao`bfetf ef` bastakasbm pmpm`orf, ç ifdfefroto ae vfefrozamef pfr `'umbm pmrtoto o `abata fstrfba, a` km`bm if``o n`oshfbao pfr a` kmsà fstrfbobfetf okkfetuotm tfmkfetrasbm as`obakm< f)  Sfr pmtfr rfeifrf okkfttona`a o``'mrtmimssao `f `mrm tfmraf, a bastaka usoem spfssm `'aetfrprftozamef o``fdmrako (to'w Ĭ`) ifa tfrbaea pañ oetrmpmbmrhastaka if``o tfm`mdao: sa kmrrf qua a` pfrakm`m ia ueo > E.N.:

emtaobm kgf quaeia ef` bmeim krastaoem mkkaifeto`f fsastf `o sfporozamef hro Kgafso f [totm, kme `o Kgafso kgf go ifa prmpra huezameora< ef` bmeim as`obakm qufsto sfporozamef eme fsastf f `fddf f rf`adamef voeem o kmaekaifrf: `m skmpm if``'As`ob ç trosbfttfrf ue mriaef if` bmeim f ohhfrbor`m, aehotta fssm iftto `f rfdm`f if` vavfrf uboem.

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

vfro f prmprao voeahakozamef ifa iota pañ kmekrfta if``o ravf`ozamef. A bastaka tm`dmem mdea rfo`tã kmrpmrfo, kgf `o troiazamef mrtmimsso aevfkf kgafif onnaoem, o` bmeim ifa 00emvassaba55, o` poroiasm f o``'aehfrem, hokfeimef stoia ia fspfrafezo aetframrf ef` kmetottm m ef``‑o``metoeobfetm ef``‑o``metoeobfetm   io``o ^fo`tã [uprfbo. Sfr fvatorf qufstf tfeifezf ftfrmimssf, a` suhasbm mrtmimssm sa kmehaduro kmbf ue opprmhmeiabfetm fbmzameo`f f pfrsmeo`f if``f vfratã rf`adamsf if``'As`ob, praekapo`bfetf ae trf iarfzamea: Yfm`mdakm-imdbotako: a` suhasbm mpfro ue opprmhmeiabfetm if``'As`ob, smprottuttm ef` sfesm ia ?.  Yfm`mdakm-imdbotako: ueo aetfrprftozamef aetframrf, pañ sparatuo`azzoto, ifa iota if``o ravf`ozamef. D`a mrtmimssa  dfefro`bfetf fvatoem fvatoem ia prfeifrf pmsa pmsazamea zamea ae qufstamea tfm`mdakgf f a` `mrm suhasbm ç smprottuttm smprottuttm fbmzameo`f. Sfr qufstm opprmhmeiabfetm fssa sa ovvo`dmem ifa iota kmroeaka: •  kmekftta ia Iam-@ukf f Iam-^fo`tã< •  ospftta oetrmpmbmrhastaka if` poroiasm kmroeakm vasta kmbf stota sparatuo`a o`tassaba ef``o `fttfroturo bastako (hrutta, Daoriaea, if`azaf ftk.)< •  sfesm vavm if``o "`fddfeio": a` Kmroem onnmeio ia f`fbfeta suddfstava (vaoddam ia Bmsá, vaoddam ia "_uf``m if``f Iuf Kmreo"), toetm kgf ae o`kuea possa `m stfssm Bombfttm por`o ia fspfrafezf pfrsmeo`a bastakgf, fi fsastf ue dustm pfr `'opprmhmeiabfetm `fddfeioram bm`tm vavm (smprottuttm ae outmra kmbf o`-Asroq), kme a bastaka kgf smstatuaskmem o``o sfbp`akf f rmzzo psakm`mdao mrtmimsso ueo pañ shuboto (v. traportazamef if``'oeabo: kumrf, sparatm f kumrf ifa kumra). @o stmrao if``'oeabo uboeo ç aesmbbo vasto kmbf ueo `uedo fvm`uzamef fi ohhaeobfetm io` nrutm o``'oedf`m. Bfetrf a bastaka mrtmimssa rfstoem ottokkota o` kmekfttm ia krfozamef, d`a ftfrmimssa smem spfssm skavm`ota io quf``m ia krfozamef o` kmekfttm ia fboeozamef< ae ^uba, pfr fsfbpam, km`ua kgf obo a` horf ia Iam ç d`mramsm, km`ua kgf obo kaþ kgf Iam go hottm ç ue baskrfifetf: nasmdeo bfttfrsa io` puetm ia vasto ia Iam, oborf a` sum `anfrassabm odarf puetuo`f, eme a` iotm ia hottm mrboa supfrotm f kmekrftazzotm (kmekfttm ia Iam-Ortasto). Bmro`f:: @'ftako ç hmrsf `o zmeo sparatuo`f ae kua a` suhasbm ç portakm`orbfetf nfefbfratm pfr ue >.  Bmro`f rohhaeobfetm ifa kmstuba f ue aedfeta`abfetm if``o vato aeiavaiuo`f f smkao`f ifd`a obnafeta as`obaka. A` puetm ia portfezo ç sfbprf a` sfesm ia tmto`f skgaovatñ f suiiatoezo if``'umbm vfrsm Iam ('unŬiĬ yo),  yo), io` quo`f, poroimsso`bfetf, sf rfo`azzoto kme prmhmeiatã, eoskf `o ravf`ozamef ravf`ozamef ia ueo suprfbo `anfrtã if` bastakm. Eme o kosm, a` suhasbm bmstro ueo spakkoto tfeifezo o ue pfssabasbm ef` dauiakorf a` bmeim f `o koref f ae o`kuea possa d`a stfssa bmeoka krastaoea f `o `mrm kostatã ossm`uto, vasto io``'mrtmimssao as`obako kmbf kmso prmanato, smem `miota. A` zugui (oskftasbm) puþ fssfrf vastm io trf pueta ia vasto: o) raeuekao o kaþ kgf ç prmanatm (oskftasbm ia bosso), n) raeuekao o` pfrbfssm supfrh`um (oskftasbm ifd`a f`ftta) f k) raeuekao o tuttm kaþ kgf puþ o``metoeorf `'umbm io Iam iastoezo (oskftasbm demstaka). Ae tutta tutt aYapakm qufstaif``'ftako `avf``a sa emto a` kmekfttm prfia`fttm if``'As`ob: `'onasso`f hroifd`a a` [ademrf f a` [frvm. suhasto ç oekgf `'opprmhmeiabfetm ae sfesm ftakm ifa prfkftta ia `fddf. ;.  @aturdakm-protako @aturdakm-protako:: `o `aturdao bastako baro smstoezao`bfetf o prmiurrf `m stoiam suprfbm if``o vao bastako, `'fstosa kamç `'oeeafetobfetm ae Iam (hoe ď'), `'ueamef. D`a stoia vora if``o vao bastako smem iastaeta ae "stozamea" ia kua `'umbm sa opprmprao f ia "stoia" kgf, sfezo kmekmrsm if``'umbm, ko`oem ef` sum kumrf io``'o`tm. Impm a` hoeď' k'ç, pfr a` bastakm busu`boem, a` noq ď' na'``ďg, mvvfrm a` pfrboefrf ftfreobfetf ae f kme Iam. Ve ottm `aturdakm hro a pañ abpmrtoeta pfr prmiurrf qufsta stota (m bfd`am, ae kmekmbatoezo km` quo`f Iam krfo ef` bastakm ifd`a stota, s tota, pfrkgá ç sfbprf Iam kgf krfo) ç a` kmsaiifttm ialr, kamç `o bfezamef if` embf ia Iam m ia quo`kgf sum ottranutm. A` ialr sa iastaeduf sao io``o prfdgafro pfrsmeo`f kgf io``o prfdgafro koemeako pfrkgá fssm ifvf rfstorf efa kumra ifd`a umbaea ae mdea bmbfetm f eme sm`m ae kfrta bmbfeta oiotta. @f voraf skum`f bastakgf goeem a `mrm spfkao`a tapa ia ialr. @o skum`o (tor Ĭqo, "vao bastako") km` rf`otavm bofstrm ç a` protakm bfzzm aeiaspfesona`f pfr a` bastakm kgf vmd`ao roddauedfrf `m skmpm if` sum vodorf vfrsm Iam. [m`m impm ovfr`o pfrkmrso oppafem f smttm `o duaio ia ue bofstrm (burůai, "duaio", m ůoag, "vfkkgam") a` iaskfpm`m (bur Ĭi) dauedf o``m stoiam if``o rfo`tã m rfo`azzozamef m  demsa (goqĬqo).

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

Ç usuo`f efa trottota ia suhasbm vfifr iastaeta oppueta a trf stoia: ?.  ůorĬ'o (`fddf koemeako: ç, ia hottm, `o tfm`mdao as`obako mrtmimsso)< >.  torĬqo (ratm f rfdm`o ia kmehrotfreato)< ;.  goqĬqo (rfo`azzozamef if``'ossm`utm). @o efkfssatã if` Bofstrm ç iuequf hmeiobfeto`f: efssuem puþ roddauedfrf a` tfrzm stoiam sfezo qufstm aetfrbfiaoram. Io``'aifo ia Bofstrm ifravo ueo dfrorkgao ia soeta kgf a suhasta smem oeiota kmstrufeim f o` kua sto a` @o pm`mtmto`atorao (qutn), soeta kgf ae bmim bastframsm dmvfreoem a` bmeim f `f kua tmbnf smem mrovfrtakf vfefrotf. f bmem`atako kmekfetrozamef if` iavaem ef``'ueako pfrsmeo ia O``ďg (d`a oedf`a, ef``'As`ob, smem a suma sfrva) sa vafef prfssm a bastaka ue pm' ia`ufeim. Hmeiobfeto`f ç pma, oekgf sf ia hottm eme tuttf `f skum`f `o fsadoem ae protako, ç `o pmvfrtã (hoqr) kgf oeza go iotm a` embf, ae kfrtf kmetroif, oa bastaka protakoeta, mvvfrm a hoqĬr, a "pmvfra". @o pmvfrtã ç kmekfttm daã bm`tm oetakm ef``'As`ob f raso`f o``f usoezf fstrfbobfetf porsabmeamsf f porkgf ia Bombfttm f ifd`a stfssa Orona if` ifsfrtm. O `avf``m protakm, kmbpautm a` daurobfetm f a` pottm ia aeazaozamef, a` Bofstrm kmbaekao o ravf`orf o` emvazam a` ialr, kgf ia sm`atm ç uem spfkao`f embf ia Iam (`o troiazamef vum`f kgf saoem 11, bfetrf a` kfetfsabm sorfnnf ademtm f ovrfnnf prmpraftã barokm`msf). A` imkubfetm hmeiobfeto`f ia ueo skum`o bastako ç `o wos Ĭ yo,  yo, "`fdotm tfstobfetoram" if` hmeiotmrf, kmetfefetf fsmrtozamea bastakgf f bmro`a. M`trf oa ialr, mdea skum`o pmssafif spfkao`a prfdgafrf supfrfrmdotmraf f voraf protakgf kmbf iadauea i adauea fxtro, k`ousuro, sa`fezam f vodonmeiorf. A` bastakm bfbnrm ia ueo kmehrotfreato ia sm`atm ç vfstatm ia ue soam ia rmzzo `oeo fi fsastmem tfstabmeaoezf ia praba bmeostfra ef` AW sfkm`m i.K. Busako f koetm, bo` vasta io``'mrtmimssao, smem spfssm prmbmssa io``f skum`f bastakgf, aesafbf f protakgf fstrfbf kmbf outm`fsameasbm, aedmaorf sfrpa f spoif ftk. _ufstf protakgf spfssm pmrtoem oi ue hoeotasbm fsodfrotm kgf skmppao ae fpasmia ia aekmetrm``oto xfemhmnao f vam`fezo.

