Kushite and Saite Period Burials on El-Khokha-libre

Thebes in the First Millennium BC

Thebes in the First Millennium BC

Edited by

Elena Pischikova, Julia Budka and Kenneth Griffin

Thebes in the First Millennium BC, Edited by Elena Pischikova, Julia Budka and Kenneth Griffin This book first published 2014 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2014 by Elena Pischikova, Julia Budka, Kenneth Griffin and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-5404-2, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-5404-7

TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword …………………………………………………………………xi Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………...xv Part A: Historical Background Chapter One ……………………………………………………………....3 The Coming of the Kushites and the Identity of Osorkon IV Aidan Dodson Part B: Royal Burials: Thebes and Abydos Chapter Two ……………………………………………………………..15 Royal Burials at Thebes during the First Millennium BC David A. Aston Chapter Three …………………………………………………………....61 Kushites at Abydos: The Royal Family and Beyond Anthony Leahy Part C: Elite Tombs of the Theban Necropolis Section 1: Preservation and Development of the Theban Necropolis Chapter Four ………..………………………………………………….101 Lost Tombs of Qurna: Development and Preservation of the Middle Area of the Theban Necropolis Ramadan Ahmed Ali Chapter Five ……………………………………………………………111 New Tombs of the North Asasif Fathy Yaseen Abd el Karim

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Section 2: Archaeology and Conservation Chapter Six ……………………………………………………………..121 Kushite Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: Conservation, Reconstruction, and Research Elena Pischikova Chapter Seven ………………………………………………………….161 Reconstruction and Conservation of the Tomb of Karakhamun (TT 223) Abdelrazk Mohamed Ali Chapter Eight …………………………………………………………..173 The Forgotten Tomb of Ramose (TT 132) Christian Greco Chapter Nine …………………………………………………………...201 The Tomb of Montuemhat (TT 34) in the Theban Necropolis: A New Approach Louise Gestermann and Farouk Gomaà Chapter Ten ………………………………………………………….....205 The “Funeral Palace” of Padiamenope (TT 33): Tomb, Place of Pilgrimage, and Library. Current research Claude Traunecker Chapter Eleven …………………………………………………………235 Kushite and Saite Period Burials on el-Khokha Gábor Schreiber Section 3: Religious Texts: Tradition and Innovation Chapter Twelve ………………………………………………………...251 The Book of the Dead from the Western Wall of the Second Pillared Hall in the Tomb of Karakhamun (TT 223) Kenneth Griffin Chapter Thirteen ……………………………………………………….269 The Broad Hall of the Two Maats: Spell BD 125 in Karakhamun’s Main Burial Chamber Miguel Angel Molinero Polo

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Chapter Fourteen ……………………………………………………….295 Report on the Work on the Fragments of the “Stundenritual” (Ritual of the Hours of the Day) in TT 223 Erhart Graefe Chapter Fifteen …………………………………………………...…….307 The Amduat and the Book of the Gates in the Tomb of Padiamenope (TT 33): A Work in Progress Isabelle Régen Section 4: Interconnections, Transmission of Patterns and Concepts, and Archaism: Thebes and Beyond Chapter Sixteen ………………………………………………...………323 Between South and North Asasif: The Tomb of Harwa (TT 37) as a “Transitional Monument” Silvia Einaudi Chapter Seventeen ………………………………………………...……343 The So-called “Lichthof” Once More: On the Transmission of Concepts between Tomb and Temple Filip Coppens Chapter Eighteen ……………………………………...………………..357 Some Observations about the Representation of the Neck-sash in Twentysixth Dynasty Thebes Aleksandra Hallmann Chapter Nineteen ……………………………………………………….379 All in the Detail: Some Further Observations on “Archaism” and Style in Libyan-Kushite-Saite Egypt Robert G. Morkot Chapter Twenty …………………………………………...……………397 Usurpation and the Erasure of Names during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty Carola Koch

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Part D: Burial Assemblages and Other Finds in Elite Tombs Section 1: Coffins Chapter Twenty-one ………………………………………...………….419 The Significance of a Ritual Scene on the Floor Board of Some Coffin Cases in the Twenty-first Dynasty Eltayeb Abbas Chapter Twenty-two …………………………………………….……..439 The Inner Coffin of Tameramun: A Unique Masterpiece of Kushite Iconography from Thebes Simone Musso and Simone Petacchi Chapter Twenty-three ……………………………………………….…453 Sokar-Osiris and the Goddesses: Some Twenty-fifth–Twenty-sixth Dynasty Coffins from Thebes Cynthia May Sheikholeslami Chapter Twenty-four …………………………………………………...483 The Vatican Coffin Project Alessia Amenta Section 2: Other Finds Chapter Twenty-five ……………………………………………...……503 Kushite Pottery from the Tomb of Karakhamun: Towards a Reconstruction of the Use of Pottery in Twenty-fifth Dynasty Temple Tombs Julia Budka Chapter Twenty-six ……………………………………………….……521 A Collection of Cows: Brief Remarks on the Faunal Material from the South Asasif Conservation Project Salima Ikram Chapter Twenty-seven …………………………………………………529 Three Burial Assemblages of the Saite Period from Saqqara Kate Gosford

