KR C4 PROFINET 30 en

 

Hdgtrdccar Dptfdg

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Jdr KQKO Xystae Xdjtwora 2.8 Jdr ZY Xystae Xdjtwora 2.8

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)  

KQKO \dldtar IelB

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

© Hdpyrfibt ?8 KQKO \dldtar IelB PuispftzstroÔa ?=> M-2:?:1 Ouisluri Iareogy ]bfs mdhueagtotfdg dr axharpts tbarajrde eoy gdt la raprdmuham dr mfshcdsam td tbfrm portfas wftbdut tba axprass parefssfdg dj KQKO \dldtar IelB. Dtbar jughtfdgs gdt mashrflam fg tbfs mdhueagtotfdg mdhueagtot fdg eoy la dparolca fg tba hdgtrdccar. ]b ]ba a usar bos gd hcofes td tbasa jughtfdgs, bdwavar, fg tba hosa dj o rapcohaeagt dr sarvfha wdrk. Ya bova hbahkam tba hdgtagt dj tbfs mdhueagtotfdg jdr hdgjdrefty wftb tba bormwora ogm sdjtwora mashrflam. Gavartbacass, mfshrapoghfas hoggdt la prahcumam, jdr wbfhb raosdg wa ora gdt olca td iuorogtaa tdtoc hdgjdrefty. ]ba fgjdreotfdg fg tbfs mdhueagtotfdg fs hbahkam dg o raiucor losfs, bdwavar, ogm gahassory hdrrahtfdgs wfcc la fghdrpdrotam fg tba sulsaquagt amftfdg. Xul`aht td tahbgfhoc octarotfdgs wftbdut og ajjaht dg tba jughtfdg. ]rogscotfdg dj tba drfifgoc mdhueagtotfdg KFE-^X1-MDH

^ulcfhotfdg0 Lddkstruhtura0 Zarsfdg0

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^ul K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> (^MJ) ag K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z?.? K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

Hdgtagts

Hdgtagts ?

Fgtrdmuhtfdg  .. .... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ...... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..

1

?.? ?. ?.< < ?. ?.8 8 ?.= ?.1

]oriat i irrdup  .... ...... ..... ...... ..... .... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ... Fgmu Fgmust strf rfoc oc rdl rdldt dt mdh mdhue ueag agto totftfdg dg .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... \apr \apras asag agtot totfd fdg g dj dj wor worgf gfgi giss ogm ogm gdta gdtass  .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. ]romaeorks .... ...... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .. ]ares usam .... ...... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ...... .....

1 1 1 : :

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^rdmuht mashrfptfdg .... ...... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... Xojaty  .. ..... ..... .... ..... ...... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ...... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..

9 6

=

Fgstoccotfdg .. ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ...... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ...... ...... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ....

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=. =.? ? =. =.< < =. =.8 8 =. =.= = =. =.1 1

Xys Xystae tae ra raqu qufr frae aeag agts ts ... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... \du \dutfgi tfgi tba tba mot moto o ho holcas lcas   ... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .. Fgst Fgstoc occfcfgi gi dr up upmot motfg fgi i ^\D ^\DJF JFGA GA] ] ((KX KXX) X)   .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. Fgst Fgstoc occfcfgi gi ^\DJ ^\DJFG FGA] A] (ZXX (ZXX))  .. .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... .... .. Qgfg Qgfgst stoc occfcfgi gi ^\DJ ^\DJFG FGA] A] (KXX (KXX)) .....  ....... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... .....

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1

Hdgjfiurotfdg  ...... ........ ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ...... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... .....

?8

1.? Dvarvfaw  ....... .......... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... 1.< Eokfgi Eokfgi IXME IXMEC C jfcas jfcas ovofc ovofcolc olca a jdr hdgjfi hdgjfiuro urotfd tfdg g wftb wftb YdrkZ YdrkZfsu fsuoc oc .  ............................... 1.8 Eokfgi Eokfgi IXME IXMEC C jfcas jfcas ovofc ovofcolc olca a jdr hdgjfi hdgjfiuro urotfd tfdg g wftb wftb Xtap Xtap 9 / ^H ^H YD\R YD\R   ................. 1.= Goefgi tba mavfha  ........ ........... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ........ ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... .... 1.=.? Fma Fmagtfjyfgi tba mavfha  .. ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... 1. 1.=.< =.< \asa \asatt ttfg fgi i tba tba mavf mavfha ha hdgj hdgjfi fiur urot otfd fdg g td td joht johtdr dryy sat sattftfgi giss  ...... ................ ............ ...... ............. .... 1. 1.1 1 Hdgj Hdgjfi fiur urfg fgi i ttba ba lu luss wft wftb b Ydr YdrkZ kZfs fsuo uocc  .. ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .. 1. 1.1. 1.? ? Hdgj Hdgjffiurf iurfgi gi o ^\DJ ^\DJFG FGA A] mavf mavfha ha   .. .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... .... 1.1.?.? –Hdeeugfhotfdg sattfgis― tol ... ...... ..... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .. 1.1.?.< –Mavfha Mfoigdstfh― tol tol .. .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ...... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .. 1.1.?.8 –^\DJFagariy ― tol ... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ........ ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ........ ...... .. 1. 1.1. 1.< < Hdgj Hdgjffiurf iurfgi gi ^\D ^\DJF JFGA GA] ] Hdgt Hdgtrd rdcccca ar  ... ..... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... 1. 1.1. 1..< .< KQKO KQKO Hust Hustde dear ar Xup Xuppd pdrt rt  .. ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... .... ....

:6 :6

Fgmax Fgm ax ....... ........... ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ......

99

2

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11 11 1: 12 12 16 16 :> :? :< :<

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

? Fgtrdmuhtfdg

?

Fgtrdmuhtfdg

?.?

]oriat irdup

]bfs mdhueagtotfdg fs ofeam ot usars wftb tba jdccdwfgi kgdwcamia ogm skfccs0     

?.<

 Omvogham K\C prdiroeefgi skfccs  Omvogham kgdwcamia dj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar systae  Omvogham kgdwcamia dj jfacm lusas Kgdwcamia dj YdrkZfsuoc Kgdwcamia dj tba sdjtwora Xtap 9 jrde Xfaeags dr ^H YD\R jrde ^bdagfx Hdgtoht

Fgmustrfoc rd rdldt md mdhueagtotfdg

]ba fgmustrfoc rdldt mdhueagtotfdg hdgsfsts dj tba jdccdwfgi ports0     

Mdhueagtotfdg jdr tba eogfpucotdr  Mdhueagtotfdg jdr tba rdldt hdgtrdccar  Dparotfgi ogm prdiroeefgi fgstruhtfdgs jdr tba KQKO Xystae Xdjtwora Mdhueagtotfdg racotfgi td dptfdgs ogm ohhassdrfas ^orts hotocdi dg stdroia eamfue

Aohb dj tbasa sats dj fgstruhtfdgs fs o saporota mdhueagt. ?.8 Xojaty

\aprasagtotfdg dj dj wo worgfgis og ogm gd gdtas

]basa worgfgis ora racavogt td sojaty ogm eust la dlsarvam. ]basa worgfgis eaog tbot ft fs hartofg dr bfibcy prdlolca tbot maotb dr savara fg`urfas wfcc dhhur, fj gd prahoutfdgs ora tokag. ]basa worgfgis eaog tbot maotb dr savara fg`urfas eoy  dhhur, fj gd prahoutfdgs ora tokag. ]basa worgfgis eaog tbot efgdr fg`urfas eoy dhhur, fj gd prahoutfdgs ora tokag. ]basa worgfgis eaog tbot moeoia td prdparty eoy dhhur, fj gd prahoutfdgs ora tokag. ]basa worgfgis hdgtofg rajaraghas td sojaty-racavogt fgjdreotfdg dr iagaroc sojaty eaosuras. ]basa worgfgis md gdt rajar td fgmfvfmuoc bozorms dr fgmfvfmuoc prahoutfdgory eaosuras. ]bfs worgfgi mrows ottagtfdg td prdhamuras wbfhb sarva td t d pravagt dr raeamy aeariaghfas dr eocjughtfdgs0 ^rdhamuras eorkam wftb tbfs worgfgi eust la jdccdwam axohtcy.

Gdtas

]basa bfgts sarva td eoka ydur wdrk aosfar dr hdgtofg rajaraghas td jurtbar fgjdreotfdg.

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

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K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

]fp td eoka ydur wdrk aosfar dr rajaragha td jurtbar fgjdreotfdg.

?.=

]romaeorks Yfgmdws fs o tromaeork dj Efhrdsdjt Hdrpdrotfdg. Xtap 9 ora tromaeorks dj Xfaeags OI. ^H YD\R fs o tromaeork dj ^bdagfx Hdgtoht.

?.1

]ares usam

]are IXMEC Fg Fgmu must strf rfoc oc Atba Atbarg rgat at

^H YD\R ^CH Xtap 9 F\] HLO Xulgat Xulgat eosk

Hdgtrdccar Mavfha ^\DJFsoja

HX^ XFL

: / 96

Mashrfptfdg Mavfha mashrfptfdg jfca jdr ^\DJFGA] Atba Atbarg rgat at fs o mot moto o ga gatw twdr drkk ttah ahbg bgdc dcdi diyy jjdr dr cd cdho hocc orao gatwdrks (COGs). Ft occdws moto td la axhbogiam latwaag tba hdggahtam mavfhas fg tba jdre dj moto jroeas. Hdgjfiurotfdg sdjtwora jrde ^bdagfx Hdgtoht ^rdiroeeolca Cdifh Hdgtrdccar   Hdgjfiurotfdg sdjtwora jrde Xfaeags Fsdhbrdgdus \aoc ]fea Hyhca-syghbrdgdus hdeeugfhotfdg Hdepdgagt Losam Outdeotfdg Hdepdgagt-losam outdeotfdg Xulgatwdrk fg tba Fgtargat ^rdtdhdc (F^) Majfgas wbfhb F^ ommrassas o mavfha cddks jdr fg fts dwg gatwdrk ogm wbfhb ommrassas hog la raohbam fg dtbar gatwdrks. Bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar tbot hdgtrdcs occ tba hdepdgagts dj o systae. Jfacm mavfha suldrmfgotam td o hdgtrdccar. ^\DJFsoja fs o ^\DJFGA]-losam soja fgtarjoha jdr hdggahtfgi o sojaty ^CH td tba rdldt hdgtrdccar. (^CH 5 eostar, rdldt hdgtrdccar 5 scova) Hdgtrdccar Xystae ^ogac. Mfspcoy acaeagt ogm hdggahtfdg pdfgt jdr QXL ogm gatwdrk Xojaty Fgtarjoha Ldorm

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

< ^rdmuht mashrfptfdg

<

^rdmuht mashrfptfdg ^\DJFGA] fs og Atbargat-losam jfacm lus. Moto axhbogia fs horrfam dut dg o hcfagt-sarvar losfs. ^\DJFGA] fs fgstoccam dg tba rdldt hdgtrdccar.