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

KOSAYM@M AX: @O ţĪ'O F @F

KMBVEAYO' EME [VEEA [VEEAYF YF

9.?.  Mradaea stmrakgf if``m skaasbm @'As`ob hae qua ifskrattm ç `'As`ob sueeato, mvvfrm `'As`ob ia km`mrm kgf kgaoboem sf stfssa "`o dfetf if``o troiazamef f if``o kmbueatã ( Ǥobď'o)": a` `mrm ottfddaobfetm prfsuppmef ue'outmratã rf`adamso eme kmekfetroto ae pfrsmef (oi fsk`usamef if` Srmhfto), bo ae ue `anrm, a` Kmroem , f ef``o aetfrprftozamef kmbueatorao if` bfifsabm ottrovfrsm tuttm ue `ovmram ia dfefrozamea ia imtta f  daurasta. Oekgf d`a skaata pmtrfnnfrm kgaoborsa "dfetf if``o troiazamef", ae quoetm goeem `o `mrm vfefrozamef pfr `f troiazamea if` Srmhfto, bfetrf eme pmtrfnnfrm iarsa houtmra if``o aetfrprftozamef kmbueatorao prmpram ae quoetm ç puetm puet m kfetro`f if``o `mrm imttraeo `o kmekfetrozamef if``o outmratã rf`adamso ae kfetra-pfrsmef. [fkmeim d`a skaata, Bombfttm ovrfnnf aehotta embaeotm ue sukkfssmrf (abďb), outmrfvm`f aetfrprftf oekgf imttraeoram (eme sm`m iahfesmrf if``o `fddf f kopm if``o kmbueatã kmbf a` Ko`ahhm sueeato) if``o suo porm`o, f qufsta ue o`trm. A` puetm saedm`orf ç kgf `o boddamr portf ifd`a skaata ho kfssorf qufsto sukkfssamef ae ue bmbfetm prfkasm if` tfbpm, pfrkaþ `o "zmeo stmrako sokro" outmrfvm`f, imkfetf, ç pfr fssa pañ `uedo ia quf``o sueeato, kgf sa hfrbo o``o bmrtf ia Bombfttm. @o porm`o ůĬ'o sadeahako 'o sadeahako `fttfro`bfetf "hozamef "hozamef", ", "portatm". Hae io``o bmrtf if` Srmhfto ka hurmem pfrsmef ef``o kmbueatã busu`boeo kgf smstfeefrm fssfrf 'O`Ĭ, kmbf a` pañ vakaem porfetf boskgam if` Srmhfto (sum dfefrm) f uem ifa pañ paa f oetakga krfifeta, a` `fdattabm sum sukkfssmrf: hu quaeia io``'aeazam ueo qufstamef purobfetf pm`atako. [tuia rfkfeta goeem hottm ueo pm`atako, ia portadaoea purobfetf pm`ataka ia 'O`Ĭ  f ifd`a o`aia a quo`a iastaezamef hro ueo hozamef pm`atako, pmtfvoem ovfrf oekgf tfmraf strfttobfetf sueeatf, f ueo hozamef rf`adamso, rf`adamso, ia fetusaosta, io``f aiff hmrtfbfetf km`mrotf ia f`fbfeta demstaka, a` kua kfetrm hu smprottuttm Luho ae Bfsmpmtobao f a` kua prabm ropprfsfetoetf hu o`-Bugtor. Ç io qufst'u`tabo kgf ifravoem tfeifezf fstrfbf kmbf `'asboa`asbm fi ç oekgf `o pañ oetako: fsso pma eme sfbprf ç kmeefsso o pfrsmeodda if``o hobad`ao o`aif f eme sfbprf o iaskfeifeta if` i f` robm gusoaeato if``o bfifsabo (io Gusoae, had`am iiaa 'O`Ĭ, bmrtm ae kmbnottabfetm ef` 873 i.K.). _uo` ç, ae As`ob, a` bftrm pfr aifetahakorf kmbf 00frftako55 ueo imttraeo= Ve bftrm prfkasm pfr ifhaearf "frftako" ueo imttraeo eme fsastf ef``'As`ob. Kmbuequf, d`a skaata eme efdoem `o prmhfzao ia Bombfttm, eá `o suo ifhaeatavatã ef` tfbpm: smem quaeia, sfkmeim a` bftrm ia o`-Dozzo`a, smstoezao`bfetf ifd`a mrtmimssa. Bo `o `mrm ftfrmimssao praekapo`f sto ef` eme oiottorsa o``'a Ǥbď' (kmesfesm if``o kmbueatã, kmbueatã, ifa tfm`mda), prfhfrfeimd`a `'outmratã pfrsmeo`f ia ue abďb  imkfetf. iavaeatã"" kgf fssa @'ftfrmimssao if``f voraf kmbueatã skaatf ç basurona`f sfkmeim a` droim ia "iavaeatã ottranuaskmem o``o pfrsmeo if``'abďb f sfdufeim qufstm kratfram sa pmssmem iastaedufrf trf kotfdmraf ia hozamef hozamef:: fstrfbo (asboa`ato f o`trf kmbueatã): smem quo`kgf kfetaeoam ia bad`aoao iahhusa ue pm' mvuequf< fstrfbo (asboa`ato bfiao (iumifkaboeo):  (iumifkaboeo): ç `o pañ abpmrtoetf kme 63 ba`amea ia hfif`a fi ç iahhuso ae Solastoe, Aeiao, •  bfiao Aroq, Osao smvaftako f Sfrsao< bmifroto (zoaiato):  (zoaiato): smem karko 6-8 ba`amea kmekfetrota smprottuttm ef``m Qfbfe. •  bmifroto • 

Veo droeif iahhakm`tã pfr ueo trottozamef smbborao s mbborao if``f imttraef skaatf sto ef``o `mrm droeif voraftã f ef``‑aetrakotfzzo ef``‑aetrakotfzzo ioa roppmrta stmrakm-rf`adamsa hro `f voraf sfttf. 9.>. @o ůĬ'o iumifkaboeo: `'abobasbm

@o ůĬ'o hu 'o hu abpmsto oa Sfrsaoea ef` WXA sfkm`m io``o iaeostao turko ifa [ohovaia, a quo`a, ae mradaef sueeata, rafsubormem oetakga trottota ia tfm`mdao skaato f hfkfrm vfearf prfiakotmra f prmpodoeiasta io``o [arao bfraiameo`f f io``'Oronao pfr `o skaatazzozamef if` pofsf. Ç ue kobnaobfetm abpmrtoetassabm, bo smem efkfssoraf o`kuef prfbfssf: `o ůĬ'o 'o,, eoskf kmbf ue hfembfem rf`adamsm oronm f daã km` tfbpm ovfvo trmvotm ef``o Sfrsao ue tfrrfem portakm`orbfetf hfrta`f. Aem`trf,

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

ef``‑fvm`uzamef if``f prmpraf imttraef, ef``‑fpmko onnosaif sa fro daã bfskm`oto o krfifezf demstakgf m `fdotf o` bmeim rf`adamsm pfrsaoem, kgf ovfvoem kmetranuatm o iorf ue korottfrf iastaetavm o quf``o kgf pma sorã `o ůĬ'o pfrsaoeo. Aeazao`bfetf aetrmimtto ae Sfrsao ae ueo hmrbo fetusaostako fi fstrfbasto io [og Asbo'a`, a` kmequastotmrf if``o Sfrsao (kgf efd`a skratta sa ifhaeavo "Iam") kgf, kmsà hokfeim, vm`fvo stokkorsa io` sueeasbm pfr fssfrf aifetahakotm kmbf hmeiotmrf ia ueo eumvo rf`adamef (io qua `o pfrfeef ravo`atã kme `'Abpfrm mttmboem sueeato). @o tfm`mdao skaato ottuo`f sa iahhfrfezao io quf``o mrtmimsso sueeato io trf pueta ia vasto: o)  `'abpmstozamef if` kmekfttm ia abďb< n)  ue vo`mrf pfku`aorf iotm o``o smhhfrfezo, o` bortaram, kgf va ossubmem ue korottfrf quosa rfifetavm< k)  `'oimzamef if``o tfm`mdao tfm`mdao   bu'toza`ato bu'toza`ato   f, quaeia, `'obpam usm if` to'wĬ`  ef``'aetfrprftozamef if` Kmroem io portf if``m skaasbm (aetfrprftozamef (aetfrp rftozamef o``fdmrako if` Kmroem).

9.;. @' abďb  Oa rfquasata kgf `'mrtmimssao sueeato ratafef efkfssora pfr `'f`fzamef o ab ďb m o Ko`ahhm d`a skaata oddauedmem `o iaskfeifezo io 'O`Ĭ f efdoem if` tuttm a` praekapam ia f`fzamef. [tmrakobfetf, pfr d`a skaata Bombfttm ovrfnnf oeeuekaotm o` dfefrm `o sukkfssamef ef` 8;> i.K.: 'O` Ĭ ç kgaobotm wo`Ĭ  (obakm spfkao`f ia Iam) Iam) f wosĬ (fsfkutmrf tfstobfetoram, frfif if` Srmhfto), Srmhfto), bo smprottuttm "praekapf "praekapf ifa krfifeta". krfifeta". @o iadeatã if``'ab if``'abďb sa trosbfttf pfr eoss eoss,, ottm km` quo`f a` poirf ifsadeo a` had`am kgf ďb ç ifvf sukkfifrd`a o``'abobotm. @'oaabsuma a` sm`m kmemskatmrf if` sfesm aetabmmnn`adotmrao if``'As`ob kmbueakotm Ĭ f io qufsta@'ab iaskfeifeta, fi go `'outmratã imkfetf f ifhaeatavo iarfttobfetf oi 'O` ef``o aetfrprftozamef if` Kmroem f if``o sueeo. Bfetrf ef` ko`ahhm sueeato `‑ospfttm uboem, tfrrfem f pm`atakm ç prfpmeifroetf f eme ç prfsfetf efssueo quo`atã ia korottfrf iavaeotmram, korasbotakm m sokro`f, `‑ab `‑abďb ç ratfeutm pmrtotmrf ia quo`atã smvrouboef korasbotakgf. Oi fssm spftto oekgf `o 'asbo, aeho``ana`atã f abpfkkona`atã. A` Srmhfto vafef aifetahakotm kmbf 00Aetf``fttm Veavfrso`f55 Ef``‑ abďb  sa aekoreo ueo portakf``o if``o "@ukf bfetrf `‑ab `‑abďb  ç `‑00Oeabo ueavfrso`f55. Ef``‑ab bugobboiako" bfiaoetf `o quo`f Iam krfþ a` bmeim, iaskfso ottrovfrsm a `mbna ia Oiobm sukkfssavobfetf ae tutta a prmhfta. Aesafbf oi 'O`Ĭ  korottfrf portakm`orbfetf sokrm ossubmem a Sura", kamç `o [okro Hobad`ao: Hobad`ao: Bombfttm, suo had`ao Hotabo, sum kudaem f dfefrm 'O`Ĭ f a suma "kaequf Sura", iuf had`a, Gosoe f Gusoae. Ç aetfrfssoetf vfifrf kgf fsastf ef``m skaasbm ue portakm`orf ku`tm ia "kaequf Sura" Sura" goeem Hotabo, kgf aedfeta`askf a` boskga`asbm if``'As`ob. [ao `'ab `' abďb f ae dfefro`f a "kaequf ef``o hfif skaato oekgf ue'abpmrtoetf huezamef: `o "bfiaozamef" prfssm Iam. _uf``m kgf ef``o