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Part E: Karnak Chapter Twenty-eight ………………………………………….………549 A Major Development Project of the Northern Area of the Amun-Re Precinct at Karnak during the Reign of Shabaqo Nadia Licitra, Christophe Thiers, and Pierre Zignani Chapter Twenty-nine …………………………………………………...565 The Quarter of the Divine Adoratrices at Karnak (Naga Malgata) during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty: Some Hitherto Unpublished Epigraphic Material Laurent Coulon Chapter Thirty …………………………………………………….……587 Offering Magazines on the Southern Bank of the Sacred Lake in Karnak: The Oriental Complex of the Twenty-fifth–Twenty-sixth Dynasty Aurélia Masson Chapter Thirty-one ………………………………………………..……603 Ceramic Production in the Theban Area from the Late Period: New Discoveries in Karnak Stéphanie Boulet and Catherine Defernez Chapter Thirty-two ……………………………………………..………625 Applications of Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) in the Study of Temple Graffiti Elizabeth Frood and Kathryn Howley Abbreviations …………………………………………………………..639 Contributors ……………………………………………………………645 Indices …………….……………………………………………..……..647

FOREWORD “Egypt in the First Millennium BC” is a collection of articles, most of which are based on the talks given at the conference of the same name organised by the team of the South Asasif Conservation Project (SACP), an Egyptian-American Mission working under the auspices of the Ministry of State for Antiquities (MSA), Egypt in Luxor in 2012. The organisers of the conference Elena Pischikova, Julia Budka, and Kenneth Griffin intended to bring together a group of speakers who would share the results of their recent field research in the tombs and temples of the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Dynasties in Thebes and other archaeological sites, as well as addressing a variety of issues relevant to different aspects of Egyptian monuments of this period. Papers based on the talks of the participants of the conference form the bulk of this volume. However, we found it possible to include the papers of a few scholars who could not attend the conference, but whose contributions are pertinent to the main themes of the conference and could enrich the content of the present volume. Therefore, this volume covers a much wider range of sites, monuments, and issues as well as a broader chronological span. Discussions of the monuments of Abydos and Saqqara, along with the Libyan tradition, enrich the argument on interconnections, derivations, innovations, and archaism. The diversity of topics cover the areas of history, archaeology, epigraphy, art, and burial assemblages of the period. Aidan Dodson deliberates on chronological issues of the early Kushite state by re-examining the identity of Osorkon IV and related monuments. His paper gives a historical and cultural introduction to the Kushite Period and the whole volume. The papers of the General Director of the Middle Area of the West Bank Fathy Yaseen Abd el Karim, and Chief Inspector of the Middle Area Ramadan Ahmed Ali, open a large section in the volume dedicated to different aspects of research and fieldwork in the Theban necropolis. They concern the preservation and development of the necropolis, an incredibly important matter which assumed a new dimension after the demolition of the Qurna villages and clearing of the area being undertaken by the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) teams. Numerous tombs found under the houses need immediate safety measures to be applied as well as archaeological and research attention. The conservation, preservation, and recording of the elite tombs in the area are amongst the most relevant issues in the Theban necropolis today.

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David Aston and Anthony Leahy examine the royal burials of Thebes and Abydos. Both papers present a remarkably large number of burials related to the royal families of the First Millennium BC. This time period in the Theban necropolis is traditionally associated with elite tombs, with the royal monuments often neglected. Research on the royal aspect of these sites provides a deeper perspective to the study of the elite tombs of the period. The papers on the elite tombs of the Theban necropolis address a variety of aspects of work in this group of monuments such as archaeology, conservation, epigraphy, and burial assemblages, as well as relevant issues as archaism and innovations of the decoration and interconnections between the tombs of different parts of the necropolis. The areas of archaeology and conservation of the necropolis are presented by the papers of the Director of the SACP Elena Pischikova, and its leading conservator Abdelrazk Mohamed Ali. These papers give a summary of the rediscovery, excavation, conservation, reconstruction, and mapping work done in the tombs of Karakhamun (TT 223) and Karabasken (TT 391) over a period of eight years, with emphasis on the 2012 and 2013 seasons. This section is complemented by a paper on the fieldwork in another “forgotten” tomb of the South Asasif necropolis, Ramose (TT 132), by Christian Greco. The archaeological work in the South Asasif necropolis has resulted in the uncovering and reconstruction of a large amount of new architectural, epigraphic, and artistic information, some of which is presented in this volume for the first time. The new project in the tomb of Montuemhat (TT 34), undertaken by Louise Gestermann and Farouk Gomaà, is another invaluable piece of information which, together with the work of Greco in the tomb of Ramose, and Molinero Polo in the tomb of Karakhamun, modifies our understanding of Kushite and early Saite burial compartments and their semantics within the tomb complex. The paper on the Twenty-fifth to Twenty-sixth Dynasty tombs of el-Khokha by Gábor Schreiber widens our perception of the geographic disbursement of Kushite tombs in the Theban necropolis. The amount of intrusive Twenty-fifth Dynasty burials within the primarily New Kingdom site of el-Khokha gives confidence that we may expect similar results from the numerous Qurna missions. Special attention paid to such intrusive burials in different areas may build a solid basis for our better understanding of Kushite presence and activities in Thebes in the future. The epigraphical studies of Kenneth Griffin, Miguel Molinero Polo, and Erhart Graefe within the tomb of Karakhamun, and Isabelle Régen in the tomb of Padiamenope, concern the reflection of tradition and innova-

