Kyoto Garbage

History of municipal solid waste management in Japan is started since hundreds year ago, the history mainly is divided into 2 mains era, before world war II and after world war II (Yamamoto, 2002). Modernization and industrialization in Japan was started since this country opened to foreign relation as impacts of the Meiji Restoration beginning in 1868. However, the restoration had negative impacts, opened foreign relation increase spread plague of disease such as cholera, dysentery into Japan. To tackle this situation the Government of Japan initiated to established public work and made guided for citizen on how to dispose garbage properly. As the result, the Filth Cleansing Law was promulgated in 1990, the law given responsibility for each cities in Japan to manage municipal solid waste which is generated in its jurisdiction. However, some cities such as Tokyo and Osaka failed to manage their solid waste autonomously due to the limitation of lands were used as landfill sites. The cities had to research other waste treatment methods such as composting, recycle and gasification. In 1930, the Government of Japan stipulated under the Waste Cleansing Law that incineration was mandatory as a method to manage solid waste. Although incineration systems can reduce significant amount of garbage. However, the incineration plants induced several negative impacts such as insufficient performance and pollution and they were not solved until middle of 1960’s (Yamamoto, 2002). Many infrastructures including incinerator plants were had destroyed as impacted of World War II, so wastes should be landfilled. Shortly thereafter, the damaged plants were restored and some new incineration plants were constructed, both all of them induced environmental issues same as before the war (Yamamoto,

2002). Therefore, to tackle environmental issues Government of Japan was repealed the Filth Cleansing Law and stipulated the Public Cleansing Law in 1954. The evolution of Japan waste management as depicted on table… is divided into 3 (three) approaches. 1.) Hygiene approach, 2). Environmental Pollution approach anionic d 3). Sound Material-Cycle Society approach. The law of Waste management based on Hygienic approach was introduced in the beginning of 1954 by stipulated Public Cleansing Law. At the end of 1954s government of Japan. Rapid Japan economic growth started in 1960, this cause the expansion of industrial zones in cities of Japan. Although they can brought prosperity to Japanese. Nevertheless, the growth induced an increase amount of municipal solid waste. Due to the lack of suitable lands for landfilling, some cities in Japan constructed an incineration system. However, the incinerator technology was used at the time caused severe air pollution problems. Facing the air pollution problems, in early of 1960, the Government of Japan promulgated the Law which concerned on environmental pollution issues particularly that is emitted from Industrial activities. Japan is undertaking the transition of waste management to a Sound Material-Cycle Society approach. This approach is established by promoting reduction, reuse, recycling and appropriated disposal, Sound Material-Cycle Society has aims to minimized the consumption of natural resource and reducing the environmental oad as much as possible (Ministry of Environmental of Japan, 2010) . The milestones of Sound Material-Cycle Society was started when the Oil Crisis attacked Japan in 1973 and 1979, Japanese be aware that the resources in the Earth had limitation and resource conservation was important (Yamamoto, 2002). Many Japanese concerned on recycle the waste. In early of 1990s, Japanese Government started to promote the importance of waste reduction and waste

recycling, substantial Waste Disposal Laws were revised to establish a Sound Material-Cycle Society.

History of Japan’s Legislative Framework Development for a sound Material-Cycle Society Era Situations Establishment of Law Post -Waste Management for good -Public Cleansing Law (1954) environmental hygienic WWII 1950s -Keep the environment hygienic and comfortable 1960s - Clear increase of industrial -Basic Law for Environmental Pollution waste etc. and Control (1967) ~1970 ”Environmental Pollution” -Waste Management Law (1970) s with the high Economic -Amended Waste Management Law Growth (1976) - Waste management for environmental protection 1980 ~ - Promotion of the development -Law for Bay Area Marine and of facilities for waste Environment Consolidation Centers management (1981) - Environmental Protection on -Septic Tank Law (1983) Waste Management 1990s - Reduce/Recycle of Waste - Amended Waste Management - Establishment of Recycling Law(1991) - Law to Promote the Development of Laws - Measures against hazardous Specified Facilities for the Disposal materials (Inc. Dioxins) of Industrial Waste (1992) - Appropriate waste - Fundamental Environmental Law (1993) management depends on the diversity of the - Container and Packaging Recycling types/properties of wastes Law(1995) - Amended Waste Management Law(1997) - Home Appliances Recycling Law(1998) - Law Concerning Special Measures against Dioxins(1999) 2000 ~ - Promotion of 3R towards the - Fundamental Law for Establishing a establishment of a Sound Sound Material-Cycle Society(2000) Material Cycle Society - Construction/Food Waste Recycling - strengthen the measures for Laws(2000) industrial waste - Amended Waste Management management Law(2000) - Strengthen measures against - Law Concerning Special Measures illegal dumping Against PCB Waste (2001) - End-of-life Vehicles Recycling Law(2000) - Law on Special Measures Concerning

Removal of Environmental Problems Caused by Specified Industrial Wastes(2003) - Amended Waste Management Law(2003-2006) Source : (Yatsu , 2010)