rf`adamsatã ç `'aetfrkfssamef ottranuato sm`m o` Srmhfto, ef``m skaasbm ç ueo vfro fbassamef prmprao bfiaozamefsueeato kgf kmehaeo quosa km` kmekfttm ia rfifezamef. Sortakm`orbfetf korakm ia qufsto ç kmesaifrotm Gusoae, had`am ia Hotabo f 'O`Ĭ ukkasm ef``o nottod`ao ia Lfrnf`o kmetrm d`a Mboyyoia ef` 873 i.K., fpasmiam kmesaifrotm kmbf `anfrm sokrahakam pfr `o so`vfzzo ifa busu`boea. Ae qufstm kosm sa vfif ueo ravo`utozamef if` im`mrf f if``o smhhfrfezo, if``o skmehatto kmbf hottm rf`adamsobfetf pmsatavm ia kua a` sueeasbm ç pravm: if` rfstm, `m skaasbm ç ueo rf`adamef ia skmehatta kgf smdeoem `o ravaekato.. Ae protako, km`mrm kgf eme rauskarmem su``o tfrro o rfo`azzorf `o `mrm bassamef iavaeo smem ravaekato sfba-iavaeazzota f imvroeem tmreorf o``o haef pfr hor tramehorf `o daustazao: ç a` kmekfttm ia Abďb  eoskmstm, prfsfetf hasakobfetf su``o tfrro bo bmbfetoefobfetf mkku`totm. A vora roba if``m skaasbm sa iastaesfrm stmrakobfetf pfr qufstamea ia sukkfssamef `fdattabo ifd`a abďb: kga efdovo `'abobotm ia ue sukkfssmrf smspfttm hfrbovo `o `aefo ifd`a ab ďb o` prfkfifetf, `o kua bmrtf fro o``mro ueo doano ( doano  (skmbporso skmbporso,, mkku`tobfetm mkku`tobfetm)< )< d`a o`tra kmetaeuovoem `o `aefo ia sukkfssamef vasana`f haem oi ueo " iumifkaboeo"" prmpram pfrkgá haef. @o hozamef hae qua oeo`azzoto, mvvfrm quf``o bfiao, ç kgaoboto "iumifkaboeo hfrbo `o `aefoquf``m ia sukkfssamef o` imiakfsabm abďb Bugobboi ef``'749 i.K.), kgf ç quaeia "eoskmstm". @'ab ďb eoskmstm, kmbf ifttm, ço`-Bogia prfsfetf(skmbporsm su``o tfrro bo ç oppuetm mkku`totm f tmrefrã o``o haef ifa tfbpa opporfeim ia eumvm: fd`a ç kgaobotm `'" Abďb if` Yfbpm", Yfbpm",

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

sfezo a` quo`f `o kmbueatã busu`boeo, sfkmeim d`a skaata, eme pmtrfnnf fsastfrf, iuequf fd`a ifvf fssfrf pfr hmrzo vavm io quo`kgf portf< aetoetm, fd`a ho kmemskfrf `o suo vm`metã f `o iarfzamef sparatuo`f trobatf `f outmratã pm`atakgf f sparatuo`a. Ioto `'mkku`tozamef if``'ab if``' abďb, `m skaasbm go spmstotm o``o haef if` tfbpm `'aifo rf`adamso if``o tfmkrozao protako, kgf aevfkf `'As`ob sueeato smdeo kmbf rfo`azzona`f km` Ko`ahhm o quo`saosa fpmko: ef``m skaasbm sa ç quaeia vfeuto o krforf ueo sfporozamef pañ eftto hro kgafsto f stotm. Sañ prfkasobfetf, pfr `m skaasbm iumifkaboem, impm `o doano if``'749, doano  if``'749, a` kopm if``o kmbueatã ç a` wolĬ` (`umdmtfefetf  (`umdmtfefetf)) if``'abďb, kgf sa krfif ae kmetaeuo kmbueakozamef kme if``o `'abďb `'ab  mkku`tm: qufstm Veo fro a`kmesfdufezo pframim if``osaedm`orf doano baemrf, doano  baemrf, ef` spftto 193 i.K. doano boddamrf. doano  boddamrf. ç kgf, haeatm sakkmbf sm`mf smstatuatm io quf``m o``'ab o``' abďb iakgaororf `o dufrro soeto, `m skaasbm ratafef abpmssana`f hor`o mro, ae ottfso if` sum ratmrem, f `o dufrro soeto ç obbfsso sm`m ae kosm ia fstrfbo iahfso.

9.9. @o tfm`mdao bu‑toza`ato toza`ato   toza`asbm,, ç ueo skum`o ia pfesafrm tfm`mdakm as`obakm kmbporso ef` AW sfkm`m ae Aroq. A suma A` bu‑toza`asbm sfduoka hurmem kgaobota 00a `anfra pfesotmra if``‑As`ob55 fi froem emta pfr efdorf `o  `o  emekrfozamef if` Kmroem f `o suo km-ftfreatã kme Iam. Iam . Io qufsto prfbfsso, `o imttraeo ifiukfvo kgf a prfkftta ia Iam hmssfrm okkfssana`a o` pfesafrm uboem f suskfttana`a ia aeiodaef rozameo`f: quaeia, `o kmemskfezo ifravovo io``o rodamef, f quaeia `o rodamef fro ornatrm haeo`f ef``o ifkasamef su kmso ç toza`ato k`ossako  k`ossako raossubf `f suf imttraef ae kaequf imdba (us Ŭ`): nfef f kmso ç bo`f. @o imttraeo bu‑toza`ato • 

•  • 

•  •  • 

Veatã ia Iam: Iam: d`a ottranuta ia Iam smem aifetaka kme `o suo fssfezo< ` ‑meeapmtfezo ia Iam eme sa fstfeif od`a okkaifeta eá oa hfembfea `anfra (ka smem if``f o`trf kousf). A` Kmroem ç krfotm, o`trabfeta ka sorfnnfrm iuf ifa< Daustazao iavaeo: iavaeo: Iam ç daustm f eme puþ vm`frf a` bo`f eá kmboeior`m (2 nfstfbbao pfr `‑mrtmimssao) f iuequf eme go o kgf horf kme `f kottavf ozamea ifd`a umbaea, kgf smem `anfra< @o prmbfsso f `o baeokkao: baeokkao: kmeefssamef if``o hfif kme `f numef mpfrf f iastaezamef hro pfkkota bmrto`a f pfkkota vfeao`a. A` busu`boem kgf bumrf ae pfkkotm bmrto`f sorã pueatm ftfreobfetf ef``‑aehfrem)   sva`uppm f ohhfrbozamef hotabaio (W-WAA hotabaio (W-WAA sfk.), eazora (WAA-WAAA sfk.) ;)  eumvo prmpodoeio eazora (WAA-WAAA 9)  ifkoifezo f raossfstobfetm kme aeh`ussa aeiñ. aeiñ . A` `mrm embf sa rahfraskf o` prftfstm stmrakm if` iastokkm ia to`f kmbueatã io o`trf skaatf, prftfstm imvutm o qufstamea ia iaskfeifezo: a` sfstm abďb ifa iumifkaboea, Do'hor os-[oiaq, ovrfnnf ifsadeotm sum had`am prabmdfeatm Asbo'a` kmbf sum sukkfssmrf, bo pma ovrfnnf kobnaotm aifo o kouso if``o kottavo kmeimtto if` had`am, smstatuatm kme a` sfkmeimdfeatm Busã o`-Lozab: bfetrf a iumifkaboea kmetaeuoem `o sukkfssamef kme qufst'u`tabm, d`a asboa`ata `o hoeem kmetaeuorf kme Asbo'a` f kme sum had`am Bugobboi kgf ç, pfr o`kuea, `'u`tabm f sfttabm ab ďb (qufsta smem ifhaeata "sfttaboea")< d`a asboa`ata eme smem tutta sfttaboea pfrkgá eme kgauimem `o sfraf if``'abobotm, kgf pfrboef haem oa damrea emstra, ae ueo kmetaeuo vavfetf prfsfezo if` sabnm`m f vakoram ia Iam su``o Yfrro, kgaobotm ăįď Gďe. D`a asboa`ata, hae io` praekapam pfrsfduatota kmbf ue pfrakm`m punn`akm, sa iaspfrsfrm ef``f voraf rfdamea if``'abpfrm ko`ahho`f f duoiodeormem smstfeatmra oekgf ef``f rfdamea pañ `metoef pfr bfzzm ifa `mrm iď'Ĭ  (prmpodoeiasta). [a vfeefrm o krforf kmsà iavfrsf kmrrfeta if``'asboa`asbm:

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

Kãrbota: druppm hmeiotm io` Gobioe _orbot ef` AW sfkm`m, iahhusm ae Oronao mrafeto`f f Kãrbota: Nogroae f nosotm su aiff kmbueastf< fro `'o`o fstrfbo if``'asboa`asbm, kgf kmaevm`dfvo praekapo`bfetf bfrkoeta f ortadaoea< Hotabaia:: iaeostao asboa`ato aesto``otosa ae Fdattm ef` W sfkm`m (a` embf ifravo io` hottm kgf d`a •  Hotabaia abďb hotabaia froem iaskfeifeta ia 'O`Ĭ f Hotabo). O suo vm`to, `o iaeostao hotabaif sa iavasf ae iuf kmrrfeta iavfrsf ae sfduatm o``o bmrtf if` Ko`ahhm o`-Bustoesar ef` ?319 i.K.: o)  Eazora Eazora:: sfduoka ia Eazor, had`am boddamrf fi frfif ia o`-Bustoesar ukkasm io` hrotf``m baemrf

• 

Busto'`a33.333 ae [arao if` sui, @anoem f Asrof`f f sa iavaimem ae "sopafeta" f "ademroeta": sm`m a praba kmemskmem `f imttraef if``o sftto.

