Kosher

 

MH OGYQB@BOHOBßJ DE_CGY< AG YBQWHM YGMBNBE_E H NHYHJQËH AG OHMBAHA VHYH GM OEJ_WKBAEY

OHKBME NÈMPB_ _QGPGJ ^BNEAH

WJBPGY_BAHA AG ME_ HJAG_-@HOWMQHA AG HAKBJB_QYHOBßJ IENEQÈ 9661

 

8

 

MH OGYQB@BOHOBßJ DE_CGY< AG YBQWHM YGMBNBE_E H NHYHJQËH AG OHMBAHA VHYH GM OEJ_WKBAEY

OHKBME ^BNEAH NÈMPB_ _QGPGJ

Qrhihle `bjhm ag nrhae phrh epthr hm tëtume ag Hakbjbstrhaer ag Gkprgshs

Abrgoter Ar. LE_Â KBNWGM E_VBJH Vre`gser.

WJBPGY_BAHA AG ME_ HJAG_-@HOWMQHA AG HAKBJB_QYHOBßJ IENEQÈ 9661

 

9

 

  Qhimh ag oejtgjbae Vèn. 0

Bjtreauoobÿj 8. Hjèmbsbs agm oekperthkbgjte agm oejsukbaer  

2

8.8 Ag`bjbobÿj 

2 

8.9 Phrbhimgs qug bj`muygj gj gm oekperthkbgjte oekperthkbgjte

86 

8.9.8 Phrbhimgs hkibgjthmgs gxtgrjhs 8.9.8.8 Oumturh 8.9.8.9 _uioumturh 8.9.8.? Gstrhtb`bohobÿj seobe-goejÿkboh 8.9.8.1 Nrupe seobhm 8.9.8.7 @hkbmbh 8.9.8.0 Bj`mugjobhs Vgrsejhmgs gxtgrjhs

86 86 88 89 89 89 8? 81 

8.9.9 Agtgrkbjhjtgs bjabvbauhmgs 8.9.9.8 8.9.9.9  Vgrsejhmbaha Ketbvhobÿj 8.9.9.? Hprgjabzhlg 8.9.9.1 Hotbtuags 8.9.9.7 Hotbvbahags

81 81 81 87 87

8.9.? Vreogse ag agobsbÿj

80 

8.9.?.8 Ygoejeobkbgjte agm preimgkh 8.9.?.9 Iüsqugah y gvhmuhobÿj ag bj`erkhobÿj 8.9.?.? Vreogse ag oekprh 8.9.?.1 Oekperthkbgjte pest-oekprh

80 80 8> 8>

9. _bnjb`bohae y mgygs ngjgrhmgs agm dhscrut< ihsgs phrh uj oejtrem ag ohmbaha g`bobgjtg  83  9.8Ag`bjbobÿj 

83 

9.9 Mgygs ag ere agm sbstgkh descgr  

82 

9.9.8 Vrecbibobÿj ag oekgr shjnrg 9.9.9 Vrecbibobÿj ag kgzomhr ohrjg y mgocg 9.9.? Vrecbibobÿj ag oekgr hjbkhmgs gj`grkes e kugrtes 9.9.1 Vrecbibobÿj ag oekgr gm ouhrte trhsgre ag mes hjbkhmgs y su sgie 9.? Omhsb`bohobÿj ag mes hjbkhmgs sgnüj gm dhscrut  9.?.8 Hjbkhmgs tgrrgstrgs pgrkbtbaes 9.?.9 Hvgs pgrkbtbahs pgrkbtbahs 9.?.? Hjbkhmgs houètboes pg pgrkbtbaes rkbtbaes 9.?.1 Etres hjbkhmgs y preauotes agrbvhaes

 

?

96  96 98  99  99  9?  91  97  90 

 

Vèn.

?. Vetgjobhm agm dhscrut gj gm kgrohae bjtgrjhobejhm  ?.8 Gm preogse ag mh ogrtb`bohobÿj descgr  

Yg-bjspgoobÿj j y ogrtb`bohobÿj ogrtb`bohobÿj ?.8.1 Yg-bjspgoobÿ ?.9 Ob`rhs y gsthaëstbohs agm kgrohae bjtgrjhobejhm bjtgrjhobejhm 

?.9.8 Kgrohae descgr gj Gsthaes Wjbaes ?.9.9 Kgrohae descgr gj Bsrhgm ?.9.? Etres kgrohaes bkperthjtg bkperthjtgs s 1 Vreogshkbgjte, menëstboh, supgrvbsbÿj supgrvbsbÿj y oejtrem oejtrem ag ohmbaha ag mes hmbkgjtes Descgr Oèrjboes 1.8 Bjbobe ag mh ohagjh preauotbvh< mh orbhjzh agm nhjhae descgr  descgr   1.8.8 Ohrhotgrëstboh Ohrhotgrëstbohs s ag mh orbhjzh 1.8.9 Hmnujhs ohrhotgrëstbohs ohrhotgrëstbohs ÿpt ÿptbkhs bkhs hpmb hpmbohimgs ohimgs hm munhr munhr ag orbhjzh Gahags hprepbhahs phrh gm shorb`bobe, hmbkgjthobÿj, shmua y trhjspertg 1.8.? 1.9 Vreogse ag scglbtè e shorb`bobe rbtuhm agm nhjhae  1.9.8 Kekgjtes prgvbes hm shorb`bobe 1.9.9 Aurhjtg mh scglbtè 1.9.? Mh rgvbsbÿj pumkejhr y vbsogrhm< glg ag teae gm preogse ag shorb`bobe 1.? Vreogse ag dhscgrbzhobÿj ag mh ohrjg  1.?.8 Vreogse ag agsgkihrqug ag mes ohjhmgs 1.?.9 Agspestg, shmhae y mhvhae ag mh ohrjg 1.?.? Gkphqug y sgmmhae `bjhm agm preauote 1.1 Abstrbiuobÿj `bjhm agm preauote preauote ogrtb`bohae  1.1.8 Ygsumthaes agm hjèmbsbs ag mhierhterbe Bjvgstbnhobÿj seirg mh sbtuhobÿj hotuhm agm kgrohae descgr gj Ienetè 

?>  ?3  16  11  17

13 78  78  77  70  06  06  08  01  00 0>  03  02  >8  >9  >1

7.8 Eilgtbves ag mh bjvgstbnhobÿj bjvgstbnhobÿj 

>1 

7.9 Bjvgstbnhobÿj ouhmbthtbvh ouhmbthtbvh

>1 

7.9.8 Hjèmbsbs ag ag mhs gjtrgvbsths gjtrgvbsths gj pre`ujabaha pre`ujabaha 7.? Bjvgstbnhobÿj ouhjtbthtbvh ouhjtbthtbvh 

>1  >3 

7.?.8 Ohrhotgrëstb Ohrhotgrëstbohs ohs ag mes gjougsthaes 7.?.9 Hjèmbsbs ag rgsumthaes 

 

?7  ?0  ?>  ?> 

?.8.8 _embobtua ?.8.9 Bjspgoobÿj bjbobhm ?.8.? Oejtrhte

7

92 

1

>3  >2 

 

  Oejomusbejgs y rgoekgjahobejgs `bjhmgs  Hjgxes 

37  2?

Hjgxe 8. Mes sgmmes descgr kès bkperthjtgs agm kujae 

2?

Hjgxe 9. Etres sbstgkhs ag ohmbaha hpmbohaes h mh preauoobÿj ag ohrjg descgr   21 H.9.8 CHOOV

21

H.9.9 IVKs

866 

Hjgxe ?. Vreogses hpmbohimgs h mh ohagjh preauotbvh ag mhs ohrjgs descgr  

86?

H.?.8 Hmnujhs ohrhotgrëstbohs ohrhotgrëstbohs ÿ ÿptbkhs ptbkhs hah hahpthimgs pthimgs mun munhr hr ag orbhjzh a agm gm nhjhae 867  Descgr H.?.9 Ohrhotgrëstbohs ÿptbkhs hahpthimgs phrh gm trhjspertg agm nhjhae 867 

Descgr

H.?.? Hspgotes rgmhobejhaes rgmhobejhaes oej gm shorb`bobe agm nhjhae nhjhae (scglbtè) H.?.?.8 µOÿke kglerhr gm preogse ag shorb`bobe5

860  86> 

Hjgxe 1. _gmmes phrh preauotes preauotes oèrjboes gmhierhaes gmhierhaes gj Ienetè 

862

Hjgxe 7. Hjèmbsbs ag mhierhterbe

886

Hjgxe 0. Qhimhs ag rgsumthaes ag mhs gjougsths 

888

Hjgxe >. Abhnrhkh ag `mule< ohagjh ag preauoobÿj ag mh ohrjg descgr  

896

Hjgxe 3. @erkhte ag mh gjougsth

899

Hjgxe 2. @erkhte ag prgnujths ag mhs gjtrgvbsths h pre`ujabaha

890 

Hjgxe 86. Pbage seirg gm preogse ag shorb`bobe rbtuhm agm nhjhae  Hjgxe 88. Objths huabtbvhs ag mhs gjtrgvbsths hpmbohahs h oejsukbaergs descgr Ibimbenrh`ëh 

 

89> 

7

 

  Bjtreauoobÿj Cey gj aëh jes gjoejtrhkes gj ujh grh gj aejag mhs pgrsejhs iusohj tgjagjobhs hmbkgjtbobhs kès shjhs, qug hagkès ag oukpmbr oej mes rgqubsbtes sgjserbhmgs jgogshrbes (oeke shier, hrekh, hspgote `ësboe, gkphqug, gto.), thkibâj ougjtgj oej preogses ag gmhierhobÿj kès cbnbâjboes y oej bjnrgabgjtgs qug je sghj jeobves phrh mh shmua. Gste sg agig prbjobphmkgjtg h qug mes oejsukbaergs ag cey sej kuoce kès se`bstbohaes, yh qug ougjthj oej mh bj`erkhobÿj bj`erkhobÿj jgogshrbh jgogshrbh phrh oekphrhr y absogrj absogrjbr br gjtrg mh bjkgjsh nhkh ag preauotes qug sg e`rgogj gj gm kgrohae (_thr-d.oek, 9661). Ver thm ketbve, mhs ogrtb`bohobejgs ag ohmbaha chj vgjbae oeirhjae nrhj bkperthjobh, agibae h qug sg oejvbgrtgj gj uj bjabohtbve hogroh agm oejtgjbae jutrbobejhm ag mes hmbkgjtes (bjnrgabgjtgs utbmbzhaes), ag mh khjgrh oeke `ugrej khju`hoturhaes (sbstgkhs ag preogshkbgjte gkpmghaes) y `bjhmkgjtg agm oejtrem ag ohmbaha qug sg gkpmgÿ h me mhrne ag teah su ohagjh preauotbvh (kâteaes ag supgrvbsbÿj).  Hotuhmkgjtg gxbstgj vhrbhs ogrtb`bohobejgs ag ohmbaha qug oukpmgj ag ujh u etrh khjgrh oej ohah uje ag mes hspgotes kgjobejhaes hjtgrberkgjtg. Mhs kès rgoejeobahs phrh mes preauotes hmbkgjtbobes sej< mh ernèjboh, mh B_E (qug sg abvbag gj vhrbhs agjekbjhobejgs), mh CHOOV (chzhra hjhmysbs hja orbtbohm oejtrem pebtj prenrhk) y mhs IVKs (iugjhs prèotbohs ag khju`hoturh). Gm `bj ag ohah ujh ag gmmhs gs nhrhjtbzhr hm kujae gjtgre qug mes hmbkgjtes preogshaes ihle sus jerkhs gspgoë`bohs ag preogshkbgjte, sej tethmkgjtg hptes phrh gm oejsuke cukhje (bjeoues).  Hsbkbske, thkibâj sg oejvbgrtgj gj uj vhmer hnrgnhae hm kekgjte ag gxperthr chobh jugves kgrohaes, pugs rgprgsgjthj uj sëkieme ag ohmbaha, sgnurbaha y oej`bhjzh. Gm prgsgjtg preygote oejogjtrhrè su hjèmbsbs seirg uj sgmme ag ohmbaha gspgoë`boe, gm ouhm gj hmnujes ag mes kgrohaes kès bkperthjtgs agm kujae (oeke Gsthaes Wjbaes, Gureph, Irhsbm y Eoghjëh), yh ch oekgjzhae h haqubrbr ujh bkperthjobh sbnjb`bohtbvh phrh kuoces oejsukbaergs. _g trhth agm sgmme ag ohmbaha eternhae y rgsphmahae per mh ogrtb`bohobÿj descgr, qug sg ihsh gspgoë`bohkgjtg gj prgogptes abgtâtboes gxtrhëaes ag mh Qerè e hjtbnue tgsthkgjte ag mh Ibimbh (ihsg ag teah mh oumturh luaëh). Vhrh menrhr gstg hjèmbsbs, sg iusohrè oukpmbr oej aes eilgtbves prbjobphmkgjtg< gm prbkgre gs agtgrkbjhr oeke mes kâteaes y mhs mgygs hpmbohahs gj mh preauoobÿj ag mes hmbkgjtes descgr, kglerhj mh ohmbaha ag mes kbskes y nhrhjtbzhj uj khjgle kès g`bobgjtg h me mhrne ag mh ohagjh preauotbvh. Gm sgnujae gs agshrremmhr uj gstuabe ag kgrohae phrh

 

0

 

agtgrkbjhr gm pgr`bm pgr`bm agm oejsukbaer descgr descgr gj mh obuaha ag Ienetè, Ienetè, oej gm èjbke ag hjhmbzhr su sbtuhobÿj y agtgrkbjhr jugvhs epertujbahags. epertujbahags. Gj rgmhobÿj h me hjtgrber, gs kgjgstgr rgshmthr qug aurhjtg kès ag trgs kbm høes, mes  luaëes sg chj rgnbae per mgygs abgtâtbohs gspgoë`bohs gjujobhahs gj sus tgxtes rgmbnbeses, gj aejag sg gjsgøh ouèmgs sej mes hmbkgjtes qug sg agigj oejsukbr, oÿke sg agigj oekibjhr y `bjhmkgjtg mh khjgrh oeke sg agigj preogshr phrh qug je pbgrahj su oejabobÿj descgr (qug gj cgirge sbnjb`boh ”hpte phrh gm oejsuke‛) (Ygboc, 9661). Nrhobhs h mes hvhjogs ag mh obgjobh, ag mh ihotgrbemenëh y ag mhs ab`grgjtgs èrghs ag mh kgabobjh, sg ch menrhae oekpreihr qug mes prgogptes kgjobejhaes per gm sbstgkh descgr sej `hverhimgs phrh pgrsejhs ag teahs mhs oumturhs y rgmbnbejgs, je seme perqug khjtbgjgj su shmua gspbrbtuhm (qug gs erbnbjhmkgjtg mh rhzÿj ag gxbstgjobh ag gsths mgygs abgtâtbohs), sbje perqug thkibâj irbjahj bjkgjshs vgjthlhs phrh su shmua `ësboh (Igchr, 8238). Me hjtgrber sg agig h mh gstrboth supgrvbsbÿj y mbkpbgzh qug aboces prgogptes e`rgogj h me mhrne ag teae gm preogse ag khju`hoturhobÿj ag mes hmbkgjtes (Igchr, 8238). Vhrh oukpmbr oej mes eilgtbves pmhjtghaes hjtgrberkgjtg y h su vgz ahr uj khyer jbvgm ag oekprgjsbÿj hogroh agm oejogpte ag dhscrut, sg agsorbibrè ouhmgs sej mhs mgygs abgtâtbohs qug rbngj aboce sbstgkh (ag (ag aÿjag surngj, qug ab abothj, othj, gto.), oeke phshrej ag sgr uj rbte rgmbnbese luahboe h teae uj sbstgkh bjtgrjhobejhm qug sg trhauog gj ohmbaha phrh oejsukbaergs ag ab`grgjtgs oumturhs y oeke bj`muygj cey gj kglerhr mh ohmbaha g cbnbgjg ag mes hmbkgjtes (agsorbpobÿj agm preogse ag preauoobÿj, menëstboh y supgrvbsbÿj ag mes preauotes, agrbvhaes h phrtbr ag thmgs mgygs) . H su vgz, thkibâj sg hjhmbzhrè oeke gj mes ümtbkes høes sg ch bjorgkgjthae gxpejgjobhmkgjtg mh agkhjah kujabhm ag gstg tbpe ag hmbkgjtes, chsth gm pujte qug kuoces oejsukbaergs (luaëes y je luaëes) haqubgrgj üjbohkgjtg hqugmmes qug tbgjgj gj su gkphqug gm sgmme descgr.  Hsë sg menrhrè haqubrbr ujh vbsbÿj kès omhrh hogroh ag mh sbtuhobÿj ag gstg kgrohae h jbvgm bjtgrjhobejhm, oej me qug sg pearè irbjahr uj kgler hjèmbsbs gj ouhjte hm sgnujae eilgtbve pmhjtghae. Gj hrhs ag hjhmbzhr kès agthmmhahkgjtg mh sbtuhobÿj agm kgrohae descgr gj Ienetè, sg bjomubrè uj hjèmbsbs ag kgrohae (h ihsg ag gjougsths y gjtrgvbsths), gj aejag sg prgtgjag agtgrkbjhr qubgjgs sej mes oejsukbaergs ag gstg tbpe ag preauotes gj Ienetè (oej su rgspgotbvh bj`erkhobÿj agke agkenrè`boh), nrè`boh), mes ketbves per mes ouhmgs mes

 

>

 

haqubgrgj, quâ shigj hogroh ag mes hmbkgjtes ogrtb`bohaes descgr, `rgougjobhs ag oejsuke y ouèmgs sej hqugmmes hqugmmes ag khyer agkhjah. Hsë sg pear pearè è gsthimgogr gj quâ oejabobejgs sg gjougjtrh gm kgrohae descgr gj Ienetè, phrh `bjhmkgjtg bagjtb`bohr jugvhs epertujbahags ag jgneobe, hprevgochjae mhs vgjthlhs petgjobhmgs ag âsth ogrtb`bohobÿj. Vhrh oukpmbr ohihmkgjtg oej gm eilgtbve ag agkestrhr oeke y per quâ gm preogse ag preauoobÿj ag uj hmbkgjte descgr gs kuy supgrber hm ag uj hmbkgjte oejvgjobejhm (gj ouhjte h cbnbgjg, supgrvbsbÿj y ohmbaha `bjhm agm preauote), y qug su oejtrem ag ohmbaha gs supgrber, sg agsorbibrè agthmmhahkgjtg mh ohagjh preauotbvh ag mes oèrjboes descgr, oej gm èjbke ag sgøhmhr oÿke hotuhmkgjtg sg tbgjgj gj ougjth vhrbes preogses preauotbves bjaustrbhmgs (agrbvhaes ag mhs kbmgjhrbhs mgygs rgmbnbeshs), qug je sg hpmbohj h mes oèrjboes oejvgjobejhmgs. Hm sgr mes preauotes oèrjboes mes qug ougjthj oej mhs mgygs abgtâtbohs kès gstrboths y oej mh supgrvbsbÿj rhiëjboh kès kbjuobesh, sg oejvbgrtgj gj gm glgkpme pgr`gote phrh bagjtb`bohr gm vhmer hnrgnhae qug mes preauotes descgr e`rgogj hm gxbngjtg oejsukbaer.  H su vgz, mh agsorbpobÿj ag mh ohagjh preauotbvh brè hoekphøhah ag uj hjèmbsbs ag mhierhterbe gspgobhmkgjtg gmhierhae phrh gstg gstuabe, gm ouhm gxhkbjhrè aes kugstrhs ag ohrjg, ujh descgr y ujh oejvgjobejhm, oej mhs kbskhs oejabobejgs. Gm gxhkgj bjomuyg hjèmbsbs kboreibemÿnboes, `ësboe-quëkboes y sgjserbhmgs. Ag hougrae oej mes rgsumthaes eitgjbaes, `bjhmkgjtg sg pearè oekpreihr sb gxbstg rghmkgjtg ujh ab`grgjobh sbnjb`bohtbvh gj ouhjte h ohmbaha y preauoobÿj, gjtrg mes preauotes oej ogrtb`bohobÿj descgr y hqugmmes oej ujh ogrtb`bohobÿj oejvgjobejhm.