Hdepotflfcfty

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> fs hdepotflca wftb tba jdccdwfgi jfacm lusas0    

Cfeftotfdgs

K\ H= ^\DJFLQX K\ H= ^\DJFLQX H^ 1:?= K\ H= Fgtarlus K\ H= AtbarHO]

Dgcy ^\DJFGA] FD Hcoss O, Jost Xtortup, ^\DJFsoja Mavfha ogm ^\DJFagariy ora suppdrtam. ]ba jdccdwfgi mavfha hcossas / jughtfdgs ora gdt suppdrtam, jdr axoepca0      

Hdgjfiurotfdg sdjtwora

^\DJFGA] FD Hcoss L ^\DJFGA] FD Hcoss H (fghcumas tba jughtfdg F\]) ^\DJFGA] HLO ^\DJFsoja Hdgtrdccar  ^rdjfcas, a.i. ^\DJFmrfva Iotawoy mavfhas (jdr hdgvartfgi ^\DJFLQX td dtbar jfacm lusas)

^\DJFGA] fs hdgjfiuram dg o coptdp dr ^H. ]ba jdccdwfgi sdjtwora fs raqufram jdr hdgjfiurotfdg0  

YdrkZfsuoc 8.> dr bfibar  Mapagmfgi dg tba sacahtam prdhamura, ommftfdgoc hdgjfiurotfdg sdjtwora eoy la raqufram0  Xtap 9 jrde Xfaeags  Dr ^H YD\R jrde ^bdagfx Hdgtoht

Jdr hdgjfiurotfdg dj o bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar, tba hdrraspdgmfgi hdgjfiurotfdg sdjtwora jrde tba eogujohturar fs ocsd raqufram, a.i. Xtap 9 jrde Xfaeags. Mavfha typas

]ba jdccdwfgi mavfha typas ora usam wftb ^\DJFGA]0 





Hdgtrdccar0 O bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar tbot hdgtrdcs occ tba hdepdgagts dj o systae. Mavfha0 mavfha suldrmfgotam td o hdgtrdccar. O mavfha hdgsfsts dj o guelar O dj jfacm edmucas ogm suledmucas. Xuparvfsdr0 Hog la o prdiroeefgi mavfha dr fgmustrfoc ^H. ^oroccac td tba hdgtrdccar, tbfs bos ohhass td occ prdhass ogm poroeatar jfcas.

]ba 8 mavfha typas bova racotfdgsbfps jdr trogsjarrfgi hdgjfiurotfdg moto ogm prdhass moto.  O pbysfhoc mavfha, a.i. tba rdldt hdgtrdccar, hog la o hdgtrdccar ogm/dr o mavfha. ]ba hdgjfiurotfdg dj hdeeugfhotfdg racotfdgsbfps fs horrfam dut sdcacy fg tba hdgtrdccar. ^\DJFagariy

^\DJFagariy agolcas hdgtrdc dj tba agariy hdgsueptfdg vfo o ^\DJFGA] gatwdrk. Jdr tbfs, hdeeogms ora usam ly eaogs dj wbfhb tba t ba agariy-hdgsuefgi mavfhas raoht td pcoggam ogm ugpcoggam fgtarruptfdgs. ]ba ^\DJFGA] mavfha suppdrts ^\DJFagariy. Fj ^\DJFagariy fs usam, tba rdldt hdgtrdccar hdeugfhotas wftb tba bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar vfo tba ^\DJFagariy prdtdhdc.

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

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K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

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Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

8 Xojaty

8

Xojaty ]bfs mdhueagtotfdg hdgtofgs sojaty fgstruhtfdgs wbfhb rajar r ajar spahfjfhoccy td tba prdmuht mashrflam bara. ]ba jugmoeagtoc sojaty fgjdreotfdg jdr tba fgmustrfoc rdldt hog la jdugm fg tba –Xojaty― hboptar dj tba dparotfgi dr ossaelcy fgstruhtfdgs jdr tba rdldt hdgtrdccar. ]ba –Xojaty― hboptar fg tba dparotfgi fgstruhtfdgs dr ossaelcy fgstruhtfdgs dj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar eust la dlsarvam. Maotb td parsdgs, savara fg`urfas dr hdgsfmarolca moeoia td prdparty eoy dtbarwfsa rasuct.

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

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K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

?> / 96

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

= Fgstoccotfdg

=

Fgstoccotfdg

=.?

Xystae raqufraeagts

\dldt hdgtrdccar

Bormwora0  

K\ H= Dr K\ H= hdepoht

Xdjtwora0  

Coptdp/^H

Xdjtwora0 



=.<

YdrkZfsuoc 8.> dr bfibar  ]ba raqufraeagts jdr fgstoccotfdg dj YdrkZfsuoc ora hdgtofgam fg tba YdrkZfsuoc mdhueagtotfdg. Xtap 9 dr ^H YD\R (dptfdgoc) ]ba raqufraeagts jdr fgstoccotfdg dj Xtap 9 dr ^H YD\R ora hdgtofgam fg tba mdhueagtotfdg jdr tbfs sdjtwora.

\dutfgi tba moto holcas 

=.8

KQKO Xystae Xdjtwora 2.8 Dr ZY Xystae Xdjtwora 2.8

]ba Fgmustrfoc Atbargat holcas ora rdutam td tba mavfhas jrde tba hdgtrdccar dr jrde tba swfthb usfgi o stor dr rfgi tdpdcdiy.

Fgstoccfgi dr dr up upmotfgi ^\ ^\DJFGA] (K (KXX)

]bara ora twd dptfdg HMs jdr ^\DJFGA]0

Mashrfptfdg





K\H= ^rdjfGat 8.>0 fghcumas ^rdjfgat Hdgtrdccar , ^rdjfgat Mavfha ogm ^rdjfsoja Mavfha. K\H= ^rdjfGat/^rdjfXOJA Mavfha 8.>0 fghcucmas ^rdjfgat Mavfha ogm ^rdjfsoja Mavfha.

Fj o varsfdg dj ^\DJFGA] fs ocraomy fgstoccam, fts hdgjfiurotfdg fs horrfam dvar outdeotfhoccy. Fj tbfs fs gdt masfram, tba axfstfgi varsfdg eust jfrst la ugfgstoccam. Ft fs omvfsolca td orhbfva occ racavogt moto lajdra upmotfgi o sdjtwora pohkoia. ^raporotfdg

 



Hdpy sdjtwora jrde HM td KQKO QXL stfhk. Hdpy tba sdjtwora dgtd tba stfhk wftb tba jfca Xatup.axa ot tba bfibast cavac (f.a. gdt fg o jdcmar). \ahdeeagmotfdg0 Qsa o KQKO stfhk. Moto eoy la cdst fj ogy dtbar stfhk fs usam.

^rahdgmftfdg ^rdhamura

 



–Axpart― usar irdup

?. Hdggaht Hdggaht tba QXL stfhk td td tba rdldt rdldt hdgtrdcc hdgtrdccar ar dr seort^ seort^OM. OM. sdjtwora. 1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

?? / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

=.

1. :. 9. 2.

 O CDI jfca fs hraotam ugmar H0SK\HS\DLD]A\SCDI.

CDI jfca

=.=

Fj gdt, prass \ajrasb. Fj tba spahfjfam spahfjfam agtrfas agtrfas ora ora gdw mfspcoyam, mfspcoyam, hdgtfgu hdgtfgua a wftb stap 1. 1. Fj gdt, tba mrfva jrde wbfhb tba sdjtwora fs lafgi fgstoccam eust la hdgjfiuram jfrst0  ^rass tba Hdgjfiurotfdg  luttdg. O gaw wfgmdw dpags.  Xacaht o cfga fg tba Fgstoccotfdg potbs jdr dptfdgs orao. Gdta0 Fj tba cfga ocraomy hdgtofgs o potb, tbfs potb wfcc la dvarwrfttag.  ^rass ^otb sacahtfdg. ]ba ovofcolca mrfvas ora mfspcoyam.  Xacaht A0S. (Fj stfhk hdggahtam td tba rdldt hdgtrdccar.) Dr sacaht K0S. (Fj stfhk hdggahtam td tba seort^OM.)  ^rass Xova. ]ba wfgmdw hcdsas oiofg. ]ba mrfva dgcy gaams td la hdgjfiuram dgha ogm tbag raeofgs sovam jdr jurtbar fgstoccotfdgs. Xa Xaca caht ht tb tba a agt agtry ry ^rdjfgat K\H-Gaxxt dr ^rdjfgat ^rdjfXoja Mavfha ogm prass Fgstocc. Ogswar tba raquast jdr hdgjfreotfdg wftb Vas. Hdgjfr Hdgjfre e tba tba ralddt ralddt prdept prdept wftb wftb DK. \aed \aedva va tb tba a stf stfhk hk.. \aldd \alddtt tba rdl rdldt dt hdgt hdgtrdc rdcca car. r.

Fgstoccfgi ^\DJFGA] (ZXX)

^\DJFGA] fs fghcumam fg ZXX 2.8. Ft fghcumas ^rdjfgat Hdgtrdccar , ^rdjfgat Mavfha ogm ^rdjfsoja Mavfha. ]d fgstocc ^\DJFGA], tba racavogt hbahk ldx eust la ohtfvotam murfgi tba satup jdr ZXX 2.8. =.1

Qgfgstoccfgi ^\DJFGA] (KXX)

Ft fs omvfsolca td orhbfva occ racavogt moto lajdra ugfgstoccfgi o sdjtwora pohkoia. ^rahdgmftfdg

?< / 96

 



–Axpart― usar irdup

^rdhamura

?. Fg tba tba eofg eofg eagu, eagu, saca sacaht ht Xtort-up 7 Ommftfdgoc sdjtwora. 1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

1

Hdgjfiurotfdg

1.?

Dvarvfaw

Xtap ?

Mashrfptfdg Hdgj Hdgjfi fiur ura a tba tba bfiba fibarr-ca cava vacc hd hdgt gtrd rdccca carr wftb wftb Xta tap p 9. Gdta0 ]bfs stap dgcy gaams td la horrfam dut fj o bfibar-cavac

hdgtrdccar fs lafgi usam. <

8

Eoka IXMEC jfcas ovofcolca.  Jdr hdgjfiurotfdg wftb YdrkZfsuoc  (777  (777 1.< "Eokfgi IXMEC jfcas ovofcolca jdr hdgjfiurotfdg wftb YdrkZfsuoc" ^oia ?8) ?8)  Jdr hdgjfiurotfdg wftb Xtap 9 dr ^H YD\R  (777  (777 1.8 "Eokfgi IXMEC jfcas ovofcolca jdr hdgjfiurotfdg wftb Xtap 9 / ^H YD\R" ^oia ?=) ?= ) Goea tba mavfhas.

=

?=)  (777  (777 1.= "Goefgi tba mavfha" ^oia ?=) Hdgjfiura ^\DJFGA]. 

Hdgjfiura tba lus wftb YdrkZfsuoc.  (777  (777 1.1 "Hdgjfiurfgi tba lus wftb YdrkZfsuoc" ^oia ?:) ?:)



1 : 9

Dr0 Hdgjfiura tba lus wftb Xtap 9 dr ^H YD\R.  (777  (777 1.: "Hdgjfiurfgi tba lus wftb Xtap 9 dr ^H YD\R" ^oia 8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

?8 / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

… 6). ]ba goea eust gdt bova tba jdre –g.g.g.g― (g 5 > … 666).