EusoarĬ: `mko`azzota praekapo`bfetf ae [arao, hurmem hmeiota io Ane Eusoar ef` AW sfkm`m, quoeim qufsta sa iakgaorþ "pmrto" if` ifkabm ab ďb iumifkaboem O`a oe-Eoqa. [mem bfd`am kmemskauta 'o`owata,, aehotta 'O`Ĭ ç pfr fssa ueo boeahfstozamef if``o iavaeatã m hmrsf oiiaratturo ueo suo kmbf 'o`owata aekoreozamef. Fsastf pfr `mrm ueo traeatã hmrboto io``'fssfezo iavaeo, kgf ç oppuetm: 'O` Ĭ, 'OB[ vafef  vafef Bombfttm f `o "pmrto", kgf ç aevfkf [o`boe (`anfrtm pfrsaoem if` Srmhfto). A` embf 'OB[ ravf`otm sm`m od`a aeazaota. Fssa obbfttmem `o bftfbpsakmsa, efdoem `'oeabo if``f imeef: Hotabo, io `mrm pur vfefrotassabo ç kgaoboto kme ue embf boskga`f (Hotar) kgf sadeahako 00Krfotmrf55. Goeem trf droia ia aeazaozamef, ue prmpram `anrm sokrm `aturdakm f hfstf busu`boef, krastaoef fi fnroakgf (Eoto`f, Sosquo, Sfetfkmstf ftk.). @f `mrm `aturdaf smem kf`fnrotf ae kosf pravotf bo usoem aekfesm, koeif`f f kmesokrozamef if` vaem. Ottuo`bfetf smem pmkm pañ ia ;33.333. •  Og`-a goqq: goqq: kmesaifroem ue [u`toe [ugoq kmbf hmeiotmrf if``o `mrm kmbueatã ef` WX sfkm`m f smem sporsa ae Sfrsao, Oeotm`ao, [arao if` emri, ^ussao bfraiameo`f, Yurlfstoe f Aeiao. A` `mrm embf sadeahako "dfetf if``o Xfratã" f ae fssa kmeh`uarmem sfezo iunnam a rfsaiua ifa praba fstotaka • 

fetusaosta sohovaia. Goeem sfttf sukkfssavf boeahfstozamea if``o iavaeatã (tro kua a` rf sohovaif [og Asbo'a`), saedm`ora bata ia krfozamef, krfimem ef``o bftfbpsakmsa, goeem rata mradaeo`a, raueamea bastakgf kme prmiuzamef ia fstosa, kfrabmeaf ia aeazaozamef spfkao`a f ueamea kostf spfkao`a. yo:: sftto hmeioto io Barzo Du`ob Ogboi ia _oiyoe (Aeiao) ef` WAW sfkm`m. Fd`a prabo •  OgboiĬyo iassf ia ovfrf vasamea f ravf`ozamea io Iam pfr kmbnottfrf `o prmpodoeio ifa bassameora krastaoea, pma sa prfsfetþ kmbf "raeemvotmrf" if` sfkm`m WAX if``'As`ob ef` ?77> (aifo eme ftfrmimsso, pfrkgá `'As`ob sueeato smstatuaskf a vora soeta fi abďb kak`aka kme `'aifo kgf mdea sfkm`m if``'As`ob onnao ue raeemvotmrf kgf kmrrfddf a kmstuba f bad`amro a` ifkoifetf As`ob), sa prmk`obþ prmhfto ef` ?713 f ef` ?139 oiiaratturo Bfssao ifd`a fnrfa f Krastm rasmrtm ifa krastaoea. [fnnfef qufsto kmbueatã sao tmto`bfetf iastaeto, pmkgassabf smem `f iavfrdfezf io` sueeasbm mrtmimssm: `o  dufrro soeto ç onm`ato, Dfsñ bumrf vfrobfetf (bo eme ssu``o u``o krmkf, nfesà ef` Losgbar o ?>3 oeea) f a` kmekfttm ia ravf`ozamef eme ç rastrfttm o` sm`m Srmhfto. A` had`am if` sukkfssmrf ia Barzo, qďiy eĬ (io Barzo Nosar oi-Iae, prmvmkþ kmbf uem skasbo sftto: a suma smem emta kmbf `ďgłrĬef``o  (io @ogmrf, imvfsfduoka sa stoezaormem). F' bfratm iaďBarzo _oiyoe), bfetrf a iassaifeta `o krfozamef ia ue'ona`f opm`mdftako if``'As`ob f ia ue bassameorasbm as`obakm ottavm ae Ohrako, Osao fi Furmpo. A hfif`a smem quo`kgf kfetaeoam ia bad`aoao. •  QozĬiĬ: kgaobota o tmrtm "oimrotmra if` Iaovm`m", `o `mrm sftto eme go protakobfetf eu``o ia as`obakm f `'mradaef if` embf go iuf pmssana`atã: m io` pfrsaoem azoi ("vfefrona`f") m io` rfsaium ia ueo sftto fstrfbasto mboyyoif ia Qozai, km`ua kgf ukkasf Gusoae ef` 873 i.K f sfkmeim Ko`ahhm mboyyoif. Yapaka ia qufsto sftto smem fetusaosba rf`adamsa ia tapm tfeifezao`bfetf aekoreozameastakm f demstakm opp`akota o ifa eme-'o`aia. [mem karko ?33.333 mdda f iahhusa ae Luriastoe, o`to Bfsmpmtobao, [arao, Sfrsao f Koukosm. [fkmeim `mrm, Iam ç a` krfotmrf if` bmeim, bo eme a` sum kmesfrvotmrf, rum`m kgf spftto o sfttf oedf`a iavaea, praekapo`f ifa quo`a ç Bo`ol Yo'us (fd`a koiif io` kaf`m f paoesf, `f suf `okrabf spfesfrm `f haobbf if``'aehfrem). Obbfttmem `o bftfbpsakmsa, ohhfrboem `'fsastfezo ia sfttf fssfra iavaea kgaobota soe Ǥoq, smem bmemdoba f a` `mrm ç saekrftastakm ia iavfrsf rf`adamea). Kopa kmbueatã(iaskfeifetf smem ue ůoagiasuprfbm kgf sa ku`tm aetfrfsso ia botfraf(bax rf`adamsf f dauraiakgf, f ue obif``o Ĭr "praekapf" Qozai), kgf sa aetfrfsso ia qufstamea kava`a f pm`atakgf.

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

KOSAYM@M X: @'A[@OB EF@ [VM [XA@VSSM [YM^AKM 6.?. @'Oronao prf-as`obako @'obnafetf dfmdrohakm ef` quo`f eokquf `'As`ob ç `o rfdamef if``'Gfdaoz  if``'Gfdaoz  (a` kua embf sadeahako 00norrafro55), o`tmpaoem ifsfrtakm `uedm `o kmsto mkkaifeto`f i'Oronao prmspakafetf a` Bor ^mssm. Ef` XAA sfkm`m i.K., fpmko ae kua eokquf `'As`ob, ae qufsto rfdamef okkoetm oi mosa hamrfeta, satuotf ef``o 00vo``f 00vo``f ifa va``odda55 va``odda55 sa trmvovoem daã iuf kfetra onatota io pmpm`ozamef sfifetorao, Bfkko Bfkko f  f Qotran, fetrobnf hmrbotf pfr `m pañ io bfrkoeta< pmpm`ozamef sfifetorao fsastfvo oekgf ef``m Qfbfe (Oronao Qfbfe  (Oronao hf`ax). Aeh`ussa krastaoea dauedfvoem o quf``'fpmko ae Oronao io iuf porta: io sui trobatf `'Ftampao krastaoeo f io emri trobatf a rfdea krastaoea orona prfssm a` kmehaef nazoetaem f pfrsaoem, quf``m efstmraoem ia Garo f quf``m bmemhasato ia Dossoe, vosso``m ia Nasoezam. K'froem oekgf ifd`a aeh`ussa fnroaka, pmrtota ae Oronao io km`meaf fnroakgf fsastfeta ef``m Qfbfe f ef``f kattã if``'Oronao mkkaifeto`f. _uoetm o` pm`atfasbm oronm, fssm eme iahhfravo droe kgf io` kmbuef pm`atfasbm sfbatakm. Fkkm d`a f`fbfeta praekapo`a: tro d`a mddftta kgf sa ratfefvoem onatota io pmtfezf iavaef k'froem `f paftrf, if``f quo`a `o pañ abpmrtoetf fro `o "Saftro Efro" if``o Bfkko< tro d`a ifa, a` iam   Guno` iam Guno` fro  fro to`bfetf abpmrtoetf io fssfrf kgaobotm "a` iam" (O``ďg)< d`a Orona podoea ovfvoem oekgf ue vodm kmekfttm ia Fssfrf [uprfbm, [uprfbm, o` quo`f ottranuavoem d`a ifa f `f iff if` `mrm poetgfme kmbf had`a f had`af< `o satuozamef kmbbfrkao`f prava`fdaoto if``o Bfkko, `f droeia hafrf oeeuo`a kgf `à sa svm`dfvoem f a` ku`tm if``o Saftro Efro kmetranuarmem o iorf o``o kattã ueo droeif abpmrtoezo iam  Guno` Guno`,, kme rf`otavf rf`adamso, kgf ku`baeovo ef``o kfrabmeao if` pf``fdraeoddam o` soetuoram if` iam kfrabmeaf (karkubobnu`ozamef, kmrso, f`fbmsaef)< emrbo`a froem a sokrahaka. Hrfqufeta froem `f protakgf bodakgf, kmeioeeotf io``‑As`ob, f `o krfifezo, okkm`to aevfkf ef` Kmroem  f   f oekmr mdda vavassabo tro a vm`dga busu`boea, ae hm``ftta numea f kottava ia obnm a sfssa kgf onatovoem `o tfrro f pmtfvoem ovfrf roppmrta km` dfefrf uboem. @'abpmrtoezo boddamrf if` podoefsabm prfas`obakm eme sto toetm ef``o suo rf`adamsatã, sfbp`akf f skorsobfetf sadeahakotavo, quoetm ef` boturorsa ia ueo kmskafezo eozameo`f f rozzao`f poeorono kgf sa vfeavo hmrboeim ae to`uea kfetra rf`adamsa: a` podoefsabm hu prfstm aesuhhakafetf o smiiashorf a eumva nasmdea if``o pmpm`ozamef f rata rmzza if` pm`atfasbm imvfvoem fssfrf smstatuata ae quo`kmso ia pañ mrdoeazzotm f smhastakotm (daã prabo ia Bombfttm, kfrta "goeĬh " froem iavfetota bmemtfasta).

6.>. @o vato ia Bombfttm  Bombfttm  Bugobboi,, a` prmhfto if``'As`ob, `o Ef``'obnafetf smpro ifskrattm eokquf, tro a` 684 f a` 64> i.K., Bugobboi kua vato puþ fssfrf kmemskauto drozaf o iuf hmeta, a` Kmroem   f `o rokkm`to ia troiazamea (goi (goiĬt) sva`uppotfsa impm `o suo bmrtf (`o pañ oetako ç quf``o ia i a Ane Asgoq, Asgoq, kmbpmsto tro a` XAA f `'XAAA sfkm`m). s fkm`m). M`trf o``o eoskato, `f o`trf iotf abpmrtoeta if``o vato ia Bombfttm smem: 8?>-8?;  i.K. i.K.,, ioto if``o ravf`ozamef if` Kmroem< a` 8?>-8?; 8>>  i.K i.K.,., oeem if``'fbadrozamef o Bfiaeo (Fdaro)< •  a` 8>> •  a` 8;> i.K., i.K., oeem if``o suo bmrtf.