 

3

 

  8. Hjèmbsbs agm oekperthkbgjte agm oejsukbaer 8.8 Ag`bjbobÿj Gm oekperthkbgjte agm oejsukbaer gs ag`bjbae oeke ‛gm gstuabe ag mes preogses bjvemuorhaes gj gm kekgjte gj qug bjabvbaues e nrupes sgmgoobejhj, haqubgrgj, ushj e agsgochj preauotes, sgrvbobes, baghs e gxpgrbgjobhs phrh shtbs`hogr sus jgogsbahags y agsges‛8. Gsth ag`bjbobÿj bkpmboh qug gm oejsukbaer gs uj gjtg qug iusoh gj prbkgrh kgabah shtbs`hogr ujh sgrbg ag jgogsbahags prepbhs, yh sghj mhs ièsbohs ag teae sgr cukhje u etrhs orghahs per su gjterje seobhm. _gnüj _emekej (8221), gm oekperthkbgjte agm oejsukbaer gs uj preogse oejtbjue. Gste gs, qug je sg mbkbth sbkpmgkgjtg hm kekgjte gj qug sg bjtgrohkibh abjgre e ouhmqubgr kgabe ag phne per uj preauote e sgrvbobe. Gm preogse gs kuoce kès hkpmbe, yh qug bjvemuorh bjsthjobhs thjte prgvbhs oeke pestgrbergs h thm bjtgrohkibe, gs agobr, agsag gm kekgjte gj qug gm oejsukbaer iusoh gm preauote hagouhae phrh shtbs`hogr su jgogsbaha, chsth mhs sgjshobejgs pgrobibahs per gm kbske agspuâs ag qug menrh su eilgtbve. _bnubgjae gm ”keagme ag Hirhchk Khsmew‛, _emekej (8221) h`brkh qug mhs jgogsbahags e rgqugrbkbgjtes qug mes bjabvbaues iusohj shtbs`hogr sg pugagj ernhjbzhr agjtre ag ujh pbrèkbag, gj aejag sg phrtg agsag mhs kès ièsbohs chsth mhs kès oekpmglhs. Gj prbkgr munhr munhr (h`brkh _emekej) _emekej) sg gjo gjougjtrhj ugjtrhj mhs jgogsbahags prbkhrbhs e ag tbpe `bsbemÿnboe4 gsths sej hqugmmhs qug teae sgr cukhje iusoh shtbs`hogr per sbkpmg supgrvbvgjobh (aerkbr, oekgr e ourhrsg mhs cgrbahs, gjtrg etrhs). Gj sgnujae munhr hphrgogj hphrgogj mhs jgogsbahags ag ag sgnurbaha agm bjabvbaue (mh (mh pretgoobÿj phrh gm bjabvbaue y mh `hkbmbh, mh gvhsbÿj ag pgmbnres y mh iüsqugah ag tgoce, sej hmnujhs ag gmmhs). Ag hougrae oej gstg huter, gj gm sbnubgjtg jbvgm sg gjougjtrhj mhs jgogsbahags ag pgrtgjgjobh ag mhs pgrsejhs. Gjtrg mhs kès oekujgs gstèj gm hker, mh hkbstha, hogpthobÿj seobhm, gto. Gj ouhrte ouhrte munhr, sg eisg eisgrvhj rvhj teahs hqugmmhs rgmhobejhahs rgmhobejhahs oej gm gne ag mhs pgrsejhs, oeke gm prgstbnbe y gm gsthtus, gjtrg mhs kès bkperthjtgs. Gsths sg pugagj vgr rgprgsgjthahs gj mh oekprh ag hrtëoumes oesteses oeke reph ag khroh, 8

  _EMEKEJ, Kbochgm. ”Oejsukgr Igchvber‛, Vhrhkeujt puimbscbjn, Khsshocussg Khsshocussgts ts 8221, p.>

 

2

 

ohrres, gto. @bjhmkgjtg, gj gm qubjte jbvgm sg sbtühj hqugmmhs jgogsbahags ag huterrghmbzhobÿj ag mes bjabvbaues, oeke per glgkpme mes vbhlgs, mh gauohobÿj y mes ceiibgs. 8.9 Phrbhimgs qug bj`muygj gj gm oekperthkbgjte agm oejsukbaer ”Mhs vhrbhimgs qug h`gothj gm oekperthkbgjte agm oejsukbaer sg pugagj abvbabr gj trgs nrupes<  

Phrbhimgs hkibgjthmgs gxtgrjhs

 

Agtgrkbjhjtgs bjabvbauhmgs

 

Vreogse ag agobsbÿj agm oejsukbaer‛9 

8.9.8 Phrbhimgs hkibgjthmgs gxtgrjhs 

Gjtrg mes `hotergs gxtgrjes qug h`gothj gm oekperthkbgjte agm oejsukbaer sg gjougjtrhj< 8.9.8.8 Mh oumturh

Gsth gs `ujahkgjthm hm kekgjte ag gstuabhr gm oekperthkbgjte ag mhs pgrsejhs, yh qug hmmë sg gjougjtrhj mhs ihsgs seirg mhs ouhmgs mes bjabvbaues agshrremmhj su pgrsejhmbaha y oekperthkbgjte `rgjtg hm gjterje. _gnüj Ce`stgag (8228), oumturh pugag ag`bjbrsg oeke ”mh prenrhkhobÿj oemgotbvh kgjthm ag mhs pgrsejhs gj uj hkibgjtg. Je sej mhs ohrhotgrëstbohs ag uj bjabvbaue üjbohkgjtg4 hnruph h uj jükgre ag pgrsejhs qug chj sbae oejabobejhahs ihle uj kbske jbvgm ag gauohobÿj y gxpgrbgjobhs ag vbah‛?.  H su vgz, ”mh oumturh hihroh teaes mes oejeobkbgjtes, orggjobhs, hrtg, jerkhs kerhmgs, mgygs, oestukirgs y ouhmqubgr etrh ohphobaha e cèibte haqubrbaes per gm cekirg oeke kbgkire ag ujh seobgaha. Gs gm `ujahkgjte ag kuoces vhmergs, orggjobhs y hoobejgs agm oejsukbaer‛1. Gstg gs uj `hoter qug sg oejstruyg peoe h peoe y gj gm qug bj`muygj teae tbpe ag cgoces e obroujsthjobhs oekujgs qug ujgj h ujh seobgaha, oeke per glgkpme ujh cbsterbh oeküj, gm babekh y mh sbkiemenëh. sbkiemenëh. Me hjtgrber c chog hog qug mhs pgrsejhs tbgjahj h oekperthrsg ag khjgrh sbkbmhr `rgjtg h obgrths obroujsthjobhs.

9

 Gsths vhrbhimgs `ugrej tekhahs ag< Yboevgrb KFrdgtbjn < Ygoupgrhae gm 0 ag `girgre ag 9667 gj cttp< Qgjagjobhs. Qekhae ag teaedescgr.oek Ygoupgrhae gm 0 ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp.

Agjtre agm kgrohae descgr sg gjougjtrhj ab`grgjtgs tbpes ag oejsukbaergs (_ekhvëh, gt hm., 966?). Ver uj mhae gstèj mes luaëes erteaexes (oejsukbaergs 866% ohutbves), phrh qubgjgs mes hmbkgjtes Descgr tbgjagj h oejvgrtbrsg gj uj ibgj bjgmèstboe y sbj sustbtutes ogrohjes. Gs agobr qug h gmmes je mgs bkperth phnhr uj gxogagjtg per gstes preauotes, yh qug per ougstbejgs ag trhabobÿj oumturhm y rgmbnbÿj, je pugagj oekgr jhah kès (phrh gmmes je ougjth etrh ogrtb`bohobÿj qug je sgh mh

77

Gm kgrohae ag preauotes ernèjboes gj mes Gsthaes Wjbaes, epertujbahags y agsh`ëes phrh Ocbmg. Qekhae ag< hkochkocbmg.om. rgoupgrhae gm 81 ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp  ¡Mh ohrjg, hmbkgjte ag keah! Qekhae ag< `gagnhj.ern.oe. Ygoupgrhae gm 1 ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp ag `girgre, 9667)  _EKHPËH, Luhj, OGYAH, Hmglhjare, MRJOC, Vhtrbobe y HYHRH, Pgrÿjboh. (966?, Hirbm). VreOcbmg  Jgw Rerd< Vgr`bm ag mes hmbkgjtes Descgr gj mes Gsthaes Wjbaes. Qekhae ag< perthmoekgxoos. om. Ygoupgrhae gm ? ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp8i2?a6-802gih82a90g/jUyerdUdescgrU966?.pa`  . pp.7, pèrr. 1 72

 

?9

 

hmmè ag iusohr mh shmua agm cekirg, iusohj gs kglerhr mh rgmhobÿj ag gstg oej su orghaer. (Yhiib Chybk, 8231). Ver gjag, mes rhibjes y supgrvbsergs luaëes qug ogrtb`bohj gstes preauotes y sg gjohrnhj ag bjspgoobejhr gm oukpmbkbgjte ag teahs gsths mgygs abgtâtbohs, sej mes kès bjtgrgshaes gj qug gm hmbkgjte sgh me kès pure pesbimg phrh su pugime, yh qug gs ujh `ujobÿj gjoekgjahah per Ab-s. ”Mh `ujobÿj agm rgmbnbese je gs erhr, sbje eisgrvhr gm oukpmbkbgjte ag kuochs gxbngjobhs ibgj kujahjhs< qug sg khjtgjnh ujh gstrboth cbnbgjg, qug sg gvbtgj khtgrbhs prbkhs y oekibjhobejgs je pgrkbtbahs, qug je sg trhihlg gm aëh sèihae, y kuochs oeshs kès‛06. ”TGs `ujobÿj agm supgrvbser rgmbnbese nhrhjtbzhr qug[ mh khjbpumhobÿj y gm preogshkbgjte agm hmbkgjte Descgr sg rghmbogj ihle Tmhs[ gstrboths jerkhs abothahs per mh mgy luaëh. Wj rhibje gs gm gjohrnhae ag oejtremhr, per glgkpme, qug seme sg oertgj agtgrkbjhahs phrtgs ag ujh rgs, qug sg gmbkbjg teae rhstre ag shjnrg y qug mes gkiutbaes je tgjnhj ograe, Tgjtrg kuochs etrhs oeshs[.‛ 08 

Mh hjtgrber sbtuhobÿj ch pgrsuhabae h vgngthrbhjes, ogmbhoes, pgrsejhs qug je temgrhj mh mhotesh gj su abgth y h teaes hqugmmes qug iusohj su shmua `ësboh gj ngjgrhm, yh qug ”gsthr ogrtb`bohae TDescgr[ je sÿme sbnjb`boh qug gm hmbkgjte gs hpte phrh uj luaëe4 thkibâj oekujboh qug sb gj mh gtbqugth abog qug je tbgjg nrhshs hjbkhmgs, je mhs tbgjg. Gs agobr, htgstbnuh mh cejgstbaha Ty mh ohmbaha[ agm preauote‛09. _gnüj mh Qerè (hjtbnue tgsthkgjte), gm Dhscrut tbgjg ujhs jerkhs sukhkgjtg omhrhs, qug je pugagj sgr gvhabahs hm kekgjte ag preogshr uj hmbkgjte. Ver glgkpme, phrh mes luaëes gstè precbibae kgzomhr ohrjg y mgocg gj teaes sus hspgotes, yh qug gm hjtbnue tgsthkgjte hsë me prgsorbig. Ver gstg ketbve, mes rhibjes sg prgeouphj ag qug ouhmqubgr hmbkgjte prgphrhae h ihsg ag ohrjg e qug tgjnh hmnüj gmgkgjte agrbvhae ag gmmh (yh sghj nrhshs, hogbtgs, gjtrg etres), je sg kgzomg oej jhah qug tgjnh mgocg e hmnuje ag sus agrbvhaes. Bnuhmkgjtg, phrh gm luahëske thkibâj gxbstgj obgrtes hmbkgjtes jgutres agjekbjhaes ”Vhrvg‛, qug je oejtbgjgj ohrjg jb mgocg. Gm rhibje 06

 YGBOC, Yeaem`e. Gm Ieek Descgr< uj Kgrohae Kgrohae gj pmgjh gxph gxphjsbÿj. jsbÿj. Ygvbsth LER ?>< Qgjagjobhs. Qekhae ag teaedescgr.oek, rgoupgrhae gm 1 ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp8. 

Gm mbsthae ag khtgrbhs prbkhs, sgnüj mh BPGS, agig sgr ëjtgnrhkgjtg ogrtb`bohae descgr, yh qug ”phrh qug uj preauote tgjnh gm sgmme descgr, teaes sus oekpejgjtgs tbgjgj qug sgrme thkibâj. TVhrh menrhr gste[, gs bkperthjtg bagjtb`bohr gm prevggaer ag teaes y ohah uje ag mes bjnrgabgjtgs agm preauote‛>9. Ver ümtbke sg agig ag`bjbr mh bjsthjobh ag hpreihobÿj agm preauote, qug bkpmboh ”bjabohr mes preauotes ag mes qug sg prgtgjag eitgjgr ogrtb`bohobÿj, y sb sg agsgh mh agjekbjhobÿj ag mèotges, oèrjboes, jgutres, e ibgj sb rgqubgrg mh agjekbjhobÿj Vhssevgr. Mh mbsth ag bjnrgabgjtgs hyuahrè h absogrjbr sb gm preauote gs sulgte ag agsbnjhrsg descgr e je‛>?.

>8

 Vreauotes ”Descgr‛ gj Gsthaes Wjbaes (966?, Lumbe). Qekhae ag< bvgx.gs. Ygoupgrhae gm 0 ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp9661?H?7H/$@bmg/W_HOGYQB@DE_ CGY%96966?.pa`5EpgjGmgkgjt , pp.1 >9

 Biëa.  Biëa.

>?

 

?0

 

?.8.9 Bjspgoobÿj bjbobhm

”Gm rhibje e khscnbhl, gs mh pgrsejh gjohrnhah ag ogrtb`bohr qug uj agtgrkbjhae hmbkgjte ch sbae gmhierhae rgspgthjae gj teaes mes hspgotes mh mgy luaëh, y per thjte ogrtb`bohr qug uj preauote pugah oejsbagrhrsg descgr…Mh supgrvbsbÿj bkpmboh qug teaes mes phses, bjomuygjae bjnrgabgjtgs, gqubpes y preogses rgmhobejhaes oej mh gmhierhobÿj agm preauote, sej mmgvhaes h ohie ag hougrae oej mh Qerè. Ohah bjnrgabgjtg utbmbzhae gj mh gmhierhobÿj…agigrè khjbpumhrsg ag khjgrh hagouhah phrh qug gm preauote `bjhm sgh ohmb`bohae descgr. Qeaes mes rgobpbgjtgs, ouihs y gqubpes tbgjgj qugmèotges sgr hagouhaes. Gm gqubphkbgjte y mhs bjsthmhobejgs utbmbzhahsutbmbzhaes phrh preauotes je pugagj ushrsg phrh preauotes oèrjboes. Agm kbske keae, bjsthmhobejgs qug je sghj descgr je pugagj utbmbzhrsg phrh mh gmhierhobÿj ag gstes‛>1. ?.8.? Oejtrhte

Oej rgspgote hm BPGS (966?), mh ogrtb`bohobÿj gs uj oejvgjbe gjtrg mh hngjobh ogrtb`bohaerh y mh ernhjbzhobÿj qug mh sembobth. ”Gstg hougrae agig oejsthr per gsorbte bjabohjae gj gm kbske mes târkbjes y oejabobejgs hpmbohimgs. Gm oejtrhte rg`mglh mhs omèusumhs trhabobejhmgs, mhs oueths y mhs omèusumhs gspgobhmgs… ag hougrae h mhs jgogsbahags ag mh gkprgsh‛>7. Hm sgr gstg uj oejtrhte `brkhae per gsorbte, hmnüj bjoukpmbkbgjte per phrtg ag mh gkprgsh ogrtb`bohah bkpmboh shjobejgs ag tbpe mgnhm, qug bjomuse mg pearëhj oesthr ag per vbah ujh jugvh ogrtb`bohobÿj (H`brkh Kbochgm Yetcstgbj gj ujh oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm gm 8> ag @girgre ag 9667). Ag hougrae oej gm BPGS (966?), gm oejtrhte oejtbgjg gj su bjtgrber aes mbsthaes. Gm prbkgre bjomuyg mes bjnrgabgjtgs qug sg utbmbzhrèj gj mh `hirbohobÿj ag mes preauotes. Gm sgnujae s gnujae sg bjomuyg ouhmgs agigj sgr mes preauotes hohihaes y mes sgmmes pgrtbjgjtgs ag hougrae hm tbpe t bpe ag preauote. ?.8.1 Yg-bjspgoobÿj , ogrtb`bohobÿj y oeste agm preogse

”Wjh vgz oekpmgthae gm rgqubsbte ag gsthimgobkbgjte agm oejtrhte y hiejhahs mh oueths ag ogrtb`bohobÿj, gm rhibje bjspgoter ahrè su oej`erkbaha kgabhjtg mh `brkh agm oejtrhte hkihs pugag phrtgs. oekgjzhr H oejtbjuhobÿj, mh oekbsbÿj gxpbag mh ogrtb`bohobÿj descgr y mh per gkprgsh gm preogse ag `hirbohobÿj. Agsag gm kekgjte gj qug mh gkprgsh eitbgjg mh ogrtb`bohobÿj descgr, qugah âsth sulgth h ujhs rgvbsbejgs pgrbÿabohs T(kuochs vgogs serprgsbvhs)[, per phrtg agm rhibje bjspgoter ‛>0.

Gste bkpmboh qug aurhjtg mhs rgvbsbejgs serprgsbvhs, gm rhibje e khscnbhl agtgrkbjh qug je sg ch keab`bohae jbjnuje ag mes pujtes gsthimgobaes gj gm oejtrhte, qug mhs khtgrbhs prbkhs sej hagouhahs, hm bnuhm qug mh `erkh ag prgphrhobÿj, gto. Gj gm ohse >1

 Vreauotes ”Descgr‛ gj Gsthaes Wjbaes (966?, Lumbe). Qekhae ag< bvgx.gs. Ygoupgrhae gm 0 ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp9661?H?7H/$@bmg/W_HOGYQB@DE_ CGY%96966?.pa`5EpgjGmgkgjt , pp.1-7  >7

 Bibagk, pp.7

>0 Vreauotes ”Descgr‛ gj Gsthaes Wjbaes (966?, Lumbe). Lumbe). Qekhae ag<

bvgx.gs. Ygoupgrhae gm 0 ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp9661?H?7H/$@bmg/W_HOGYQB@DE_ CGY%96966?.pa`5EpgjGmgkgjt , pp.7 

 

?>

 

ag hmnujes preauotes, oeke mh ohrjg y gm pemme per glgkpme, mes supgrvbsergs agigj khjtgjgr uj oejthote vbsuhm abrgote y gstrbote agsag gm kekgjte agm shorb`bobe chsth qug gm preauote gs gkphohae y sgmmhae. Vgre gj gm ohse ag etres preauotes oeke aumogs, oej`btgrëh, ogrghmgs, gjtrg etrhs oeshs, je gs jgogshrbe qug sg khjtgjnh sbgkprg uj oejthote vbsuhm abrgote. Ihsth oej gsthimgogr mhs jerkhs ag lugne, y vgmhr qug sg oukpmhj kgabhjtg vbsbths serprgsbvhs ag mes rhibjes. _gnüj tcg Ertceaex Wjbej (9667), je chy uj prgobe `ble e gstèjahr phrh ujh ogrtb`bohobÿj descgr. Gs agobr qug agpgjag ag mh gkprgsh ogrtb`bohaerh, ag mh gkprgsh qug ngjgrh mh pgtbobÿj y ag mh ohjtbaha ag sgrvbobes qug sg agihj prgsthr. ”Gm oeste hotuhm ag bjspgoobÿj agpgjag ag uj jükgre ag vhrbhimgs, oeke mh absthjobh qug gm bjspgoter agig vbhlhr chobh mh pmhjth…mh `rgougjobh ag vbsbths, gm tbgkpe rgqugrbae aurhjtg ohah vbsbth, gto.‛>>  _gnüj gm khscnbhl Kbochgm Yetcstgbj (Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 8> ag @girgre ag 9667), gm oeste ag ogrtb`bohobÿj agpgjag agm thkhøe ag mh gkprgsh, ag su petgjobhm y agm jükgre ag preauotes qug sg vhyhj h ogrtb`bohr. Je gs me kbske ogrtb`bohr h ujh kumtbjhobejhm oeke Oeoh-oemh, qug h ujh pgqugøh gkprgsh meohm, h`brkh Yetcstgbj. Ver gjag, gm oeste pugag vhrbhr y ngjgrhmkgjtg bjbobh agsag mes 9766 aÿmhrgs sgkgstrhmgs (phrh mhs kès pgqugøhs). Mh khyerëh ag mhs vgogs, gm phne per rgvbsbÿj y ogrtb`bohobÿj pgrbÿaboh sg g`gotüh sgkgstrhmkgjtg, h`brkh Yetcstgbj. ?.9 Ob`rhs y gsthaëstbohs agm kgrohae bjtgrjhobejhm ”Gm oejsuke kujabhm ag preauotes oej ogrtb`bohobÿj Descgr supgrh mes 806.666 kbmmejgs ag aÿmhrgs (806 ibmmejgs), sgnüj Qcg Wjbej e` Ertceaex Lgwbsc Oejnrgnhtbej, vemukgj qug oejtbjuh bjorgkgjtèjaesg høe trhs høe‛>3.

”Vhrh 8222 gj gstg gstbkhih gj 86haqubrbgrej kbmmejgs aggxomusbvhkgjtg oejsukbaergs preauotes rgnumhrgs üjbohkgjtg meskgrohae Gsthaessg Wjbaes (qubgjgs descgr gj su abgth)4 âstes nhsthrej hprexbkhahkgjtg objoe ibmmejgs ag aÿmhrgs Taurhjtg gsg høe[. Gj ngjgrhm T(bjomuygjae mes hkgrbohjes qug oekgj gxomusbvhkgjtg hmbkgjtes Descgr, mes qug oejsukgj eohsbejhmkgjtg y mes jeDescgr)[, 8?6 ibmmejgs `ugrej nhsthaes aurhjtg 8222, (semhkgjtg gj gsg phës)‛  >2 .

>>

MWIHJ, Yhiib Rhhoev. Ertceaex Wjbej X hja H.< H. < Descgr supgrvbsbej (9667), gj µCew kuoc aegs supgrvbsbej oest5 Qekhae ag EW.ern. Ygoupgrhae gm 0 ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp2 MWIHJ,

Yhiib Rhhoev .Ertceaex Wjbej X hja H.< Descgr supgrvbsbej (9667), gj µCew Ibn bs tcg aekgstbo Descgr Khrdgt5 Qekhae ag EW.ern. Ygoupgrhae gm 0 ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp7 kbmmejgs ag pgrsejhs hprexbkhahkgjtg, ag uj tethm ag ogroh ag 9>6 kbmmejgs38)[, oekprhj uj preauote Descgr (shibgjae qug gs Descgr), y gm ?7% ag gstes oekprhaergs h`brkhj qug oekprhj hmbkgjtes Descgr oej ihsg h su shier‛39 

Gstg 93% ag mh peimhobÿj gs gm qug ngjgrh mes 89?.? ibmmejgs rgsthjtgs, oerrgspejabgjtgs h vgjths cgochs h oejsukbaergs qug bjnbgrgj preauotes Descgr eohsbejhmkgjtg, e qug haqubgrgj gstg tbpe ag preauotes sbj jgogshrbhkgjtg pgrtgjgogr hm nrupe ag oejsukbaergs oejsukbaergs rgoejeobaes rgoejeobaes per prhotbohr prhotbohr gm Dhscrut. Hmnujhs vgogs me chogj sbj sbqubgrh sgr oejsobgjtgs ag qug mes gstèj haqubrbgjae, y kuochs etrhs mes oekprhj shibgjae qug sej Descgr, pgre sbj jbjnujh ketbvhobÿj gj gspgobhm (yh sgh per su shier, shier, ourbesbaha, obgrths `gstbvbahags rgmbnbeshs, gto.). Etres mes haqubgrgj per mh sgnurbaha qug mgs nhrhjtbzh. Ohig agsthohr, qug gm thkhøe agm kgrohae Descgr gj ohah phës agpgjag prbjobphmkgjtg agm jükgre ag luaëes qug chibtgj gj gm kbske, agibae h qug gstes sej mes qug tbgjgj kès tgjagjobh h oejsukbr gstg tbpe ag preauotes. ”_gnüj gm abhrbe ag Gsthaes Wjbaes ”Lgwbsc _thabstbos‛, chy 8? kbmmejgs ag luaëes 3? gj gm kujae. 11%8.808.666 (hprex.) sggjgjougjtrh Gsthaes Wjbaes, gm 16% (gs agobr 7.621.666) gj Gm Bsrhgm, Gureph y gj 18?.666 gj mh gx - Wjbÿj sevbâtboh‛ . 31 ”Mh oekujbaha luaëh gj Hrngjtbjh sg gstbkh gj ?66.666 pgrsejhs‛ .