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

 Os og octargotfva td tba prdhamura fg YdrkZfsuoc, tba mavfha hog la ragoeam fg Xtap 9 dr ogy dtbar sdjtwora wftb o mavfha goefgi jughtfdg. ]ba jdccdwfgi ommrass rogias ora usam ly majouct ly tba rdldt hdgtrdccar jdr fgtargoc purpdsas. F^ ommrassas jrde tbfs rogia eust gdt tbarajdra ly ossfigam wbag goefgi tba mavfha. ]bfs oppcfas td goefgi dj tba mavfha wftb YdrkZfsuoc dr ogy dtbar sdjtwora.  ?6.> … ?6. … ?9

Fg tba hosa dj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar, CAMs = td : dg tba HX^ jcosb. CAM ? fs cft up pareogagtcy. =. ]d stdp stdp tba tba jco jcosbf sbfgi, gi, hhcfcfhk hk dg dg Xtdp sfigocfgi. 1.=.< 1.= .<

\asa \asattf ttfgi gi tb tba a mav mavfh fha a hdgj hdgjfiu fiuro rotfd tfdg g ttd d jjoh ohtd tdry ry satt sattfgi fgis s

^rahdgmftfdg

 

 

?. Axpogm tba traa traa struhtura struhtura dj tba tba rdldt rdldt hdgtrdcca hdgtrdccarr dg tba Bormwora tol fg tba ^rd`aht struhtura wfgmdw. 1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

1.1. 1.1.?. ?.? ?

–H –Hde deeug eugfh fhot otfdg fdg sattf sattfgis gis― ― tol tol

Jfi. 1-?0 –Hdeeugfhotfdg sattfgis― tol

Ldx Gatwdrk omoptar0

Mashrfptfdg Xacaht tba gatwdrk omoptar usam.

^\DJFGA] Mavfha goea0

Agtar tba goea dj tba mavfha.

^\DJFGA] mavfha Ohtfvota ^\DJFGA] mavfha stohk Guelar dj soja F/Ds0



Ohtfvotam0 ^\DJFGA] fs usam os mavfha.



Maohtfvotam0 ^\DJFGA] fs usam os hdgtrdc-

car. Xacaht tba guelar dj soja fgputs ogm dutputs tbot tba mavfha bos. 

>0 ]ba sojaty fgtarjoha vfo XFL fs usam.



:=0 ]ba sojaty fgtarjoha vfo ^\DJFsoja fs

usam. Guelar dj F/Ds0 ^rdjfgat varsfdg0 Lus hyhca tfea

Xacaht tbatba guelar gdg-soja fgputs ogm dutputs tbot mavfhadjbos. Xacaht tba varsfdg dj tba IXMEC jfca tbot t bot fs usam fg tba ^CH prd`aht. Agtar tba hyhca tfea. Hyhca tfea0 ]ba F/D moto dj tba mavfhas ora upmotam fg tba rdldt hdgtrdccar eaedry avary  x   es. Gdta0 ]ba cdwar tba vocua jdr tba lus hyhca tfea,

tba iraotar tba H^Q utfcfzotfdg. ]ba ^\DJFGA] raohtfdg tfea fs tba sue dj tba lus hyhca tfea ogm tba upmota tfea. ]bfs hochucotfdg mdas gdt toka fgtd ohhdugt tba raohtfdg tfeas dj tba oppcfhotfdgs wbfhb gaam tbasa moto (a.i. suleft fgtarpratar).

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

?9 / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

Ldx

Mashrfptfdg Fj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar hoggdt astolcfsb tba hdggahtfdg td tba ^CH wftbfg tbfs tfea, ft iagarotas og arrdr eassoia. (Fj tba hdggahtfdg fs tbag astolcfsbam sulsaquagtcy, tba eassoia hbogias td og ohkgdwcamiaeagt eassoia.)

Lus tfeadut

Qgft0 es Mfspcoy mfoigdstfh ocore os eassoia



Ohtfvotam0 Mfoigdstfh eassoias ora mfs-

pcoyam fg tba eassoia wfgmdw dj tba KQKO seortBEF. 

Maohtfvotam0 Gd mfoigdstfh eassoias ora

mfspcoyam fg tba eassoia wfgmdw dj tba KQKO seortBEF. ^\DJFGA] hdgtrdccar  Lus hyhca tfea

Agtar tba hyhca tfea. Hyhca tfea0 ]ba F/D moto dj tba ^\DJFGA] mavfha ora upmotam fg tba ^CH eaedry avary  x   es. Gdta0 ]ba cdwar tba vocua jdr tba lus hyhca tfea,

Lus tfeadut

tba iraotar tba H^Q utfcfzotfdg. ]ba ^\DJFGA] raohtfdg tfea fs tba sue dj tba lus hyhca tfea ogm tba upmota tfea. ]bfs hochucotfdg mdas gdt toka fgtd ohhdugt tba raohtfdg tfeas dj tba oppcfhotfdgs wbfhb gaam tbasa moto (a.i. suleft fgtarpratar). Fj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar hoggdt astolcfsb tba hdggahtfdg td tba mavfha wftbfg tbfs tfea, ft iagarotas og arrdr eassoia. (Fj tba hdggahtfdg fs tbag astolcfsbam sulsaquagtcy, tba eassoia hbogias td og ohkgdwcamiaeagt eassoia.) Qgft0 es

1.1.? 1.1 .?.< .<

–Mav –Mavfh fha a Mfoig Mfoigds dstfh tfh― ― to tol l

]ba jdrwormfgi dj eassoias jrde jrd e ^\DJFGA] mavfhas td tba bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar hog la ohtfvotam dg tbfs tol. ]ba eassoias ora hdccahtam ogm jdrwormam td tba mavfha port dj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar. ]ba ovofcolfcfty dj tba eassoias mapagms dg tba spahfjfh mavfha.

?2 / 96

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

Jfi. 1-1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

Maohtfvotam0 Gd stotus lft fs sagt td tba ^CH.

?6 / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

Ldx

Mashrfptfdg

Fgvart stotus lft

 



Ohtfvotam0 Fj eofgtagogha fs td la horrfam dut

dg tba mavfha, tba stotus lft fs fgvartam ogm sagt td tba ^CH.  Maohtfvotam0 ]ba stotus lft fs gdt fgvartam. Agtar tba guelar dj tba stotus lft fg tba ommrass rogia dj tba ^CH.

Lft guelar 



? ... Guelar dj mavfha F/Ds

]ba sfigoc goea mapagms dg tba agtaram lft guelar.

Xfigoc goea0 Eofgtagogha maeogm Qsa stotus lft

 

Fgvart stotus lft



 

Lft guelar 

Ohtfvotam0 Fj eofgtagogha eust la horrfam

dut dg tba mavfha, o stotus lft fs sagt td tba ^CH. ]ba eofgtagogha eust la horrfam dut feeamfotacy; tba waor cfeft bos laag raohbam.  Maohtfvotam0 Gd stotus lft fs sagt td tba ^CH.  Ohtfvotam0 Fj eofgtagogha eust la horrfam dut dg tba mavfha, tba stotus lft fs fgvartam ogm sagt td tba ^CH.  Maohtfvotam0 ]ba stotus lft fs gdt fgvartam. Agtar tba guelar dj tba stotus lft fg tba ommrass rogia dj tba ^CH. 

? ... Guelar dj mavfha F/Ds

]ba sfigoc goea mapagms dg tba agtaram lft guelar.

Xfigoc goea0 Mfoigdsfs ocore Qsa stotus lft

Fgvart stotus lft

Lft guelar0

 



 

Ohtfvotam0 Fj o mfoigdstfh ocore fs ohtfva jdr

o mavfha, o stotus lft fs sagt td tba ^CH.  Maohtfvotam0 Gd stotus lft fs sagt td tba ^CH.  Ohtfvotam0 Fj o mfoigdstfh ocore fs ohtfva jdr o mavfha, tba stotus lft fs fgvartam ogm sagt td tba ^CH.  Maohtfvotam0 ]ba stotus lft fs gdt fgvartam. Agtar tba guelar dj tba stotus lft fg tba ommrass rogia dj tba ^CH. 

? ... Guelar dj mavfha F/Ds

Gdta0 ]ba lft guelar eust mfjjar jrde tba lft Xfigoc goea0

guelars dj tba dtbar mfoigdstfh lfts. ]ba sfigoc goea mapagms dg tba agtaram lft guelar.

Fj, fg tba hosa dj Eofgtagogha raquast dr Eofgtagogha maeogm, tba soea lft guelar fs agtaram, tbasa ora cfgkam ly o cdifh D\ dparotfdg. Fg tbfs hosa, ldtb eust la aftbar fgvartam dr gdt fgvartam. ]ba hurragt stotus dj o stotus lft hog la jdugm fg tba mfoigdstfh moto (777 2.? "Mfspcoyfgi mfoigdstfh moto" ^oia 11). 11).

1. 1.1. 1.?. ?.8 8

–^ –^\D \DJF JFag agar ariy iy― ― to tol l

]ba rdldt hdgtrdccar suppdrts tba jdccdwfgi ^\DJFagariy stotas0 / 96

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg 

\aomyT]dTDparota0 ]ba hdgtrdccar fs raomy jdr dparotfdg.



Mrfva lus DJJ0 ]ba mrfvas ora swfthbam djj.



Bflargota0 ]ba hdgtrdccar fs fg tba rast stota ogm dgcy raohts td tba YokaDgCog pohkat.

Jfi. 1-80 ^\DJFagariy stotas

? <

\aomyT]dTDparota stota Mrfva lus DJJ dr Bflargota stota

]ba ^\DJFagariy stotas bova tba jdccdwfgi prdpartfas0 Goea ]feaTtdT^ousa (tdjj )

]feaTefgTcagitbTdj   Tstoy (tdjjTefg)

]feaTtdTdparota (tdg)

Mashrfptfdg ]fea ugtfc tba hdgtrdccar bos raohbam tba Mrfva lus DJJ dr Bflargota stota jrde tba \aomyT]dTDparota stota. ]fea fg wbfhb tba hdgtrdccar raeofgs fg tba Mrfva lus DJJ dr Bflargota stota. Ft sbducm la pdssflca td sbut mdwg occ hdggahtam mavfhas hdepcatacy fg tbfs tfea lajdra tba hdgtrdccar ralddts. ]fea ugtfc tba hdgtrdccar bos raohbam tba \aomyT]dTDparota stota jrde tba Mrfva lus DJJ dr Bflargota stota.

Jfi. 1-=0 –^\DJFagariy― tol

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

>>> es Agtar tba tfea tbot tba hdgtrdccar eoy toka lajdra tba \aomyT]dTDparota \aomyT]dTDparota stota fs raohbam. Majouct vocua0 :>>>> es

Mrfva lus DJJ

Agtar tba tfea tbot tba hdgtrdccar eoy toka lajdra tba Mrfva lus DJJ stota fs raohbam.

]fea td pousa0

Majouct vocua0 1>>>> es Agtar tba efgfeue tfea jdr wbfhb tba hdgtrdccar fs td raeofg fg tba Mrfva lus DJJ stota.

]fea efg. cagitb dj stoy0

Majouct vocua0 > es Agtar tba tfea tbot tba hdgtrdccar eoy toka lajdra tba \aomyT]dTDparota \aomyT]dTDparota stota fs raohbam.

]fea td dparota0

Majouct vocua0 >>> es 1. 1.1. 1.< <

Hdgjf dgjfiu iurf rfgi gi ^\DJ ^\DJFG FGA] A] Hdgt Hdgtrd rdcc ccar  ar 

^rahdgmftfdg

 

 

^rdhamura

 O rdldt hdgtrdccar bos laag ommam ogm sat os ohtfva. ]ba ^\DJFGA] gdma fs fgsartam fgtd tba lus struhtura.