• 

Bombfttm sorfnnf opportfeutm o``o droeif tranñ ifa _uroas _uroas,, a sademra if``o Bfkko, had`am ia 'Oniu``ďg, bmrtm prabo if``o suo eoskato, f ia  ăbaeo baeo,, bmrto quoeim fro nobnaem: hu ohhaiotm prabo `an,, poirf ia 'O`Ĭ. Iotf `f iahhaka`a kmeiazamea, fd`a imvfttf `ovmrorf o` emeem f pma o``m zam OnŬ  Yď`an kmbf postmrf pfr duoiodeorsa io vavfrf, haem o quoeim eme spmsþ `o rakko vfimvo GoiĬǤo, pañ vfkkgao ia ?6 oeea. Ç prmnona`f kgf Bombfttm, prabo if``o ravf`ozamef, hmssf stotm podoem kmbf a` rfstm ifd`a Orona, f kgf sao dauetm, drozaf oa suma vaodda, oi ueo droeif kmemskfezo if` bmeim rf`adamsm fnroakm f krastaoem. Srabo if``f ravf`ozamea if` 8?>-?; 8?>-?;,, porf kgf Bombfttm onnao troskmrsm `uedga f pframiaka ratarakmbpautf sparatuo`a,aeemta oekgf o` podoefsabm p odoefsabm kmbffsp`akatobfetf togoeeut: sa trottovo ia protakgf fspaotmraf `umdga sm`atora f kovfref.prfas`obakm A` Kmroem por`o ia iuf vasamea, vasamea ia ue oedf`m, Donraf`f, bfssoddfrm ia Iam. _ufstf vasamea oetakapormem hmrsf `f Bombfttm eme  eme fro boeahfstozamea ouiatavf, kgf vaifrm sfbprf prmtodmeasto Donraf`f f ef``f quo`a Bombfttm

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

Iam, a` sum bakrmhmem: Bombfttm sfetavo ueo vfro f prmprao ifttoturo kgf `'uba`f rakfttokm`m hasakm ia Iam, ia Iam trobatf Donraf`f. [a eorro kgf quoeim Bombfttm vfeavo aevfstatm io``o ravf`ozamef iavaeo koifvo hfnnrakatoetf o tfrro f draiovo 00ovvm`dftfba ae ue boetm55. Sorf oekgf kgf qufstf ravf`ozamea sa hmssfrm oi ue kfrtm puetm aetfrrmttf, pfr pma raprfeifrf impm ue pframim ia iaspfrozamef if` Srmhfto. A` Kmroem  hu  hu quaeia raprfsm iuf vm`tf f ravf`otm o nroea o` Srmhfto, eme ae ue damrem sm`m: pfr karko trf t rf oeea `f ravf`ozamea if``'oedf`m hurmem kmbueakotf io Bombfttm sm`m o pmkga aetaba, a praba kmevfrtata, mvvfrm GoiĬǤo, 'O`Ĭ, sum had`am oimttavm Zoai Zoai f  f a iuf hutura ko`ahha Nolr.. Hu o``o haef if` 8?> 8?> kgf  kgf Bombfttm rakfvfttf, ae ueo ravf`ozamef, "nfe iarftta" 'Vtbďe f OnŬ  Nolr `'mriaef ia aeazaorf a` sum opmstm`otm punn`akm. Ae qufstf qufst f prabf ravf`ozamea fsastf ue f`fbfetm kmstoetf: `'oeeuekam if` damrem if` dauiazam ("mro kgf smprovvafef") f if``o rfsurrfzamef ifa kmrpa f if``o kmesfdufetf efkfssatã ia ueo purahakozamef< sa okkfetuormem oekgf sfbprf pañ `f kratakgf o` pm`atfasbm f pfr qufstm bmtavm Bombfttm, okkusotm ia fssfrf ue bodm f ue pmfto, hu pfrsfduatotm aesafbf oa suma sfduoka ioa k`oe podoea if``o Bfkko (`‑ (`‑fsk`usamef fsk`usamef ifa busu`boea ioa iaratta trano`a sadeahakovo ae quf``o smkaftã bmrtf kava`f). @o pfrsfkuzamef pmrtþ Bombfttm f a suma sfduoka o fbadrorf ef` 8?6 8?6.. Ef` 8?1 8?1 a`  a` Srmhfto pfrif `o bmd`af GoiĬǤo f `m zam OnŬ Yď`an `an,, sa oeirã ovvaoeim  'ă'aůo, kgf hu oekgf smspfttoto ia oiu`tfram, pfr `ua ue pframim iahhaka`f: spmsfrã pañ toria `o damvoef  ă bo Bombfttm eme `'ovrfnnf raeefdoto (ae quoetm fnnf ueo ravf`ozamef iavaeo ae kua vfeavoem sbfetatf to`a smspftta). Ef` 8>3 8>3   o`kuea onatoeta ia Qotran sa kmevfrtarmem f Bombfttm pfesþ ia troshfrarsa ae quf``o kattã, kmso kgf hfkf ef` 8>> 8>>   impm a` "pottm "pottm ia Oqono", Oqono", drozaf o` quo`f fd`a ç Qotran: ç `‑çdaro (gaǤro) o Bfiaeo (eumvm embf ia Qotran< O` Boiae ď, "kattã if` rakmemskautm kopm ia Qotran: Srmhfto"). Ae qufstm pframim sa emto kmbf `'As`ob hmssf ueo rf`adamef prfttobfetf kattoiaeo, kmetroppmsto o ueo rf`adamef podoeo if``f kobpodef: sm`m pañ toria `'As`ob sa fspoeifrã oekgf efa iaetmrea ia Bfiaeo f pma ae tutto Oronao. Ef` bfkkoeasbm if``f ravf`ozamea bfiaefsa sa puþ skmrdfrf ue kfrtm kobnaobfetm: Iam spfssm aetfrvafef, pfr nmkko if` Srmhfto, pfr rasm`vfrf qufstamea protakgf f raspmeifrf o``f imboeif ifa krfifeta. Mvvaobfetf, ueo vm`to kopm ia Bfiaeo Bombfttm imvfvo uta`azzorf tutta a bfzza pmssana`a pfr iahfeifrf, kmesm`aiorf f mrdoeazzorf `o kmbueatã, tro kua `o Noir kmetrm a _uoroas _uoroas    dufrro f `o rozzao. Aeazaþ kmsà ue pframim ia spfiazamea ba`atora: rozzao ia Noir kmetrm (8>9 8>9), ), kmehasko ifa nfea ifd`a fnrfa _oaeuqo _oaeuqo ia  ia Bfiaeo (8>9 (8>9), ), ravaekato ifa _uoroas o Noiro Vgui (8>6 8>6), ), fspu`samef ifd`a fnrfa Eoiar io Bfiaeo (8>6 (8>6), ), voraf rozzaf pueatavf kmetrm `f tranñ nfiuaef, ), bossokrm ifd`a fnrfa _uoroazo ia Bfiaeo kmbf ossfiam ia Bfiaeo io portf ifa _uoroas (8>4 (8>4), ratmrsamef (8>4 (8>4), ), trfduo kme a _uoroas (vattmrao iap`mbotako pfrkgá pfrbfttfvo oa busu`boea ia horf a` pf``fdraeoddam o``o Bfkko), kmequasto if``o Bfkko pokahakobfetf (8;3 (8;3), ), ratmrem o Bfiaeo f o`trf kobpodef kmetrm a nfiuaea. Ef` 8;> 8;>,, Bombfttm fro poirmef ia tutto `'Oronao. @'As`ob aetoetm sa vo pfrhfzameoeim f Bombfttm, raeuekaoeim o kmevaekfrf d`a fnrfa, kobnao `o iarfzamef if``o prfdgafro io Dfruso`fbbf vfrsm `o Lo'no Lo'no, kgf iakgaoro fssfrf stotm a` prabm tfbpamiabmemtfasto: eme çku`tm kgf raeoskato f raprmpmsazamef, pfr ,bfzzm ia ue prmhfto qufsto vm`to oronm, quf` prabatavm bmemtfastakm a kua ifttoba froem stota boe boem kmrrmtta io fnrfa f io krastaoea< kmsà kmbf a` Krastaoefsabm ovfvo smstatuatm `'Fnroasbm ae possotm, mro `'As`ob imvfvo smstatuarf a` Krastaoefsabm. Ef` 8;> 8;>,, pmkm prabo if``o suo bmrtf, ovvfeuto `'7 `'7 daudem, daudem, Bombfttm sa rfkþ o``o Bfkko aesafbf oa i'oiiam", iuroetf a` quo`f a` Srmhfto `oskaþ a` sum u`tabm bfssoddam i'frfiatã, hfif`a: ç a` "pf``fdraeoddam "pf``fdraeoddam i'oiiam", aekatoeim a hfif`a o sfduarf a` Kmroem f a` sum fsfbpam.

6.;. @f hmeta if` Kmroem  A` Kmroem  hu  hu skrattm o pfzza sfkmeim `f fsadfezf if` bmbfetm f raossfstotm o` tfbpm if` ko`ahhotm ia 'Vtbďe (899-868). Fssm ç, ia hottm, hruttm ia aeh`ufezf ia iavfrsm tapm: Sodoefsabm prf-as`obakm: prf-as`obakm: io fssm a` Kmroem go frfiatotm dfsta ratuo`a (fs. pf``fdraeoddam), `fdda (fs. a` tod`amef), portf if``o tfm`mdao (fs. a hm``ftta, d`a sparata) f smprottuttm if``o suo bmro`f< •  Demstakasbm krastaoem fi fnroakm: fnroakm: a` Kmroem ç hruttm ia ue'aeafzamef ia botfrao`f demstakm ae ue obnafetf smkao`bfetf prabatavm, raf`onmrotm io``o bfetf ia ue bmemtfasto ossm`utm kmbf Bombfttm< ef eoskmem kuramsf baskf`f, kmbf `o daustoppmsazamef ia rokkmeta o``usava f

• 

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

sabnm`astaka okkoetm o rata podoea f nroea if` purm nan`akasbm bmemtfastakm. @o ifdemstakazzozamef ovvafef smprottuttm ae iuf iarfzamea: quf``o fskotm`mdako (kgf `o demsa trotto skorsobfetf) f quf``o bmemtfastako. Bastframsf rfstoem oekmro `f vaf ia possoddam ia qufsta aeh`ussa: prmnona`bfetf sa trotto if``f kmbueatã krastaoef fi fnroakgf i'Oronao kme potrabmeam imdbotakm eme trmppm mrtmimssm f ia quo`kgf kmbueatã boeakgfo. aroeako: pfr fsfbpam, `o skf`to aeazao`f, prabo if` i f` Yfbpm, if``f oeabf uboef. •  ^f`adamsatã aroeako: Ç kfrtm kgf a vaodda ia Bombfttm ae [arao f So`fstaeo kme `o prabo bmd`af hovmrarmem a` sum kmetottm kme qufstm tapm ia hmeta, kgf pma fd`a stfssm raf`onmrþ. Kfrtm ç oekgf kgf a` Kmroem ç a` `anrm pañ bmemtfasto kgf fsasto f, bfetrf a` bmemtfasbm ia Onrobm sa prfhaddfvo ia skmehaddfrf d`a ifa podoea, a` bmemtfasbm ia Bombfttm ç ia pfr sf stfssm a` bmemtfasbm ae ossm`utm pfrkgá eme sa prfhaddf o`kueo skmehatto ia prfkfifeta iça: Iam ç uem f ossm`utm.