36

 Rgscbvh phrh mes I±jgb hjusbk, mgoobÿj m goobÿj # 88< Descgr. Qekhae ag nhogthhjusbk.oek. Ygoupgrhae gm 3 ag Khrze ag 9667 gj cttp66 kbmmejgs ag aÿmhrgs T(0.> ibmmejgs)[‛ . ”Wj 16% ag gsths vgjths prevbgjgj agm èrgh kgtrepembthjh kgtrepembthjh ag Jugvh Rerd. Mh prbjobphm rhzÿj agm bjorgkgjte bjorgkgjte gj mhs vgjths gs qug mes supgrkgrohaes chj rgoejeobae gm vhmer ag mes hmbkgjtes Descgr y mh ngjtg gstè kès gxpugsth h gstes‛33. ”Mh rgvbsth Descgr Qeahy, qug sg gspgobhmbzh gj mh bjaustrbh ag oekbah descgr, rgpertÿ qug mh ohtgnerëh ag preauotes descgr gstè orgobgjae ag 89 h 87 % hm høe agspuâs ag ohsb ujh aâohah. Hagkès, ohsb 96.666 supgrkgrohaes gj mes G Gsthaes sthaes 32 Wjbaes vgjagj preauotes Descgr gj sus kestrhaergs‛ .

Ag hougrae oej mh BKO gj _ekhvëh gt. hm (966?), ag gses 0>66 kbmmejgs ag aÿmhrgs qug sg vgjabgrej gj gm 9669 gj mes Gsthaes Wjbaes, mh preperobÿj sgnüj mes ab`grgjtgs nrupes ag oejsukbaergs ohutbves hm Dhscrut sg pugag eisgrvhr gj mh nrè`boh jükgre 8.

37

 Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, @girgre 87 (9667).  Vreauotes ”Descgr‛ gj Gsthaes Wjbaes (966?, Lumbe). Qekhae ag< bvgx.gs. Ygoupgrhae gm 0 ag khrze ag 9667 gj

30

cttp9661?H?7H/$@bmg/W_HOGYQB@DE_ CGY%96966?.pa`5EpgjGmgkgjt , phn. 8, phrr. ?. 3> _EKHPËH, Luhj, OGYAH, Hmglhjare, MRJOC, Vhtrbobe y HYHRH, Pgrÿjboh. (966?, Hirbm). VreOcbmg Jgw Rerd< Vgr`bm ag mes hmbkgjtes Descgr gj mes Gsthaes Wjbaes. Qekhae ag< perthmoekgxoos. om. Ygoupgrhae gm ? ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp8i-2?a6802gih82a90g/jUyerdUdescgrU966?.pa`  . . pp.1, pèrr 802gih82a90g/jUyerdUdescgrU966?.pa`  pèrr.. 0 33

32 Biba, phrr. >.

 MBV_DR, Lescuh (9667, Gjgre). Descgr< Ohtgnery ht h oressrehas. Qcg Jhtbejhm Vrevbsbejgr< Jbocg Khrdgtbjn . V.>9. Ygoupgrhae gm 1 ag Khrze ag 9667 ag mh ihsg ag ahtes ag Iusbjgss seurog prgkbgr, gj cttp272&mhjn;gs  .

 

16

 

Nrè`boh 8 Oejsukbaergs prhotbohjtgs agm Dhscrut gj GG.WW (Vreperobÿj vgjths hm høe 9669)

*Nrè`boh y ahtes tekhaes ag<  cttp8i-2?a6802gih82a90g/jUyerdUdescgrU966?.pa`  , p. 2 (Qekhae h su vgz

ag mh BKO)

”TVhrh gm 9669[ sg ohmoumhih uj kgrohae ag Tkès ag[ 86 kbm kbmmejgs mejgs ag oejsukbaergs gj Gsthaes Wjbaes ag preauotes Descgr, y oej uj orgobkbgjte hjuhm hprexbkhahkgjtg agm 80%. _g gstbkh qug semhkgjtg uj ?7% ag gstes oejsukbaergs rgmbnbÿj luaëh. Gjtrg gm jukgrese nrupe aëh, ag oejsukbaergs agpre`gshj preauotesmhDescgr sg bjomuygj h< mes Havgjtbsths agm sâptbke kusumkhjgs, vgngthrbhjes, pgrsejhs qug je temgrhj mh mhotesh, oejsukbaergs ag preauotes jhturhmgs y teahs hqugmmhs pgrsejhs qug iusohj gm sëkieme Descgr oeke uj sëkieme ag ohmbaha y sgnurbaha agm preauote‛26.

Wj hspgote agtgrkbjhjtg qug sg pugag eisgrvhr gj gm nrè`boe Je. 8, gs qug ag mes 0.> ibmmejgs ag aÿmhrgs qug ngjgrÿ gstg nrupe aurhjtg gm 9669, üjbohkgjtg gm 11% oerrgspejag h oejsukbaergs ag rgmbnbÿj luaëh. _erprgsbvhkgjtg gm 70% rgsthjtg sej oejsukbaergs hlgjes hm luahëske. Gs kès, uj ?>% agm tethm `ug per phrtg ag oejsukbaergs qug je tgjëhj ketbvhobejgs rgmbnbeshs phrh bjngrbr gstg tbpe ag hmbkgjtes, me qug sustgjth gm cgoce ag qug kuoces prg`bgrgj gstg tbpe ag hmbkgjtes ogrtb`bohaes per ohmbaha y shmua. _gnubae h gste, gm perogjthlg ag vgjths phrh mh peimhobÿj kusumkhjh gj mes Gsthaes Wjbaes thkibâj gs sbnjb`bohtbvh, yh qug agm tethm ag mes 0.> ibmmejgs, gstes hperthrej 8.97 ibmmejgs (sbj oejthr oej hqugmmes qug oejsukgj eohsbejhmkgjtg). Gste bkpmboh qug rghmkgjtg mes kusumkhjgs oekphrtgj obgrtes `ujahkgjtes rgmbnbeses oej gm  luahëske, hm kgjes oej me rg`grgjtg rg`grgjtg hm preogshkbgjte ag ag mes hmbkgjtes. Gste pugag sgr ujh nrhj epertujbaha phrh gm kgrohae Descgr, yh qug mh peimhobÿj kusumkhjh gj gm

26 Vreauotes

”Descgr‛ gj Gsthaes Wjbaes (966?, Lumbe). Qekhae ag< bvgx.gs. Ygoupgrhae gm 0 ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp9661?H?7H/$@bmg/W_HOGYQB@DE_ CGY%96966?.pa`5EpgjGmgkgjt , phn. 8, phrr. 1

 

18

 

kujae gs kuy nrhjag y thkibâj sg gjougjtrhj gsphrobaes per kuoces phësgs h me mhrne ag mes objoe oejtbjgjtgs.  H phrtbr ag mes ahtes preperobejhaes preperobejhaes hjtgrberkgjtg sg agauog qug agm tethm ag mes oejsukbaergs hagptes hm Dhscrut gj mes Gsthaes Wjbaes, hprexbkhahkgjtg uj tgrobe sej luaëes, kbgjtrhs qug gm rgste me oej`erkhj teahs hqugmmhs pgrsejhs qug sg oejsbagrhj oejsukbaergs rgnumhrgs phrtbahrbes phrtbahrbes ag mh aeotrbjh Descgr, pgre per rhzejgs hlgjhs hm luahëske. Gsth sbtuhobÿj agkugstrh aes oeshs< prbkgre qug mh tgjagjobh Descgr g`gotbvhkgjtg sg gstè gxphjabgjae gjtrg vhrbes oejsukbaergs hlgjes h mh oekujbaha luaëh (agibae h su ohmbaha, cbnbgjg, gto.), y sgnujae qug gm cgoce ag qug ujh pgrsejh sgh luaëh je gs sbjÿjbke ag qug sgh uj oejsukbaer oejsthjtg ag oekbah Descgr.  Hsë kbske gj mh nrè`boh Je. 9, sg pugag agtgrkbjhr oeke ch sbae mh gkbjgjtg gxphjsbÿj agm kgrohae Descgr gj Gsthaes Wjbaes aurhjtg mes ümtbkes 8> høes. _g gstbkh qug phrh gm 9667, mhs vgjths ag hmbkgjtes Descgr gj gsg phës sgrèj ag 2.766 kbmmejgs ag aÿmhrgs, semhkgjtg phrh gm sgnkgjte ag oejsukbaergs ohutbves mh abgth Descgr. Nrè`boh 9 Bjorgkgjte gj vgjths ag mes preauotes Descgr gj G.G.W.W (üjbohkgjtg phrh sgnkgjte ag oejsukbaergs rgnumhrgs prhotbohjtgs)

*Nrè`boh y ahtes tekhaes ag< cttp8i-2?a6802gih82a90g/jUyerdUdescgrU966?.pa`  , p. 86 (Qekhae h su vgz ag mh BKO)

Gsth bj`erkhobÿj agkugstrh omhrhkgjtg mh nrhj gxphjsbÿj qug ch menrhae gstg jboce agjtre ag Gsthaes Wjbaes gj mes ümtbkes 8> høes, me ouhm mg ah uj sbnjb`bohtbve jbvgm ag

 

19

 

bkperthjobh gj gm kgrohae bjtgrjhobejhm. _gnüj Yeaem`e Ygboc, gj su hrtëoume ”Gm Ieek Descgr< uj kgrohae gj pmgjh gxphjsbÿj‛, je teaes mes kgrohaes oejsbagrhaes oeke jboces hmrgagaer agm kujae, orgogj gj sgkglhjtgs preperobejgs ag vgjths.  Hsbkbske, gm jükgre ag oejsukbaergs rgnumhrgs ag preauotes Descgr sg ch bjorgkgjthae ag khjgrh oejsbagrhimg. Qhm y oeke sg prgsgjth gj mh nrè`boh Je. ?, agsag 8233 chsth 8223, gm tethm ag oejsukbaergs jertghkgrbohjes hagptes hm Dhscrut hukgjtÿ ag 0 kbmmejgs ag pgrsejhs h 2 kbmmejgs. Gste bkpmboh qug gj abgz høes âstes hukgjthrej gj uj 76% oej rgspgote h 8233. Ag hougrae h mh nrè`boh Je. ?, sg gspgrh qug phrh gm 9667 sghj ujes 81 kbmmejgs ag oejsukbaergs prhotbohjtgs agm Dhscrut, sÿme gj Gsthaes Wjbaes. _gnüj _ekhvëh gt hm. (966?), `rgjtg hm prenrgsbve hukgjte ag mh agkhjah ag hmbkgjtes Descgr, mes preauotergs jertghkgrbohjes tuvbgrej qug hahpthr su preauoobÿj y haqubrbr rèpbahkgjtg abvgrshs ogrtb`bohobejgs rhiëjbohs, oej gm eilgte ag htrhgr h âstg orgobgjtg jükgre ag oejsukbaergs. Gj mh nrè`boh Je. 1 sg pugag eisgrvhr oeke ch sbae gm bjorgkgjte ag mhs oekphøëhs preauoterhs ag hmbkgjtes Descgr gj Gsthaes Wjbaes. Nrè`boh ? Bjorgkgjte gj gm jükgre ag oejsukbaergs hagptes hm Dhscrut gj G.G.W.W

*Nrè`boh y ahtes tekhaes ag< cttp8i-2?a6802gih82a90g/jUyerdUdescgrU966?.pa`  , p. 88 (Qekhae h su vgz ag mh BKO).

Gj mh nrè`boh jükgre ouhtre sg eisgrvh qug gj thj sÿme 81 høes, gm jükgre ag oekphøëhs preauoterhs ag hmbkgjtes ogrtb`bohaes oej gm sgmme Descgr orgobÿ uj >6 %

 

1?

 

oej rgspgote h 8233. 8233. ”Mhs gstbkhobejgs sgøhmhj sgøhmhj qug phrh gm gm høe 9667 sgrèj 81.666 mes khju`hoturgres Descgr gj GW‛28. Gm jethimg bjorgkgjte agm jükgre ag preauotergs ag oekbah Descgr gj gsg phës, menrÿ qug gstg sbstgkh sg oejvbrtbgrh gj teah ujh jugvh tgjagjobh phrh mes oejsukbaergs Jertghkgrbohjes. Nrè`boh 1 Bjorgkgjte gj gm jükgre ag oekphøëhs oej ogrtb`bohobÿj Descgr gj G.G.W.W

Nrè`boh y ahtes tekhaes ag< cttp8i-2?a6802gih82a90g/jUyerdUdescgrU966?.pa` ., p.86 (Qekhae h su vgz a g mh BKO).

Gj ouhjte hm jükgre ag preauotes oej ogrtb`bohobÿj Descgr gj mes Gsthaes Wjbaes, sg eisgrvh qug phrh gm 9669 chiëh yh ujes >7.666 preauotes y sg gstbkh qug phrh gm 9667 mmgnhrèj mmgnhrèj h sgr ujes 26.666 (_ekhvëh gt. gt. hm, 966?). Hagkès sg ohmoumh qug qug hotuhmkgjtg ”ujh ob`rh ogrohjh hm 16% ag mes hmbkgjtes qug hphrgogj gj mes supgrkgrohaess hkgrbohjes tbgjgj gm sëkieme Descgr‛29. supgrkgrohae ?.9.9 Kgrohae Descgr gj Bsrhgm

Bsrhgm gs per jhturhmgzh uje ag mes kgrohaes Descgr kès bkperthjtgs. Mh khyerëh ag su peimhobÿj pre`gsh mh rgmbnbÿj luaëh, sgnubah per mes kusumkhjgs y mes ohtÿmboes. ”Gm kgrohae ag Bsrhgm phrh oekbahs Descgr gstè per seirg mes W_ $ 8?.666 kbmmejgs T(8? ibmmejgs)[, oej bkperthobejgs qug oerrgspejagj hprexbkhahkgjtg h W_ $ 9666 kbmmejgs. Mes Gsthaes Wjbaes tbgjgj hmrgagaer agm ?6% ag mh

28

 _EKHPËH, Luhj, OGYAH, Hmglhjare, MRJOC, Vhtrbobe y HYHRH, Pgrÿjboh. (966?, Hirbm). VreOcbmg Jgw Rerd< Vgr`bm ag mes hmbkgjtes Descgr gj mes Gsthaes Wjbaes. Qekhae ag< perthmoekgxoos. om. Ygoupgrhae gm 3 ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp8i-2?a629 802gih82a90g/jUyerdUdescgrU966?.pa`  802gih82a90g/jUyerdUdescgrU966?.pa`   pp.86Lumbe). Qekhae ag< bvgx.gs. Ygoupgrhae gm 3 ag khrze ag 9667 gj Vreauotes ”Descgr‛ gj Gsthaes Wjbaes .(966?, cttp9661?H?7H/$@bmg/W_HOGYQB@DE_ CGY%96966?.pa`5EpgjGmgkgjt , phn. 8, phrr. 0

 

11

 

phrtbobphobÿj ag bkperthobejgs, oej ujh vhrbgaha ag preauotes hmbkgjtbobes preogshaes oej vhmer hnrgnhae ag W_H, bjorgkgjthjae b jorgkgjthjae sus vgjths‛2?.

 Hsë kbske ”gm kgrohae Bsrhgmë phrh oekbahs Descgr gs gsgjobhmkgjtg gsgjobhmkgjtg teae gm kgrohae gjtgre, agsag ohagjhs ag supgrkgrohaes, supgrkgrohaes, mh khyerëh ag bjstbtuobejgs, y mh khyerëh ag mes cenhrgs, Tqubgjgs[ agkhjahj preauotes Descgr gxomusbvhkgjtg‛21. ”Kès agm 06% ag mes kès ag 7 kbmmejgs ag mh peimhobÿj luaëh khjtbgjgj gm rbte descgr gj gm cenhr. Ohsb teahs mhs oeobjhs bjstbtuobejhmgs, agsag gsougmhs chsth gm glârobte, Tg bjomuse[ mh ohsh agm obuahahje khyer, sej Descgr. Hagkès mhs ohagjhs ag supgrkgrohae kès bkperthjtgs y kuoces kbjerbsths bjagpgjabgjtgs tgjarèj gj steod sÿme preauotes Descgr. Hphrtg, mh peimhobÿj kusumkhjh ag Bsrhgm ag uj kbmmÿj thkibâj prevgg uj kgrohae phrh oekbahs Descgr, yh qug Tsu sbstgkh[ gs kuy sbkbmhr hm Chmhm Kusumkèj‛27. ?.9.? Etres kgrohaes bkperthjtgs

Gxbstgj etres kgrohaes hmrgagaer agm kujae qug sej trgkgjahkgjtg htrhotbves phrh mes hmbkgjtes Descgr. Hquë sg gjujobhrèj hmnujes ag mes kès bkperthjtgs oej sus prbjobphmgs ohrhotgrëstbohs. ”Mh oekujbaha luaëh gj Hrngjtbjh sg gstbkh gj ujhs ?66.666 pgrsejhs, oejogjtrhahs ièsbohkgjtg gj mh obuaha ag Iugjes Hbrgs. Qhkibâj gxbstgj nrupes ag kusumkhjgs y havgjtbsths agm sâptbke aëh qug rgprgsgjthj ujh pgqugøh perobÿj ag gstg kgrohae .‛20  _gnüj gm bjn. Igrm Arhockhj (OGE ag teaedescgr.oek)2>, sg gstbkh qug gj Hrngjtbjh je kès ag 7666 pgrsejhs oejsukgj gxomusbvh y abhrbhkgjtg preauotes Descgr. Hmnujes gstuabes bjabohj qug gj ruires hmbkgjtbobes phrtboumhrgs gstes mmgnhj h 86.666. Gm rgste sej oejsukbaergs kès eohsbejhmgs. _g ohmoumh qug hotuhmkgjtg ”Hrngjtbjh kugvg ?7 kbmmejgs ag aÿmhrgs hjuhmgs gj tbgjahs y supgrkgrohaes, rgsthurhjtgs, cetgmgs y sgrvbobes ag Ohtgrbjn‛23. Hagkès,‛ mhs oekphøëhs hrngjtbjhs oej sgmme phrh preauobr Descgr phshrej ag 37 gj 9668 h ?16 gj 9661. Gm shmte sg vbe `hvergobae per mh agvhmuhobÿj ag `bjgs agm 9668, qug agshrkÿ h mes bkperthaergs, augøes chsth gjtejogs agm 36% agm kgrohae‛ 22. ”THotuhmkgjtg[ sg

2?

 @YBGANWQ, Qummy (9668). Bsrhgm< hmbkgjtes Descgr, gm kgrohae kès nrhjag agm kujae. Bj`erkhobÿj agm @ergbnj Hnrboumturg _grvbog-W_ agphrtkgjt e` Hnrboumturg. Qekhae ag< sbbhp.shnyp.kgoej.hr. sbb hp.shnyp.kgoej.hr. Ygoupgrhae gm 3ag khrze ag 9667 gj cttp.ctk . . Hirbm ag 9667, gj cttp68h9>76/rhp9>9>.ctk 818  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, ? ag Khrze ag 9667. 819  Biëa. 8?3

 

73

 

qug sej `ujahkgjthmgs phrh gm shje orgobkbgjte agm ievbje, per me qug gm rhibje sgøhmh qug sg pugagj hpmbohr, sbgkprg y ouhjae sg mgs ag uj pgrbeae ag 96 aëhs gj ouhrgjtgjh phrh qug abskbjuyhj mes g`gotes sgoujahrbes (gste sb gm shorb`bobe sg gjougjtrh kuy prÿxbke).

Gj habobÿj, gm rhibje gsthimgog qug gxbstgj vhrbes tbpes ag gj`grkgahags bj`goobeshs qug hthohj hm nhjhae oeke mh h`tesh, tuigroumesbs, èjtrhx, gjtrg kuochs etrhs. Gsths agigj sgr kuy oejtremhahs, yh qug obgrtes g`gotes ag mhs kbskhs pugagj eohsbejhr ahøes brrgphrhimgs gj mes ÿrnhjes vbthmgs agm hjbkhm. Ver gjag, gm nhjhae agig khjtgjgrsg hmglhae ag gstg tbpe ag sbtuhobejgs, kgabhjtg mh glgouobÿj ag gstrbotes oejtremgs qug je pgrkbthj mh prephnhobÿj ag mhs kbskhs. Ag me hjtgrber mh rhzÿj per mh ouhm uj ievbje qug gstè gj`grke e gstuve gj`grke ag hmnüj tbpe ag gj`grkgaha vbrhm e ihotgrbhjh, je gs hpte phrh gm rbtuhm Descgr. Ag teahs `erkhs, aurhjtg gm preogse ag rgvbsbÿj vbsogrhm (gj gspgobhm ag mes pumkejgs) gj gm `hgjhae, sg agig oekpreihr qug je gxbstbÿ jbjnujh bj`goobÿj qug h`gothrh sgrbhkgjtg mh shmua bjtgrjh agm hjbkhm. _gnubae h gste, K. Yetcstgbj Yetcstgbj81? sestbgjg, qug gm nhjhae je agig sekgtgrsg h mhrnhs ohkbjhths. Hsë sg gvbth qug agshrremmgj gxogsbves jbvgmgs ag khsh kusoumhr, qug kès thrag h`gothrèj mh ohmbaha ag mh ohrjg (peoh suhvbaha). Ver gjag, mes oerrhmgs y mes phtbes ag orbhjzh agigj absgøhrsg ag thm khjgrh qug gm nhjhae pugah hoogagr h teaes mes rgqugrbkbgjtes rgqugrbkbgjtes hjtgrberkgjtg kgjobejhaes, sbj ohkbjhr agkhsbhae. @bjhmkgjtg, ouhjae gm hjbkhm ch hmohjzhae su rhjne ÿptbke ag gaha y hagkès sg chj oukpmbae teaes mes rgqubsbtes ag hmbkgjthobÿj, vhoujhs, gto., mmgnh mh cerh ag qug sgh trhjsperthae chobh gm munhr ag shorb`bobe. _gnüj gm rhibje Kescâ Rgruschmkb 811, sg agig gvbthr h teah oesth gm chobjhkbgjte gj mes ohkbejgs, yh qug gste pugag ohushr hpmhsthkbgjte e nempgs qug pugagj h`gothr mh hptbtua ag mes kbskes. Gj oejsgougjobh, mes trhjspertgs agigj hoejabobejhrsg ag thm khjgrh qug gm hjbkhm vbhlg oÿkeae, qug je ngjgrg rbøhs jb sbtuhobejgs qug pugahj gmgvhr sus jbvgmgs ag gstrâs. Gj gm hjgxe ? sg pre`ujabzh kès hogroh ag mhs oejabobejgs ÿptbkhs ag trhjspertg phrh gstg tbpe ag nhjhae.