?. Axpogm tba traa traa struhtura struhtura dj tba tba rdldt rdldt hdgtrdcca hdgtrdccarr dg tba Bormwora tol fg tba ^rd`aht Xtruhtura wfgmdw. Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

1. 1.1. 1.1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)



Ldx Macata O\^ hohba

Mashrfptfdg  



Ohtfvotam0 ]ba O\^ hohba fs macatam.



Maohtfvotam0 ]ba O\^ hohba fs gdt macatam.

Gdta0 Ft fs rahdeeagmam td ohtfvota tba hbahk

ldx fj tba mavfhas ora hdgjfiuram os fg tba axoepca –\amuham shdpa―. Fg tba hosa dj o hdgjfiurotfdg os fg tba axoepca –Gdreoc shdpa―, tba hbahk ldx sbducm gdt la ohtfvotam.

Mfspcoy mfoigdstfh ocore os eassoia

 (777  (777 1.1.8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

Xcdt hdgjfiurotfdg

Jfi. 1-:0 –Edmucas― tol

? < 8

Xcdt ^oroeatar wfgmdw Xaorhb ldx

= 1 :

Edmuca wfgmdw ^oroeatar mashrfptfdg Edmuca mashrfptfdg

 Occ tba wfgmdws hog la rasfzam os masfram. Acaeagt Xcdt

Mashrfptfdg Guelar dj scdts dg tba mavfha ]ba guelar dj scdts mfspcoyam mapagms dg tba mavfha sacahtam. ]ba guelar dj scdts mfspcoyam fs ocwoys tba eoxfeue guelar pdssflca jdr tba mavfha. Xdea mavfhas bova pramajfgam scdts. ]basa hoggdt la edmfjfam. ]ba cfgas dj tbasa scdt guelars ora iroyam dut. ]bara ora savaroc pdssflca eatbdms jdr ossfigfgi o edmuca td o scdt0 Xacaht tba masfram irdup fg tba edmuca wfgmdw. Hcfhk dg tba masfram edmuca fg tba irdup ogm mroi ft dgtd tba scdt.  Hcfhk dg tba scdt. Xacaht tba masfram irdup ir dup fg tba edmuca wfgmdw ogm mdulca-hcfhk dg tba masfram edmuca.  \fibt-hcfhk dg tba scdt ogm sacaht ^osta jrde tba hdgtaxt eagu. Xacaht tba masfram edmuca vfo tba edmuca irdup. ]ba poroeatar wfgmdw mfspcoys edmuca-spahfjfh poroeatars, wbfhb hog la sat vfo o sacahtfdg eagu. ]ba ]ba ssao aorh rhb b ldx ldx hog hog la us usam am td sao saorh rhb b jjdr dr edm edmuc ucas as.. ]ba ]ba 

^oroeatar wfgmdw Xa Xaor orhb hb ldx ldx Edmuca wfgmdw

saorhb fs o jucc-taxt saorhb. ]ba edmucas ora mfvfmam fgtd irdups.

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)



Acaeagt ^oroeatar mashrfptfdg Edmuca mashrfptfdg 1. 1.1. 1.>< Dutput

Jfi. 1-?>0 ^\DJFGA] sfigoc goeas fg YdrkZfsuoc

Goea

Eaogfgi

Fg tba axoepca

?st vocua jrde cajt

Xcdt guelar   Gdta0 Edmucas wftbdut fgputs/ dutputs, a.i. pdwar suppcy edmucas, bova o guelar lut ora gdt mfspcoyam fg tba cfst. Xulscdt guelar (iagaroccy >?) Fgmax gu guelar ((hhdgsahutfva oshagmfgi guelarfgi dj tba fgmfvfmuoc fgputs/dutputs) Mfrahtfdg dj prdhassfgi

>8

? >>><

Dutput

Fj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar fs usam os tba ^\DJFGA] mavfha, tba soja sfigocs ora cdhotam fg scdt ? ogm tba gdg-soja sfigocs ora cdhotam fg scdt 1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)



1.2 1.2

Xoja Xojaty ty fgta fgtarj rjo oha vfo vfo ^\DJFs DJFsoj oja a (dp (dpttfd fdgo goc) c)

1. 1.2. 2.? ?

Xoja Xojaty ty ju jugh ghtf tfdg dgs s vf vfo o ^\DJ ^\DJFs Fsoj oja a (K (K\ \ H=) H=)

Mashrfptfdg

]ba axhbogia dj sojaty-racavogt sfigocs latwaag tba hdgtrdccar ogm tba systae fs horrfam dut vfo ^\DJFsoja. ]ba ossfigeagt dj tba fgput ogm dutput stotas fg tba ^\DJFsoja prdtdhdc fs cfstam lacdw. Fg ommftfdg, gdg-sojaty-drfagtgdg-sojaty-dr fagtam fgjdreotfdg jrde tba sojaty hdgtrdccar fs sagt td tba gdg-soja sahtfdg dj tba bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar jdr tba purpdsa dj mfoigdsfs ogm hdgtrdc.

\asarvam lfts

\asarvam soja fgputs hog la pra-ossfigam pra-o ssfigam ly o ^CH wftb tba vocuas > dr ?. Fg ldtb hosas, tba eogfpucotdr wfcc edva. Fj o sojaty jughtfdg fs ossfigam td o rasarvam fgput (a.i. fg tba hosa dj o sdjtwora upmota) ogm fj tbfs fgput fs prasat wftb tba vocua >, tbag tba eogfpucotdr wducm aftbar gdt edva dr wducm ugaxpahtamcy hdea td o stogmstfcc. KQKO rahdeeagms pra-ossfigeagt dj tba rasarvam fgputs wftb ?. Fj o rasarvam fgput bos o gaw sojaty jughtfdg ossfigam td ft, ogm tba fgput fs gdt usam ly tba hustdear‖s ^CH, tba sojaty jughtfdg fs gdt ohtfvotam. ]bfs pravagts tba sojaty hdgtrdccar jrde ugaxpahtamcy stdppfgi tba eogfpucotdr. ]ba := soja fgputs ogm dutputs mashrflam lacdw ora fgmfhotam fg yaccdw fg tba YdrkZfsuoc eoppfgi amftdr.

Fgput lyta >

Lft > ?

Xfigoc \A X

Mashrfptfdg \asarvam ?

GBA

]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput. Fgput jdr axtargoc Aeariaghy Xtdp > 5 axtargoc A-X]D^ fs ohtfva ? 5 axtargoc A-X]D^ fs gdt ohtfva

<

LX

Dparotdr sojaty > 5 dparotdr sojaty fs gdt ohtfva, a.i. sojaty iota dpag ? 5 dparotdr sojaty fs ohtfva

8

_LX

Ohkgdwcamiaeagt dj dparotdr sojaty ^rahdgmftfdg jdr ohkgdwcamiaeagt dj dparotdr sojaty fs tba sfigoc "Dparotdr sojaty ossuram" sat fg tba LX lft. Gdta0 Fj tba –LX― sfigoc fs ohkgdwcamiam ly tba systae, tbfs eust la spahfjfam ugmar Bormwora dptfdgs 

fg tba sojaty hdgjfiurotfdg. Fgjdreotfdg fs hdgtofgam fg tba Dparotfgi ogm ^rdiroeefgi Fgstruhtfdgs jdr Xystae Fgtairotdrs. > 5 dparotdr sojaty bos gdt laag ohkgdwcamiam

Amia > -7? 5 dparotdr sojaty bos laag ohkgdwcamiam

8> / 96

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

Lft =

Xfigoc XBX?

Mashrfptfdg Xojaty X]D^ ? (occ oxas)   

JJ (edtfdg agolca) fs sat td >. Zdctoia QX< fs swfthbam djj.  OJ (mrfvas agolca) fs sat td > ojtar ?.1 s.

Hoghacotfdg dj tbfs jughtfdg mdas gdt raqufra ohkgdwcamiaeagt. ]bfs jughtfdg fs gdt parefssflca par efssflca jdr tba AEA\IAGHV X]D^ jughtfdg. > 5 sojaty stdp fs ohtfva ? 5 sojaty stdp fs gdt ohtfva

1

XBX<

Xojaty X]D^ < (occ oxas)  

JJ (edtfdg agolca) fs sat td >. Zdctoia QX< fs swfthbam djj.

Hoghacotfdg dj tbfs jughtfdg mdas gdt raqufra ohkgdwcamiaeagt. ]bfs jughtfdg fs gdt parefssflca par efssflca jdr tba AEA\IAGHV X]D^ jughtfdg. > 5 sojaty stdp fs ohtfva

Fgput lyta ?

: 9

\AX \AX

Lft >

Xfigoc QX<

? 5 sojaty stdp fs gdt ohtfva

-

Mashrfptfdg Xuppcy vdctoia QX< (sfigoc jdr swfthbfgi tba sahdgm suppcy vdctoia, QX. > 5 swfthb djj QX< ? 5 swfthb dg QX< Gdta0 Ybatbar ogm bdw fgput QX< fs usam eust la spahfjfam ugmar Bormwora dptfdgs fg tba sojaty hdg-

?

XLB

jfiurotfdg. Fgjdreotfdg fs hdgtofgam fg tba Dparotfgi ogm ^rdiroeefgi Fgstruhtfdgs jdr Xystae Fgtairotdrs. Xoja dparotfdgoc stdp (occ oxas) ^rahdgmftfdg0 Occ oxas ora stotfdgory Hoghacotfdg dj tbfs jughtfdg mdas gdt raqufra ohkgdwcamiaeagt. ]bfs jughtfdg fs gdt parefssflca par efssflca jdr tba AEA\IAGHV X]D^ jughtfdg. > 5 soja dparotfdgoc stdp fs ohtfva. ? 5 soja dparotfdgoc stdp fs gdt ohtfva.

< 8

\AX

\asarvam ??

\AX

]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput. \asarvam ?< ]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput.

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

8? / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

Lft = 1 :

Xfigoc \AX

Mashrfptfdg \asarvam ?8

\A X

]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput. \asarvam ?=

\A X

]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput. \asarvam ?1 ]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput.

9

X^O

Hdgjfreotfdg dj hdgtrdccar sbutmdwg. ]ba systae hdgjfres tbot ft bos rahafvam tba sbutmdwg sfigoc. O sahdgm ojtar tba –X^― (Xbutmdwg ^\DJFsoja) sfigoc bos laag sat ly tba hdgtrdccar, tba raquastam ohtfdg fs axahutam, wftbdut tba gaam jdr hdgjfreotfdg jrde tba ^CH, ogm tba hdgtrdccar sbuts mdwg. > 5 hdgjfreotfdg fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 hdgjfreotfdg fs ohtfva

Dutput lyta >

Lft >

Xfigoc GBC

Mashrfptfdg Cdhoc A-X]D^ (cdhoc A-X]D^ trfiiaram) > 5 cdhoc A-X]D^ fs ohtfva ? 5 cdhoc A-X]D^ fs gdt ohtfva

?