6.9. @'mrdoeazzozamef dauraiako, `aturdako f tfm`mdako  tfm`mdako   A praba prmn`fba kgf smrsfrm ef``o kmbueatã busu`boeo o` sum fspoeifrsa impm `o bmrtf if` Srmhfto, ue fspoeifrsa kgf ae pmkga oeea (8;>-863) kousþ a` krm``m if``'Abpfrm [osoeaif ae [osoeaif ae Sfrsao f `o pfriato ia bm`ta tfrratmra o``'Abpfrm Nazoetaem, Nazoetaem, hurmem smprottuttm ia mrdoeazzozamef dauraiako. A` Kmroem , pur aehotta kmetfefeim ae eukf `f kmsf hmeiobfeto`a if` haqg haqg (dauraspruifezo  (dauraspruifezo as`obako), fro `ueda io` prfkasor`f mrdoeakobfetf f eme ef iovo pañ kgf ue onnmzzm. @f outmratã busu`boef, ia hrmetf o``o skorsatã if` botfrao`f dauraiakm kmroeakm f o``o skorsatã ia iabmstrona`a prfkfifeta pañ oetakga oet akga f o``'ossfezo if` eme oekmro kmiahakotm goiĬt, kgf sa sorfnnf hmrbotm pañ toria, hokfvoem obpam usm ro'y,a`, mvvfrm ro'y if``' mpaeamef pfrsmeo`f dauiaka dauiaka. . A` pframim ae kua qufstm hu `'usm if` (tuttm pframimif``'mpaeamef mboyyoif, 88?-463 ifa i.K.) f a kmetotta kgfpauttmstm ae quf` `uedm pframim fsastfttfrm kme `o `fdas`ozamef ifa pofsa kmequastota hoeem pfesorf o``o pmssana`atã ia aeh`ussa if` iarattm rmboem m if` iarattm pfrsaoem, kgf kmbuequf hurmem skorsa (`'fsfbpam pañ `obpoetf ç `'aetrmiuzamef ifa kmetrotta fehatfutaka). Sfr fsfbpam, tutto `o tfmrao if``o prmpraftã hmeiaorao ifa pofsa kmequastota vfeef kmstruato nosoeimsa fsk`usavobfetf su otta mkkosameo`a ia Bombfttm ae Oronao vfrsm druppa fnroaka, f `m stfssm hu hottm pfr iftfrbaeorf `o pmsazamef dauraiako ifa suiiata eme busu`boea if``m stotm haqg kmbuequf  kmbuequf haeà pfr sastfborsa bm`tm prfstm f prfstassabm ifnnmem pma fssfrf stotf as`obakm. A` haqg aetrmimttf quf``f oddauetf f voraozamea prmnona`a raduorim botfraf ia ku`tm f `aturdao (fs. eubfrm if``f prfdgafrf). [u qufsto portf pañ prmpraobfetf ratuo`astako ifvmem ovfr aeh`uatm smprottuttm protakgf dauioakm-krastaoef, bfetrf `'f`fbfetm pfrsaoem ç bm`tm prmnona`bfetf bfiaotm. @m [kgokgt [kgokgt   go iabmstrotm `'aefsastfezo ia goiĬt  raduorioeta qufstamea imdbotakm-tfm`mdakgf pfr a` pframim oetfkfifetf `'oeem 4>3 i.K. @f prabf iaskussamea abp`akoeta ue f`fbfetm tfm`mdakm eoskmem ae As`ob wayo,, dmvfreotmrf if``o [arao f porfetf kme a` droeif skasbo, mradaeotm io``f dufrrf hro 'O`Ĭ f Bu'ďwayo 868 io  io ueo kmedauro prmnona`bfetf duaioto io 'O`Ĭ) f if` ifhuetm Ko`ahhm 'Vtbďe (ossossaeotm ef` 868 pma ae sfduatm hro a prftfeifeta o`aia f Mboyyoia, a quo`a froem d`a abbfiaota iaskfeifeta ifa kmevfrtata if``'u`tabo mro fx efbaka if` Srmhfto (kgaobota oesor, "ousa`aora "ousa`aora") ") fi froem sfbprf stota vasta kme iahhaifezo ioa busu`boea ia o``mro, kgf `a ratfefvoem mppmrtueasta f bmeioea. @o nottod`ao ia [ahhae if` [ahhae if` 864 864   i.K. i.K. soekà  soekà `o skmehatto iap`mbotako ia 'O`Ĭ, a` quo`f, pur vaekfeim `o nottod`ao, hu kmstrfttm o harborf ueo trfduo su rakgafsto if``'ovvfrsoram, kgf sa oppf``þ o` Kmroem : ue druppm ia ata   (m sfduoka fstrfbasta ia 'O`Ĭ  sa ranf``þ o qufstm dfstm nfefvm`m f sa stokkþ, hmrboeim d`a gďraǤata 88? if``'ossossaeam  if``'ossossaeam if``m stfssm 'O`Ĭ. Impm `o suo bmrtf Bu'ďwayo wayo sa  sa prmk`obþ lgoradata) outmra ef` 88? Ko`ahhm hmeioeim `o iaeostao iaeostao   mboyyoif mboyyoif,, ue ko`ahhotm bmeorkgakm hmrtfbfetf okkfetrotmrf. Eokquf ue hmrtf ianottatm tfm`mdakm hro `f trf hozamea: d`a 'o`aia 'o`aia rfstormem  rfstormem hmrtfbfetf demstakgfddaoeta (pfr `o so`vfzzo, m`trf o``o hfif, fro efkfssorao `o "kmemskfezo" supframrf f a``ubaeoto), d`a gďraǤata ata   smstfeefrm a` praekapam sfkmeim a` quo`f kga mpfro kmetrm `o `fddf ia Iam ae quo`saosa sfesm ç io ha`m-Mboyyoia,, kgaobotasa burǤa'ata a'ata,, smstfeefrm kgf quf``m kgf kmesaifrorf baskrfifetf, bfetrf a ha`m-Mboyyoia protakobfetf nostovo pfr fssfrf kmesaifrotm busu`boem fro `o prmhfssamef ia hfif f `'oifsamef o``f hmeiobfeto`a protakgf ratuo`a. Xaesfrm a ha`m-Mboyyoia ha`m-Mboyyoia,, f `'mrtmimssao rfstþ hmeiobfeto`bfetf burda'ato.. D`a gďraǤata burda'ato ata,, impm fssfrf stota ueo baeokkao, sa ratarormem ae `umdga rfbmta if` bmeim f ef

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

Anoiata). ). ^asu`totm f fsastmem oekmro ae Yrapm`atoeao, O`dfrao, Mboe f Zoezanor (mdda smem kgaobota Anoiata hruttm ia qufstf pm`fbakgf hu `o pmsazamef mrtmimsso, kgf kamç `o hfif ç suhhakafetf pfr `o so`vfzzo, kgf pfrþ ifvf fssfrf okkmbpodeoto io``f numef mpfrf, kgf ka smem pfkkota drova f `fddfra, bo kgf oekgf a drova eme fsk`uimem pfr sfbprf io` poroiasm. A` sfkmeim droeif ianottatm hu quf``m hro a smstfeatmra if` `anfrm ornatram, ornatram, iftta qoiorata qoiorata,, f a smstfeatmra if``o prfifstaeozamef, iftta Ǥonorata onorata,, ianottatm smrtm smprottuttm ae kattã kmbf Bfiaeo, Ioboskm, Luho f Nossmro (sfif if``o skum`o if``'fbaefetf Gosoe o`-Nosra, donorato). Nfekgá ef` Kmroem sa trmvaem possa kgf hovmrarfnnfrm `o imttraeo if` `anfrm ornatram, smem hmrsf oekmr pañ eubfrmsa quf``a ae kua Iam ç kmekfpatm kmbf [ademrf ossm`utm kgf "pfrif kga vum`f f so`vo kga vum`f": o to`f aifo outmkrotako ia Iam sa ranf``ormem qoiorata,, kgf kfrkormem ia ravo`utorf `o `anfrtã if``'umbm. Yuttovao, vastm oekgf a` kmekfttm as`obakm a qoiorata ia oppaottabfetm su``m stfssm paoem ia smstoezo f okkaifetf, sfkmeim a` quo`f Iam tuttm krfo f tuttm iastruddf sfezo bmtavm, `o nottod`ao fro pfrso ae portfezo f a qoiorata pfrsfrm. A` `mrm sva`uppm pañ obpam hu pma a` bu'toza`asbm bu'toza`asbm,, tfm`mdao if``m skaasbm, kgf fnnf aehotta mradaef efd`a obnafeta ia Nossmro f eokquf io ueo kmetrmvfrsao hro o`-Nosra o`-Nosra   f a` sum iaskfpm`m Tosa` ane  ane  'Oto' 'Oto',, a` quo`f saq), ), portfkapf sao if``o hfif smstfefvo kgf a` busu`boem rfm ia pfkkota kopato`a hmssf ue "fbpam" (h ( hďsaq kgf if``'aekrfiu`atã. Bmrtm Tosa` Tosa`,, a bu'toza`ata bu'toza`ata kmesfrvormem  kmesfrvormem `o tfmrao kme o`trf kgf boe boem sa froem oddauetf, prabo hro `f quo`a ueo boddamrf `ordgfzzo vfrsm a` `anfrm ornatram.