Kyoto is a city is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu, Japan, the city is It is surrounded by the Higashiyama, Kitayama, and Nishiyama mountain ranges and has two main rivers, the Kamo in the east, and the Katsura in the west. The total area is 827.90 square kilometre. In 2011, 1,473,746 of people were recorded living in Kyoto. Kyoto was established in 794 as the imperial capital of Japan for more than one thousand years The historical city of Kyoto offers a vast pool of shrines, temples, and cultural facilities, and a long tradition of numerous grand festivals and traditional events which attracted tourist to visit. The city of Kyoto is also home to numerous traditional and modern industrial. Popular public and private universities such as Kyoto University and Ritsumeikan University are also located in the city Garbage management in Kyoto In Kyoto city, garbage is mainly divided into four type: burnable garbage, cans/bottles/PET bottles, plastic containers and packages and small metal items, garbage must be separated accordingly and be disposed into designated places and day.

Garbage collection can be done by the Kyoto city government or contracted to private sectors. When the garbage is managed by the Kyoto city government, garbage have to place in a special designated garbage bags, placed garbage in an incorrect bag will not be collected. These bags can be found at retail stores, supermarkets, convenience stores, and other such venues with variety prices depend on their volume capacities. For garbage is collected by private businesses, it is not necessary to use special garbage bags

They main aim of this study was to identify the underlying factors that affect waste management in Saboba and also suggest ways to ensure proper waste management in the town. The study gathered data from both primary and secondary sources. Field investigation, questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews were employed in collecting the data. The study identified the main factors affecting waste management as; Inadequate resources, including inadequate funding, inadequate collection containers, lack of a final disposal site and inadequate human capital. Poor public education. These factors led to indiscriminate dumping and irregular collection of waste in the town. To solve these problems, the study recommended that the waste management department be well resourced to carry out its functions. The study also suggested that residents be made to bear some of the cost of waste disposal. Another suggestion was that public education be conducted to school the people on proper waste management.

In 2012, total amount of garbage was generated by inhabitants of Kyoto City was 1318 tons of garbage per day, each inhabitants contributes an average of 0.83 kg of garbage per day. Most of these garbage, 64.6%, was imposed incineration

treatment. The incineration is a burning treatment of garbage for reducing its quantity. While, total amount of waste recovery has contributed 23.5% for Kyoto’s solid waste management. Only 0.6% of waste turn into fertilizer or feed and the remaining 11.3% went to a landfilling process.

The total cost was spent in 2013 by the Kyoto city for garbage treatment activities worth ¥27,330,700,000 or approximately equal with $270,573,930. The largest expenditures are used 43.69% for Environmental services costs. While, disposal costs such as collection and transportation shared about 33.61% of cost. To finance the expenditures, Kyoto only earned ¥13,438,000,000/$133,036,200. This means Kyoto City had financial burden because had to give subsidy around 50.8% for managing solid waste.

Expenses for solid waste management of Kyoto City fiscal Year 2013 Expenses No

Expenditures

Descriptions (Yen) Salaries, cost for industrial waste processing guidance,

1

Environmental services costs

2

Environmental protection Costs

3

Disposal costs

11,942,863,000 waste reduction promotion, environmental conservation 644,098,000 Global Warming and Pollution Control Costs Operational costs for garbage collection and transportation, 9,188,121,000 recycle, incineration and landfilling

4 5

Manure Treatment Costs Equipment and Materials Cost Environmental facility

6 maintenance costs Total Expenses

580,145,000 Fertilizer, feed and public toilet maintenance 238,930,000 Maintenance for vehicles City beautification, Ash melting facility 4,736,543,000 maintenance,Landfilling development, vehicles purchase 27,330,700,000

Revenue for solid waste management of Kyoto City fiscal Year 2013

No

Types of Revenue

1

subrogation

2

Commissions and fees

3

Central Government Funds

4

Property Income

5

Money Transferred

6

Various Revenue

7 8

Municipal Bonds Total Expenses

Revenues

Descriptions

10,000,000 Waste processing payment Garbage fees, charge for use of government facilities, waste services 4,317,669,000 license 7,759,000 Environment conservation aid, waste subsidy, environmental research Land and building loan revenue, naming rights revenue, recycling revenue 2,708,048,000 Business Cooperation Loan principal and interest revenue, Public Work Project, indemnity, 4,087,290,000 toilet revenue, canned sales 2,225,000,000 13,438,000,000 -

Activities Collection and Transportation Incineration Fracture Recycling Landfill Total Expenses

Expenses (JPY) (USD) 9,324,887,150 10,942,552,426 1,629,950,141 16,136,506 2,664,075,807 4,377,182,788 43,334,109 28,938,648,312

Capacity (tons) 242,120 460,831 25,163 28,105 65,812 -

Cost per ton of garbage (JPY) (USD) 38,513 381 23,745 235 64,776 641 94,790 938 66,510 658 -