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tions in the texts of the Book of the Dead, the Amduat, the Book of the Gates, and the Ritual of the Hours of the Day, as well as their new architectural and contextual environment. The comparative research of these texts in different tombs will eventually lead to a better understanding of the reasons for selections of certain traditional texts, reasons for their adjustments, as well as their interpretations in the new contexts of temple tombs of the period. Although Kushite and Saite tombs demonstrate a rich variety of architectural, textual, and decorative material they are all interconnected by certain aspects and concepts. The next group of papers by Silvia Einaudi, Filip Coppens, Robert Morkot, Aleksandra Hallmann, and Carola Koch concern such aspects, relevant to most of the monuments. Silvia Einaudi raises the incredibly important question of interconnections and interinfluences between the tombs of the Theban necropolis, origins of certain patterns and traditions within the necropolis, and their transmissions from tomb to tomb. Filip Coppens and Aleksandra Hallmann concentrate on smaller elements of the tomb complexes, such as a piece of garment or a single architectural feature, to track it within a group of monuments. Thus, Coppens traces similarities and differences in the Sun Court decoration in different tombs, its connection with the temple concept, and discusses its symbolic and ritual meaning in temple tombs. Robert Morkot discusses the sources and chronological developments of archaism in royal and elite monuments. Carola Koch addresses the Saite approach to Kushite monuments by re-examining the phenomenon of the erasure of Kushite names during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. A large group of papers on the burial assemblages and other finds in elite tombs enrich and expend the discussion of the burial complexes of the First Millennium BC. Eltayeb Abbas, Simone Musso and Simone Petacchi, Cynthia Sheikholeslami, and Alessia Amenta discuss the issues of construction techniques, workshops, and iconography of coffin decoration and its ritual meaning. Julia Budka and Salima Ikram discuss finds in the tomb of Karakhamun. Budka analyses Kushite pottery found in the burial compartment and its usage in a Twenty-fifth Dynasty temple tomb, while Ikram remarks on the faunal material from the First Pillared Hall. Kate Gosford broadens the boundaries of the discussion with some burial assemblages from Saqqara. The last section of the volume is dedicated to the new archaeological research at Karnak presented by Nadia Licitra, Christophe Thiers, Pierre Zignani, Laurent Coulon, Aurélia Masson, Stéphanie Boulet, and Catherine Defernez. Their papers concern different areas of the temple complex such as the temple of Ptah, the Treasury of Shabaqo, the “palace”

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of the God’s Wife Ankhnesneferibre in Naga Malgata, and offering magazines as well as the new evidence of ceramic production at Karnak in the chapel of Osiris Wennefer. Another Karnak paper introduces a new technology, with Elizabeth Frood and Kathryn Howley describing the use of Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) as a means of studying graffiti at the site. Most of the information included into this volume is being published for the first time. We feel that the research presented here brings together a range of current studies on royal and elite monuments of the period, putting them into a wider context and filling some gaps in First Millennium BC scholarship. This time period is still one of the least researched and published area of study in Egyptology despite the numerous recent developments in field exploration and research. The present volume offers a discussion of the First Millennium BC monuments and sites in all their complexity. Such aspects of research as tomb and temple architecture, epigraphy, artistic styles, iconography, palaeography, local workshops, and burial assemblages collected in this publication give a new perspective to the future exploration of these aspects and topics. We hope that the present volume will inspire new comparative studies on the topics discussed and bring First Millennium BC scholarship to a new level. .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the Minister of Antiquities Mohamed Ibrahim and the Ministry of State for Antiquities for their support in organising the conference “Thebes in the First Millennium BC” in Luxor in October 2012 and permission to work in the South Asasif necropolis. We are grateful for the support our Egyptian-American team, the South Asasif Conservation Project, has received over the years from Dr. Mohamed Ismail Khaled, Director of the Department of Foreign Missions MSA, Dr. Mansour Boraik, Director General of Luxor Antiquities until 2013; Ibrahim Soliman, Director of Luxor Antiquities; Dr. Mohamed Abd el Aziz, General Director for the West Bank of Luxor; Fathy Yassen Abd el Kerim, Director of the Middle Area; Ramadan Ahmed Ali, Chief Inspector of the Middle Area; Ahmed Ali Hussein Ali, SCA Chief Conservator and Director of the Conservation Department of Upper Egypt; Afaf Fathalla, General Director of the Conservation Department of Upper Egypt; the MSA conservation team; and all our team members and volunteers. We are very grateful to our sponsors, IKG Cultural Resources, directed by Anthony Browder (USA), and the South Asasif Conservation Trust, directed by John Billman (UK). Without all this help and support we would not have been able to accomplish the field work and research included in the present volume. Special thanks to the participants of the conference, particularly to our Luxor colleagues Nadia Licitra, Christophe Thiers, Pierre Zignani, Laurent Coulon, Claude Traunecker, Isabelle Régen, Louise Gestermann, and Farouk Gomaà who showed their sites to the participants.