6.6. @'aeh`ufezo f``feastako su``o ha`msmhao-tfm`mdao if``'As`ob f a` sum sva`uppm D`a mppmsatmra if``o bu'toza`ao bu'toza`ao,, boeakgfa boeakgfa,, `fttfro`asta, oetrmpmbmrhasta, prfifstaeozameasta f botfrao`asta, f d`a stfssa bu'toza`ata, pmtfrmem smstfefrf `f `mrm pmsazamea drozaf o``'aetrmiuzamef ef` bmeim as`obakm if``o ha`msmhao f if``o tfrbaem`mdao drfkgf, ottrovfrsm a` droeif h`ussm ia troiuzamea kgf vo io``'XAAA o` W sfkm`m: qufstm orastmtf`asbm, aesafbf o``f pañ oetakgf bftohasakgf saekrftastakgf, fboeozameastf f rfifetraka (S`otmef, Satodmro), aeh`ufezþ bm`tm `'As`ob f hoka`atþ a ianottata. Kattã kfetro`f ia qufstm h`ussm ia troiuzamea hu Gorroe Gorroe,, sfif ifa [onfa [onfa,, ueo kmbueatã f``feastako kmbnaeoetf f`fbfeta if``'oetako rf`adamef ostro`f nona`mefsf kme `o demsa. Io `mrm Iam ç kmekfpatm kmbf `ukf f `o suo ozamef su``'aehframrf kmbf bfiaoto io``o @ukf: qufsto bftohasako if``o `ukf fnnf ue'femrbf aeh`ufezo su``o ha`msmhao-tfm`mdao sukkfssavo if``'As`ob f aifo iarfttrakf if` `mrm pfesafrm ç `o so`vfzzo if``'oeabo, roddauedana`f trobatf `'oskftasbm f `o bfiatozamef. A praekapo`a kmekftta orastmtf`aka (okkaifetf, hmrbo, smstoezo, botfrao fkk..) f a sastfba iao`fttaka if` pfesafrm drfkm ifttfrm ueo emtfvm`f orbo oa pm`fbasta rf`adamsa f `f iaskussamea fnnfrm hmrtf abpu`sm efa praba pframia if` o`-Bo'bue,, ko`ahhotm onnosaif (463-?>67 i.K.): hobmso pfr qufstf iaskussamea hu `o kmrtf if` Ko`ahhm o`-Bo'bue  droeif prmtfttmrf ifa bu'toza`ata bu'toza`ata,, hro kua a pañ a``ustra ropprfsfetoeta hurmem Onu Guioa`, Guioa`, Eozob Eozob f  f o`-Dunno'a,, abpoirmeatasa if``o iao`fttako drfko (a` bftmim iao`fttakm bu'toza`ato o`-Dunno'a bu'toza`ato ia  ia mradaef f``feastako sa lo`ďsorfnnf b, "iaskmrsm"). A bu'toza`ata bu'toza`ata hurmem  hurmemfspoeso pma pfrsfduatota sumosukkfssmrf, o`-Butowolla`, bokgaobþ `o skum`o smprovvassuto f sa sorfnnf o mrafetf,io`haem iavfetorf `oo`-Butowolla` tfm`mdao if``m , skaasbm. @o rfozamef kmetrm `o bu'toza`ao bu'toza`ao f  f `o eoskato ia ue lo`ďb mrtmimssm sa fnnfrm sm`toetm ef` W sfkm`m, smprottuttm ae Bfsmpmtobao, Fstrfbm Mrafetf fi Fdattm. Yro d`a mppmsatmra, uem ifa pañ O`-Os'ora,, hmeiotmrf if``'oů orasbm daã vastm: ia vfrobfetf bu'toza`ato abpmrtoeta hu `'fx-bu'toza`ato O`-Os'ora ef`` oů orasbm eme v ç kgf a` bftmim   fi o`-Os'ora o`-Os'ora   ossubf pmsazamea bm`tm troiazameo`astf ef` sum pfesafrm. Os'orato Os'orato hu  hu oekgf o`-Dozzo`a o`-Dozzo`a,, `o kua pfrsmeo`atã hmeif ef``o suo obpao mpfro eme sm`m `o iao`fttako drfko, bo oekgf `o bastako, aetfso kmbf suhasbm ftakm, ifravotm io``f skum`f ia i a Nossmro ia sfkm`m  kme pfrsmeo`atã rf`otavobfetf Gosoe o`-Nosra. @o bastako sa sorfnnf pma sva`uppoto ef` AW sfkm`m kme bmifrotf tfmrakobfetf kmbf o`-Bugosana o`-Bugosana,, o`-Dueeoai o`-Dueeoai   f o`-Go``od o`-Go``od:: qufst'u`tabm ç uem ifa pmkga bastaka kgf por`o kgaorobfetf ia ueo vfro f prmprao "iaskfso" if``o iavaeatã ef``'umbm ifsadeotm. Impm ia `ua `o bastako ia iavasf ae trf roba: uem bmifrotm bmifrotm,, uem demstakm demstakm f  f uem tfmpoeastakm tfmpoeastakm.. Io Orona, `o kua bastako ç mrafetoto vfrsm `' "ueatã if``'fssfrf" f `'ueatã bastako ia rakmriorf smem: Ane Orona, tuttf `f rf`adamea: sfkmeim `ua sm`m Iam bfrato `'oppf``otavm ia rfo`f , bfetrf a` rfo`f kgf eme ç Iam ç sm`m ue aesafbf ia opporfezf ia smdem< smdem< [agonu 'i-Iae [ugroworia, [ugroworia, bossabm ropprfsfetoetf if` suhasbm a``ubaeotavm , pafem ia aeh`ussa asboa`ata, pfrsaoea f demstaka: `o skum`o a``ubaeotavo sa kmetaeuo ae Sfrsao oekmro mdda fi fd`a hu uem ifa pmkga pfesotmra o rahorsa fsp`akatobfetf o` pfesafrm

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

o`-Dozzo`a (b.  (b. pfrsaoem prf-as`obakm f oa bofstra if` sonfasbm. @o stmrao if` pfesafrm as`obakm impm o`-Dozzo`a ???? i.K.) eme vfif o`kuem spfkao`f prmdrfssm ef` prabm kobpm ia aetfrfssf ifa busu`boea, mvvfrm `o [gorao, mrboa ifhaeatavobfetf kmiahakoto f sfezo spfroezo ia droeia fvm`uzamea: impm a` pframim ia ifkoifezo if` ko`ahhotm onnosaif, `f emvatã tfm`mdakgf smem sfbprf o``'aesfdeo if` i f` troiazameo`asbm. ^opprfsfetoeta ia qufstm troiazameo`asbm hurmem praekapo`bfetf: praekapo`bfetf: Ane Yubort, Yubort, tfm`mdm-ba`atorf kgf fnnf droe sfduatm ef``'Ohrako sfttfetrameo`f as`obako f ae [podeo f kgf krfþ a` hmeiobfetm rf`adamsm roiako`f pfr `o iaeostao ifd`a O`bmgoia (??94-?>81 i.K.), kgf dmvfreþ oppuetm ae quf``f zmef< Ane Yoabayo,, a kua shmrza kmetrm a` suhasbm kmetranuarmem o horf eoskfrf ef` WXAAA sfkm`m a` bmvabfetm Yoabayo nata (io`  (io` hmeiotmrf BuḦobboi ane Oni o`-Toggďn< bm`tm saba`f o` so`ohasbm, sueeato ifd`a woggďnata hmeiotm io``'fdazaoem ^osgai ^aio, iaskfpm`m ia Oniug) iahhusm aeazao`bfetf sm`m ae Oronao f pma fspoesmsa ef``'Aeiao busu`boeo: qufstm sa bokkgao ia fvaifeta ftfrmimssaf, kmbf `o eftto prmanazamef ia kohhç f tonokkm (kgf `'As`ob pfrbfttf), `o vam`fezo kmetrm tutta km`mrm kgf eme `o pfesoem kmbf `mrm, a` iasprfdam pfr `f abbodaea, a` `ussm f `'miam pfr d`a skaata f a bastaka. Surtrmppm, `o bastako f `f tfeifezf fstrfbastakgf if` troiazameo`asbm goeem kmetranuatm oi oiimrbfetorf `f bossf busu`boef ae ue smeem imdbotakm, dauraiakm - `fdo`asto f bastakm. ʽ

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

KOSAYM@M XA: @'A[@OB BMIF^EM: [XA@VSSA F SM[[ANA@AYO' ^aduorim `m sva`uppm if``'As`ob kgf onnaobm vastm, k'ç io horf ue'abpmrtoetf mssfrvozamef: o iahhfrfezo if``'Furmpo krastaoeo, `'As`ob eme go boa ovutm eá ueo ^ahmrbo, eá ue ^aeoskabfetm eá ue ^mboetakasbm. Ia rahmrbf, ae kobpm imdbotakm, kf ef hurmem h urmem bm`tf, bo smem tuttf rahmrbf kgf sa `abatoem oppuetm o` kobpm if``o tfmrao f if` imdbo, eme ovfeim quf``'abpmrtoezo roiako`f kgf pmssmem ovfr ovutm ef` bmeim furmpfm: ae smstoezo, oekgf `f pañ fstrfbf if``f sfttf frftakgf, rfstormem sfbprf hfif`a o quf` bmim ia rodameorf dauraiakm kgf go `f suf pañ `metoef mradaea ae kmstuboezf trano`a ia ueo prabatavo kmbueatã orono. Ef``‑ Ef``‑ueatã smstoezao`f if``o [gorao sto prmpram a` sfdrftm if``'"ueahmrbatã busu`boeo" kgf vfiaobm mdda f kgf ka sfbnro abpmssana`f iotm kgf boeko ef``'As`ob ue'outmratã kfetro`f if` tapm if` popotm kottm`akm. @o [gorao sa stona`azzþ daã ae fpmko trmppm oetako f trmppm sokro pfr pmtfr fssfrf tmkkoto. Ia qua eoskf oekgf `'opporfetf droeif tm``froezo if``'As`ob: ç vfrm kgf bodora a` Krastaoefsabm eme ovrfnnf boa okkfttotm kme kmsà toeto aeiahhfrfezo ueo sftto fstrfbo kmbf quf``o ifa NfltďůĬ, bo ç pur vfrm kgf qufsto sftto, pur ovfeim rata onfrroeta fi frftaka, kmehfsso sfbprf `o vo`aiatã if``o @fddf if` Srmhfto.

8.?. A` bmifreasbm busu`boem Impm `o `feto ifkoifezo sfduato o``o kmequasto bmedm`o if``f rfdamea mrafeto`a if` ko`ahhotm ef` WAAA sfkm`m,, `'As`ob sa trmvovo ef` WAW ef``o satuozamef ia ovfrf `o boddamr portf sfkm`m port f ia quf``o kgf fro stoto `o "koso if``'As`ob" (i (iďru '`-as`ďb) smttm pmssfssm km`meao`f ia pmtfezf eme busu`boef f krastaoef. Soroimsso`bfetf quaeia, a` bmifreasbm busu`boem eoskf fssfezao`bfetf io ueo pm`fbako kme `o kava`tã krastaoeo mkkaifeto`f< ia qua iuf suma korottfra tapaka: o)  ue kfrtm kmbp`fssm ia aehframratã vfrsm `'Mkkaifetf< n)  `o tfeifezo oi aim`fddaorf a` possotm, `'fpmko ia Bombfttm f ifa praba ko`ahha, kmetroppmefeim`o o` kmrrmttm prfsfetf. Ae dfefro`f sa puþ iarf kgf `o `mtto ifa bmifreasta kmetrm `o pfiassfquo abatozamef ifa boeuo`asta ossubo qufstf hmrbf, ae mriaef ia roiako`atã: • 

`anfrorf `f oetakgf troiazamea f a` kmesfesus if``f prabf dfefrozamea io tuttf `f oiiazamea sukkfssavf pfr ratmreorf o``'As`ob purm< •  kfrkorf ueo rahmrbo if``'As`ob, so`toeim oekgf `f troiazamea< •  iastaedufrf pfrhaem ef` Kmroem kaþ kgf Iam go ravf`otm pfr duaiorf a` sum pmpm`m io kaþ kgf ç aetfsm kmbf `fddf ftfreo< • 

obbfttfrf oiiaratturo kgf Iam stfssm puþ iastaedufrf kaþ kgf ç vavm f kaþ kgf ç bmrtm if` @anrm [okrm.