OJ

Mrfvas agolca (tba fgtargoc sojaty hdgtrdccar fg tba K\H bos agolcam tba mrfvas sd tbot tbay hog la swfthbam dg) > 5 mrfvas agolca fs gdt ohtfva (tba rdldt hdgtrdccar

eust swfthb tba mrfvas djj)

<

JJ

? 5 mrfvas agolca fs ohtfva (tba rdldt hdgtrdccar eust swfthb tba mrfvas td sarvd-hdgtrdc) Edtfdg agolca (tba fgtargoc sojaty hdgtrdccar fg tba K\H bos agolcam rdldt edtfdgs) > 5 edtfdg agolca fs gdt ohtfva (tba rdldt hdgtrdccar eust stdp tba hurragt edtfdg) ? 5 edtfdg agolca fs ohtfva (tba rdldt hdgtrdccar eoy

8

PX

trfiiar o edtfdg) Dga dj tba agolcfgi swfthbas fs fg tba hagtar pdsftfdg (agolcfgi fg tast edma) > 5 agolcfgi fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 agolcfgi fs ohtfva

=

^A

]ba sfigoc –^arf agolcam― fs sat td ? (ohtfva) fj tba jdccdwfgi hdgmftfdgs ora eat0   

Mrfvas ora ohtfvotam. Xojaty hdgtrdccar edtfdg agolca sfigoc prasagt. ]ba eassoia –Dparotdr sojaty dpag― eust gdt la ohtfva.

88 )  (777  (777 "Xfigoc –^arf agolcam― (^A)" ^oia 88) 1

O Q]

]ba eogfpucotdr fs fg OQ] dr OQ] AR] edma. > 5 OQ] dr OQ] AR] edma fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 OQ] dr OQ] AR] edma fs ohtfva

8< / 96

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

Lft :

Xfigoc ]?

Mashrfptfdg ]ba eogfpucotdr fs fg Eoguoc \amuham Zacdhfty edma. > 5 ]? edma fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 ]? edma fs ohtfva

9

]<

]ba eogfpucotdr fs fg Eoguoc Bfib Zacdhfty edma. > 5 ]< edma fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 ]< edma fs ohtfva

Dutput lyta ?

Lft >

Xfigoc GBA

Mashrfptfdg Axtargoc A-X]D^ bos laag trfiiaram. > 5 axtargoc A-X]D^ fs ohtfva ? 5 axtargoc A-X]D^ fs gdt ohtfva

?

LX

Dparotdr sojaty > 5 dparotdr sojaty fs gdt ossuram ? 5 dparotdr sojaty fs ossuram (fgput LX 5 ? ogm, fj

<

XBX?

hdgjfiuram, fgput _LX ohkgdwcamiam) Xojaty stdp ? (occ oxas) > 5 Xojaty stdp ? fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 Xojaty stdp ? fs ohtfva (soja stota raohbam)

8

XBX<

Xojaty stdp < (occ oxas) > 5 Xojaty stdp < fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 Xojaty stdp < fs ohtfva (soja stota raohbam)

= 1 :

\AX \AX ^XO

\asarvam ?8 \asarvam ?= Xystae hdeeugfhotfdg ohtfva (mfspcoy dj stota dj rdldt hdgtrdccar os ^\DJFsoja mavfha lus mavfha) ^rahdgmftfdg0 ^\DJFGA] eust la fgstoccam dg tba hdgtrdccar. > 5 rdldt hdgtrdccar dg ^\DJFsoja lus fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 rdldt hdgtrdccar dg ^\DJFsoja lus fs ohtfva

9

X^

Hdgtrdccar fs lafgi sbut mdwg (tba rdldt hdgtrdccar oggdughas tarefgotfdg dj tba ^\DJFsoja hdggahtfdg) Fj tba ^CH trogsefts tba X^O sfigoc os hdgjfreotfdg ojtar rahafvfgi tba X^ sfigoc, ^XO fs sat td > ogm tba hdgtrdccar fs sbut mdwg. Dga sahdgm ojtar tba X^ sfigoc bos laag sat, tba ^XO dutput fs rasat ly tba rdldt hdgtrdccar, wftbdut hdgjfreotfdg jrde tba ^CH, ogm tba hdgtrdccar fs sbut mdwg. > 5 oggdughaeagt dj tarefgotfdg dj hdggahtfdg fs gdt

ohtfva ? 5 oggdughaeagt dj tarefgotfdg dj hdggahtfdg fs

ohtfva Xfigoc –^arf agolcam― (^A)

]ba sfigoc –^arf agolcam― fs sat td ? (ohtfva) fj tba jdccdwfgi hdgmftfdgs ora eat0 

Mrfvas ora swfthbam dg.

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

88 / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>  

Xojaty hdgtrdccar edtfdg agolca sfigoc prasagt. ]ba eassoia –Dparotdr sojaty dpag― eust gdt la ohtfva. ]bfs eassoia fs dgcy ohtfva fg tba edmas ]? ogm ]. –^arf agolcam― acfefgotam.   Ohtfvotfdg dj tba sfigoc –Xoja dparotfdgoc stdp― wftb tba eogfpucotdr stotfdgory0 \acaosa tba lrokas, swfthb mrfvas td sarvd-hdgtrdc ogm edgftdr jdr rastort. –^arf agolcam― raeofgs ohtfva.  Xfigoc –Edtfdg agolca― raeofgs ohtfva.  QX< vdctoia (fj prasagt) raeofgs ohtfva.  Xfigoc –^arf agolcam― raeofgs ohtfva.

–^arf agolcam― fg hdg`ughtfdg wftb tba sfigoc –Xojaty stdp , tbag tba eogfpucotdr wducm aftbar gdt edva dr wducm ugaxpahtamcy hdea td o stogmstfcc. KQKO rahdeeagms pra-ossfigeagt dj tba rasarvam fgputs wftb ?. Fj o rasarvam fgput bos o gaw sojaty jughtfdg ossfigam td ft, ogm tba fgput fs gdt usam ly tba hustdear‖s ^CH, tba sojaty jughtfdg fs gdt ohtfvotam. ]bfs pravagts tba sojaty hdgtrdccar jrde ugaxpahtamcy stdppfgi tba eogfpucotdr. ]ba := soja fgputs ogm dutputs mashrflam lacdw ora fgmfhotam fg yaccdw fg tba YdrkZfsuoc eoppfgi amftdr.

8= / 96

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

Fgput lyta >

Lft > ?

Xfigoc \AX

Mashrfptfdg \asarvam ?

GBA

]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput. Fgput jdr axtargoc Aeariaghy Xtdp > 5 axtargoc A-X]D^ fs ohtfva ? 5 axtargoc A-X]D^ fs gdt ohtfva

<

LX

Dparotdr sojaty Fgput jdr ohhass td tba sojaty zdga. ]ba sfigoc trfiiars o Xtdp ? fg tba Outdeotfh dparotfgi edmas. Hoghaccotfdg dj tbfs jughtfdg eust la ohkgdwcamiam, os tba eogfpucotdr eust gdt la occdwam td rasuea edtfdg fj, jdr axoepca, o sojaty iota ohhfmagtoccy hcdsas ftsacj. > 5 dparotdr sojaty fs gdt ohtfva, a.i. sojaty iota dpag d pag ? 5 dparotdr sojaty fs ohtfva

8

_LX

Ohkgdwcamiaeagt dj dparotdr sojaty ^rahdgmftfdg jdr ohkgdwcamiaeagt dj dparotdr sojaty fs tba sfigoc "Dparotdr sojaty ossuram" sat fg tba LX lft. Gdta0 Fj tba –LX― sfigoc fs ohkgdwcamiam ly tba sysdptfdgs tae, eust la spahfjfamFgjdreotfdg ugmar Bormwora fg tbatbfs sojaty hdgjfiurotfdg. fs hdgtofgam fg  tba Dparotfgi ogm ^rdiroeefgi Fgstruhtfdgs jdr Xystae Fgtairotdrs. > 5 dparotdr sojaty bos gdt laag ohkgdwcamiam

=

XBX?

Amia > -7? 5 dparotdr sojaty bos laag ohkgdwcamiam Xojaty X]D^ ? (occ oxas)   

JJ (edtfdg agolca) fs sat td >. Zdctoia QX< fs swfthbam djj.  OJ (mrfvas agolca) fs sat td > ojtar ?.1 s.

Hoghacotfdg dj tbfs jughtfdg mdas gdt raqufra ohkgdwcamiaeagt. ]bfs jughtfdg fs gdt parefssflca par efssflca jdr tba AEA\IAGHV X]D^ jughtfdg. > 5 sojaty stdp fs ohtfva ? 5 sojaty stdp fs gdt ohtfva

1

XBX<

Xojaty X]D^ < (occ oxas)  

JJ (edtfdg agolca) fs sat td >. Zdctoia QX< fs swfthbam djj.

Hoghacotfdg dj tbfs jughtfdg mdas gdt raqufra ohkgdwcamiaeagt. ]bfs jughtfdg fs gdt parefssflca par efssflca jdr tba AEA\IAGHV X]D^ jughtfdg. > 5 sojaty stdp fs ohtfva ? 5 sojaty stdp fs gdt ohtfva

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

81 / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

Lft :

Xfigoc A<

Mashrfptfdg A< kayswfthb (hustdear-spahfjfh sfigoc jdr edma sacahtfdg) > 5 A< kayswfthb fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 A< kayswfthb fs ohtfva

9

A9

A9 kayswfthb (hustdear-spahfjfh sfigoc jdr edma sacahtfdg) > 5 A9 kayswfthb fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 A9 kayswfthb fs ohtfva

Fgput lyta ?

Lft >

Xfigoc QX<

Mashrfptfdg Xuppcy vdctoia QX< (sfigoc jdr swfthbfgi tba sahdgm suppcy vdctoia, QX. > 5 swfthb djj QX< ? 5 swfthb dg QX< Gdta0 Ybatbar ogm bdw fgput QX< fs usam eust la spahfjfam ugmar Bormwora dptfdgs fg tba sojaty hdg-

jfiurotfdg. Fgjdreotfdg fs hdgtofgam fg tba Dparotfgi ogm ^rdiroeefgi Fgstruhtfdgs jdr Xystae Fgtairo?

XLB

tdrs. Xoja dparotfdgoc stdp (occ oxas) ^rahdgmftfdg0 Occ oxas ora stotfdgory Hoghacotfdg dj tbfs jughtfdg mdas gdt raqufra ohkgdwcamiaeagt. ]bfs jughtfdg fs gdt parefssflca jdr tba AEA\IAGHV X]D^ jughtfdg. > 5 soja dparotfdgoc stdp fs ohtfva. ? 5 soja dparotfdgoc stdp fs gdt ohtfva.

< 8 = 1

\AX

\asarvam ??

\A X

]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput. \asarvam ?<

\A X

]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput. \asarvam ?8

\A X

]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput. \asarvam ?= ]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput.

8: / 96

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

Lft : 9

Xfigoc \AX

Mashrfptfdg \asarvam ?1

X^O

]ba vocua ? eust la ossfigam td tba fgput. Hdgjfreotfdg dj hdgtrdccar sbutmdwg. ]ba systae hdgjfres tbot ft bos rahafvam tba sbutmdwg sfigoc. O sahdgm ojtar tba –X^― (Xbutmdwg ^\DJFsoja) sfigoc bos laag sat ly tba hdgtrdccar, tba raquastam ohtfdg fs axahutam, wftbdut tba gaam jdr hdgjfreotfdg jrde tba ^CH, ogm tba hdgtrdccar sbuts mdwg. > 5 hdgjfreotfdg fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 hdgjfreotfdg fs ohtfva

Dutput lyta >

Lft >

Xfigoc GBC

Mashrfptfdg Cdhoc A-X]D^ (cdhoc A-X]D^ trfiiaram) > 5 cdhoc A-X]D^ fs ohtfva ? 5 cdhoc A-X]D^ fs gdt ohtfva

?