81?

 Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 1 ag Khrze ag 9667  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, ? ag Khrze ag 9667.

811

 

72

 

1.9 Vr eogse eogs e ag scglbtè e shorb`bob shorb `bob e rbtuhm agm n hjha hjhae e 1.9.8 Kekgjtes prgvbes hm shorb`bobe

Gj prbkgr munhr, h phrtbr ag me h`brkhae per gm scelgt gjohrnhae agm rbtuhm 817, gm nhjhae mmgnh hm `rbnerë`boe Nuhahmupg >9 cerhs hjtgs agm shorb`bobe, yh qug per mgy gm neibgrje gxbng uj pgrëeae ag ouhrgjtgjh. Aurhjtg aboce pgrëeae, mhs huterbahags nuigrjhkgjthmgs pgrtbjgjtgs vgrb`bohj qug mes hjbkhmgs je tgjnhj jbjnujh gj`grkgaha oejthnbesh y qug gstâj gj oejabobejgs ag shmuirbaha hogpthimgs phrh sgr shorb`bohaes. Gj gm ohse Oemekibhje, mh gjtbaha gjohrnhah ag gstg preogabkbgjte gs gm Bjvbkh.  Hphrtg ag mh supgrvbsbÿj g`gotuhah per gm neibgrje, gm scelgt oej sus oemgnhs vgrb`bohj qug teaes y ohah uje ag mes hjbkhmgs chyhj mmgnhae gj oejabobejgs ÿptbkhs phrh gm rbtuhm ag shorb`bobe. Ag hougrae oej gm rhibje 810, gste bkpmboh qug gm hjbkhm ”descgr‛ gs aeimgkgjtg rgvbshae. Gs agobr, gj ujh prbkgrh bjsthjobh sg chog uj gxhkgj qug hihroh hspgotes jgthkgjtg tâojboes y obgjtë`boes, gj aejag mhs gjtbahags ag shmuirbaha agsohrthj gj`grkgahags vbrhmgs qug pugahj h`gothr h mes `utures oejsukbaergs (oeke h`tesh, èjtrhx, tuigroumesbs, gto). _gnubae h gstg, gm sgnujae gxhkgj sg g`gotüh oej phrèkgtres kès rbtuhmgs, yh qug je sÿme sg vgrb`boh qug gm hjbkhm je tgjnh gj`grkgahags vbrhmgs e hmnüj ag`gote qug h sbkpmg vbsth me agmhtg, sbje qug sg oej`brkh qug gm hjbkhm je chyh su`rbae jbjnuje ag mes pgrohjogs obthaes hjtgrberkgjtg aurhjtg su orbhjzh y trhjspertg (oeke cgkhtekhs, chobjhkbgjte, `rhoturhs, gto.) qug me pearëhj oejvgrtbr gj Qrg`è. Gj oejsgougjobh, kuoces hjbkhmgs phshj gm prbkgr gxhkgj g`gotuhae per gm Bjvbkh, pgre kuoces ag gmmes je hprugihj gm sgnujae. Rgruschmkb hrnukgjth qug gste sg agig, h qug oej eles tâojboes gm hjbkhm pugag rgsumthr hpte, pgre h eles ag mh scglbtè pugag qug je. _ukèjaesg h me hjtgrber, Kbochgm Yetcstgbj81>  sestbgjg qug aurhjtg gm preogse ag rgvbsbÿj rhiëjboh gj gm `rbnerë`boe thkibâj sg oekprugih sb gm hjbkhm `ug oerrgothkgjtg hmbkgjthae, kgabhjtg mh eisgrvhobÿj agm pgse, thkhøe y oemer, gjtrg etrhs ohrhotgrëstbohs `ësbohs. H su vgz, sg vgrb`boh sb mes hjbkhmgs sg gjougjtrhj gj mh gaha ÿptbkh ag shorb`bobe. Oejlujthkgjtg sg agtgrkbjh qug gm hjbkhm je chyh sbae bjygothae oej jbjnüj tbpe ag cerkejhs qug h`gothrhj su orgobkbgjte. Vhrh oekpreihr teae gste, mes supgrvbsergs rhiëjboes ougjthj oej rgnbstres gj aejag gsthimgog ouèm agig sgr gm pgse prekgabe agm hjbkhm, su thkhøe y oejtgxturh, ahah mh gaha gj mh qug 817

 Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, ? ag Khrze ag 9667.  Biëa. 81>  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 91 ag @girgre ag 9667. 810

 

06

 

sg gjougjtrh. _b mes rhjnes agm hjbkhm sg gjougjtrhj kuy per gjobkh e per agihle ag mes vhmergs gsthimgobaes, pugag sgr per aes ketbves< ujh khmh hmbkgjthobÿj e uj khm khjgle gj su ”mgvhjtg‛, qug ohusÿ uj ag`bobgjtg orgobkbgjte, e hmnujh bjygoobÿj ag cerkejhs qug hogmgrÿ su orgobkbgjte y oeke oejsgougjobh, su thkhøe y pgse sej supgrbergs hm ag uj hjbkhm preogshae jhturhmkgjtg. Gj ouhmqubgrh ag mes aes ohses, gm hjbkhm gs rgochzhae. Ver etrh phrtg (sgnüj gm rhibje Rgruschmkb 813), gm agphrthkgjte ag oejtrem ag ohmbaha agm `rbnerë`boe rghmbzh kugstrges hmghterbes ag mh ohrjg shorb`bohah oej scglbtè, gj aejag sg vgrb`boh qug mh ohrjg je oejtgjnh cerkejhs e hmnüj tbpe ag quëkboe gxtrhøe. Gj ohse ag qug sg gjoejtrhrh gste, gm prevggaer ag thm nhjhae sgrè shjobejhae y je sg mg pgrkbtbrè preperobejhr preperobejhr jugvhkgjtg nhjhae phrh gstg tbpe ag shorb`bobe. 1.9.9 Aurhjtg mh scglbtè

 H oejtbjuhobÿj sg agsorbig gm preogse mmgvhae h ohie gj gm rbtuhm ag shorb`bobe. Ohah mujgs sg g`gotüh gm shorb`bobe Descgr e scglbtè gj gm `rbnerë`boe Nuhahmupg. Je gxbstg ujh pmhjth gspgobhm agjtre ag mhs bjsthmhobejgs agstbjhah h gstg tbpe ag rbtuhm4 sbkpmgkgjtg sg utbmbzh gm kbske munhr gj aejag sg g`gotühj mes shorb`bobes oejvgjobejhmgs. Me qug suogag gs qug gj gm aëh sgøhmhae, gm preogse agm `rbnerë`boe sg bjbobh h mhs abgz ag mh khøhjh oej mh scglbtè, y chsth qug je tgrkbjg tethmkgjtg gm shorb`bobe Descgr je pugag oekgjzhr gm oejvgjobejhm. Oej rgspgote h me hjtgrber gm rhibje Rgruschmkb oekgjth 812  qug gj ngjgrhm sg shorb`bohj üjbohkgjtg ag ?6 h 17 rgogs sgkhjhmgs, agibae h qug mh agkhjah ag ohrjg descgr gj Oemekibh hüj gs kuy rgauobah y mh khyerëh gs oejsukbah per mh oekujbaha  luaëh. Gsth sbtuhobÿj sg agig h qug gj gm phës hüj je chy oejobgjobh g gjtrg jtrg mh peimhobÿj je luaëh (oeke mh chy gj mes Gsthaes Wjbaes), ag qug mes preauotes descgr sej ag kgler ohmbaha qug mes agkès4 hsbkbske, hüj je sg ch oejorgthae mh pesbibmbaha ag hirbr jugves kgrohaes gj gm gxtgrber. Oeke `ug pmhjtghae per Ohrummh Kbochgm Yetcstgbj 876, gm khthagre gs prgvbhkgjtg mhvhae y agsbj`gothae kbjuobeshkgjtg oej agsbj`gothjtgs ogrtb`bohaes descgr.  Hagkès sg mg hpmboh uj ocequg târkboe (oejeobae oeke dhscgrbzhobÿj) gj su bj`rhgstruoturh ag kgthm. Gstg oejsbstg gj g`gotuhr uj ohkibe irusoe ag tgkpgrhturhs 813

 Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 1 ag Khrze ag 9667.  Biëa. 876  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 91 ag @girgre ag 9667. 812

 

08

 

kgabhjtg mh hpmbohobÿj ag vhper cbrvbgjae (37 nrhaes) y hnuh cgmhah, oej me qug sg iusoh gmbkbjhr mh khyer ohjtbaha pesbimg ag ihotgrbhs. _gnüj gm khscnbhl, gj cgirge gstg preogabkbgjte sg oejeog oeke Chnhmè.  H mh vgz, Yetcstgbj hrnukgjth878 qug agsag gm kbske kekgjte gj qug sg g`gotüh mh agsbj`goobÿj y gm ocequg târkboe gj mhs bjsthmhobejgs agm `rbnerë`boe, chsth qug tgrkbjh teae gm preogse ag shorb`bobe, gm scelgt y sus supgrvbsergs je pugagj pgragr gj jbjnüj kekgjte gm oejthote vbsuhm oej mes hjbkhmgs qug chj sbae shorb`bohaes. _b gj hmnüj kekgjte sg mmgnh h pgragr gm oejthote vbsuhm abrgote oej mes hjbkhmgs, gm shorb`bobe yh pbgrag su oejabobÿj Descgr. Gs per gsth rhzÿj qug gm scelgt agig bjbobhr mh scglbtè y je pugag agtgjgrsg chsth qug tgrkbjg oekpmgthkgjtg, sbj bkperthr mes bjoejvgjbgjtgs ag tbpe pgrsejhm qug puabgsgj prgsgjthrsg. _gnüj gm rhibje879, mh mgy luaëh (Qhmkua) gxbng oejthote vbsuhm oejsthjtg aurhjtg teae gm shorb`bobe, chsth gm kekgjte gj qug sg oemequgj mes sgmmes pgrtbjgjtgs.

Mugne, ouhjae gm munhr yh sg gjougjtrh gj oejabobejgs ag pgr`goth mbkpbgzh, sg chog gjtrhr h mes hjbkhmgs uje per uje per mh cbmgrh ag shorb`bobe, gj aejag gstes sej mhvhaes oej hnuh tbibh phrh abskbjubrmgs mes jbvgmgs ag gstrâs. Gstè tethmkgjtg precbibae hzerhr h mes hjbkhmgs kgabhjtg ocequgs gmâotrboes e ouhmqubgr etre tbpe ag hturabkbgjte, yh qug gm eilgtbve ag mh scglbtè gs qug gm hjbkhm sg gjougjtrg me kès trhjqubme pesbimg phrh qug su preogse ag agshjnrg sgh kès g`gotbve. Gm rhibje Rgruschmkb87? h`brkh qug phrh hnbmbzhr mh kevbmbaha ag mhs rgogs, sg uiboh h mh rgs mëagr phrh qug gjtrg prbkgre gj mh cbmgrh y hsë mhs agkès hoogagrèj kès `èobmkgjtg. Vestgrberkgjtg, sg phsh uje per uje h ohah hjbkhm chsth qug mmgnhj h ujh pgqugøh rhkph ag ouhrgjth y objoe nrhaes ag bjombjhobÿj. Gm hjbkhm sg agsmbzh trhjqubmhkgjtg trhjqubmhkgj tg per mh rhkph y ohg hoesthae. Yèpbahkgjtg gjtrg 0 epgrhrbes preogagj h hkhrrhrmg mhs phths y me sulgthj `brkgkgjtg ieoh hrrbih, gstbrèjaemg oekpmgthkgjtg gm oenetg e phphah. _gnüj gstg 871, mes epgrhrbes agigj sulgthr kuy ibgj hm hjbkhm, yh qug sb âstg sg kugvg hm kekgjte agm oertg, gm shorb`bobe pugag bjvhmbahrsg. Bjkgabhthkgjtg agspuâs, gm scelgt sg hogroh y g`gotüh vgmezkgjtg gm shorb`bobe, oertèjaemg gm ougmme hm hjbkhm. Hagkès sb mh rgs sg kevbÿ kuy irusohkgjtg hm oekbgjze e h mh kbtha agm oertg, gm hjbkhm sg terjh gj trg`è. t rg`è.

878 879 Oekujbohobÿj

@girgre 9667.  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 8> 1 agagKhrze ag ag 9667.  Biëa. 871  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 1 ag Khrze ag 9667. 87?

 

09

 

”Gstg kâteae ag agnýgmme rbtuhm gstè oejogibae ag thm khjgrh qug ohusg gm kgjer aemer pesbimg hm hjbkhm y h mh vgz chog shmbr ag âm mh khyer ohjtbaha ag shjnrg. Oejsbstg gj uj oertg T(pre`ujae-kgabe)[ ahae ag bah y vugmth cgoce gj mh nhrnhjth gj `erkh rèpbah, per kgabe ag uj ouocbmme pgr`gothkgjtg h`bmhae T(sgnüj Rgruschmkb, agig sgr ag hogre bjexbahimg y sÿme sg `hirbohj gj _ubzh g Bsrhgm)[ qug agig tgjgr ujh mejnbtua hagouhah, Ty agig gsthr[ mbirg ag mh kès këjbkh kgmmhaurh e agsbnuhmaha T(sbj abgjtgs)[. Gm kevbkbgjte vgmez agm ouocbmme agig tekhr semhkgjtg ujh `rhoobÿj ag sgnujae y sgoobejhr rèpbahkgjtg mh trèqugh, gm gsÿ`hne, mes aes jgrvbes vhnes, oeke thkibâj hkihs hrtgrbhs ohrÿtbahs y vgjhs yunumhrgs…trhs uj oertg hsë sg pbgrag ohsb bjkgabhthkgjtg mh oejobgjobh…gm oertg gj së gs bjaemere (ag mh kbskh khjgrh qug ouhjae ujh pgrsejh sg oerth oej ujh celh ag h`gbthr h`bmhah je sbgjtg jbjnüj aemer hm prbkgr kekgjte y sg ah ougjth ag gmme kès thrag…)‛877. ”T…gm kâteae luaëe[ hsgnurh uj agrrhkg rèpbae y tethm ag mh shjnrg agm hjbkhm, gj vgz ag pgrkbtbr qug mh shjnrg sg oehnumg gj gm bjtgrber ag âstg, gjtrg mh ohrjg, me qug oejtrbiuyg h rgspgthr gm khjahkbgjte seirg mh precbibobÿj ag mh bjngstbÿj ag shjnrg agm hjbkhm. Gm kèxbke agrrhkg ag shjnrg pesgg hagkès hagkès jukgreshs 870 vgjthlhs cbnbâjbohs‛ .

_gnüj Igchr (8238), gstg sbstgkh ag shorb`bobe rbtuhm sg agsprgjag ag mh Qerè gj gm mbire ag Agutgrejekbe, gj aejag Ab-s h`brkh< ”Vugags agnemmhr ag mh khjgrh qug tg gjoekgjaâ, nhjhae nhjhae khyer y kgjer, y mhs oekgrès gj tus obuahags sgnüj tg pmhog‛87>. _gnüj gm rhibje Rgruschmkb, teaes mes agthmmgs ag mh scglbtè `ugrej trhjskbtbaes per mh Qerè erhm ag ngjgrhobÿj gj ngjgrhobÿj, khjtgjbgjae sbgkprg mhs mgygs y gxbngjobhs abvbjhs. Mugne ag qug gm scelgt ch g`gotuhae gm shorb`bobe, gm hjbkhm gs gmgvhae (bzhae) ag mh phth trhsgrh kgabhjtg ujh pemgh cbarèumboh, y sg aglh hmmë phrh qug oukpmh oej gm agshjnrhae.. Hsë sg chog oej ohah hjbkhm, chsth qug qugahj teaes gj cbmgrh `erkhjae agshjnrhae ujh mëjgh. Oeke phrh mes luaëes gstè tethmkgjtg precbibae utbmbzhr mh shjnrg agm hjbkhm e aèrsgmh h hmnubgj phrh qug shqug prevgoce ag gmmh, gsth sg agrrhkh gj gm sugme y sg argjh gj mhs tuigrëhs agm `rbnerë`boe. Gm rhibje Rgruschmkb 873, oej`brkh qug gsh shjnrg gs ohpthah y `muyg h ujh pmhjth gj aejag gs `bmtrhah kgabhjtg preogses ag purb`bohobÿj.  H su vgz h`brkh qug ouhjae mh shjnrg shjnrg `ug purb`bohah vhrbhs vhrbhs vgogs, gm mëqubae rgsbauhm yh gs këjbke y `bjhmkgjtg vh h phrhr hm rëe tujlugmbte. Ag hougrae oej gm rhibje, gj mes preogses ag shorb`bobe oejvgjobejhm mh shjnrg agm hjbkhm gs rgoenbah gj ujhs iemshs, phrh mugne sgr vgjabah h gkprgshs qug mh utbmbzhj oeke khtgrbh prbkh gj mh

877

 CHMGPR AEJBJ, Yhiib Chybk. Gm _gr Luaëe. Kharba< gabterbhm Hurerh, 8231. pp.887

870

87> Biëa.

 IGCHY, Jbsbk. Mh Kgsh Luaëh< Gm Dhscrut oej prugihs obgjtë`bohs. Bsrhgm< gabterbhm Er Chochbk, 8238. pp. ?8, pèrr.8 873  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 1 ag Khrze ag 9667

 

0?

 

gmhierhobÿj ag obgrtes preauotes oeke pmhskh, oejogjtrhaes ag hjbkhmgs e gj oumtbves. Agspuâs, bjkgabhthkgjtg qug gm hjbkhm ch agrrhkhae mh khyer ohjtbaha ag shjnrg gj gm pbse, sbnug gj mh mëjgh sestgjbae per mh pemgh y sg preogag h qubthrmg mh ohigzh, aejag h su vgz872 sg mg gxtrhg mh mgjnuh. Hoè sg vgrb`boh mh gaha agm hjbkhm, mh ouhm sgnüj Yetcstgbj agpgjag agm jükgre ag abgjtgs qug tgjnh (phrh mes ievbjes, ohah aes abgjtgs gs uj høe). Hm bjsthjtg sg mhvh gm ougrpe ag hrrbih chobh hihle, oej uj petgjtg ocerre ag hnuh `rëh. _gnubahkgjtg, sg oerth mh phrtg ag mhs reabmmhs chobh hihle gj mhs ouhtre phths y thkibâj sg mg gxtrhg teah mh pbgm. Chsth gstg kekgjte gm hjbkhm ch sbae shorb`bohae ag mh khjgrh gxbnbah per mh mgy luaëh y ch oukpmbae oej teaes mes rgqugrbkbgjtes ag orbhjzh y mgvhjtg. Vgre hüj `hmth uj preogabkbgjte `ujahkgjthm qug sg oejstbtuyg gj mh phrtg ogjtrhm ag teah mh scglbtè, y qug `bjhmkgjtg agtgrkbjh mh hptbtua agm hjbkhm. Gstg sg prgsgjth h oejtbjuhobÿj.