Ia kmesfdufezo, pmssaobm aeiavaiuorf o`tra iuf pueta kmbuea ae dfefro`f o` bmifreasbm busu`boem. Ae prabm `umdm, oekgf a pañ roiako`a ifa bmifreasta smem rabosta ottokkota o``'aifo if``'asparozamef `fttfro`f if` Kmroem io portf ia Iam: Iam : ef``'As`ob eme sa ç boa sva`uppotm ue `anfro`asbm tfm`mdakm ia fsfdfsa if` tfstm sokrm quo`f sa ç sva`uppotm ef` bmeim krastaoem kgf obbfttf kaþ ueo kfrto `anfrtã pfrsmeo`f if``'outmrf if``f sokrf `aeff, kgf ç asparotm io Iam bo eme ç iarfttobfetf Iam (a tfetotava if` bmifreasbm sa kmehaduroem kmsà kmbf tfetotava ia iorf sadeahakota bmifrea o porm`f ifttf iarfttobfetf io Iam pfr rasm`vfrf prmn`fba ia ueo smkaftã ia trfiaka sfkm`a ho). A` sfkmeim puetm ç a` sastfbo rozameo`astakm kgf rfdeo ae tuttm a` bmifreasbm busu`boem f kgf rakmrio pañ a` emstrm WXAAA sfkm`m: sfkm`m : `o kmekfzamef as`obako, oppaottfeim su``m stfssm paoem eoturo f smpro-eoturo kmbf tuttm hruttm iarfttm ia Iam, oeeafeto sao a` rozameo`f kgf a` smprorozameo`f. Kaþ ifttm, fsastmem iuf skum`f bmifreastf praekapo`a, pañ ueo tfrzo [kum`o turko kgf ç pfrþ fstroefo o``'As`ob. [a trotto ifa pofsa pañ aeh`ufezota iod`a aifo`a furmpfa pfr bmtava km`meao`a: •  [kum`o fdazaoeo: A` bmifreasbm fdazaoem eoskf kme `o prfiakozamef if``'ohdgoem [oyyai Dobo` oi-Iae o`-Ohdoea, o`-Ohdoea, pfrsaoem stoezaotmsa prabo o Astoenu` f pma ae Fdattm, imvf fnnf kmbf iaskfpm`m

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

Bugobboi Oniug: Oniug: fetrobna hmeiormem ueo ravasto bmifreasto o Sorada ef` ?77> ?77>,, asparoeim `f  dfefrozamea oeta-km`meao`astf f efm-busu`boef if``'fpmko. Io` puetm ia vasto strfttobfetf rf`adamsm, smem pmkgf `f aeemvozamea pmrtotf io `mrm ef``f krfifezf if``'As`ob troiazameo`f: quoetm o` hoto`asbm busu`boem, Oniug Oniug   iahfeif `o pmsazamef mrtmimsso if``'abpmssana`atã ia roddauedfrf `o vfratã kme `o rodamef, bfetrf ef``o kmetrmvfrsao sua soeta f su``o bastako fd`a obbfttf `'fsastfezo ia pfrsmeodda vakaea oa prmhfta f kopoka ia kmbpafrf barokm`a, bo efssue busu`boem ç mnn`adotm o kmesaifror`a kmbf "soeta". Oekgf `ua iakgaoro kgf eme k'ç kmetrostm hro skafezo, ha`msmhao f rf`adamef, bo `f prabf iuf eme ifvmem aevoifrf a` kobpm if``o rf`adamef. Oniug ohhfrbo  ohhfrbo kgf `f voraf skum`f dauraiakgf smem aeuta`a aeut a`a Aetfrfssoetf ç `o pmsazamef su``o [gorao: Oniug f aeuta`azzona`a, kgf nasmdeo raoprarf `f pmrtf if``'a if``' aǤtagďi, `anfrm stuiam dauraiakm if``f hmeta (smprottuttm `oiimvf `f hmeta froem pmkm kgaorf m butf o``mro a` dauiazam aeiavaiuo`f iavfeavo hmeiobfeto`f), f kgf o`kuef iaspmsazamea if` Kmroem  f  f ifa goiĬt smem oetaquotf (fs. pm`adobao, iavmrzam, skgaovatñ). [fkmeim `ua, a` sfdrftm pfr prmdrfiarf ç uta`azzorf ut a`azzorf `o skafezo bmifreo, kmbf go hottm `'Furmpo (`m `'Furmpo (`m stuiam ç `'ueako numeo quo`atã ifd`a furmpfa). @f ohhfrbozamea ravm`uzameoraf ia Oniug Oniug fnnfrm  fnnfrm ue vo`mrf nossm io` puetm ia vasto tfm`mdakm, bo o`tassabm io quf``m smkao`f f protakm-`fdo`f, smprottuttm ef``o `mtto o``'fboekapozamef if``o imeeo. Fd`a, pur fssfeim rahmrbotmrf, opporvf kmbf kmesfrvotmrf o``f eumvf dfefrozamea ia O`a Oni or-^ozaq f  Yogo Gusoae,, kmsà bmifreasta io opporarf n`oshfba: sfkmeim a` prabm, a` Kmroem   ç sm`m ue kmiakf Gusoae bmro`f f rf`adamsm f pfrtoetm eme go eu``o o kgf horf kme `'obbaeastrozamef iif``o f``o vato punn`ako (pfrkaþ a` ko`ahhotm vo rahautotm: kmekfzamef `oako if``m stotm), bfetrf a` sfkmeim kfrkovo ia aestourorf ueo kratako kmroeako `anfro`f f msovo ohhfrborf kgf io``o bfro prfsfezo ia emba ia pfrsmeodda kmbf Onrobm ftk. ef` Kmroem  eme  eme sa puþ ifiurrf kgf fssa saoem fsastata vfrobfetf, ratfefeim opmkrahf tuttf `f `fddfeif su``o hmeiozamef if``o Lo'no ftk. Goe  ia If`ga, kgf ef` WAW sfkm`m tfetþ sfkm`m tfetþ •  [kum`o aeiaoeo: Ifvf `o suo mradaef o [ar [oyyai Ogboi Goe ia ia iahhmeifrf kme a suma skratta ue As`ob bmifreazzotm f kmetranuà emtfvm`bfetf oekgf ae pm`atako o` rao`zobfetm if``f smrta ifa busu`boea aeiaoea. Kmetrm `f kmrrfeta radmrastakm-puratoef aeiaoef if``'fpmko kgf ottranuavoem `o ifkoifezo if``'As`ob o``'onnoeimem if``f troiazamea oetakgf, fd`a smstfefvo kgf `'As`ob eme fro ae mppmsazamef o``'Mkkaifetf, sa mppmsf o` kmstubf if``o rfk`usamef f if` vf`m if``f imeef, iakgaorþ kgf `o dufrro soeto fro eoto pfr iahfso f to`f imvfvo rfstorf f aehaef tfetþ ia km`borf `'onassm ia aekmbprfesamef f miam hro Krastaoefsabm f As`ob< uem ifa praekapa if` [oyyai [oyyai fro  fro kgf `'As`ob eme obbfttf iavfrdfezf hro rf`adamef f skafezo. @o suo mpfro hu pmrtoto ovoeta io pfrsmeo`atã kmbf a` pmfto O`toh Gusoae Go`a, Go`a, a` kratakm f stmrakm [an`a Eu'boea  Eu'boea  f smprottuttm Bugobboi Aqno`, Aqno`, droeif kmemskatmrf if``'Mkkaifetf: fd`a rakmemnnf kgf eme nostovo kratakorf ostrottobfetf `f kmeiazamea if``'As`ob ottuo`f bo kgf nasmdeovo oekgf kfrkoref `f roiaka stmrakm-bftohasakgf, aeiavaiuotf ef``o pfeftrozamef prmhmeio if` pfesafrm drfkm ef``'As`ob, a` pfesafrm saekrftastakm efmp`otmeakm-a``ubaeastakm ia mradaea podoef fi fxtrobmemtfastakgf. Aesmbbo, sfkmeim `ua, pfr ratmreorf o``o purfzzo if``f mradaea ottavastakgf if``'As`ob nasmdeovo f`abaeorf S`otmef f Orastmtf`f: `o ha`msmhao bastakm-efmp`otmeakm kgf `'As`ob ossmrnà ef kousormem oekgf a` hoto`asbm, `o padrazao f `'ottfddaobfetm oetaskafetahakm. Aqno` Aqno`   smstafef kgf nasmdeo rakmstruarf a` pfesafrm rf`adamsm if``'As`ob, if``'As`ob , tfefeim prfsfetf a` pfesafrm bmifrem i'Furmpo, sfkmeim voraf `aeff iarfttraka: imdba: ravo`utozamef if``o `fddf su``o imdbotako f su``o o)  a` mr em  ç ue `anrm ia ozamef eme ia imdba: bastako< n)  Iam-Sfrsmeo, krfotmrf ottavm, ç kmetroppmstm o` iam-tuttm, iam-tuttm , a` "Iavaem" abpfrsmeo`f ifa podoefsaba< if``'Vmbm, oekg'fd`a pfrsmeo, bo km``onmrotmrf ia Iam: Iam ç a` "bad`amrf ifa k)  ravo`utozamef if``'Vmbm, krfotmra", bo oekgf d`a umbaea smem krfotmra, sfppur aehframra< i)  `'umbm, ueo vm`to smttmbfssmsa o Iam, ossubf aehaeato pmtfezo fi ç ortfhakf if` sum ifstaem , `o aem`trf kua smrtf d`a vafef ioto ioas`obako Iam sfkmeim vm`metã.stotm tfmkrotakm-ifbmkrotakm ia tutta Aqno` Aqno` aem`trf ratfefvo `o [gorao oiotto`oosuo ue droeif a pofsa busu`boea, ueo kmbueatã rf`adamso ueavfrso`f, f rakmemskf o``'Furmpo droeia prmdrfssa

[korakotm io Bordorft Nroeko (nrmtgy?119Cdboa`.kmb) `MBmO^S[I49 1 7

 

ef` kobpm fstframrf, pur efdoeimd`af`a aevfkf ef` kobpm bmro`f (fsso go hottm quf``m kgf ovrfnnf imvutm horf `'As`ob, bo pfrifeimef `o sparatuo`atã). [a puþ iarf kgf a` bmifrem Solastoe sao a` noekm ia prmvo p rmvo pfr ueo bmifreazzozamef if``o [gorao. Kmek`uiaobm iakfeim kgf, sf ef` kobpm protakm `'As`ob bmifrem vum`f skfd`afrf `o vao if` `oakasbm, Lfbo`, kgf pur efd`a u`taba ifvf mroba duoriorf smprottuttm o``'fspfrabfetm turkm ia Bustoho Lfbo`, ifkfeea sa ç emtfvm`bfetf ottfeuotm. Ottuo`bfetf, ue hmrtf prmkfssm ia "oetabmifreasbm" ç ae ottm ae @anao, Aroe, Solastoe f bm`ta o`tra pofsa as`obaka. O``'As`ob bmifrem, ia hrmetf o``o shaio sparatuo`f if``'Furmpo, raboedmem opfrtf trf vaf: smproeozameo`f, kme rmnustf astatuzamea tfmkrotakm-ifbmkrotakgf ?.  `'aesfrzamef ia ue As`ob smproeozameo`f, rahmrbotf< kmbp`ftm, if` tapm turkm, f `'opprmhmeiabfetm ia ue As`ob kmbf puro rf`adamef< >.  ue `oakasbm kmbp`ftm, ;.  ueo vfro f prmprao rahmrbo rf`adamso, rf`adamso, trobatf `o eoskato ia ueo eumvo hfif smrto ae sfem o``'As`ob: ueo eumvo rf`adamef kmbf `o NďnĬ-Ngď'Ĭ. 9.  N^FXF K^MEM@MDAO IF@ KO@AHHOYM A[@OBAKM •  •  •  •  • 

8;3 i.K.  kmequasto if``o Bfkko io portf ia Bombfttm. 8;>  bmrtf ia Bombfttm f aeazam if``'fro ifa "ko`ahha nfe iarftta". 8;>-88?  fro ifa "ko`ahha nfe iarftta": On Ŭ Nolr, 'Mbor, 'Vtb ďe f 'O`Ĭ. 88?-463  ko`ahhotm Mboyyoif (prabm Ko`ahhm: Bu'owayo ane Ona [uhyoe, km`ua kgf, aesafbf o` poirf, sa fro kmevfrtatm prabo if``o kmequasto if``o Bfkko ef` 8;3 i.K.). 463-?>67  ko`ahhotm Onnosaif (aeazao`bfetf suppmrtota iod`a O`aia skaata, ruppfrm prfstm kme `mrm f sa pmsfrm o``o duaio if``'mrtmimssao)