CHAPTER ELEVEN KUSHITE AND SAITE PERIOD BURIALS ON EL-KHOKHA GÁBOR SCHREIBER

Eötvös Loránd University Budapest

Abstract: The New Kingdom tombs on the southern slope of the el-Khokha

hillock, situated in the centre of the Theban necropolis, accommodated numerous intrusive burials between the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Dynasties. Besides secondary burials in shaft tombs cut in the cult chapel of New Kingdom mortuary monuments, large hypogeum-type tombs with brickwork superstructures also appeared at the base of the hill. The study gives a brief overview of these interments, relying mostly on the results of the on-going Hungarian excavations in this area.

Compared to the Asasif, the zone of the Ramesseum, and Medinet Habu, the Khokha hillock ranks among the peripheric areas of the Theban necropolis during the Twenty-fifth/Twenty-sixth Dynasties, yet its tomb groups have still much to offer to the archaeologist to develop a balanced overall picture of the contemporary Theban burial system. The southern slope of el-Khokha, situated in the centre of the vast Theban cemetery, is distinguished by the presence of the oldest local rock-cut tombs dating from the late Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period.1 After a phase still difficult to characterise in detail over the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period,2 the heyday of the el-Khokha cemetery came in the early New Kingdom, during the reign of Thutmose III. Due to the proximity of this area to the mortuary temple of Thutmose III, the entire southern slope of el-Khokha became dotted by new mortuary monuments in the first half of the fifteenth century BC. The tombs in question were typically of modest size, constructed for a middle-ranking 1 2

See recently Soliman 2009, 12–28; Fábián 2011, 43–53. Fábián, in Bács et al. 2009, 55–60.

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stratum of the elite, such as a scribe of the mat (TT 182, Amenemhat), a scribe of the treasury (TT 365, Nefermenu), a counter of grain in the granary of the divine offerings (TT 179, Nebamun), royal butlers (TT 205, Djehutymes and TT 238, Neferweben), and holders of various priestly offices (TT 241, Ahmose and TT -64-, Amenhotep).3 In the same period, another cemetery of shaft tombs, constructed for military men probably participating in the foreign campaigns of Thutmose III evolved at the base of the hill, of which a sample has been excavated in the zone of TT 32.4 Later, in the Nineteenth Dynasty, a few monumental tombs—such as those of Djehutymes (TT 32), Nebsumenu (TT 183) and Nefermenu (TT 184)— were constructed in the first and second necropolis-streets, wedged between the already-existing tomb chapels. The construction of new monuments continued, if on a modest scale, into the Twentieth Dynasty, together with the reuse of Thutmosid chapels that were repainted, and new burial chambers accessible from a sloping passage added to their original structure (e.g. TT -59-, Bakenamun and TT -61-, Amenhotep).5 Based on the material excavated by the Hungarian Mission in TT -61- and -400-, these Twentieth Dynasty tombs were clearly not only intended for the tomb owner and his spouse alone, but transformed into multiple, probably family, burial grounds shortly after the original interments. The reuse of New Kingdom tombs extended into the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Dynasties, when new burial chambers cut at the terminus of the sloping passage were added to several Ramesside funerary apartments.6 The presence of Twenty-fifth/Twenty-sixth Dynasty material proved also to be symptomatic in all the contexts that have been investigated so far. What makes the evaluation of this corpus somewhat complicated is its poor and highly fragmentary state of preservation, with the inscribed wooden objects that might have provided a sound basis for the reconstruction of the equipment being almost completely destroyed in most cases. Given the more or less general lack of prosopographical data as well as firm textual and stylistic evidence for dating, one is usually forced to rely on the study of pottery and small finds to give approximate dates and form some general conclusions. 3

Note that tomb designations such as TT -64- refer to Kampp’s numbering system. See Kampp 1996. 4 Cf. Schreiber 2008, 32–37; Schreiber 2010, 89. 5 Schreiber, in Bács et al. 2009, 71–72. 6 Schreiber 2008, 51. See also Aston 2009, 164. On the history of the site between the Twenty-second and early Twenty-fifth Dynasties, see Schreiber 2009.

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The best preserved Kushite Period burial equipment from el-Khokha is that made for one (Jmn)-pA-sdnw and Jwty-aA-r-Wsjr, excavated by Maha Farid Mostafa in the Ramesside tomb of Neferhotep and Meh (TT 257).7 An interesting feature of this burial ensemble, constructed for father and son, both holding the title “Chamber Supervisor of the Divine Adoratrice of Amun” (jmy xnt n dwAt-nTr n Jmn),8 is that it represents an unusual blend of Twenty-second and Twenty-fifth Dynasty styles. In accordance with the “new” coffin style of the Kushite Period, both persons were provided with outer coffins of the qrsw type,9 however, their innermost coffins were actually cartonnage cases decorated in the style of the Twenty-second Dynasty.10 The finds also included a large fragment from the shabti box of (Jmn)-pA-sdnw,11 which shows resemblance to Aston’s Type VII boxes inscribed with the shabti spell (BD 6).12 Besides these burials dated to the second half of the eighth century BC, TT 257 also accommodated the funerary equipment of a certain PA-dj-BAstt, who held the title jry aA pr-Jmn (Doorkeeper of the Temple of Amun).13 Based on the Ptah-Sokar-Osiris figure associated with this interment, Padibastet’s burial is datable to the seventh century BC. The intrusive Kushite burials on el-Khokha were deposed in newly cut shaft tombs. This kind of shaft usually has a square opening and their depth varies between 2.5 and 4m. It seems as if there was a preference to position these intrusive shafts in the axial halls of the New Kingdom tomb chapels. This is at least the case with the Kushite to early Saite burial shafts found in TT 23,14 32,15 and -400-.16 However, not all the contemporary burials were deposed in shaft tombs. Already in the late ninth–eighth century BC, tombs with brickwork superstructures and subterranean burial chambers appeared at the base of the hill, which are likely to have formed an independent cluster within the 7