1.9.? Mh rgvbsbÿj pumkejhr y vbsogrhm< glg ag teae gm preogse ag shorb`bobe

Mugne ag qug mh pbgm ch sbae tethmkgjtg gxtrhëah, sg chog ujh bjobsbÿj ag hprexbkhahkgjtg ujes 17 ogjtëkgtres gj mh phrtg ogjtrhm ag mh ohjhm (hjbkhm shorb`bohae). Qhkibâj sg chogj aes bjobsbejgs kès h mhae y mhae gj mh phrtg agm pgoce. _gnüj Kescâ Rgruschmkb806, gm eilgtbve ag gsths bjobsbejgs gs peagr eisgrvhr agtgjbahkgjtg mh shmua vbsogrhm agm hjbkhm, qug sgnüj mh Qerè y gm Qhmkua, agig gsthr gj pgr`goths oejabobejgs.  H oejtbjuhobÿj gm rhibje preogag h bjtreauobr mhs aes khjes y rgvbsh agtgjbahkgjtg sus pumkejgs (gj cgirge gstg preogse sg oejeog oeke ”igabdh‛). Oeke pmhjtgh Kbochgm Yetcstgbj808, mes pumkejgs sej uj ÿrnhje omhvg phrh agtgrkbjhr sb âstg sg gjoejtrhih gj`grke e shje, yh qug ouhmqubgr tbpe ag gj`grkgaha (vbrhm e ihotgrbhjh) qug chyh h`gothae sgrbhkgjtg mh shmua agm hjbkhm, chirè aglhae su rhstre gj mes pumkejgs. Rgruschmkb809  h`brkh qug gj prbkgr munhr phrh qug gm hjbkhm sgh oejsbagrhae ”hpte‛ e descgr, sus pumkejgs agigj sgr tethmkgjtg mbses (sbj `biresbs e rhkb`bohobejgs), mbirgs ag mhrvhs e qubstgs. Gj ohse ag qug gm pumkÿj tgjnh uj këjbke ag`gote hm thote agm scelgt, âstg sgrè oejsbagrhae Qrg`è. Gj sgnujae munhr h`brkh qug sg agigj tgjgr gj ougjth mes agkès ÿrnhjes bkperthjtgs oeke mes bjtgstbjes y gm

872 806 Oekujbohobÿj

@girgre 9667.  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 18>agagKhrze ag ag 9667.  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 91 ag @girgre ag 9667. 809  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 1 ag Khrze ag 9667. 808

 

01

 

cënhae. Vgre ag teahs `erkhs, mes ÿrnhjes omhvg phrh agtgrkbjhr mh shmua bjtgrjh agm hjbkhm sej mes pumkejgs, sgnüj mh mgy luaëh e chmhlè (hsgvgrh Rgruschmkb) Rgruschmkb)..  Hcerh ibgj, oeke Yetcstgbj pmhjtgh80?, sb aurhjtg mh prbkgrh rgvbsbÿj khjuhm mes pumkejgs rgsumthrej hptes, sg preogag h gxtrhgrmes agm ougrpe agm hjbkhm phrh ujh sgnujah rgvbsbÿj, gj aejag gm scelgt preogag h eisgrvhrmes y teohrmes abrgothkgjtg phrh oej`brkhr oej`brkhr gm gm prbkgr abhnjÿstboe. H su vgz sestbgjg qug qug gj hmnujhs hmnujhs eohsbejg eohsbejgss auaeshs gm rhibje epth per bj`mhr gm pumkÿj y mugne sukgrnbrme gj hnuh phrh agtgrkbjhr mh prgsgjobh ag erb`bobes. _b sg eisgrvh uj iuriulge, bkpmboh qug gm pumkÿj gsthih pgr`erhae y gm hjbkhm je gs descgr. Ver gstg ketbve, gm sgmme qug tbgjg mh ohrjg gj Ohrummh abog ”Ohscgr-Chmhd‛, qug bkpmboh qug mh ohrjg ch sbae preogshah ihle mhs gstrboths jerkhs agm dhscrut y hagkès qug mes pumkejgs agm hjbkhm grhj tethmkgjtg mbses (yh qug ”Chmhd‛ gj cgirge sbnjb`boh mbse). Gs kgjgstgr rgshmthr qug gstg gs uj preogse gstèjahr qug agigj sgnubr teaes mes rbtuhmgs ag shorb`bobe Descgr, yh qug chog phrtg ag mh mgy thmküaboh luaëh. Hagkès, nhrhjtbzh ujh suprgkh ohmbaha g cbnbgjg gj gm preauote `bjhm, yh qug hphrtg ag htgstbnuhr mh shmua gxtgrjh agm hjbkhm, sg oekprugih h `ejae qug bjtgrjhkgjtg teaes mes ÿrnhjes gsthihj gj pgr`goths oejabobejgs. Gj uj shorb`bobe oejvgjobejhm je sg tbgjgj gj ougjth jbjnujh ag gsths gspgob`bohobejgs, yh qug je gxbstgj prgogptes rgmbnbeses

qug

mes

eimbnugj

h

gmme.

Oejlujthkgjtg,

âstes

hukgjthrëhj

sbnjb`bohtbvhkgjtg gm prgobe agm preauote `bjhm, oesh qug je teaes mes oejsukbaergs gstèj abspugstes h hsukbr. Agspuâs ag rghmbzhr mh supgrvbsbÿj vbsogrhm, sg oemeohj aes sgmmes h ihsg ag tbjth gj ohah oesthae agmhjtgre ag mh ohjhm. Gstg sgmme bjaboh qug gm hjbkhm `ug rgvbshae per gm scelgt y qug oukpmg oej mes rgqubsbtes jgogshrbes per gm dhscrut. Gm sgmme abog ”descgr‛ gj cgirge, phrh gvbthr `hmsb`bohobejgs. H su vgz, mes supgrvbsergs e khscnbhlbk mmgvhj ujh pmhjbmmh gj aejag sg tbgjg rgnbstrhae gm jükgre ag mh rgs, mh gaha qug tgjëh hm kekgjte ag shorb`bobe (sgnüj mes abgjtgs) y mh ohmb`bohobÿj qug eituve. _b gm hjbkhm `ug ogrtb`bohae descgr, teaes mes ÿrnhjes qug sg gxtrhlgrej agm kbske (oeke mh mgjnuh, gm cënhae, mes pumkejgs, mh phlhrbmmh, gto.), thkibâj sej descgr. Ver gsth rhzÿj, sg agigj jukgrhr ag hougrae hm hjbkhm hm qug pgrtgjgoëhj y mugne sg gkphohj gj iemshs oej sgmmes descgr.

80?

 Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 91 ag @girgre ag 9667.

 

07

 

Ag bnuhm `erkh, mes vhses vhses shjnuëjges vbsbimgs y ohrtëmh ohrtëmhnes nes sej gxtbrphaes aurhjtg aurhjtg gstg preogse, phrh gvbthr mh prgsgjobh ag shjnrg gj mh ohrjg. Ag hougrae h mh mgy thmküaboh, semhkgjtg sg pugag oejsukbr gm ouhrte agmhjtgre ag mes ohjhmgs ogrtb`bohaes descgr, per me qug sg abvbag oej ujh sbgrrh mh phrtg agmhjtgrh ag mh phrtg trhsgrh (trhabobejhmkgjtg gm oertg sg chog per mh aeoghvh oestbmmh, h`brkh Yetcstgbj). Gsth ümtbkh sg agstbjh hm kgrohae oejvgjobejhm, kbgjtrhs qug mh etrh oejtbjüh hm aëh sbnubgjtg oej gm preogse ag dhscgrbzhobÿj, qug sg mmgvh h ohie gj mh ogjtrhm ag ohrjgs ag Ohrummh. Hjtgs ag sekgtgrmh h ohagjh ag `rëe aurhjtg 89 cerhs, sg sekgtg h mhvhae y h gmgotre ocequgs phrh gmbkbjhr ohrnh ihotgrbhjh. (Qeae gm preogse oekpmgte ag shorb`bobe y rgvbsbÿj pumkejhr rhiëjboh, sg pugag eisgrvhr abrgothkgjtg gj gm vbage hjgxe h gstg aeoukgjte). 1.? Vr eogse eogs e ag dhs dhs cgrbzhobÿj ag mh mh ohrjg ohrjg

Jerkhmkgjtg mh ohrjg gj ohjhm mmgnh h mh ogjtrhm ag Ohrummh gm kbske aëh agm shorb`bobe gj cerhs ag mh thrag, e kèxbke hm aëh sbnubgjtg h mhs sgbs ag mh khøhjh, phrh bjbobhr mh 801

hotbvbaha ag mh pmhjth. Ag hougrae oej Kbochgm Yetcstgbj , aurhjtg teae gm trhthkbgjte gs `ujahkgjthm khjtgjgr mh ohagjh ag `rëe phrh gvbthr uj hukgjte gj mh ohrnh ihotgrbhjh (pujtes orëtboes ag CHOOV). Hm bnuhm qug gj gm `rbnerë`boe, h me mhrne ag teae gstg pujte agig chigr supgrvbsbÿj abrgoth agm rhibje y su gqubpe ag khscnbhlbk. Je sg agig pgragr oejthote vbsuhm oej mh ohrjg chsth qug chyh sbae gkphohah y sgmmhah oej gm sëkieme descgr. _gnüj gstg umtbke (supgrvbser rgmbnbese ag Ohrummh)807, gm trhjspertg ag mes ohjhmgs chobh mh ogjtrhm agig sgr gj uj tgrke dbjn rg`rbngrhae, oej kèxbke ouhtre nrhaes ogjtënrhaes ag tgkpgrhturh. Gm ohkbÿj agig chigr sbae prgvbhkgjtg dhscgrbzhae, qug bkpmboh ujh agsbj`goobÿj kbjuobesh oej preauotes ogrtb`bohaes descgr, y uj ocequg târkboe (chnhmè) qug nhrhjtbog mh gmbkbjhobÿj ag mh ohrnh ihotgrbhjh. Hmmë üjbohkgjtg pugag sgr trhjsperthah mh ohrjg ogrtb`bohah descgr, h`brkh Yetcstgbj4 je sg pugag kgzomhr oej ohrjg shorb`bohah oejvgjobejhmkgjtg. _g agig gvbthr h teah oesth mh oejthkbjhobÿj oruzhah.  Hjtgs ag oekgjzhr, mh ogjtrhm agig sgnubr gm kbske preogabkbgjte preogabkbgjte ag dhscgrbzhobÿj qug sg g`gotuÿ gj gm `rbnerë`boe (agsbj`goobÿj y ocequg târkboe ag mhs bjsthmhobejgs). Ag hougrae oej gm rhibje Rgruschmkb800, mh agsbj`goobÿj ag teah mh khqubjhrbh sbgkprg sg 801

 Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, > ag Khrze ag 9667.  Biëa. 800  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 1 ag Khrze ag 9667. 807

 

00

 

agig chogr oej lhiejgs ogrtb`bohaes descgr, agibae h qug hmnujes je descgr oejtbgjgj keje gstgrhte ag nmbogrem e nmbogrbjh, qug gj kuoces ohses oejtbgjg nrhshs gxtrhëahs ag hjbkhmgs je descgr. 1.?.8 Vreogse ag agsgkihrqug ag mes ohjhmgs 80>

Gs kgjgstgr chogr âj`hsbs gj me pmhjtghae per ^bmsej Igogrrh , qubgj h`brkh qug qug mh ogjtrhm ag Ohrummh gstè ogrtb`bohah CHOOV y IVK. Ver gstg ketbve, ougjthj oej mhs jerkhs shjbthrbhs ÿptbkhs phrh preperobejhrmg preperobejhrmg mh kgler ohmbaha h mes preauotes qug hmmë sg preogshj. Qhkibâj sg tbgjgj ibgj bagjtb`bohaes mes pujtes orëtboes ag oejtrem kès bkperthjtgs, gj aejag sg agig tgjgr kès prgohuobÿj hm kekgjte ag khjbpumhr mes preauotes. Gm pujte orëtboe kès bkperthjtg phrh gm preogse descgr gs mh ohagjh ag `rëe, phrh gvbthr hukgjtes gj ohrnh ihotgrbhjh (h`brkh gm supgrvbser).  H su vgz, Igogrrh803  hsgvgrh qug aurhjtg mh jeocg hjtgrber (aurhjtg 89 cerhs) mes ohjhmgs (mes ouhrtes agmhjtgres) agibgrej sekgtgrsg h erge, gj aejag sg nhrhjtbzh mh khaurhobÿj ag mh ohrjg. Gm ouhrte ag erge agig khjtgjgrsg gjtrg ogre y kgjes aes nrhaes ogjtënrhaes, phrh nhrhjtbzhr qug mh ohrjg gsourrh y ngjgrg ujh kgrkh ag 8.7% h 9% gj ohah ohjhm. Gm erge (sestbgjg igogrrh) nhrhjtbzh mh khaurhobÿj jgogshrbh ag mh ohrjg, terjèjaemh tbgrjh y lunesh (gm erge sg chog phrh teahs mhs ohrjgs per bnuhm, pgre gm ag mh ohrjg descgr agig chogrsg hphrtg agm rgste). Kgabhjtg mh kgrkh, mes peres sg obgrrhj y mh tgxturh ag mh ohjhm ohkibh4 gs agobr qug hm `bjhm yh sg chimh ag ohrjg y je ag küsoume. ”Gstg preogse rgvbstg gspgobhm bkperthjobh pugs gs h trhvâs ag âm, aejag mh ohrjg haqubgrg khyer tgrjgzh, phmhtbvbaha y gxogmgjtg oemer‛802.  Hoerag oej gm supgrvbser gjohrnhae gj mh ogjtrhm ag ohrjgs 8>6, mh pmhjth ag Ohrummh sg khjtbgjg sbgkprg gj sbgtg nrhaes ogjtënrhaes gj mh zejh ag rgobie, gj mes oerrgaergs, zejh ag agspestg, ag gkphqug y ag agsphoce. Gstg supgrkgrohae bjvbrtbÿ ogroh ag obgjte objougjth kbmmejgs ag pgses gj `rëe phrh mh pmhjth, h`brkh gm supgrvbser. Gsth tgkpgrhturh sg khjtbgjg kgabhjtg hkejbhoe. Mes ouhrtes ag rg`rbngrhobÿj y khaurhobÿj esobmhj gjtrg mes ogre y kgjes aes nrhaes ogjtënrhaes, phrh gvbthr mh prephnhobÿj ag ihotgrbhs. _b mes ohjhmgs mmgnhrej gm kbske aëh agm shorb`bobe, gm erge sg

80>

 Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 99 ag @girgre ag 9667.

803

802 Oekujbohobÿj

pgrsejhm, 99 agYgoupgrhae @girgre ag gm 9667.  Qekhae ag Hnrepgo.oek.oe. 81 ag Hirbm ag 9667 gj cttp

 

mmgvh h ohie gj mh ogjtrhm ag Ohrummh4 pgre sb mmgnhrej gm khrtgs h mhs sgbs ag mh khøhjh, âstg sg g`gotüh gj gm `rbnerë`boe. _gnüj Kbochgm Yetcstgbj (khscnbhl gjohrnhae ag mh supgrvbsbÿj)8>8, hm kekgjte ag agsohrnug sg vgrb`boh qug chyhj mmgnhae gm kbske jükgre ag ohjhmgs qug shmbgrej agm `rbnerë`boe, y qug ohah uje tgjnh gm sgmme descgr. Qhkibâj sg vgrb`boh qug gm jükgre ag mhs mgjnuhs y vësogrhs oerrgspejah hm ag ohah ohjhm, y qug teahs gsths thkibâj gstâj sgmmhahs. H su vgz abog qug sg agig rgvbshr ohjhm per ohjhm kbjuobeshkgjtg, oekphrhjae gm jükgre ag mh rgs oej gm ag mes sgmmes. Agspuâs, sg pgshj mes ohjhmgs phrh oejsththr qug gm pgse gs gm kbske qug tgjëhj gj gm `rbnerë`boe. _b mes ohjhmgs mmgnhrej h mh ogjtrhm gm kbske aëh agm shorb`bobe, teae gstg preogse sg g`gotüh hjtgs ag sekgtgr mes ohjhmgs h erge. _b mmgnhj gm aëh agspuâs, mes ohjhmgs yh chj rgobibae 89 cerhs ag erge, per me qug sg ocgqughj y phshj bjkgabhthkgjtg h uj ouhrte `rëe phrh oejtbjuhr oej mhs gthphs sbnubgjtgs. Qhjte gm erge oeke mh rg`rbngrhobÿj agigj chogrsg tethmkgjtg hphrtg ag mh ohrjg je descgr. 1.?.9 Agspestg, shmhae y mhvhae ag mh ohrjg

Bjkgabhthkgjtg agspuâs agspuâs agm erge sg preogag h agspesthr mes ohjhmgs. ”Gm agspestg ag ohrjg ag rgs gs gm preogse qug sg mg prhotboh h ujh ohjhm agspuâs ag chigr oekpmgthae su rgqugrbkbgjte ag erge y gj`rbhkbgjte4 oejsbstg gj mh sgphrhobÿj ag sus trgs oekpejgjtgs prbjobphmgs< kusoumhr, ÿsge y habpese‛ 8>9. Kbochgm Yetcstgbj8>?, hrnukgjth qug mhs sbgrrhs utbmbzhahs aurhjtg gm agspestg ag mh ohrjg descgr agigj sgr abstbjths h mhs ag mh ohrjg je descgr (hagkès ag chigr sbae dhscgrbzhahs prgvbhkgjtg kgabhjtg ocequg târkboe). Aurhjtg gstg pujte sg gxtrhg mh khyer ohjtbaha ag nrhsh pesbimg, phrh oukpmbr oej gm khjahkbgjte rgmbnbese ag je oekgr gm sgie ag mes hjbkhmgs. Qhkibâj sg gxtrhgj obgrtes jgrvbes y ohrtëmhnes precbibaes per mh Qerè. Wjh vgz mh ohrjg `ug agspesthah, sg trhjsperth h uj ouhrte gspgobhm hbsmhae ag mh ogjtrhm ag ohrjgs, rgsgrvhae üjbohkgjtg phrh gm preogse descgr. Hmmë sg mmgvhj h ohie ouhtre preogabkbgjtes< bjkgrsbÿj bjbobhm gj hnuh, shmhae (gj cgirge kgmblè), rgkeobÿj ag shm g bjkgrsbÿj `bjhm gj hnuh. Gstes tbgjgj oeke eilgtbve gmbkbjhr hm kèxbke ouhmqubgr rhstre ag shjnrg.

8>8 8>9 Oekujbohobÿj

pgrsejhm, > ag Ygoupgrhae Khrze ag 9667.  Qekhae ag Hnrepgo.oek.oe. gm 81 ag Hirbm ag 9667 gj cttp ag Khrze ag 9667.

 

03

 

”Gj prbkgr munhr, mh ohrjg agig sgr ibgj mhvhah ihle hnuh `rëh oerrbgjtg, y oemeohah agspuâs gj uj rgobpbgjtg mmgje ag hnuh aejag agig rgkelhrsg per kgabh cerh. Mh ohrjg agig gsthr oekpmgthkgjtg sukgrnbah gj gm hnuh. Gste sbrvg phrh himhjahrmh. Agspuâs agm pgrbeae ag kgabh cerh gj rgkele, mh ohrjg agig sgr ouibgrth tethmkgjtg per teaes sus oesthaes oej ujh kgabhjh ohph ag shm nrugsh T(khrbjh)[…Mh ohrjg qug ch sbae oejngmhah… je agig sgr shmhah chsth qug sg agsoejngmg y hmohjog tgkpgrhturh hkibgjtg…Mh ohrjg shmhah sg oemeoh mugne seirg ujh supgr`bobg pmhjh qug sg khjtbgjg bjombjhah gj uj èjnume thm qug pgrkbth qug mh shjnrg gsourrh. _b sg utbmbzh uj gsourrbaer pgr`erhaeage uj bjstrukgjte higrturhs oeke ujh phrrbmmh phrh pgrkbtbr mh gmbkbjhobÿj mh shjnrg, âstgoej je jgogsbth gsthr bjombjhae. Mh ohrjg…agig khjtgjgr mh ohph ag shm per gm pgrëeae ag ujh cerh. Agspuâs ag gsg tbgkpe Tsg gxtrhg mh shm kgabhjtg ocerres ag hnuh `rëh h prgsbÿj[‛8>1.

Me hjtgrber sgnüj Kbochgm Yetcstgbj8>7, agspuâs ag gste sg sukgrng ? vgogs mh ohrjg gj hnuh `rëh phrh gmbkbjhr mes rgstes ag shm. Ag hougrae oej Yhiib Chybk (8231), gm rgkele y shmhae agig chogrsg agjtre ag mhs >9 cerhs agspuâs ag g`gotuhae gm shorb`bobe agm hjbkhm. ”Gste gs phrh gvbthr qug mh shjnrg sg sgqug e sg oehnumg gj gm bjtgrber ag mh ohrjg, me qug oejvgrtbrëh gj bjg`gotbve gm rgkele y gm shmhae suisbnubgjtgs‛8>0. Yetcstgbj h`brkh8>> qug sg agig gvbthr h teah oesth mh oejthkbjhobÿj oruzhah. Gste bkpmboh qug je sg pugag lujthr mh ohrjg yh shmhah y mhvhah oej mh qug je me ch sbae4 e lujthr ohrjg descgr oej je descgr, yh qug sg ahøhrëh teae gm eilgtbve agm rbtuhm. 1.?.? Gkphqug y sgmmhae `bjhm agm preauote

Ag hougrae oej Kbochgm Yetcstgbj 8>3, bjkgabhthkgjtg agspuâs ag mh kgmblè (gj cgirge shmhae) sg g`gotühj mes oertgs gj mes qug vh h sgr gkphohah mh ohrjg. Gstes oertgs vhrëhj sgnüj mes pgabaes qug sg chnhj, pgre mes kès oekujgs sej< pgoce, kbmhjgsh, ochths, igg` stghd, oestbmmhs, gto. _gnubahkgjtg _gnubahkgjtg sg oemeohj mes oertgs seirg boeper boeper y sg gjvugmvgj gj ujh prbkgrh ohph ag VPO4 gj gstg kekgjte sg mgs pejg gm prbkgr sgmme qug mh ogrtb`boh oeke ”ohrjg descgr‛. Gstg sgmme gs ag oemer rele y nhrhjtbzh qug mh ohrjg `ug shmhah y gstè mbsth phrh oejsukbr. Bjkgabhthkgjtg agspuâs, sg oemeoh ujh sgnujah ohph ag VPO y sg hnrgnh uj sgnujae sgmme (ag oemer vgrag), qug nhrhjtbzh qug mh ohrjg `ug 866% dhscgrbzhah y qug gs ag mh kgler ohmbaha (chmhd Bsrhgm). Gj gstg ümtbke sgmme, sg gspgob`boh qug gm ogrtb`bohae descgr sÿme gs vèmbae sb gm phqugtg gstè cgrkâtbohkgjtg ogrrhae y qug agig oejtgjgr uj sgmme rele agjtre agm kbske (gj gm hjgxe 1 sg kugstrhj mes aes sgmmes). Gm sgmmhae ag mh ohrjg pugag sgr g`gotuhae

8>1

 CHMGPR AEJBJ, Yhiib Chybk. Gm _gr Luaëe. Kharba< gabterbhm Hurerh, 8231. pp.88>-883.