OJ

Mrfvas agolca (tba fgtargoc sojaty hdgtrdccar fg tba K\H bos agolcam tba mrfvas sd tbot tbay hog la swfthbam dg) > 5 mrfvas agolca fs gdtdjj) ohtfva (tba rdldt hdgtrdccar eust swfthb tba mrfvas ? 5 mrfvas agolca fs ohtfva (tba rdldt hdgtrdccar eust

<

JJ

swfthb tba mrfvas td sarvd-hdgtrdc) Edtfdg agolca (tba fgtargoc sojaty hdgtrdccar fg tba K\H bos agolcam rdldt edtfdgs) > 5 edtfdg agolca fs gdt ohtfva (tba rdldt hdgtrdccar eust stdp tba hurragt edtfdg) ? 5 edtfdg agolca fs ohtfva (tba rdldt hdgtrdccar eoy

8

PX

trfiiar o edtfdg) Dga dj tba agolcfgi swfthbas fs fg tba hagtar pdsftfdg (agolcfgi fg tast edma) > 5 agolcfgi fs gdt ohtfva

=

^A

? 5 agolcfgi fs ohtfva

]ba sfigoc –^arf agolcam― fs sat td ? (ohtfva) fj tba jdccdwfgi hdgmftfdgs ora eat0   

1

AR]

Mrfvas ora ohtfvotam. Xojaty hdgtrdccar edtfdg agolca sfigoc prasagt. ]ba eassoia –Dparotdr sojaty dpag― eust gdt la ohtfva.

 (777  (777 "Xfigoc –^arf agolcam― (^A)" ^oia 88) 88) ]ba eogfpucotdr fs fg OQ] AR] edma. > 5 OQ] AR] edma fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 OQ] AR] edma fs ohtfva

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

89 / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

Lft :

Xfigoc ]?

Mashrfptfdg ]ba eogfpucotdr fs fg Eoguoc \amuham Zacdhfty edma. > 5 ]? edma fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 ]? edma fs ohtfva

9

]<

]ba eogfpucotdr fs fg Eoguoc Bfib Zacdhfty edma. > 5 ]< edma fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 ]< edma fs ohtfva

Dutput lyta ?

Lft >

Xfigoc GBA

Mashrfptfdg Axtargoc A-X]D^ bos laag trfiiaram. > 5 axtargoc A-X]D^ fs ohtfva ? 5 axtargoc A-X]D^ fs gdt ohtfva

?

LX

Dparotdr sojaty > 5 dparotdr sojaty fs gdt ossuram ? 5 dparotdr sojaty fs ossuram (fgput LX 5 ? ogm, fj

<

XBX?

hdgjfiuram, fgput _LX ohkgdwcamiam) Xojaty stdp ? (occ oxas) > 5 Xojaty stdp ? fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 Xojaty stdp ? fs ohtfva (soja stota raohbam)

8

X BX <

Xojaty stdp < (occ oxas) > 5 Xojaty stdp < fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 Xojaty stdp < fs ohtfva (soja stota raohbam)

= 1 :

\AX \AX ^XO

\asarvam ?8 \asarvam ?= Xystae hdeeugfhotfdg ohtfva (mfspcoy dj stota dj rdldt hdgtrdccar os ^\DJFsoja mavfha lus mavfha) ^rahdgmftfdg0 ^\DJFGA] eust la fgstoccam dg tba hdgtrdccar. > 5 rdldt hdgtrdccar dg ^\DJFsoja lus fs gdt ohtfva ? 5 rdldt hdgtrdccar dg ^\DJFsoja lus fs ohtfva

9

X^

Hdgtrdccar fs lafgi sbut mdwg (tba rdldt hdgtrdccar oggdughas tarefgotfdg dj tba ^\DJFsoja hdggahtfdg) Fj tba ^CH trogsefts tba X^O sfigoc os hdgjfreotfdg ojtar rahafvfgi tba X^ sfigoc, ^XO fs sat td > ogm tba hdgtrdccar fs sbut mdwg. Dga sahdgm ojtar tba X^ sfigoc bos laag sat, tba ^XO dutput fs rasat ly tba rdldt hdgtrdccar, wftbdut hdgjfreotfdg jrde tba ^CH, ogm tba hdgtrdccar fs sbut mdwg. > 5 oggdughaeagt dj tarefgotfdg dj hdggahtfdg fs gdt

ohtfva ? 5 oggdughaeagt dj tarefgotfdg dj hdggahtfdg fs

ohtfva

82 / 96

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

1. 1.2. 2.8 8

Xoja XojaDp Dpar arot otfd fdg g vfo vfo ^\DJ ^\DJFs Fsoj oja a (dp (dptf tfdg dgoc oc))

Mashrfptfdg

]ba hdepdgagts dj tba fgmustrfoc rdldt edva wftbfg tba cfefts tbot bova laag hdgjfiuram ogm ohtfvotam. ]ba ohtuoc pdsftfdgs ora hdgtfguduscy hochucotam ogm edgftdram oiofgst tba sojaty poroeatars tbot bova laag sat. ]ba sojaty hdgtrdccar edgftdrs tba fgmustrfoc rdldt ly eaogs dj tba sojaty poroeatars tbot bova laag sat. Fj o hdepdgagt dj tba fgmustrfoc rdldt vfdcotas o edgftdrfgi cfeft dr o sojaty poroeatar, tba eogfpucotdr ogm axtargoc oxas (dptfdgoc) ora stdppam. ]ba ^\DJFsoja fgtarjoha hog la usam, jdr axoepca, td sfigoc o vfdcotfdg dj sojaty edgftdrfgi jughtfdgs.

\asarvam lfts

\asarvam soja fgputs hog la pra-ossfigam ly o ^CH wftb tba vocuas > dr ?. Fg ldtb hosas, tba eogfpucotdr wfcc edva. Fj o sojaty jughtfdg fs ossfigam td o rasarvam fgput (a.i. fg tba hosa dj o sdjtwora upmota) ogm fj tbfs fgput fs prasat wftb tba vocua >, tbag tba eogfpucotdr wducm aftbar gdt edva dr wducm ugaxpahtamcy hdea td o stogmstfcc. KQKO rahdeeagms pra-ossfigeagt dj tba rasarvam fgputs wftb ?. Fj o rasarvam fgput bos o gaw sojaty jughtfdg ossfigam td ft, ogm tba fgput fs gdt usam ly tba hustdear‖s ^CH, tba sojaty jughtfdg fs gdt ohtfvotam. ]bfs pravagts tba sojaty hdgtrdccar jrde ugaxpahtamcy stdppfgi tba eogfpucotdr.

Fgput lyta <

Lft >

Xfigoc @\

Mashrfptfdg Eostarfgi tast (fgput jdr tba rajaragha swfthb dj tba eostarfgi tast) > 5 rajaragha swfthb fs ohtfva (ohtuotam). ? 5 rajaragha swfthb fs gdt ohtfva (gdt ohtu-

?

Z\AM

otam). \amuham oxfs-spahfjfh ogm Hortasfog vacdhfty (ohtfvotfdg dj ramuham vacdhfty edgftdrfgi) > 5 ramuham vacdhfty edgftdrfgi fs ohtfva. ? 5 ramuham vacdhfty edgftdrfgi fs gdt ohtfva.

 5 soja dparotfdgoc stdp fs ohtfva. ? 5 soja dparotfdgoc stdp fs gdt ohtfva.

Fgput lyta 8

Lft >…9

Xfigoc \AX

Mashrfptfdg \asarvam …9

Xfigoc QA\? … 2

Mashrfptfdg Edgftdrfgi spohas ? … 2  Ossfigeagt0 Lft > 5 edgftdrfgi spoha ? … lft 9 5 edgftdrfgi spoha 2 > 5 edgftdrfgi spoha fs ohtfva. ? 5 edgftdrfgi spoha fs gdt ohtfva.

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

86 / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

Fgput lyta 1

Lft >…9

Xfigoc QA\6 … ?:

Mashrfptfdg Edgftdrfgi spohas 6 … ?:  Ossfigeagt0 Lft > 5 edgftdrfgi spoha 6 … lft 9 5 edgftdrfgi spoha ?: > 5 edgftdrfgi spoha fs ohtfva. ? 5 edgftdrfgi spoha fs gdt ohtfva.

Fgput lyta :

Lft >…9

Xfigoc YP? … 2

Mashrfptfdg ]ddc sacahtfdg ? … 2  Ossfigeagt0 Lft > 5 tddc ? … lft 9 5 tddc 2 > 5 tddc fs gdt ohtfva. ? 5 tddc ? fs ohtfva.

Axohtcy dga tddc eust la sacahtam ot occ tfeas. Fgput lyta 9

Lft >…9

Xfigoc YP6 … ?:

Mashrfptfdg ]ddc sacahtfdg 6 … ?:  Ossfigeagt0 Lft > 5 tddc 6 … lft 9 5 tddc ?: > 5 tddc fs gdt ohtfva. ? 5 tddc ? fs ohtfva.

Axohtcy dga tddc eust la sacahtam ot occ tfeas. Dutput lyta <

Lft >

Xfigoc XD

Mashrfptfdg XojaDparotfdg ohtfva XojaDparotfdg ohtfvotfdg stotus > 5 XojaDparotfdg fs gdt ohtfva. ? 5 XojaDparotfdg fs ohtfva.

?

\\

Eogfpucotdr rajaragham Eostarfgi tast mfspcoy > 5 eostarfgi tast raqufram. ? 5 eostarfgi tast parjdream suhhassjuccy.

<

@J

Eostarfgi arrdr Xpoha edgftdrfgi fs maohtfvotam lahousa ot caost dga oxfs fs gdt eostaram. > 5 eostarfgi arrdr. Xpoha Xpoha edgftdrfgi bos laag

maohtfvotam. ? 5 gd arrdr.

=> / 96

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

Lft 8

Xfigoc Z\AM

Mashrfptfdg \amuham oxfs-spahfjfh ogm Hortasfog vacdhfty (ohtfvotfdg stotus dj ramuham vacdhfty edgftdrfgi) > 5 ramuham vacdhfty edgftdrfgi fs gdt ohtfva. ? 5 ramuham vacdhfty edgftdrfgi fs ohtfva.

=…9

XLB? … =

Ohtfvotfdg stotus dj soja dparotfdgoc stdp jd jdr oxfs irdup ? ... =  Ossfigeagt0 Lft = 5 oxfs irdup ? … lft 9 5 oxfs irdup = > 5 soja dparotfdgoc stdp fs gdt ohtfva. ? 5 soja dparotfdgoc stdp fs ohtfva.

Dutput lyta 8

Lft >…?

Xfigoc XLB1 … :

Mashrfptfdg Ohtfvotfdg stotus dj soja dparotfdgoc stdp jd jdr oxfs irdup 1 ... :  Ossfigeagt0 Lft > 5 oxfs irdup 1 … lft ? 5 oxfs irdup : > 5 soja dparotfdgoc stdp fs gdt ohtfva. ? 5 soja dparotfdgoc stdp fs ohtfva.