Mentioned in Aston 2003, 149; Schreiber 2009, 472. On the title, see Graefe 1981 II, 36–38. 9 Mostafa 1995, 79–81, pls. XX, XLI–XLIII [obj. nrs. 84–85]. 10 Mostafa 1995, 85–86, pl. XLVI [obj. nrs. 122–123]. 11 Mostafa 1995, 81, pls. XIX, XLIII [obj. nr. 88.1]. 12 Aston 1994, 33–34, pl. 6.4; Aston 2009, 371–372. 13 Mostafa 1995, 77–78, pls. XIX, XL [obj. nr. 75]. On the title, see JelínkováReymond 1953; Černy 2001, 161; Leblanc 2011, 115–117. 14 Personal observation. 15 Schreiber 2008, 51, pl. LXXXV. 16 Currently excavated by the Hungarian Archaeological Mission, South Khokha Project. 8

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cemetery, occupying the plain area framed by el-Khokha on the north and the west, the mortuary temple of Thutmose III and the farmland on the south, and the outcrop dividing el-Khokha and Asasif on the east. Out of the two tomb buildings excavated by the Hungarian Mission, Tomb B is the older and larger one (figs. 11-1a–b).17 This tomb consists of an open forecourt, a vaulted vestibule, a vaulted descending corridor, and burial chambers hewn out of the bedrock and arranged along an L-shaped corridor.

Fig. 11-1a: The superstructure of Tomb B (© L. Mátyus).

Fig. 11-1b: 3D model of Tomb B (Survey and plan by Zs. Vasáros; 3D rendering by Á. Pásztor). 17

On Tomb B, see Schreiber and Vasáros 2005; Schreiber 2008, 64–77.

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Figs. 11-2a–b: a – Cartonnage of Bw-jrw-Hr; b – Wooden door, probably cut out from the frontal body field of a coffin, from Tomb B (author’s drawings).

It seems that the first occupants of Tomb B were provided with anthropoid wooden coffins and inner cartonnage cases of a style that is typical of the later Twenty-second to the early Twenty-fifth Dynasty. One of the occupants was a certain Bw-jrw-Hr, “Hunter of Amun” (nw Jmn), whose name has been preserved on his cartonnage coffin (fig. 11-2a). Burials, however, continued in the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, as indicated by coffin fragments with the pennant writing of the name Osiris, which gained acceptance only after 720 BC.18 Recurrent elements of the burial ensembles were bead nets with a funerary scarab and the sons of Horus, coarse quality Nile silt ushabtis, and Ptah-Sokar-Osiris figures. Tomb B also yielded a significant concentration of ceramic vessels which appear to date from 18

See Leahy 1979.

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between the early eighth century and the mid-seventh century BC, thus signifying that the occupation continued until the end of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty or even beyond. The most remarkable find from Tomb B was an elaborately decorated wooden door, probably originally cut out from the frontal body field of a coffin, installed into the doorway between the superstructure and the descending corridor of the tomb (fig. 11-2b).19 Since the colouration and style of this object require comparison with Twentyfifth Dynasty coffins, it most likely dates from the time of a second generation of owners, who were interred there in the Kushite Period. The preserved inscriptions mention four individuals, namely PA-ym, “Servant of the Palace” (Smsw n aH), Jx-nts, Ns-pAwtj-tAwj, “Cultivator of the nesj-plant in the Domain of Amun” (jrw nsj n pr-Jmn), and her mother !r-jry, “Mistress of the House” (nbt pr).

Fig. 11-3: Plan and section of Tomb G (Survey and drawing by Zs. Vasáros). 19

Schreiber 2008, 66, 75–77, pl. LIX, photo pl. XXIV [nr. 2.2.2.5.1]. Cf. Schreiber, in Bács et al. 2009, 118–119 [cat. nr. 54].