8>7

8>0 Oekujbohobÿj

pgrsejhm, Khrze  CHMGPR AEJBJ, Yhiib> ag Chybk. Gmag _gr9667. Luaëe. Kharba< gabterbhm Hurerh, 8231. pp.883  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, > ag Khrze ag 9667. 8>3  Biëa. 8>>

 

02

 

üjbohkgjtg per uj khscnbhl e supgrvbser luaëe. Chsth qug sg oemequgj mes aes sgmmes, sg agig khjtgjgr gm oejthote vbsuhm abrgote oej mes preauotes. Gs `ujahkgjthm tgjgr oejeobkbgjte ag gste, agibae h qug gm sgmme gs ag vbthm bkperthjobh phrh qug gm preauote sgh rgoejeobae gj gm kgrohae jhobejhm g bjtgrjhobejhm oeke ”descgr‛. _gnüj Yeaem`e Ygboc (9661), ”uj8>2preauote descgr agig mmgvhr gm sgmme qug me horgabth. _bj sgmme, je chy descgr‛ . Oeke abog Kescâ Rgruschmkb836, gm sgmme qug sg mg oemeoh h mes preauotes oèrjboes gs gmhierhae gj Oemekibh, hpreihae y vgrb`bohae per ujh lujth rhiëjboh (mmhkhah Phha Chdhscrut ag Ienetè) oej`erkhah per mes rhibjes kès seirgshmbgjtgs.  Hcerh ibgj, mes rhibjes qug oej`erkhj mh lujth ogrtb`bohaerh sej< Gm nrhj rhibje ag mh oekujbaha hsqugjhzë, _r. Hm`rgae Nemaskbtc4 gm scelgt gjohrnhae ag mh scglbtè, _r. Kescâ Rgruschmkb4 gm _r. Yhibje Gmchrhr ag mh oekujbaha _g`hraë y `bjhmkgjtg gm _r. Yhibje Lescuh Yesgj`gma. Ag hougrae oej gm rhibje Rgruschmkb838, gm sgmme gstè gsorbte gj cgirge y gj gsphøem, phrh gvbthr hsë `hmsb`bohobejgs. _g nhrhjtbzh thkibâj qug mh ohmbaha ag mh ohrjg gmhierhah gs ”kgcharbk‛, qug bkpmboh qug gs hpth bjomuse phrh mes oejsukbaergs erteaexes kès gxbngjtgs, ahahs mhs oejabobejgs ag su preauoobÿj. Hm bnuhm qug gxbstg uj sgmme phrh mes oèrjboes, thkibâj mes chy phrh preauotes mèotges y Vhrvg (h`brkh gm rhibje). Ohah sgmme ohkibh y oejtbgjg gspgob`bohobejgs ab`grgjtgs, sgnüj gm preauote y mhs gxbngjobhs rgmbnbeshs qug sg rgqubgrhj. _ukèjaesg h me hjtgrber, ^bmsej Igogrrh (supgrvbser gj mh ogjtrhm ag ohrjgs) 839, Ohrummh ougjth oej mh ümtbkh tgojemenëh gj gkphqugs phrh ohrjg, mes ouhmgs sej baghmgs, pugs hyuahj h khjtgjgr su shier, oemer, hrekh y oejtgxturh. Gm preogse kès seirgshmbgjtg gs gm ag ”htkÿs`grh keab`bohah‛, gxpmboh gm supgrvbser, gj aejag sg mg bjygoth exëngje pure h mh ohrjg4 gstg preogabkbgjte hyuah h bjorgkgjthr mh ohmbaha y oejsgrvhobÿj agm preauote, yh qug gvbth qug sg agtgrberg y sg oejngmg. Gstg tbpe ag gkphqug gs gxomusbve phrh mh ohrjg ohrjg descgr. H su vgz, gm rhibje Rgruschmkb83?, pmhjtgh qug h mh ohrjg descgr je sg mg hnrgnh jbjnüj tbpe ag habtbves. Hagkès, sg nhrhjtbzh qug mes pmèstboes gj aejag sg gjvugmvg mh ohrjg sej phrvg4 gs agobr qug je oejtbgjgj agrbvhaes hjbkhmgs ag jbjnüj tbpe (h`brkh gm rhibje). 8>2

 YGBOC, Yeaem`e. Gm G m Ieek Descgr< uj Kgrohae gj pmgjh gxphjsbÿj, Ygvbsth LER ?>< Qgjagjobhs. Qekhae ag teaedescgr.oek Ygoupgrhae gm 81 ag Hirbm ag 9667 gj cttp sg prgsgjth uj abhnrhkh ag `mule oej mes pujtes kès bkperthjtgs ag mh preauoobÿj ag mh ohrjg descgr) 1.1 Abstrbiuobÿj `bjhm agm preauote ogrtb`bohae  Hcerh ibgj, sgnüj Kbochgm Yetcstgbj831, hm aëh sbnubgjtg gm preauote `bjhm mmgnh hm üjboe pujte ag abstrbiuobÿj gj Ienetè (Ohrummh Oeujtry), gj aejag mes supgrvbsergs luaëes rgvbshj qug ohah uje ag âstes sg gjougjtrg cgrkâtbohkgjtg ogrrhae y oej mes aes sgmmes pgrtbjgjtgs. Gj gstg pujte ag abstrbiuobÿj, Ohrummh ougjth oej ujh sgoobÿj gspgobhm gj aejag sg gxcbigj üjbohkgjtg preauotes descgr, per me qug je sg pgrkbtg mh gjtrhah ag jbjnüj etre tbpe ag preauotes. Hmmë thkibâj sg hpmbohj gstrbothkgjtg mhs CHOOV y mhs IVKs.  Hm mmgnhr mes preauotes sg vgrb`boh gm pgse ag mes kbskes, phrh rgnbstrhr qug je chyh gxbstbae ujh kgrkh sbnjb`bohtbvh aurhjtg gm trhjspertg (pârabah gj gm perogjthlg ag ohrjg), qug h`gotg gm oejtgjbae `bjhm ag mh ohrjg. H phrtg ag mes sgmmes descgr, mhs ohrjgs yh vbgjgj sgmmhahs agsag mh ogjtrhm oej gm sgmme ag Ohrummh qug nhrhjtbzh mh hpmbohobÿj ag mhs CHOOV y mhs IVKs (gste bkpmboh uj aeimg hsgnurhkbgjte hsgnurhkbgjte ag ohmbaha< gm sgmme descgr y gm sgmme oejvgjobejhm). Qhkibâj vbgjgj oej mhs `gochs rgspgotbvhs ag gxpgabobÿj y vgjobkbgjte. Wjh vgz chj sbae rgobibaes y sg ch oekpreihae qug je gxbstg jbjnüj preimgkh oej gm gkphqug y sgmmhae, sg oemeohj abrgothkgjtg mes preauotes gj gm kestrhaer. _g tbgjg suke oubahae ag je h`gothr mh ohagj ohagjh h ag `rëe. Gj habobÿj h gste y hoerag hoerag hm rhibje Kescâ Rgruschmkb Rgruschmkb837, sg ch oekpreihae qug mh ohrjg descgr (agibae h mh pârabah ag texbjhs aurhjtg agshjnrhae), pugag mmgnhr h aurhr hprexbkhahkgjtg ujes 97 aëhs gj rg`rbngrhobÿj y uj høe gj oejngmhobÿj, kbgjtrhs qug ujh ohrjg je descgr tbgjag h aurhr kgjes tbgkpe. t bgkpe. Gste sg agig thkibâj

831

 Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 91 ag @girgre ag 9667.  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 1 ag Khrze ag 9667.

837

 

>8

 

hm preogse ag shmhae qug sg mg hpmboh h mh ohrjg, ohrjg, qug `bjhmkgjtg gxtrhg ujh khyer ohjtbaha ag shjnrg y nhrhjtbzh ujh khyer oejsgrvhobÿj (hsgvgrh gm rhibje). Ag mh kbskh khjgrh, gm rhibje Rgruschmkb sestbgjg830 qug h me mhrne ag teah mh ohagjh preauotbvh ag mh ohrjg, mhs gjtbahags ag shmua rgspgotbvhs sgmgoobejhj kugstrhs hmghterbhs phrh oejtremhr mh ohrnh ihotgrbhjh y hsë nhrhjtbzhr qug sg gstè g`gotuhjae uj gxogmgjtg khjgle ag mes preauotes. Ag hougrae oej gm rhibje, mes rgsumthaes ag gstes gxèkgjgs sbgkprg chj sbae sukhkgjtg shtbs`hoterbes, agibae h qug gj oekphrhobÿj oej mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm, mh ohrjg descgr ougjth oej kgjergs jbvgmgs ihotgrbhjes y kglergs oejabobejgs `ësbohs y sgjserbhmgs. Phmg mh pgjh homhrhr, qug ahae qug mes rgsumthaes ag gstes gxèkgjgs sej rgsgrvhaes per phrtg ag mhs gjtbahags ag shmua, sg oejtrhtÿ uj gxhkgj ag mhierhterbe bjagpgjabgjtg bjagpgjabgj tg phrh hsë agtgrkbjhr sb gj rghmbaha gxbstgj ab`grgjobhs sbnjb`bohtbvhs gjtrg mh ohrjg descgr y mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm. Vhrh gmme, sg rgourrbÿ hm mhierhterbe ag oejtrem ag ohmbaha ag mh ogjtrhm ag ohrjgs ag Ohrummh. Oej gstg `bj, Khrobh ag mh Vhvh (ihotgrbÿmenh gjohrnhah agm preogse), sunbrbÿ 83>  mh haqubsbobÿj ag aes kugstrhs (ujh descgr y ujh je descgr) agm kbske tbpe ag ohrjg.  Hsë sg pearëhj bagjtb`bohr oej kès prgobsbÿj mhs ab`grgjobhs mbnhahs h mh preauoobÿj ag ohah oertg. _g gsoenbÿ mh ohrjg kembah gspgobhm descgr y mh ohrjg kembah gspgobhm oejvgjobejhm oej CHOOV (hkihs oej mh kbskh `goch ag vgjobkbgjte). Gj gm hjgxe 7 hphrgogj mes rgsumthaes agm gxhkgj. 1.1.8Ygsumthaes agm hjèmbsbs ag mhierhterbe

Gj gm hjèmbsbs kboreibemÿnboe mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm ougjth oej 8866 ujbahags JKV/n (jükgre kès preihimg per nrhke) ag oemb`erkgs tethmgs y 8866 ujbahags JKV/n ag G. oemb. Gj oejtrhstg, mh ohrjg descgr ougjth oej 9? ujbahags JKV/n ag oemb`erkgs tethmgs y 9? ujbahags JKV/n ag G. oemb. _gnüj mh ihotgrbÿmenh agm mhierhterbe gjohrnhah833, mes oemb`erkgs y mes G. oemb sg hjhmbzhj phrh shigr gj qug nrhae sg gjougjtrhj agshrremmhaes, yh qug sej mes qug phrtbobphj gj mh agnrhahobÿj y mh aurhibmbaha ag mh ohrjg. Oeke sg eisgrvh gj mes rgsumthaes, mhs aes kugstrhs sg gjougjtrhj gj mes jbvgmgs hogpthimgs (gjtrg 896JKV/n y 8866 JKV/n, sgnüj mhs rg`grgjobhs agm mhierhterbe), pgre mh ohrjg descgr tbgjg kuocësbkhs kgjes ujbahags 830

 Biëa.  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 8 ag Hirbm ag 9667. 833  Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 89 ag Hirbm ag 9667. 83>

 

>9

 

qug mh oejvgjobejhm. Ver gjag, h`brkh ag mh Vhvh, mh ohrjg descgr aurh kuoce kès qug mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm y vbgjg kuocësbke kgjes oejthkbjhah. Gj gm hjèmbsbs `ësboe-quëkboe sg eisgrvh qug mh ohrjg descgr tbgjg uj perogjthlg ag nrhsh kuoce kgjer qug gm ag mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm, yh qug gm prekgabe ag mh aes kugstrhs descgr `ug ag ?.>?% kbgjtrhs qug gm ag mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm `ug ag 7.99%. _gnüj Khrobh ag mh Vhvh832, gm kgjer perogjthlg ag nrhsh ag mh ohrjg descgr bkpmboh qug mh oejogjtrhobÿj ag pretgëjh oèrjboh (pumph ag ohrjg) gs khyer qug gm ag mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm, yh qug gjtrg kgjes nrhsh tgjnh, khyer sgrè gm nrhae ag oejogjtrhobÿj ag mh pretgëjh. Ag hougrae oej mh ihotgrbÿmenh ag mh Vhvh826, mes jbvgmgs kès hmtes ag ogjbzh (8.18 y 8.86), omerures (8.81 y 6.2) y VC (7.>3 y 7.2) gj mh ohrjg descgr, sg agigj hm preogse ag shmhae per gm qug gs sekgtbah. Mh ihotgrbÿmenh h`brkh qug mh shm khrbjh gjrbqugog mes kbjgrhmgs ag mh ohrjg. Âsth thkibâj hyuah jethimgkgjtg h mh oejsgrvhobÿj ag mh kbskh, me qug gvbth qug sg ihlgj mes oejtgjbaes jutrbobejhmgs y qug sg oejogjtrgj mhs prepbgahags (kbjgrhmgs) hm gxtrhgr mh shjnrg. Gs per gstg ketbve (hsgvgrh ag mh Vhvh), qug mh ohrjg descgr tbgjg kès `ÿs`ere, ohmobe, cbgrre y abvgrses kbjgrhmgs, me ouhm mh chog kuoce kès jutrbtbvh qug mh oejvgjobejhm. Hagkès, su hmte oejtgjbae ag cukgaha nhrhjtbzh ujh ohrjg kès tbgrjh y lunesh. @bjhmkgjtg, gj gm hjèmbsbs sgjserbhm sg eisgrvh qug mh ohrjg descgr tbgjg ujhs oejabobejgs kuy supgrbergs h mhs ag mh ohrjg je descgr, tgjbgjae gj ougjth qug mhs aes tbgjgj mh kbskh `goch ag vgjobkbgjte y qug mes hjèmbsbs `ugrej rghmbzhaes gm kbske aëh. Ver uj mhae sg eisgrvh qug mh ohrjg descgr tbgjg uj oemer rele bjtgjse, kbgjtrhs qug mh jerkhm tgjaëh h uj rele phraghae (oh`â). Hagkès, gm hrekh ag mh descgr grh jerkhm, kbgjtrhs qug gm ag mh oejvgjobejhm grh èobae y gm shier ag mh prbkgrh ohrjg grh grh suhvg y mgvgkgjtg hrekètboe, kbgjtrhs kbgjtrhs qug gm ag mh oejvgjobej oejvgjobejhm hm 828 grh hkhrne y èobae. _gnüj Khrobh ag mh Vhvh , mhs aes ohrjgs gsthihj h pujte ag mmgnhr h su `goch mëkbtg ag vgjobkbgjte, qug grh 2 ag Hirbm ag 9667, pgre hüj hsë mh ohrjg Descgr gsthih gj pgr`goths oejabobejgs, kbgjtrhs qug mh oejvgjobejhm yh je prgsgjthih iugjhs ohrhotgrëstbohs sgjserbhmgs. s gjserbhmgs. Gj ag`bjbtbvh, ag hougrae oej mes rgsumthaes ag mhierhterbe eitgjbaes, sg oejomuyg qug mh ohrjg descgr gs ag kuoch kgler ohmbaha qug mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm.

832

 Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, 89 ag Hirbm ag 9667  Biëa. 828  Biëa. 826

 

>?

 

7. Bjvgstbnhobÿj seirg mh sbtuhobÿj hotuhm agm kgrohae descgr gj Ienetè 7.8 Eilgtbves ag mh bjvgstbnhobÿj

Gm prbjobphm eilgtbve ag gstg gstuabe gs oejeogr gm pgr`bm agm oejsukbaer descgr gj Ienetè. Vhrh menrhr gste, sg iusohrè agtgrkbjhs vhrbes hspgotes oeke mes ketbves per mes ouhmgs sg haqubgrgj gstes preauotes, su `rgougjobh ag oekprh y oejsuke, gm jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh agm agm dhscrut gj mes gjougsthaes, gjougsthaes, mes preauotes kès rgmgvhjtgs ag mh abgth agm oejsukbaer descgr hotuhm, mes preauotes qug je sg oejsbnugj hüj gj gm kgrohae y gm pgr`bm agkenrè`boe agkenrè`boe ag mes oejsukbaer oejsukbaergs. gs. H phrtbr ag mes rgsumthaes eitgjbaes, sg iusoh oejeogr mh sbtuhobÿj hotuhm agm kgrohae ag mes preauotes descgr gj mh ohpbthm y agtgrkbjhr agtgrkbjhr hsë mh abspesbobÿj qug gxbstg chobh gmmes. Qhki Qhkibâj bâj sg iusoh agtgrkbjhr sb gj Oemekibh sg prgsgjth mh tgjagjobh eisgrvhah gj Gureph, Gsthaes Wjbaes, Irhsbm y Hrngjtbjh, qug bjaboh mh gxbstgjobh ag uj oejsbagrhimg jükgre ag oejsukbaergs qug haqubgrgj gstg tbpe ag preauotes per ketbves ab`grgjtgs h mh rgmbnbÿj. Hsë sg hjhmbzhrè mh pesbibmbaha ag jugvhs epertujbahags ag jgneobe phrh gm phës thjte gj gm kgrohae bjtgrje oeke gj gm bjtgrjhobejhm. 7.9 Bjvgstbnhobÿj ouhmbthtbvh.

_g rghmbzhrej ?6 gjtrgvbsths h oejsukbaergs ag hmbkgjtes descgr gj mhs bjsthmhobejgs ag Ohrummh Descgr Oeujtry. @ugrej g`gotuhahs gm aëh kbâroemgs ?6 ag khrze ag 9667, oej gm eilgtbve ag agtgrkbjhr hspgotes gspgoë`boes qug pugahj h`gothr gm oejsuke y preogse ag agobsbÿj gj gsths pgrsejhs. Gjtrg mhs ohrhotgrëstbohs agkenrè`bohs ag mes gjtrgvbsthaes, sg pugag rgshmthr qug tgjëhj ab`grgjtgs eouphobejgs, gjtrg mhs qug seirgshmgj kâaboes, goejekbsths, pembtÿmenes y tâojboes gmâotrboes. Mh khyerëh pre`gshih gm luahëske, sgnubae per ohtÿmboes y kgsbèjboes. Gj gm hjgxe 2 sg pugag gjoejtrhr mh nuëh oekpmgth ag mhs prgnujths g`gotuhahs h mes gjtrgvbsthaes. 7.9.8 Hjèmbsbs ag mhs gjtrgvbsths gj pre`ujabaha  

Mh nrhj khyerëh ag mes gjtrgvbsthaes oejsukbaergs ag preauotes descgr pre`gsh gm  luahëske. _g gjoejtrÿ thkibâj qug ohtÿmboes, Orbstbhjes hmbkgjtes descgr.  

”Vgrtgjgzoe h mh rgmbnbÿj luaëh‛. 

 

”_ey luaëe‛  

y Kgsbèjboes haqubgrg

 

>1

 

 

”_ey ohtÿmboe‛7

 

 

”Je vhmg mh pgjh chimhr agm oeste ouhjae sg gstè chimhjae ag mh shmua ag ujh  pgrsejh. Gstes preauotes preauotes sej iugjes ph phrh rh mh shmua y phrh gm ou ougrpe.‛ grpe.‛

 

”Gj Oemekibh gm prgobe gs gj obgrth `erkh kejepembzhae ahah mh gsohsgz gj mh vhrbgaha ag preauotes‛.

Kuoces luaëes y je luaëes rgoekgjahrëhj gstes hmbkgjtes h teahs mhs pgrsejhs gj ngjgrhm, agibae h qug pgrobigj qug mh ohmbaha gs supgrber h mes hmbkgjtes oejvgjobejhmgs. Hagkès orggj qug sej kuoce kès shmuahimgs y qug tbgjgj iugj shier. _bj gkihrne, chy etres qug pbgjshj qug gm cgoce ag oejsukbr preauotes Descgr sg agig chogr sÿme per rgmbnbÿj, yh qug phrh mhs agkès pgrsejhs thkibâj gxbstgj preauotes oej ogrtb`bohobejgs ag iugjh ohmbaha.  

”Mh vgraha, orge qug oejsukbr preauotes descgr agig chogrsg kès per rgmbnbÿj qug per etrh oesh. Ag rgste, pbgjse qug gxbstgj kuoces hmbkgjtes qug je gstèj ogrtb`bohaes descgr e qug gstèj precbibaes per gm dhscrut, qug sej bnuhmkgjtg iugjes phrh mh shmua y qug tbgjgj iugjh ohmbaha‛

 

”Orge qug mes preauotes descgr sej kuy iugjes phrh mh shmua. _g mes rgoekgjahrëh h ouhmqubgr pgrsejh perqug sej kuy cbnbâjboes y shmuahimgs.‛

 

”Mh ohrjg Descgr shig kuy ibgj. Je tbgjg shjnrg y gse gs kuy iugje. _g qug teae gm preogse gs supgrvbshae per uj rhibje y qug gse nhrhjtbzh mh ohmbaha ag mh ohrjg. Oejsukbrmh gs ujh vgjthlh perqug gs shmuahimg‛

 

”Gm descgr tbgjg qug vgr kès qug teae oej mh rgmbnbÿj. _b gs kgler phrh mh shmua qug mh oekbah je descgr, pugag sgr rgmhtbve. Gxbstgj kâaboes qug chj gxhkbjhae oekujbahags oekujbahags qug sg hmbkgjthj gj nrhjags ohjtbahags oej ograe, y nezhj ag uj pgr`gote gsthae ag shmua.‛

 

”Re oejsuke kès qug teae per shmua. Mh ohrjg shig kuy ibgj y gs kuy shmuahimg. Gse gs ujh vgjthlh. _b me rgoekgjahrëh h mhs pgrsejhs ag etrhs rgmbnbejgs. Re sey ohtÿmboh.‛

 

”Je sey 866% descgr, pgre gj kb ohsh chy nrhj ohjtbaha ag hmbkgjtes Descgr  perqug sg qug sej kès jhturhmgs, qug tbgjgj uj gstrbote preogse ag oejtrem ag ohmbaha, qug sej kglergs phrh kbs cbles.‛

 

>0

 

 

 Hmnujhs ag mhs agsvgjthlhs qug sg eisgrvhj gj gm cgoce ag oejsukbr gm 866% ag mes hmbkgjtes descgr, gs qug je sg pugagj haqubrbr gj vhrbes munhrgs. Kuochs vgogs mhs pgrsejhs je pugagj oekgr gj ohsh ag hkbnes perqug gmmes je oejsukgj preauotes oej gstg sgmme. _b ibgj gj gm kgrohae oemekibhje chogj `hmth hmnujes preauotes, sgrëh kès bkperthjtg tgjgr kuoces kès sbtbes gj aejag pugahj sgr haqubrbaes.  

”Gj Vhjhkè chy kuoces kès sbtbes phrh oejsukbr oekbah descgr. Chy kès rgsthurhjtgs y supgrkgrohaes 866% descgr.‛

 

”Orge qug chogj `hmth preauotes bsrhgmëgs y vhrbgaha ag ohrjgs, pgre me kès bkperthjtg, gs qug agigrëh chigr kès munhrgs phrh haqubrbrmes.‛

 

”Wjh agsvgjthlh ag sgr descgr gs qug uje sg pugag sgjtbr sgnrgnhae ouhjae vh h rgsthurhjtgs e h mh ohsh ag mes hkbnes perqug, sb gmmes je sej descgr thkibâj, je pearëh oekgr jhah ag me qug kg e`rgogj y gse gs bjoÿkeae. Ver gse je sey 866% descgr.‛

_g pgrobig ohmbaha g cbnbgjg thjte gj gm pemme oeke gj mh ohrjg per gm cgoce ag qug je oejtbgjgj shjnrg.  