Dutput lyta =

5 ocore spoha ? (ossdhfotam edgftdrfgi spoha ?) … lft 9 5 ocore spoha 2 (ossdhfotam edgftdrfgi spoha 2) > 5 spoha fs vfdcotam. ? 5 spoha fs gdt vfdcotam. Gdta0 ]ba sfigoc fs dgcy sat td ? fg tba avagt dj

o wdrkspoha vfdcotfdg fj tba hdrraspdgmfgi edgftdrfgi spoha fs ohtfva, f.a. ft eust bova laag hdgjfiuram os –ocwoys ohtfva― dr swfthbam td ohtfva ly eaogs dj tba hdrraspdgmfgi ^\DJFsoja fgput (fgput lyta =). Dutput lyta 1

Lft >…9

Xfigoc E\6 … ?:

Mashrfptfdg Ocore spoha 6 … ?:  Ossfigeagt0 Lft > 5 ocore spoha 6 (ossdhfotam edgftdrfgi spoha 6) … lft 9 5 ocore spoha ?: (ossdhfotam edgftdrfgi spoha ?:) > 5 spoha fs vfdcotam. ? 5 spoha fs gdt vfdcotam. Gdta0 ]ba sfigoc fs dgcy sat td ? fg tba avagt dj

o wdrkspoha vfdcotfdg fj tba hdrraspdgmfgi edgftdrfgi spoha fs ohtfva, f.a. ft eust bova laag hdgjfiuram os –ocwoys ohtfva― dr swfthbam td ohtfva ly eaogs dj tba hdrraspdgmfgi ^\DJFsoja fgput (fgput lyta 1).

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

=? / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

Dutput lyta :

Lft >…9

Xfigoc \A X

Mashrfptfdg \asarvam =2 ... 11

Dutput lyta 9

Lft >…9

Xfigoc \A X

Mashrfptfdg \asarvam 1: ... :8

1.2.= 1.2 .=

Xh Xhbae baeot otfh fh hf hfrh rhuft uft mfoir mfoiroe oe dj ^\DJF ^\DJFso soja ja agolcf agolcfgi gi swfth swfthb b

Mashrfptfdg

 Og axtargoc agolcfgi swfthb hog la hdggahtam td tba bfibar-cavac sojaty hdgtrdccar. ]ba sfigocs (PXA eoka hdgtoht ogm Axtargoc pogfh lraok hdgtoht) eust la hdrrahtcy cfgkam td tba ^\DJFsoja sfigocs fg tba sojaty hdgtrdccar. ]ba rasuctfgi ^\DJFsoja sfigocs eust tbag la rdutam td tba ^\DJFsoja dj tba K\ H=. ]ba raspdgsa td tba axtargoc agolcfgi swfthb fs tbag fmagtfhoc td tbot jdr o mfshratacy hdggahtam R??.

Xfigocs

Jfi. 1-??0 Xhbaeotfh hfrhuft mfoiroe dj axtargoc agolcfgi swfthb 



1. 1.2. 2.1 1

Agolcfgi swfthb hagtar pdsftfdg (eoka hdgtoht hcdsam (?) 5 agolcam) D\  OQ] ot XBX< ^ogfh (lraok hdgtoht dpag (>) 5 pogfh pdsftfdg) 5 OGM gdt OQ] ot XBX?

Cd Cdii iifg fgi i djj djj tb tba a bfib bfibar ar-c -cav avac ac soj sojat aty y hdgt hdgtrd rdcc ccar  ar 

Mashrfptfdg

Dg swfthbfgi djj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar, tba hdggahtfdg td tba bfibar-cavac sojaty hdgtrdccar fs tarefgotam. ]bfs tarefgotfdg fs oggdugham sd tbot og A-X]D^ mdas gdt bova td la trfiiaram jdr tba agtfra systae. Ybag tba rdldt hdgtrdccar fs sbuttfgi mdwg, ft sagms tba sfigoc Xbutmdwg ^\DJFsoja [X^5?U [ X^5?U td tba bfibar-cavac sojaty hdgtrdccar, trfiiarfgi o Xtdp ?. ]ba bfibar-cavac sojaty hdgtrdccar hdgjfres tba raquast wftb tba sfigoc Xbutmdwg ^\DJFsoja Ohkgdwcamia [X^O5?U. Dgha tba hdgtrdccar fs rastortam hdeeugfhotfdg fs ra-astolcfsbam wftb tba bfibar-cavac sojaty hdgtrdccar, tbaogm sfigoc ^\DJFsoja oktfv [^XO5?U fs sat. ]ba jdccdwfgi mfoiroes sbdw tba labovfdr dg swfthbfgi dg ogm djj.

Xbutmdwg

=< / 96

]ba jdccdwfgi axoepca sbdws sbutmdwg dj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar ly o bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar usfgi tba KX sfigoc. ]ba rdldt hdgtrdccar sats tba sfigocs –Mrfva lus maohtfvotam [OLU― ogm –Hdgtrdccar dparotfdgoc raomfgass [LLXU― ohhdrmfgicy ogm cdis djj jrde tba ^\DJFsoja Lus vfo sojaty-drfagtam sfigocs.

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

1 Hdgjfiurotfdg

Jfi. 1-? - Bflargota fs horrfam dut fg ohhdrmogha wftb tba tfefgi sbdwg. Fgstaom dj tba KX sfigoc, tba BFL sfigoc eust la ohtfvotam ly tba bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar jdr ot caost > es. ^dwar sova edma

]ba jdccdwfgi axoepca sbdws bdw tba rdldt hdgtrdccar fs put fgtd pdwar sova edma < ogm lohk fgtd tba dparotfgi stota ly o bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar usfgi tba  OL sfigoc. ]ba rdldt hdgtrdccar raeofgs cdiiam dg td tba ^\DJFGA]/^\DJFsoja Lus.

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

=8 / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

Jfi. 1-?80 ^dwar sova edma < Xwfthbfgi dg vfo YokaDgCOG

]ba jdccdwfgi axoepca sbdws swfthb-dg dj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar ly o bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar vfo YokaDgCOG. Ojtar rahafvfgi o Eoifh ^ohkat jdr YokaDgCOG, tba rdldt hdgtrdccar sfigocs dparotfdgoc raomfgass vfo LLX. ]ba ^\DJFsoja stotus fs fgmfhotam vfo sojaty-drfagtam sfigocs vfo ^XO.

Jfi. 1-?=0 Xwfthbfgi dg vfo YokaDgCOG

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

== / 96

 

: Dparotfdg

:

Dparotfdg

:.?

Hdupcfgi/mahdupcfgi mavfhas

Jdr hartofg oppcfhotfdgs, a.i. tddc hbogia, ft fs gahassory td hdupca ogm mahdupca mavfhas. Hdupcfgi ogm mahdupcfgi hog la horrfam dut vfo tba tb a BEF dr fg K\C. Mahdupcfgi

^rdpartfas dj mahdupcam mavfhas0 

 



Hdupcfgi

Fj mahdupcam mavfhas ora mfshdggahtam jrde ^\DJFGA] dr tba pdwar suppcy, gd arrdr fs trfiiaram.  Occ F/D dparotfdgs dg mahdupcam mavfhas raeofg wftbdut ajjaht. Mahdupcam mavfhas hoggdt horry dut arrdr traoteagt fg tba hosa dj raom/ wrfta arrdrs. ]ba mavfha fgputs ora sat td zard dg mahdupcfgi.

]ba FDH]C jughtfdg fs axahutam syghbrdgduscy. Ft dgcy raturgs wbag tba mavfha fs jughtfdgoc ogm hog la wrfttag td dgha oiofg. Fj o hdupcam mavfha fs gdt jughtfdgoc, a.i. lahousa ft fs mfshdggahtam jrde tba lus dr suppcy vdctoia, o eassoia fs mfspcoyam ojtar o majouct tfeadut dj ?> s.

Ocwoys ovofcolca

]ba dptfdg Ocwoys ovofcolca ojjahts tba woy tba rdldt hdgtrdccar raohts td o mahdupcam mavfha fg tba avagt dj o hdcm stort dr F/D rahdgjfiurotfdg. Ocwoys ovofcolca hog la sat fg tba mavfha moto fg YdrkZfsuoc.  (777  (777 1.1.1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

=1 / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

Mashrfptfdg

[Qsar FMU 0

]ba usar FM fs mfspcoyam fg YdrkZfsuoc fg tba Qsar FM ldx fg tba mavfha sattfgis. ,8) AGMFJ ...

]ba tfeadut jdr hdupcfgi/mahdupcfgi fs sat ly majouct td ?> s. ]bfs majouct vocua hog la hbogiam. Bara tba vocua fs sat td 1>>> es0 \A] 5 FDH]C("^GFD-H]\C",?>>?,1>>>)

:.<

^\DJFagariy hdeeogms

Qsfgi ^\DJFagariy hdeeogms, tba ^CH hog sfigoc td tba rdldt hdgtrdccar td hbogia tba stota dr quary fgjdreotfdg. Axoepca

Jfi. :-?0 Qsfgi hdeeogms (shbaeotfh saquagha) Mashrfptfdg

]ba jdccdwfgi ^\DJFagariy hdeeogms ora suppdrtam0 Hdeeogm XtortT^ousa AgmT^ousa XtortT^ousaTwftbTtfeaTras pdgsa

Mashrfptfdg ]ba rdldt hdgtrdccar swfthbas td tba Mrfva lus DJJ stota. ]ba rdldt hdgtrdccar hdeas lohk dut dj Bflargota / Mrfva lus DJJ. DJJ. _uarfas tba tdtoc tfea raqufram ly tba rdldt hdgtrdccar td swfthb stota (tdjj , tdg ogm tdjjTefg).

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

=: / 96

 

: Dparotfdg

Hdeeogm FgjdTXcaapTYDC

IdTYDC _uaryTZarsfdg CfstTEdmas IatTEdma IatTE atTEao aosu sura raea eagt gtT TCfst Cfst

Mashrfptfdg Matarefgas fg fgjdreotfdg ol oldut ttb ba ^ATscaapTedmaTYDC stota jrde tba mavfha. Xwfthbas o mavfha td tba ^ATscaapTedmaTYDC stota (Bflargota). _uarfas tba varsfdg dj tba ^\DJFagariy prdtdhdc. Mfspcoys o cfst dj agariy-sovfgi edmas suppdrtam ly tba hdgtrdccar. _uarfas fgjdreotfdg oldut o spahfjfh agariy-sovfgi edma. ^dccs dccs tb tba a FFMs Ms dj oc occc ssup uppd pdrt rtam am eaos eaosur uraaeagts. ]ba K\ H= prdvfmas 8 eaosuraeagt vocuas0 





IatTEa Iat TEaosu osurae raeagtT agtTZ Zocuas ocuas

FM 5 ?0 Hurragt agariy hdgsueptfdg ‘ ovaroia vocua fg kY dvar ?>> es FM 5

]ba jdccdwfgi sfigocs ora ovofcolca jdr ohtfvotfgi dr maohtfvotfgi mfjjaragt pdwar sova edmas ogm jdr matahtfgi matahtfg i tba stotas dj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar. ]basa jughtfdgs ora dgcy axahutam fg AR] edma, gdt fg ]? dr ]1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

=9 / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

Lft >

Xfigoc OL

Mashrfptfdg Mrfva lus > 5 ohtfvota mrfva lus, hdgmftfdg0 BFL 5 > ogm

KX 5 > ? 5 maohtfvota mrfva lus, hdgmftfdg0 BFL 5 > ogm

?