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The other hypogeum-type tomb excavated by the Hungarian Mission, Tomb G, has a different layout (fig. 11-3).20 Unlike Tomb B, it did not have a forecourt and vestibule but was provided with a descending staircase, probably vaulted. The original burial chamber was accessible through a shaft with a square opening. Based on the pottery finds, the tomb was constructed in the late Kushite Period, but burials seem to have continued into the second half of the seventh century BC. It is as yet unknown whether the construction of similar hypogea, either in an unchanged or modified form, continued on el-Khokha into the Saite Period. What seriously speaks against such an assumption is the apparent increase in the number and volume of Saite intrusive burials deposed within re-used New Kingdom monuments at this period. The contemporaneous burials were placed either in small, loculus-like chambers accessible from a shallow “entrance shaft”,21 or, more frequently, normal shaft tombs with a sizable burial chamber that could house more than one burial. The latter is nicely illustrated by Shaft 4, a Saite intrusive shaft cut into the floor of the statue-room of TT -61-, a Twentieth Dynasty tomb chapel constructed for one Amenhotep, “Chief Physician in the Domain of Amun”.22 Although the contents of this shaft were burnt when TT -61- became looted, it can be inferred from the preserved objects that four individuals had been buried there, each furnished with small, coarse-quality Nile silt ushabtis and bead nets with tripartite funerary scarabs and other suspended amulets. A dating for the burial shaft to the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, and, more precisely, to around the middle of the sixth century BC was established on the basis of the pottery finds. These included a cup with incurved rim, two ledge-based bowls, six bowls, two medium-sized jars, a bag-shaped jar with spiral white decoration, a shouldered jar (fig. 11-4a), a large bottle (fig. 11-4b), and a two-handled bag-shaped jar of Marl A4 fabric (fig. 11-4c). It is to be noted that some of the large closed shapes were intentionally pierced and have incised pot-marks applied postfiring. Another chronological anchor for dating Shaft 4 is presented by a Type D Clazomenian amphora retrieved from the same context (fig. 114d). Since amphorae of this type, produced in the hinterland of Clazomenae, probably at Teos, have a time span between 600 and 525 20

Schreiber 2008, 77–81. E.g. a secondary tomb opening in the transverse hall of TT 32. Schreiber 2008, pl. LXXXV. 22 TT -61- will be published by the author. For an overview of the excavation, see Schreiber, in Bács et al. 2009, 33, 63–64, 71–72. 21

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the same broad date range may be applied to the burials found in Shaft 4, with a preference for the second half of the sixth century BC.

Figs. 11-4a–d: Shouldered jar, large bottle, bag-shaped jar, and Clazomenian amphora from Shaft 4 in TT -61- (Drawing by B. Tihanyi).

Another, roughly contemporaneous and relatively coherent burial set has been excavated in an intrusive shaft cut in the portico of a Middle

23

Cook and Dupont 1998, 155, fig. 23.3g.

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Kingdom saff-tomb in the fourth necropolis-street of el-Khokha.24 The shaft, 2.5m in depth and articulated with a square aperture, gives access to a single chamber where, besides coffin and cartonnage fragments,25 and two dummy canopic jars of the later Twenty-second to Twenty-fifth Dynasty,26 a shabti box with 184 figurines, fragments of another box, three bead nets, fragments of a fourth bead net, and pottery, including three Clazomenian amphorae were found. The funerary figurines were all made of Nile silt, the gang was, however, composed of different types, with bearded and beardless figurines equally represented in the same set.27 The decoration of the rectangular box is much weatherworn, with only traces of the yellow background being preserved.28 This feature as well as the size and shape of the box point to similarities with Aston’s Type VII and VIII boxes.29 Of the bead nets, two are of Silvano’s Type A30 with amulets made of gilded wood and faience, respectively,31 while the third and the much fragmentary fourth examples were sewn of small faience beads especially typical of the Saite Period.32 The three Clazomenian amphorae represent different variants of Dupont’s Type A,33 and all three were apparently reused in the context of the tomb as containers of mummification material. Taken together, the finds are suggestive that this shaft tomb, probably constructed in the later eighth century BC, was reused for at least two interments during the Saite Period, most probably somewhere around the later seventh to early sixth century BC. The Saite burials on el-Khokha reveal few of the novelties that appear in contemporary elite burials and testify much more to a continuation of conservative, older local traditions. Although tomb looting has eliminated nearly all textual data concerning the tomb owners, it seems, based on the composition of the burial equipment, that members of a lower-ranking stratum of local officials might have been buried here. It is also evident that all the tombs were intended and used for multiple, quite obviously family, burials over fairly short periods of time. The few preserved coffin 24

Fábián 2009, 8–9. Darvas 2010, 7–9. 26 Fábián, in Bács et al. 2009, 101–102 [cat. nrs. 37–38]. 27 Cf. Darvas 2010, fig. 6; Németh 2010, 21–22. 28 Darvas 2010, 10, fig. 5. 29 Aston 2009, 371–372, fig. 47. 30 Silvano 1980, 84–88. 31 Németh, in Bács et al. 2009, 110–113 [cat. nrs. 46–47]. 32 Cf. Németh 2010, 19, 24, figs. 4–5. 33 For a photo, see Fábián 2009, fig. 9. 25

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fragments, such as the one made for one Hor from TT 32,34 faithfully reproduce the style of contemporary elite coffins, with scenes arranged in a multiple-register style on the frontal body field, painted in polychrome over yellow background. Inscription panels painted on black and set against alternating background colours are also known from several seventh century BC burials.35 That the old custom of replacing the internal organs into the body cavities continued in the Kushite Period and probably even beyond is confirmed both by anthropological evidence36 and the presence of objects such as a wooden son of Horus figurine from Tomb G37 and dummy canopic jars from the shaft in Saff 138 that can be associated with this mummification protocol. The burials were also equipped with bead nets, typically of Silvano’s Types A and Ba, which continued until the end of the sixth century BC in the Khokha cemetery. Bead nets in which the suspended amulets are also made of small faience beads are rare and confined to the later sixth century.39 The same coherent pattern emerges from the study of ushabtis, which, as a rule, are always made of Nile silt and covered in a coloured wash in imitation of faience prototypes.40 In more than one case, the ushabti gangs were composed of different types, usually of the workman type, with bearded and beardless figurines equally represented within a single set. Shabti boxes associated with these late burials were few in number, representing bottom-end quality variants of Aston’s Types VIIb and VIII.41 This type of ushabti set continued, practically unchanged, from the Twenty-second Dynasty to the later sixth century in el-Khokha cemetery. Based on the presence of wooden ram’s horns, shuty-headdresses and akhom-birds in several contexts,42 Ptah-Sokar-Osiris figures might also have been a recurrent element of the burial equipment.