”Orge qug mh ohrjg gs kuoce kgler qug mh etrh perqug âsth je tbgjg jhah ag shjnrg, je tbgjg ogie y per gse tbgjg kgjes oemgstgrem‛

 

”Oejsuke sÿme pemme descgr perqug tbgjg kgjes shjnrg qug gm ag etres supgrkgrohaes. supgrkgroha es. Orge qug gs kès s shmuahimg.‛ hmuahimg.‛

Mes hmbkgjtes Descgr qug kès oejsukgj mhs pgrsejhs sej mes oèrjboes, pemme, qugses, vbje, phj, vgngthmgs y `ruths.  

”Vemme gs me qug kès oejsuke.‛

 

”Oejsuke kès qug teae phj y vbje.‛

 

”Oejsuke ohrjg, mgocg, qugses, kuochs `ruths y vgngthmgs‛.

 

>>

 

 

”Oejsuke peoh ohrjg. Kg nusth kuoce kès gm pemme, pgre seirg teae mhs vgraurhs y mhs `ruths.‛

7.? Bjvgstbnhobÿj ouhjtbthtbvh.

Ahae qug mes preauotes descgr sej kès oesteses qug mes agkès, sg g`gotuhrej 893 gjougsths h pgrsejhs ag gstrhtes ?, 1, 7 y 0, qug cuibgrhj oejsukbae preauotes descgr prgvbhkgjtg. Âsths `ugrej mmgvhahs h ohie gj Ohrummh Descgr y gj gm oemgnbe Oemekie Cgirge, gjtrg mes aëhs lugvgs ?8 ag khrze y lugvgs 81 ag hirbm ag 9667. Ahae qug mes preauotes descgr hüj sej kuy peoe oejeobaes gj gm kgrohae Ienethje y qug mh khyerëh ag mes oejsukbaergs pgrtgjgogj h mh rgmbnbÿj luaëh, `ug jgogshrbe rgourrbr h munhrgs gj aejag mes oejsukbaergs pgrtgjgobgjtgs h gstg jboce haqubgrgj mes preauotes. Ver thm ketbve gm kugstrge rghmbzhae `ug je-hmghterbe (per oejvgjbgj oejvgjbgjobh), obh), agibae h qug gm nrupe ag oejsukbaergs qug sej oejsobgjtgs ag mh gxbstgjobh ag aboces preauotes y qug g`gotbvhkgjtg mes haqubgrgj, gs kuy rgauobae. H rhzÿj ag qug je ouhmqubgr pgrsejh oejeog y/e ch oejsukbae prgvbhkgjtg preauotes descgr gj su abgth, mhs gjougsths sg g`gotuhihj h ujh pgrsejh sb y seme sb sg bagjtb`bohih gj hmnujh kgabah oeke uj oejsukbaer ag preauotes descgr. Ver gsth rhzÿj gm kugstrge je peaëh chigr sbae hmghterbe, perqug je ouhmqubgrh oejeog gstg tbpe ag preauotes. Gj oejsgougjobh, mhs gjougsths sg rghmbzhihj per bjtgrogpobÿj ag mes oekprhaergs ag mh sgoobÿj descgr agm supgrkgrohae, sb oukpmëhj oej gm rgqubsbte kgjobejhae. 7.?.8 Ohrhotgrëstbohs ag mes gjougsthaes.

Gm 79% ag mh kugstrh oerrgspejag hm nâjgre `gkgjbje y gm 13% rgsthjtg hm khsoumbje. Gm 79.1% able sgr semtgre, sgnubae sgnubae per mes ohshaes oej uj ?>.?%, mes abverobhaes oej uj 7.0%, mes vbuaes oej ?.9% y mes qug sg gjougjtrhj gj ujbÿj mbirg oej 8.0% (Pgr  Hjgxe 0 Qhimhs 8 y 9). Gm ?>.3% ag mes gjougsthaes sg gjougjtrh gjtrg mes 83 y mes 97 høes, gm 99.3% gjtrg ?0 y 17, gm 82.>% gstè gjtrg mes 90 y mes ?7 høes, gm 8?.1% gstè gjtrg gjtrg 10 y 77 høes, gm ?.8% gstè gjtrg mes 70 y 07, y gm ?.8% rgsthjtg, oerrgspejag oerrgspejag h mhs pgrsejhs khyergs khyergs ag 07 høes (Pgr Hjgxe 0 Qhimh ?). _gnüj mes ahtes eitgjbaes, sg eisgrvh qug mh khyerëh ag mh peimhobÿj gjougsthah pre`gsh gm luahëske (>6.?% ag mes gjougsthaes), sgnubaes per mes ohtÿmboes (87.0%), mes orbstbhjes y je rgmbnbeses (hnjÿstboes) (1.>% ohah uje), y mes kgsbèjboes (?.8%) (Pgr Hjgxe 0 Qhimh 1).

 

>3

 

_g gjoejtrÿ qug gj gsth rgmbnbÿj mmhkhah ”Orbstbhjes Luaëe-Kgsbèjboes‛, sus orgygjtgs prhotbohj mhs gjsgøhjzhs thjte agm hjtbnue oeke agm jugve tgsthkgjte. _gnüj Kbochgm Yetcstgbj (supgrvbser gjohrnhae gj Ohrummh Oeujtry) 829  gstg nrupe ag pgrsejhs orgg y prhotboh teae me gstbpumhae gj mh Qerè, pgre hagkès, thkibâj orggj gj obgrtes hspgotes agm jugve tgsthkgjte (orggj gj Lgsüs oeke gm Kgsëhs). Yetcstgbj h`brkh qug gxbstgj vhrbhs sgoths ag gsths gj Ienetè (gj ngjgrhm gj Oemekibh y gj gm kujae gjtgre), qug thkibâj oejsukgj preauotes descgr y mes haqubgrgj gj Ohrummh. Mes luaëes je mes oejsbagrhj oeke bjtgnrhjtgs ag su rgmbnbÿj yh qug sej oejsbagrhaes oeke absbagjtgs, pgre ag bnuhm khjgrh oejtrbiuygj hm oejsuke ag gstes preauotes. Gm 77.0% ag mhs pgrsejhs ag mh mh kugstrh pgrtgjgog hm gstrhte gstrhte 0, gm 82% hm gstrhte 7, gm 2.7% hm gstrhte 1, y gm 87.2% hm gstrhte ? (Pgr Hjgxe 0 Qhimh Qhimh 7). Mh khyerëh ag mhs pgrsejhs prhotbohihj pre`gsbejgs abstbjths. Mhs rgspugsths kès oekujgs `ugrej< hkhs ag ohsh oej oej uj 89.3%, oekgrobhjtgs oej oej 89.3% y gstuabhjtgs oej uj ?2.9%. 7.?.9 Hjèmbsbs ag rgsumthaes.

Gjtrg mes ketbves qug mmgvhihj h ujh pgrsejh h je sgr 866% descgr, üjbohkgjtg gm 86.7% ag mes ag gstrhte 0 h`brkhihj qug grh per gm oeste ag mh oekbah. Ver gstg kbske ketbve, gj gm gstrhte 7 `ug gm 9>.3%, gj gm 1 gm 83.9% y gj gm ? gm 96% (Pgr Hjgxe 0 Qhimh 3).

Oejeobkbgjte seirg mes preauotes descgr Gm 7.7% ag mes gjougsthaes sg gjtgrhrej ag mh gxbstgjobh ag mes preauotes descgr per kgabe ag mes hvbses ag prephnhjah uibohaes gj Ohrummh ag mh ohmmg 37. Me hjtgrber bjaboh qug gxbstgj hmnujes oejsukbaergs qug sg abgrej ougjth eohsbejhmkgjtg ag mh gxbstgjobh ag gstes preauotes, yh sgh per ourbesbaha e per sbkpmg hoobagjtg.  Hsbkbske, gm 83.3% sg gjtgrÿ per kgabe ag `hkbmbhrgs e hkbnes y mh nrhj khyerëh (07.0%) sg gjtgrhrej ag mh gxbstgjobh ag mes preauotes descgr nrhobhs h su rgmbnbÿj. Gm 26.7% ag gstes ümtbkes ablgrej pre`gshr gm luahëske (Pgr Hjgxe 0 Qhimhs 2 y 86). Ag mes gjougsthaes, gm gm ?.7% able sgr vgngthrbhje. vgngthrbhje. Je sg gjoejtrhrej agjtre agjtre ag mh kugstrh oejsukbaergs qug `ugrhj ogmbhoes e je temgrhjtgs ag mhotesh y qug per gmme oejsukbgrhj preauotes descgr. Mes preauotes oej mes sgmmes ”descgr -Vhrvg‛ e 829

 Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, > ag Khrze ag 9667.

 

>2

 

”Descgr-Vgshl‛ pearëhj tgjgr uj nrhj petgjobhm ag hoenbah gjtrg gstg tbpe ag oejsukbaergs, qubjgs pesbimgkgjtg je oejeogj mes igjg`bobes ag gstes hmbkgjtes. Orbtgrbes qug ketbvhj gm oejsuke ag preauotes descgr. Oej kgabhs ag 0.78, 0.83 y 0.63, rgspgotbvhkgjtg, mh cbnbgjg, mh ohmbaha y mh shmua `ësboh sej hspgotes rgmgvhjtgs h mh cerh ag oejsukbr hmbkgjtes oej ogrtb`bohobÿj descgr. Mg sbnug mh shmua gspbrbtuhm (7.12), mh ouhm rgvbstg uj peoe kgjes ag bkperthjobh qug mh shmua `ësboh. Mh bkperthjobh agm shier oeke ketbve ag oejsuke eituve ujh ohmb`bohobÿj ag 7.>2 gj prekgabe, me qug bjaboh qug gs uj hspgote rgmgvhjtg. Ygspgote h mh ohmb`bohobÿj agm shier oeke thm, sg eisgrvh qug gs hnrhahimg (kgabh ag 7.36). Gstg rgsumthae oejougrah oej uj gstuabe rghmbzhae gj Gsthaes Wjbaes per mh ernhjbzhobÿj Kbjtgm 82?, gm ouhm oejomuyÿ qug hprexbkhahkgjtg gm ?7% ag mes sgtgjth y objoe kbmmejgs ag oejsukbaergs ag gsg phës qug oekprhj hm kgjes uj preauote descgr shibgjae qug gs descgr (ujes 90 kbmmejgs ag pgrsejhs), me chogj oej ihsg gj su shier. Mh rgmbnbÿj `ug ohmb`bohah gj prekgabe oeke uj hspgote bkperthjtg (Kgabh ; 7.62) (8sbnjb`boh je bkperthjtg y > sbnjb`boh kuy bkperthjtg). Grh prgvbsbimg qug gstg ketbve tuvbgrh rgmgvhjobh gjtrg mes oejsukbaergs, agibae h qug teahvëh mh agkhjah gstè oejogjtrhah gj pgrsejhs qug pre`gshj gm luahëske (Pgr Hjgxe 0 Qhimh 88).  Hujqug

kuochs

pgrsejhs

rgoejeobgrej

qug

oejsukëhj

gstes

preauotes

prbjobphmkgjtg per ougstbejgs rgmbnbeshs, thkibâj h`brkhihj qug mh oekbah descgr gs ag ujh ohmbaha supgrber, ahaes mes preogabkbgjtes qug bjvemuorh y mh supgrvbsbÿj rhiëjboh. Abgth prekgabe agm oejsukbaer descgr gj Ienetè. Gjtrg mes hmbkgjtes descgr qug kès bjnbgrgj mes oejsukbaergs gj Ienetè sg gjougjtrh mh ohrjg, mh ouhm oejsukg oejsukg gm 3?.7% ag mes gjougsthaes. Mg sbnugj sbnugj gm pemme oej 7?%, mes gkiutbaes oej 8>%, mes qugses oej 87.0%, y gm phj oej 80.1% (gjtrg mes kès bkperthjtgs). Ver me thjte, sg eisgrvh qug mh abgth ag mes oejsukbaergs Descgr gs rboh gj pretgëjhs. _g oekpmgkgjth oej `ruths, vgraurhs, phj y igibahs gj ngjgrhm, gjtrg mhs qug seirgshmg gm vbje. 82?

 MBV_DR, Lescuh.gmDescgr< Ohtgnery ht hgjoressrehas. Vrevbsbejgr< Khrdgtbjn. Vp.>1. Ygoupgrhae 3 ag Khrze ag 9667 mh ihsg ag Qcg ahtesJhtbejhm agm Iussbjgss seurogJbocg prgkbgr, gj cttp272&mhjn;gs  

 

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  Munhrgs ag oejsuke y jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh. Gm 13% ag mes gjougsthaes h`brkÿ oejsukbr hmbkgjtes descgr thjte gj gm cenhr oeke `ugrh ag gm. Gm 92.2% h`brkÿ qug üjbohkgjtg mes oejsukëh `ugrh ag su cenhr, y gm 99% rgsthjtg rgspejabÿ rgspejabÿ qug oejsukëh gstes gstes hmbkgjtes sÿme gj su ohsh. _g pugag hprgobhr hprgobhr qug ag mhs pgrsejhs pgrsejhs qug oejsukgj descg descgrr gj gm cenhr y `ugrh `ugrh ag gm, gm 79.7% h`brkÿ sgr 866% descgr. Gsths pgrsejhs iusohj khjtgjgr gj teae kekgjte su jbvgm gstrbote ag eisgrvhjobh agm dhscrut. Oeke sg eisgrvÿ gj mhs epbjbejgs ag hmnujes ag mes gjougsthaes, iusohj rgsthurhjtgs `ugrh ag su ohsh gj aÿjag mes preauotes qug sg e`rgzohj sghj descgr. _b vhj h hmnüj supgrkgrohae e tbgjah phrh haqubrbr uj preauote, sg `blhj kuy ibgj gj qug mes hmbkgjtes tgjnhj gm sgmme gxpmëobte, e qug mh khroh y gm preauote sghj hvhmhaes per mh lujth rhiëjboh oemekibhjh (Phha Chohscrut ag Ienetè). Ver etre mhae, ag mes gjougsthaes qug sej 866% descgr, gm 89.7% oejsukg hmbkgjtes üjbohkgjtg gj su ohsh, kbgjtrhs qug mes qug bjnbgrgj gstes preauotes gj gm cenhr y `ugrh ag âm rgprgsgjthj gm 36% (Pgr Hjgxe 0, Qhimh 89).

_g eisgrvh oej prgeouphobÿj gsg 89.7% oerrgspejabgjtg h pgrsejhs qug je gstèj abspugsths h oekgr `ugrh ag su cenhr, agibae h qug gxbstg ujh e`grth kuy rgauobah ag mes kbskes (peoes rgsthurhjtgs). Mes qug sÿme oejsukgj oekbah descgr gj munhrgs ab`grgjtgs h su cenhr, hauogj qug gj ohsh sÿme bjnbgrgj hmbkgjtes rèpbaes oeke ogrghmgs y etres preauotes phrvg, pgre qug sus oekbahs kès bkperthjtgs sej haqubrbahs gj gm Ohrummh Descgr, yh qug hakbtgj qug je mgs nusth oeobjhr. Ag mhs pgrsejhs qug ablgrej sgr eisgrvhjtgs agm dhscrut gjtrg uj 8% y uj 12%, gjoejtrhkes qug gm 01.?% mes oejsukg sÿme `ugrh ag ohsh, gm 93.0% me chog sÿme gj su cenhr, y gm >.8% gj teahs phrtgs. Gsths pgrsejhs h`brkhj qug su jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh gs ihle y qug oejsukgj gj hmnüj nrhae gstes hmbkgjtes gj munhrgs gj mes qug gs gm üjboe tbpe ag oekbah qug pugagj gjoejtrhr, oeke gm oemgnbe Oemekie Cgirge e gj su ohsh, yh qug su `hkbmbh bjtgjth prgsgrvhr mh trhabobÿj. Gjtrg mhs pgrsejhs peoe peoe eisgrvhjtgs agm agm dhscrut (rhjne (rhjne gjtrg uj 8% y uj 12%), gm gm 02% sej gstuabhjtgs, me ouhm ouhm oerreierh mh h`brkhobÿj hjtgrber. Mg sbnugj h hkhs khs ag ohsh oej oej 8?.3% y oekgrobhjtgs oej 0.2%. Gm 91% ag mes gjougsthaes rgspejabÿ qug oejsukëhj preauotes Descgr per ketbves ab`grgjtgs h mh rgmbnbÿj y qug sÿme mgs bjtgrgshihj hmnujes preauotes. Gjtrg gstg nrupe, gm 1?.?% able oejsukbr preauotes descgr sÿme h`ugrh ag su ohsh, gm 16% khjb`gstÿ qug

 

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me choëh gj ohsh y `ugrh ag gmmh, y gm 80.>% rgsthjtg, able qug sÿme me choëh gj su ohsh (Pgr Hjgxe 0 Qhimh 8?)4 gs agobr, qug haqubrëhj mes preauotes gj gm supgrkgrohae Descgr, phrh mugne prgphrhrmes gj su cenhr. @rgougjobh ag oekprh y oejsuke. Gm ?9% agm tethm ag mes gjougsthaes, able qug oekprhihj sgkhjhmkgjtg mes preauotes descgr, gm 91.9% hsgnurÿ qug mes haqubrëh gsperèabohkgjtg, gm 9?.1% bjaboÿ qug su `rgougjobh ag oekprh sg ohmb`bohih oeke abhrbh, gm 86.2% qubjogjhmkgjtg y gm 2.1% kgjsuhmkgjtg. _g eisgrvh ag âsth bj`erkhobÿj qug hujqug uj hmte perogjthlg ag pgrsejhs prg`bgrg chogr gm kgrohae ohah sgkhjh, etrh phrtg bkperthjtg mes haqubgrg abhrbhkgjtg, me qug mmgvh h pgjshr qug prg`bgrgj oejsukbr hmbkgjtes `rgsoes gj teaes mes kekgjtes. Ver gjag houagj hm supgrkgrohae Ohrummh Descgr yh sgh phrh bjngrbr sus hmbkgjtes hmmè e phrh mmgvhrmes h ohsh y oekgrmes gm kbske aëh. Gj ouhjte h `rgougjobh ag oejsuke, mes rgsumthaes bjabohj qug gm 0?.?% ag mh kugstrh oejsukg gstg tbpe ag hmbkgjtes hmbkgjtes abhrbhkgjtg, gm ?6.7% mes oejsukg eohsbejhmkgjtg eohsbejhmkgjtg y gm 0.?% sÿme bjnbgrg oekbah Descgr gj `bgsths luaëhs gspgobhmgs. Mh khyerëh ag mhs pgrsejhs qug oej`erkhj gsg 0?.?% sej 866% descgr. _bj gkihrne, sg gjougjtrh thkibâj gm nrupe ag mhs pgrsejhs qug je sej thj gstrbotes gj su eisgrvhjobh agm dhscrut, pgre qug chogj gm gs`ugrze ag oejsukbr aurhjtg gm aëh, hm kgjes uj preauote oej ogrtb`bohobÿj descgr. Ygh`brkhjae mes oekgjthrbes oekgjthrbes ag mes mes oejsukbaergs, gj gj mes ouhmgs hsgnurhj hsgnurhj qug gs rgauobae gm jükgre jükgre ag munhrgs gj mes qug qug pugagj haqubrbr haqubrbr gstg tbpe ag preauotes, preauotes, sg gjoejtrÿ qug gm 32.8% ag mhs pgrsejhs qug oej`erkhj mh kugstrh mes oejsbnug gj Ohrummh Descgr, sgnubae per gm 2.1% qug me chog gj gm Oemgnbe Oemekie Cgirge (Pgr  Hjgxe 0 Qhimh 81). 81). Ygmhobÿj oeste ‟ igjg`bobe. Gm prgobe ag mes preauotes descgr gs pgrobibae oeke oestese per phrtg ag mes oejsukbaergs (kgabh ag 7.17) (8 sbnjb`boh kuy goejÿkboes y > kuy oesteses). _bj gkihrne, mh nrhj khyerëh khjb`gstÿ qug gstèj tethmkgjtg abspugstes h phnhr gm seirg oeste per oekgr preauotes ag kgler ohmbaha, shjes, shmuahimgs g cbnbâjboes. Vreauotes qug chogj `hmth gj gm kgrohae oemekibhje. Mes qug kès seirgshmgj sgnüj mes gjougsthaes sej ngmhtbjh descgr, khrnhrbjhs phrvg, aumogs y kès vhrbgaha gj ohrjgs y oceoemhtgs. Mes preauotes oejngmhaes gj

 

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ngjgrhm (junngts, pbzzhs, gto.), hsë oeke mes bsrhgmëgs, sg oejstbtuygj gj ujh gxogmgjtg epobÿj phrh hkpmbhr gm perth`embe ag hmbkgjtes qug sg e`rgog hotuhmkgjtg gj gm kgrohae oemekibhje. Hsbkbske, mes preauotes phrh Vgshl (preauotes mbirgs ag nmutgj) sg pugagj oejvgrtbr gj ujh semuobÿj phrh mes ogmëhoes, hsë oeke mes preauotes phrvg phrh mes bjtemgrhjtgs h mh mhotesh y vgngthrbhjes.