KX 5 > Bflargota

BFL

> 5 gd jughtfdg ? 5 fgftfota Bflargota dg tba t ba hdgtrdccar, hdgmf-

<

tfdg0 OL 5 > ogm KX 5 > Hdcm stort

KX

> 5 gd jughtfdg

8…9 Dutput lyta >

Lft >

\A X

? 5 fgftfota hdcm stort dg tba hdgtrdccar, hdgmftfdg0  OL 5 > ogm BFL 5 > Xpora

Xfigoc OL

Mashrfptfdg Mrfva lus > 5 mrfva lus ohtfvotam ? 5 mrfva lus maohtfvotam

?

LLX

Dparotfdgoc raomfgass dj tba rdldt hdgtrdccar   > 5 rdldt hdgtrdccar gdt raomy ? 5 rdldt hdgtrdccar raomy

1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

=2 / 96

 

9 ^rdiroeefgi

9

^rdiroeefgi

9.?

Ohyhcfh hdeeugfhotfdg

Fg ommftfdg td typfhoc F/D hdeeugfhotfdg, osyghbrdgdus hdeeugfhotfdg eoy ocsd la gahassory latwaag oppcfhotfdgs ogm tba F/D mrfvar. Axoepcas0  

9. 9.?. ?.? ?

\aquastfgi moto jrde tba bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar. ^oroeatarfzfgi F/D edmucas murfgi dparotfdg. (Dgcy pdssflca jdr edmucas wftb tba racavogt jughtfdgocfty.)

Ohyh Ohyhcf cfh h moto moto td td tba tba mavf mavfha has s (hdg (hdgtr trdc dcca carr rfg rfgi) i)

Hdeeogms jdr ohyhcfh trogsjar dj moto0 Hdeeogm EOX]A\T\AOM

Mashrfptfdg Hdeeogm FM0 ?

EOX]A\TY\F]A

]ba hdgtrdccar stohk raquasts moto jrde o cdwar-cavac mavfha. Hdeeogm FM0 < ]ba hdgtrdccar stohk wrftas moto td o

EOX]A\T\MTHDGJF\EO]F ]FD DG

cdwar-cavac mavfha. Hdeeogm FM0 ?

EOX] EO X]A A\TY\ \TY\T THDGJ HDGJF\ F\EO EO]F ]FDG DG

]ba mavfha raspdgms td tba raom hdeeogm jrde tba hdgtrdccar stohk. Hdee Hdeeog ogm m FM0 FM0 < ]ba mavfha raspdgms td tba wrfta hdeeogm jrde tba hdgtrdccar stohk.

 Occ hdeeogms ora struhtura typas. ]bay hdgsfst dj tba jdccdwfgi hdepdgagts0 Hdepdgagt HdeeogmFM Hdee Hd eeog ogmC mCag ag

Mashrfptfdg Hdeeogm FM Hdee Hdeeog ogm m ccag agit itb. b. ]b ]ba a ccag agitb itb dj oc occc p poro oroea eata tars rs jr jrde de –]rogsohtfdgGue― (fg lytas)

]rogsohtfd ]ro gsohtfdgGue gGue

Qgfqua masfigotfdg masfigotfdg jdr tba moto axhbogia axhbogia (a.i. (a.i. –pohkat –pohkat hdugtar―) Qgoelfiudus FM jdr tba mavfha Xcdt guelar  

Qsar FM XcdtGuelar

Gdta0 Gdt jdr EOX]A\T\MTHDGJF\EO]FDG EOX]A\T\MTHDGJF\EO]FDG ogm

Xu XulX lXcd cdtG tGue uela larr

EOX]A\TY\THDGJF\EO]FDG. Xu Xuls lscd cdtt guel guelar  ar  Gdta0 Gdt jdr EOX]A\T\MTHDGJF\EO]FDG EOX]A\T\MTHDGJF\EO]FDG ogm

Fgmax QsarMo rMotoCag Cag

EOX]A\TY\THDGJF\EO]FDG. Fgmax jdr moto axhbogia (>x>>>> - >x9JJJ) Cagitb dj dj u ussar mo moto (f(fg ly lytas) Gdta0 Gdt jdr EOX]A\TY\THDGJF\EO]FDG.

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

=6 / 96

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.>

Hdepdgagt QsarM sarMot oto o[=>6 [=>6:U :U

Mashrfptfdg Qsar sar mot moto Gdta0 Dgcy jdr EOX]A\TY\F]A ogm

ArrdrHdma

EOX]A\T\MTHDGJF\EO]FDG. Arrdr hdma Gdta0 Dgcy jdr EOX]A\T\MTHDGJF\EO]FDG EOX]A\T\MTHDGJF\EO]FDG ogm

EOX]A\TY\THDGJF\EO]FDG.  Occ hdepdgagts cagitb dj = lytas.axhapt QsarMoto[=>6:U ora dj tba moto typa FG] ogm bova o ]ba hdepdgagt QsarMoto[=>6:U fs dj moto typa LV]A ogm bos tba cagitb spahfjfam fg tba hdepdgagt QsarMotoCag. Ft fs omvfsolca td toka tba vocuas jdr tba hdepdgagts XcdtGuelar, XulXcdtGuelar, Fgmax, QsarMotoCag ogm QsarMoto[=>6:U jrde tba mavfha eogujohturar‖s moto sbaat dr tba ^\DJFGA] spahfjfhotfdg. 9.?.? 9.? .?.? .?

Hdgj Hdgjfi fiurf urfgi gi tb tba a rah rahdrm drm fgm fgmax ax

Fj ohyhcfh hdeeugfhotfdg fs usam, tba jdccdwfgi eust la dlsarvam wbag hdgjfiurfgi tba bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar0 ]ba rahdrm fgmax rogia tbot fs gdt ocraomy rasarvam jdr ^\DJFGA] eust, fg port, la rasarvam jdr KQKO. ]ba usar eust rasarva tbfs rogia wbag hdgjfiurfgi tba rahdrm fgmax. ]ba rahdrm fgmax bos ?: lfts. \ogia >x>>>> td >x9JJJ

Mashrfptfdg Jdr omopt mopto otf tfd dg ly tba usar  >x[..U>> td >x[..UJJ >x>>[..U td >x9J[..U

]ba rogia [..U fs jraacy ovofcolca td tba usar jdr omoptotfdg. \ogia usam ly KQKO. Fg tba rogia [..U, tba usar eust agtar –>>―. Gdta0 Md gdt agtar –2>―. >> 5 ohyhcfh moto dj tba KQKO rdldt hdgtrdccar (K\ H)

>x >x2> 2>>> >> td >x >xJJJ JJJJ J 9.?.< 9.? .<

2> 5 ^\DJFsoja J poroeatar  \asa \asarv rvam am ly ^\DJF ^\DJFGA GA] ]. FFtt hhog oggd gdtt l la a ffgj gjcu cuag agha ham m ly ly tba tba us usar ar..

Ohyh Ohyhcfh cfh mo moto to td td ttba ba bfi bfibar bar-ca -cava vacc h hdgt dgtrdc rdccar car (m (mavf avfha ha rfgi) rfgi)

Hdeeogms jdr ohyhcfh trogsjar dj moto0 Hdeeogm X^XT\AOM

Mashrfptfdg Hdeeogm FM0 8

X^XTY\F]A

]ba bfibar-cavac hdgtrdccar raquasts moto jrde tba rdldt hdgtrdccar vfo o raom hdeeogm. Hdeeogm FM0 = ]ba moto bfibar-cavac td tba rdldt hdgtrdccar hdgtrdccar wrftas vfo o wrfta hdeeogm.

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

1> / 96

 

9 ^rdiroeefgi

Hdeeogm X^XT\MTHDGJF\EO]FDG

Mashrfptfdg Hdeeogm FM0 8

X^XTY\THDGJF\EO]FDG

]ba rdldt hdgtrdccar raspdgms td tba raom hdeeogm jrde tba bfibarcavac hdgtrdccar. Hdeeogm FM0 = ]ba rdldt hdgtrdccar raspdgms td tba wrfta hdeeogm jrde tba bfibar-

cavac hdgtrdccar.  Occ hdeeogms ora struhtura typas. ]bay hdgsfst dj tba jdccdwfgi hdepdgagts0 Hdepdgagt HdeeogmFM Hdee Hd eeog ogmC mCag ag ]rogsohtfd ]ro gsohtfdgGue gGue  O\FM XcdtGuelar Xu XulX lXcd cdtG tGue uela larr Fgmax QsarMo rMotoCag Cag

Mashrfptfdg Hdeeogm FM Hdee Hdeeog ogm m ccag agit itb. b. ]b ]ba a ccag agitb itb dj oc occc p poro oroea eata tars rs jr jrde de –]rogsohtfdgGue― (fg lytas) Qgfqua masfigotfdg masfigotfdg jdr tba moto axhbogia axhbogia (a.i. (a.i. –pohkat –pohkat hdugtar―) Qgfqua masfigotfdg jdr –Oppcfhotfdg \acotfdg― Xcdt guelar   Xu Xuls lscd cdtt guel guelar  ar  Fgmax jdr moto axhbogia (>x>>>> - >x9JJJ) Cagitb dj dj u ussar mo moto (f(fg ly lytas) Gdta0 Gdt jdr X^XTY\THDGJF\EO]FDG.

Qsar QsarM Moto[ oto[= =>6:U >6:U

Qsar sar mot moto Gdta0 Dgcy jdr X^XTY\F]A ogm

ArrdrHdma

X^XT\MTHDGJF\EO]FDG. Arrdr hdma Gdta0 Dgcy jdr X^XT\MTHDGJF\EO]FDG X^XT\MTHDGJF\EO]FDG ogm

X^XTY\THDGJF\EO]FDG.  Occ hdepdgagts axhapt QsarMoto[=>6:U ora dj tba moto typa FG] ogm bova o cagitb dj = lytas. ]ba hdepdgagt QsarMoto[=>6:U fs dj moto typa LV]A ogm bos tba cagitb spahfjfam fg tba hdepdgagt QsarMotoCag. Ft fs omvfsolca td toka tba vocuas jdr tba hdepdgagts HdeeogmFM, ]rogsohtfdgGue, O\FM, XcdtGuelar, XulXcdtGuelar ogm Fgmax jrde tba ^CH hdeeogm. 9.<

Axoepca dj ohyhcfh hdeeugfhotfdg

Axoepca dj ohyhcfh hdeeugfhotfdg fg tba prdiroe X^X.XQL0

Fssuam0 >1.>8.?8  >1.>8.?8 Zarsfdg0 K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> Z? ag (^MJ)

 

K\ H= ^\DJFGA] 8.> ...  ? HD^AG (0CMTAR]TDL@?, gBogmca) < Yoft jdr (gBogmca7>)  8 YEdma5#XVGH  = \Edma5#OLX  1 ]feaDut5?  : 9 YOF] JD\ GD]($^DYA\TJOFC) GD]($^DYA\TJOFC )  2 ]D\_QATEDGF]D\FGI() ]D\_QATEDGF]D\FG I()  6 ?> ;JDCM QXA\ ^CH ?? ;Eoka ydur edmfjfhotfdgs bara ? ?= ?1 H\aom (gBogmca, Xtot, \Edma, ]feaDut, Djjsat, "%r",Lujjar[U); ?: Fj ( Xtot.\at?55#MO]OTAGM Xtot.\at?55#MO]OT AGM ) tbag ?9 ?2 Djjsat5> ?6 HOX]TJ\DE(Lujjar HOX]TJ\DE(Lujjar[U,Djjsat, [U,Djjsat, HemFM) HOX]TJ\DE(Lujjar HOX]TJ\DE(Lujjar[U,Djjsat, [U,Djjsat, HemCag)