34

Schreiber 2008, 52–53, pl. XLIX, photo pl. XI [nr. 2.1.1.4]. E.g. Schreiber 2008, 79–80, pl. LXXIII, photo pl. XIV [nr. 2.3.5]; Darvas 2010, 8–9, fig. 4. 36 Cf. Fóthi and Bernert 2010, 40, 43 (mummification techniques detected in Tombs B and G). 37 Schreiber 2008, 79–80, pl. LXXV, photo pl. XV [nr. 2.3.16]. 38 Fábián, in Bács et al. 2009, 101–102 [cat. nrs. 37–38]. 39 Cf. Németh 2010, 19, 24, figs. 4–5. 40 See the case of Shaft 4 in TT -61- and the finds from Saff 1. Cf. Schreiber 2008, 68–70, 79 (ushabtis from Tombs B and G). 41 Darvas 2010, 10, fig. 5; Schreiber 2008, 69–70 [nr. 2.2.2.2.26]. 42 See e.g. Schreiber 2008, 76–77 [nrs. 2.2.2.5.2–6], 80 [nrs. 2.3.9–10]. 35

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Figs. 11-5a–b: Attic “brush-banded” amphora and Samian amphora with embalming material from TT -400- (Drawings by G. Schreiber and B. Tihanyi).

The pottery corpus associated with these burials consists of almost exclusively locally-made vessels. In burials dated between the eighth and the later seventh century BC four classes of closed shapes, i.e. sausage jars, red burnished shouldered jars, pots with spiral white decoration, and carinated jars of Marl fabric predominate.43 It is only in the early sixth century BC that a new repertoire of vessel shapes, composed of new types and the derivatives of Kushite models, appeared with any notable frequency in elKhokha tombs.44 Another remarkable feature of these late Twenty-sixth Dynasty contexts is the presence of Greek, usually East Greek, transport amphorae that had been re-used in the tombs as embalmer’s pots destined to store the leftover of mummification. The corpus so far excavated and studied includes a Chian amphora from TT 32,45 three Type A Clazomenian amphorae from the intrusive shaft in Saff 1,46 an Attic “brush banded” amphora (fig. 11-5a),47 a Samian amphora (fig. 11-5b),48 and a Type A Clazomenian amphora from TT -400-,49 as well as a Type D 43

See e.g. the pottery set from Tomb G: Schreiber 2008, 78, 80–81, pls. LXXVI– LXXIX. 44 A good example is provided by the pottery from Shaft 4 in TT -61-. 45 Schreiber 2008, 83, pl. LXXXI [nr. 2.4.2.22]. 46 Fábián 2009, fig. 9. 47 2011.C.116. Unpublished. 48 2011.C.050. Unpublished. 49 2012.C.016. Unpublished.

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Clazomenian amphora50 and a Lesbian amphora from TT -61-.51 Although the widespread presence of Greek imports in Theban contexts of the sixth century BC has already been noted,52 the large number of re-used Greek amphorae found on el-Khokha militates in favour of thinking that this commodity was a highly preferred, if not a mandatory element of the burial equipment during the reigns of Apries and Amasis. The later, Persian Period, history of the site is still difficult to reconstruct in detail. Finds excavated in the lower rooms of TT -61- and -400are, however, indicative of the fact that some tombs remained in use also during the fifth and fourth centuries BC, thus bridging the gap between the well-documented Saite and early Ptolemaic tomb groups on el-Khokha.53

Bibliography Aston, David A. 1994. “The Shabti Box: A Typological Study.” OMRO 74: 21‒54. ———. 2003. “The Theban West Bank from the Twenty-fifth Dynasty to the Ptolemaic Period.” In The Theban Necropolis. Past, Present and Future, eds. Nigel C. Strudwick, and John Taylor, 138–166. London: British Museum Press. ———. 2009. Burial Assemblages of Dynasty 21–25: Chronology, Typology, Developments. CCEM 21; DÖAWW 54. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Bács, Tamás, Zoltán Imre Fábián, Gábor Schreiber, and László Török. eds. 2009. Hungarian Excavations in the Theban Necropolis. A Celebration of 102 Years of Fieldwork in Egypt. Catalogue for the Temporary Exhibition in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. November 6, 2009– January 15, 2010. Budapest: Department of Egyptology, Institute of Classical Studies, Eötvös Loránd University. Černý, Jaroslav. 1973. A Community of Workmen at Thebes in the Ramesside Period. BiEtud 50. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale. Cook, Robert M., and Pierre Dupont. 1998. East Greek Pottery. London: Routledge. 50

AMN.C.266. AMN.C.82. Unpublished. 52 Dupont and Goyon 1992, 153–166; Smoláriková 2002, 42–45; Dupont 2008, 123–125. See now Marangou 2012. 53 On the Ptolemaic tomb groups of el-Khokha, see Schreiber 2011. 51

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Darvas, Noémi. 2010. “A thébai Nefermenu sír (TT 184) körzetének feltárása során előkerült koporsótöredékek és egyéb fatárgyak vizsgálata és értelmezése (2004–2008) [The Examination and Interpretation of Coffin Fragments and Wooden Objects Found during the Excavation of the Theban Tomb of Nefermenu (TT 184) between 2004– 2008].” Orpheus Noster II, 1: 5‒16. Dupont, Pierre. 2008. “Amphores grecques archaïques de Gurna. Note additionnelle.” In Hommages à Jean-Claude Goyon offerts pour son 70e anniversaire, ed. Luc Gabolde, 123‒125. BiEtud 50. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale. Dupont, Pierre, and Jean-Claude Goyon. 1992. “Amphores grecques archaïques de Gurna: à propos d’une publication recent.” In Sesto Congresso Internazionale di Egittologia, I, ed. Anonymous, 153‒166. Turin: Atti. Fábián, Zoltán Imre. 2009. “A thébai el-Hoha domb lejtőjének feltárása Nefermenu TT 184 számú sziklasírjának körzetében – 2009 [Excavations in the Vicinity of the Tomb of Nefermenu (TT 184) on the Southern Slope of el-Khokha, Thebes – 2009].” Orpheus Noster I, 1: 5‒32. ———. 2011. “News from Old Kingdom Thebes”. In From Illahun to Djeme. Papers Presented in Honour of Ulrich Luft, eds. Eszter Bechtold, András Gulyás, and Andrea Hasznos, 43‒53. BAR-IS 2311. Oxford: Archaeopress. Fóthi, Erzsébet, and Zsolt Bernert. 2010. “Anthropological Analysis of the Human Remains from Theban Tomb 32.” In Human and Faunal Remains from Theban Tomb 32, eds. Erzsébet Fóthi, Zsolt Bernert, and Andrea Kőrösi, 17‒58. StudAeg 19. Budapest: Department of Egyptology, Eötvös Loránd University. Graefe, Erhart. 1981. Untersuchungen zur Verwaltung und Geschichte der Institution der Gottesgemahlin des Amun vom Beginn des Neuen Reiches bis zur Spätzeit. 2 vols. ÄgAbh 37. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Jelínková-Reymond, Eve. 1953. “Recherches sur la role des ‘gardiens des portes’ (jry-aA) dans l’administration générale des temples égyptiens.” CdE 28: 39‒59. Kampp, Friederike. 1996. Die thebanische Nekropole: zum Wandel des Grabgedankens von der 18. bis zur 20. Dynastie. Theben 13. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. Leahy, Anthony. 1979. “The Name of Osiris Written .” SAK 7: 141–153. Leblanc, Christian. 2011. “Les grèves de l’an 29 du règne de Ramsès III et la porte sud du Ramesseum.” Memnonia 22: 105–117.

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Marangou, Antigone. 2012. “La présence grecque dans la vallée thébaine avant l’époque ptolémaïque. Le témoignage de la céramique.” BCE 23: 171–184. Mostafa, Maha Farid. 1995. Das Grab des Neferhotep und des Meh (TT 257). Theben 8. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. Németh, Bori. 2010. “Egy aknasír és ami benne van: egy másodlagos temetkezés története a thébai el-Hoha dombon [A Shaft Tomb and Its Contents: History of a Secondary Burial on el-Khokha, Thebes].” Orpheus Noster II, 1: 17–25. Schreiber, Gábor. 2008. The Mortuary Monument of Djehutymes II. Finds from the New Kingdom to the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. Studia Aegyptiaca Series Maior II. Budapest: Archaeolingua. ———. 2009. “Contribution to the Topography of the Late Third Intermediate Period Necropolis at Thebes (Twenty-second–early Twenty-fifth Dynasties).” In The Horizon. Studies in Egyptology in honour of M. A. Nur el-Din (10–12 April 2007), III, ed. Basem Samir el-Sharkawy, 469‒481. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities Press. ———. 2010. “Human and Faunal Remains from TT 32: An Archaeological Perspective.” In Human and Faunal Remains from Theban Tomb 32, eds. Erzsébet Fóthi, Zsolt Bernert, and Andrea Kőrösi, 87‒96. StudAeg 19. Budapest: Department of Egyptology, Eötvös Loránd University. ———. 2011. “Early and Middle Ptolemaic Funerary Art at Thebes (ca. 306–88 BC).” In Proceedings of the Colloquium on Theban Archaeology at the Supreme Council of Antiquities, November 5, 2009, eds. Zahi Hawass, Tamás A. Bács, and Gábor Schreiber, 105‒139. Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities Press. Schreiber, Gábor, and Zsolt Vasáros. 2005. “A Theban Tomb of the Late Third Intermediate Period on el-Khokha. Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 56: 1‒27. Silvano, Flora 1980. “Le reticelle funerarie nell’antico Egitto: Proposte di Interpretazione”. EVO 3: 83–97. Smoláriková, Kveta. 2002. Greek Imports in Egypt. Graeco-Egyptian Relations during the First Millenium B.C. Abusir VII. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University. Soliman, Rasha. 2009. Old and Middle Kingdom Theban Tombs. Egyptian Site Series. London: Golden House Publications.