Vreauotes descgr oemekibhjes `rgjtg h mes preauotes gxtrhjlgres. Gm 0?.?% ag mes gjougsthaes ch oejsukbae oekbah Descgr gj etres phësgs. Oekphrhjae gj ouhjte h ohmbaha y shier shier mes oèrjboes oemekibhjes oemekibhjes oej mes qug chiëhj oejsukbae `ugrh ag Oemekibh, mh kgabh hrrelÿ uj rgsumthae ag 1.02. Gstg rgsumthae bjaboh qug qug mes oejsukbaergs oejsukbaergs oejsbagrhj oejsbagrhj

mes preauotes preauotes oemekibhjes oemekibhjes

sbkbmhrgs h mes agm gxtrhjlgre (Gsohmh ag 8 h >, aejag 8 rgprgsgjth kuy bj`grbergs y > kuy supgrbergs). Ketbves per mes ouhmgs mhs pgrsejhs je sg hmbkgjthj tethmkgjtg ag hmbkgjtes descgr. Mh rhzÿj `ujahkgjthm qug sg eisgrvÿ grh gm cgoce ag je sgr thj rgmbnbeses (je erteaexes) y qug per me thjte je mgs bjtgrgshih sgr tethmkgjtg descgr (?1.7% ag mh kugstrh, vgr Hjgxe 0 Qhimh 87). Gm sbnubgjtg ketbve `ug qug sÿme mgs bjtgrgshihj hmnujes preauotes (97% ag mh kugstrh). Gm oeste ag mh oekbah thkibâj hphrgog oeke uj ketbve bkperthjtg gspgobhmkgjtg phrh hqugmmhs pgrsejhs qug je sej ag gstrhte 0. Etrh rhzÿj per mh qug mhs pgrsejhs h`brkhihj qug je grhj 866% descgr grh mh ab`boumtha phrh oejsgnubr gstes preauotes, yh qug per uj mhae gxbstg üjbohkgjtg uj supgrkgrohae gj Ienetè phrh haqubrbrmes, y per etre mhae h obgrths pgrsejhs mgs qugahih mgles ag su munhr ag trhihle u cenhr. Gsth sbtuhobÿj ch eimbnhae h kuoch ngjtg h aglhr ag oejsukbr abhrbhkgjtg gstes preauotes, pgre je per oejvboobÿj pgrsejhm, sbje kès ibgj per ab`boumthags h mh cerh ag oejsgnubrmes. Bj`erkhobÿj seirg mh peimhobÿj luaëh gjougsthah. Mh khyerëh ag mes luaëes gjougsthaes pgrtgjgog h mh oekujbaha Hsqugjhzë, oej gm 7?.1%, sgnubae ag mh sg`hraë oej 11.?%. Wjh pgqugøh kbjerëh, gm 9.?% pgrtgjgog h mh hmgkhjh (Pgr Hjgxe 0 Qhimhs 80 h 96). Gm cgoce ag qug g gmm >7.3% ag mes luaëes ag mh kugstrh sg agomhrhrhj prhotbohjtgs (je erteaexes), sgnubaes per mes erteaexes oej gm 96.2%, bjaboh qug mh khyerëh ag mes oejsukbaergs gj Ienetè sej ag obgrth khjgrh kès `mgxbimgs qug mes ag etres phësgs oeke Bsrhgm e Gsthaes Wjbaes. Gste sg agig h bj`mugjobhs oumturhmgs qug chj kgrkhae gj obgrth `erkh mhs oestukirgs y mh trhabobÿj.

 

3?

 

Ag mhs pgrsejhs qug ablgrgj sgr erteaexes, gm ?3.2% sej hsqugjhzëgs y gm 08.8% sej sg`hraëgs. Jbjnuje ag mes hmgkhjgs able sgr erteaexe. Mh khyerëh ag mhs luaëes (>>.3%) h`brkhrej qug su oejsuke ag oekbah descgr hukgjthih gj mh `gstbvbaha Vgshl (>9.2% ag mes qug rgspejabgrej qug hukgjthih). Vhrh gm rgste, gm oejsuke pgrkhjgoëh bnuhm, (80.>%), e sgjobmmhkgjtg je me h`gothih (7.0%).

 

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Oejomusbejgs y rgoekgjahobejgs `bjhmgs Agspuâs ag hjhmbzhr oubahaeshkgjtg gm preogse preauotbve ag mh ohrjg descgr, sg chj bagjtb`bohae ujh sgrbg ag hspgotes bkperthjtgs y oejomuygjtgs, qug sg pugagj oejvgrtbr gj gmg gmgkgjtes kgjtes omhvgs h mh cerh cerh ag htrhgr jugves oejsukbaergs.  H me mhrne ag mh ohagjh preauotbvh ag mh ohrjg descgr sg bagjtb`bohrej preogabkbgjtes ab`grgjtgs h mes oejvgjobejhmgs, qug oejtrbiuygj jethimgkgjtg hm oubahae agm ernhjbske ag mes oejsukbaergs, agibae h mh ohmbaha g cbnbgjg qug bkpmbohj. Nrhobhs hm kâteae agm agnýgmmg, gm hjbkhm je khjb`bgsth khyer su`rbkbgjte hm kekgjte agm shorb`bobe, me qug rgprgsgjth mh mbigrhobÿj ag ujh këjbkh ohjtbaha ag texbjhs pgrluabobhmgs phrh mh shmua cukhjh. Hsbkbske, kgabhjtg mh kbjuobesh rgvbsbÿj ag ÿrnhjes (pumkejgs), sg nhrhjtbzh gm pgr`gote gsthae ag shmua ag uj hjbkhm, y per gjag, mh ohmbaha ag mh ohrjg agm glgkpmhr shorb`bohae. Ver kgabe agm shmhae y agm rgkele, sg menrh qug mh ohrjg prgsgjtg prgsgjtg mh kgjer ohjtbaha pesbimg ag ag shjnrg y qug sg oejsgrvg per kuoce kès tbgkpe. Me hjtgrber sg trhauog gj igjg`bobes phrh mh shmua agm oejsukbaer.  Habobejhmkgjtg, mes rgsumthaes ag mes hjèmbsbs ag mhierhterbe (Hjgxe 7) qug oekphrhj mh ohrjg descgr oej mh oejvgjobejhm, agkugstrhj qug mh prbkgrh ougjth oej uj jbvgm ihotgrbhje kuoce kgjer qug mh sgnujah, agibae h teaes mes preogses y oubahaes gxtrh qug sg tbgjgj gj ougjth nrhobhs h mhs mgygs agm dhscrut. Qgjbgjae gj ougjth qug mhs aes kugstrhs (mh descgr y mh oejvgjobejhm) sej agm kbske tbpe (ohrjg kembah), qug tbgjgj mh kbskh `goch ag vgjobkbgjte (gm 2 ag hirbm agm 9667) y qug gm gxhkgj kboreibemÿnboe `ug rghmbzhae gj mh kbskh `goch, sg eitbgjg qug mh ohrjg descgr ougjth oej 9? ujbahags JKV/n (jükgre kès preihimg per nrhke) ag oemb`erkgs tethmgs y ag G.Oemb oejtrh 8866 ujbahags JKV/n ag ag mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm. oejvgjobejhm. _gnüj Khrobh ag mh Vhvh, ihotgrbÿmenh gjohrnhah agm agphrthkgjte ag oejtrem ag ohmbaha ag Ohrummh, gste bkpmboh qug gm preogse ag preauoobÿj ag mh ohrjg descgr gs kuocësbke kès cbnbâjboe qug gm ag mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm, y qug gm preogse ag shmhae oejtrbiuyg hm preogse ag oejsgrvhobÿj y gmbkbjhobÿj ag ihotgrbhs ag mh ohrjg.  Hsbkbske, mh ohrjg descgr prgsgjthih uj hjèmbsbs sgjserbhm y `bsboe-quëkboe kuy supgrber hm ag mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm, yh qug su oemer, shier, hrekh y tgxturh grhj kuoce kès hnrhahimgs, tgjbgjae gj ougjth qug mh `goch ag vgjobkbgjte gsthih ogroh phrh hkihs kugstrhs. Ag mh kbskh khjgrh, sg agkestrÿ qug mh ohrjg descgr ougjth

 

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oej uj perogjthlg ag nrhsh kuoce kgjer qug mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm, yh qug mh prbkgrh ougjth oej ?.?0% kbgjtrhs qug mh sgnujah ougjth oej 7.?9%. Qeaes mes ahtes hjtgrbergs (gspgob`bohaes kès agthmmhahkgjtg gj gm hjgxe 7), mmgvhj h mh oejomusbÿj ag qug g`gotbvhkgjtg mes preogses gxtrh hpmbohaes h mh ohagjh preauotbvh ag mes hmbkgjtes descgr, agrbvhaes ag mhs kbmgjhrbhs mgygs abgtâtbohs agm dhscrut, ngjgrhj ujh khyer ohmbaha hm preauote preogshae y h su vgz nhrhjtbzhj uj khjgle kès cbnbâjboe, g`bobgjtg y abspgjabese h me mhrne ag teah mh ohagjh preauotbvh. Gj ouhjte h mes rgsumthaes eitgjbaes per gm gstuabe ag kgrohae, sg oejomuyg qug së gs vbhimg gxphjabr gm kgrohae descgr gj Ienetè, ahae qug per uj mhae gxbstg uj oejsbagrhimg jükgre ag oejsukbaergs qug sej 866% descgr y qug sgnüj mhs rgspugsths ahahs thjte gj mhs gjtrgvbsths oeke gj mhs gjougsths, je ougjthj oej su`bobgjtgs munhrgs phrh haqubrbr gstg tbpe ag preauotes. Phrbes oejsukbaergs h`brkhrej qug agibae h mh `hmth ag munhrgs phrh eitgjgr gstes preauotes `ugrh ag su ohsh, sg mbkbthj mbkbthj h oejsukbrmes oejsukbrmes üjbohkgjtg gj gj gm cenhr, yh qug je gjougjtrhj vhrbgaha ag rgsthurhjtgs e munhrgs gj aejag sg pugahj haqubrbr `èobm y oej`bhimgkgjtg (ihle supgrvbsbÿj rhiëjboh oejtbjuh). Qhm y oeke sg eisgrvh gj mh thimh 89 agm hjgxe 0, gm 89.7%

ag mes gjougsthaes gjougsthaes qug h`brkhrej h`brkhrej sgr 866% descgr, descgr, gxprgshrej qug

oejsukgj hmbkgjtes descgr üjbohkgjtg gj ohsh, agibae h mh `hmth ag munhrgs phrh haqubrbrmes. Gsth sbtuhobÿj bjaboh qug gxbstg gj Ienetè uj oejsbagrhimg jükgre ag oejsukbaergs 866% descgr (luaëes rgmbnbeses y erteaexes), qug sej phrtg ag uj gstrbote jboce ag kgrohae qug hüj je sg ch tgjbae gj ougjth y qug jgogsbth kès vhrbgaha ag munhrgs phrh shtbs`hogr su agkhjah. Vgre gstes oejsukbaergs je sej mes üjboes qug agkhjahj uj khyer jükgre ag munhrgs phrh shtbs`hogr su agkhjah. _gnüj ahtes sukbjbstrhaes per mhs gjtrgvbsths, vhrbhs pgrsejhs mmgnhrej h mh oejomusbÿj ag qug je gxbstgj su`bobgjtgs ogjtres ogjtres ag abstrbiuobÿj abstrbiuobÿj phrh haqubrbr haqubrbr preauotes descgr, descgr, y qug sg agigrëhj hkpmbhr oejsbagrhimgkgjtg gj mh obuaha mes pujtes ag Ohrummh qug e`rgzohj hmbkgjtes oej gstg sgmme. Agm tethm ag mes gjougsthaes, gj mh thimh 89 agm hjgxe 0 sg eisgrvh qug gm 99% (gjtrg (gjtrg mes qug sej 866% descgr y mes qug je) oejsukg preauotes preauotes descgr üjbohkgjtg gj gm cenhr per mh `hmth ag sbtbes gj mh obuaha phrh haqubrbrmes. Gj mhs gjtrgvbsths g`gotuhahs, uj nrhj jükgre ag oejsukbaergs h`brkÿ qug gm Ohrummh ag mh 37 sg gjoejtrhih gjoejtrhih kuy hmglhae ag su rgsbagjobh. Ver gstg ketbve, ketbve, hmnujhs vgogs mgs grh bkpesbimg haqubrbr haqubrbr hmbkgjtes descgr y gmme oejtrbiuëh h je sgr oejsukbae oejsukbaergs rgs 866% descgr oeke me agsghrëhj. Hsë kbske, kuochs pgrsejhs h`brkhrej qug ahae qug

 

30

 

Ohrummh descgr ag mh ohmmg 37 je hirg sus pugrths gm aëh sèihae (per mh `bgsth luaëh agm shiiht) h kuoces ombgjtgs mgs qugah oekpmbohae haqubrbr hmbkgjtes descgr mes `bjgs ag sgkhjh. Gj mh thimh 81 agm hjgxe 0, sg kugstrh qug gm 32.8% ag mes gjougsthaes h`brkh qug haqubgrgj gstg tbpe ag preauotes üjbohkgjtg gj Ohrummh ag mh 37, kbgjtrhs qug gm rgste me chog gj gm oemgnbe Oemekie Cgirge. Mh hmth oejogjtrhobÿj ag pgrsejhs qug kgrohj gj Ohrummh ag mh 37 agkugstrh oej omhrbaha mh `hmth ag etres pujtes ag vgjth phrh haqubrbr gstes preauotes, me qug mmgvh h pgjshr qug gs urngjtg phrh Ohrummh hprevgochr gsth epertujbaha ag jgneobe, per kgabe ag mh bkpmgkgjthobÿj ag ujh ohkphøh bj`erkhtbvh seirg mes preauotes descgr, hsë oeke mh hpgrturh ag kès sgoobejgs descgr gj sus ab`grgjtgs supgrkgrohaes. Gm kgrohae descgr gj Ieneth hüj gstè kuy sulgte h mh peimhobÿj luaëh qug chibth gj mh ohpbthm. @hmth oejogjtrhrsg gj mh prekeobÿj ag gstes hmbkgjtes y sus igjg`bobes gjtrg mes oejsukbaergs oejsukbaergs hlgjes hm luahëske. Gste sg oejomuyg h phrtbr ag qug uj >6 >6.?% .?% ag mhs pgrsejhs gjougsthahs h`brkhrej oejsukbr hmbkgjtes descgr ahae qug pgrtgjgoëhj h mh rgmbnbÿj luaëh, kbgjtrhs qug ogroh agm ?6% rgsthjtg pgrtgjgog h oejsukbaergs ag etrhs rgmbnbejgs. Gsth sbtuhobÿj bjaboh qug phrh menrhr ujh gxphjsbÿj oejsbagrhimg agm kgrohae descgr gj Ienetè y hnrhjahr gm jboce hotuhm oekpugste per  luaëes, sg agigj prekeobejhr prekeobejhr mes igjg`bobes ag mes hmbkgjtes descgr gjtrg mh peimhobÿj je luaëh, yh qug oeke me h`brkh gm Yhibje ag mh oekujbaha Hsqugjhzë gm sgøer Hm`rgae Nemaskbtc, mh peimhobÿj luaëh gj gj Ienetè gstè orgobgjae orgobgjae khrnbjhmkgjtg y sukhae sukhae h gmme, kuoces chj aglhae gm phës per ohush ag mh sbtuhobÿj ag vbemgjobh g bjogrtbaukirg. Cey per cey gj Oemekibh sg gstè prgsgjthjae uj `gjÿkgje qug pearëh hyuahr h qug mes oejsukbaergs je luaëes luaëes haqubgrhj preauotes preauotes descgr. _gnüj uj hrtëoume puimbohae puimbohae gm 8? ag Hirbm ag 9667 gj gm pgrbÿaboe Gm tbgkpe, gj mh sgoobÿj hjgxh ag ”tgkhs gspgobhmgs seirg shmua‛, sg oejomuyg qug mes oemekibhjes ag cey je semhkgjtg haqubgrgj mes hmbkgjtes oej ihsg h su shier, gkphqug, hrekh, gto., sbje qug gstèj kès oejsobgjtgs hogroh ag su shmua y ibgjgsthr bjtgnrhm. ”Mes oemekibhjes sg chj aglhae tgjthr per ujh tgjagjobh kujabhm< hmbkgjthrsg ibgj y shmuahimgkgjtg. Haumtes y jbøes gstèj pgjabgjtgs ag me qug oekgj. _hmua y ibgjgsthr iusohj mes oemekibhjes ag cey gj mes gsthjtgs ag oekgstbimgs. R je gs ujh tgjagjobh ”Mbnct‛ gj mh iüsqugah ihjhm ag mh igmmgzh y mh hrkejëh `ësboh. Gs mh oejobgjtbzhobÿj seirg mh bkperthjobh ag mh shmua. Mh khmh hmbkgjthobÿj per `bj ch mmgnhae h gjtgjagrsg oeke ngjgrhaerh ag preimgkhs nèstrboes, ohrabhoes, ag agshrremme… gj `bj, ag uj sbjjükgre ag hmtgrhobejgs agm ernhjbske… Gs hsë oeke mes oemekibhjes chj vugmte mh oekbah ohsgrh y ag mh hiugmh< yenurgs, dukbs, qugses, vgraurhs y `ruths gstèj h mh eragj agm aëh, oeke ihsg jutrbobejhm ag

 

3>

 

mes preauotes hmbkgjtbobes ag cey… Gs agobr qug iusohj preauotes ag hagkès ag e`rgogr mh vgjthlh ag sgr igjâ`boes phrh mh shmua agm oejsukbaer, prgsthj uj vhmer jutrbobejhm, e sgh uj g`gote seirg ujh e vhrbhs `ujobejgs agm ernhjbske, per glgkpme qug hyuahj hm iugj `ujobejhkbgjte ag mh `merh bjtgstbjhm, `erthmgogj mes cugses e qug preperobejhj gjgrnëh‛821.

Gsth jugvh tgjagjobh agm kgrohae chog kuoce kès `èobm mh prekeobÿj ag jugves tbpes ag preauotes qug vhyhj h `hver ag gstes rgqugrbkbgjtes. Qgjbgjae gj ougjth gm jugve oejtgxte, Ohrummh agig agig gkpgzhr h prekeobejhr mes igjg`bobes igjg`bobes gj ouhjte h cbnbgjg cbnbgjg y shmua ag mes hmbkgjtes descgr (oeke per glgkpme mh ohrjg descgr), y qug mes preauotes ogrtb`bohaes sej aeimgkgjtg supgrvbshaes sgnüj pujtes ag vbsth ab`grgjtgs< gm obgjtë`boe y gm rgmbnbese, me ouhm mg ah ujh khyer orgabibmbaha y ujh khyer sgnurbaha h mes hmbkgjtes preogshaes. Gsth sbtuhobÿj rgprgsgjth ujh jugvh epertujbaha phrh mes hmbkgjtes descgr gj Oemekibh, yh qug sg pearëh gxphjabr gm thrngt ag oejsuke y `bjhmkgjtg oej`erkhr ujh jugvh mëjgh gj teaes mes supgrkgrohaes supgrkgrohaes qug pgrkbth shtbs`hogr s htbs`hogr gsth jugvh agkhjah.  H phrtbr ag mes rgsumthaes eitgjbaes per gm gstuabe, thkibâj sg oejomuyg qug hujqug gm prgobe ag mes preauotes descgr sg gjougjtrh per gjobkh ag mes preauotes oejvgjobejhmgs (gjtrg uj 87% y uj ?7% hprexbkhahkgjtg), hprexbkhahkgjtg), gsth sbtuhobÿj je h`goth h mes hotuhmgs oejsukbaergs. _gnüj mhs rgspugsths eisgrvhahs gj mhs gjtrgvbsths y mhs gjougsths, mhs pgrsejhs qug rghmkgjtg oejeogj mes igjg`bobes ag mh oekbah descgr gstè abspugstes h shorb`bohr uj peoe kès ag abjgre per haqubrbr mhs bjkgjshs vgjthlhs gm

dhscrut

mgs

rgprgsgjth.

Ver

glgkpme,

gj

mh

thimh 3 agm Hjgxe 0, sg eisgrvh qug gjtrg mhs pgrsejhs ag gstrhte 0, üjbohkgjtg gm 86.7% rgspejabÿ qug je grh 866% descgr agibae hm hmte oeste ag mes preauotes. Mh khyerëh ag mes gjougsthaes gstrhte 0 prgobsÿ (?2.7%) qug gm ketbve per gm qug je grhj 866% descgr grh perqug perqug je mgs bjtgrgshih sgrme, yh qug je me choëhj per rgmbnbÿj, pgre je per gm oeste ag mes preauotes. Gj gm gstrhte 7, mes ketbves `ugrej sbkbmhrgs. Oeke prbjobphm rhzÿj phrh je sgr 866% descgr, gm ??.?% ag mhs pgrsejhs qug oej`erkhj gsg gstrhte haule gm cgoce ag je sgr kuy rgmbnbeses. Etre ??.?% gxprgsÿ qug üjbohkgjtg mgs bjtgrgshih haqubrbr hmnujes preauotes gspgoë`boes. Gm oeste ag mh oekbah, `ug mh rhzÿj gsnrbkbah

821

per

sÿme

gm

 Gj mh grh ag mh oekbah shjh. @rhnkgjte gxtrhëae agm pgrbÿaboe Gm Qbgkpe gj ”_hmua< Qgkhs gspgobhmgs‛ agm kbâroemgs 8? ag Hirbm ag 9667, pp.8>.

9>.3%.

 

33

 

Gj mes gstrhtes ? y 1, thkpeoe sg gjoejtrÿ qug gm oeste ag mes hmbkgjtes `ugrh mh rhzÿj kès oeküj phrh gxpmbohr gm cgoce ag qug je grhj 866% descgr. Gm perogjthlg ag pgrsejhs qug haulgrej gstg ketbve phrh mes gstrhtes hjtgrberkgjtg kgjobejhaes

`ugrej

ag

96%

y

83.9%,

rgspgotbvhkgjtg.

Ag me hjtgrber, sg pugag oejomubr y rgh`brkhr mh cbpÿtgsbs ag qug gm prgobe je gs uj `hoter agtgrkbjhjtg h mh cerh ag haqubrbr oekbah descgr. Ver gm oejtrhrbe, mhs pgrsejhs gstèj abspugsths h oejsukbr hmbkgjtes descgr kès per sus igjg`bobes y ohmbaha, qug per prgobes oÿkeaes.  Hsbkbske, gj mhs gjtrgvbsths g`gotuhahs sg gjougjtrh gm cgoce ag qug kuochs pgrsejhs hogpthj qug gm prgobe ag mes hmbkgjtes descgr gs supgrber hm ag mes oejvgjobejhmgs, pgre qug ahahs sus vgjthlhs cbnbâjbohs y ag ohmbaha, gste je sg oejvgrtëh gj ujh ihrrgrh sbnjb`bohtbvh. Gj ouhjte h mes ketbves ag oejsuke ag gstg tbpe ag preauotes, sg gjoejtrÿ qug mh khyerëh ag mes oejsukbaergs oejsukbaergs gjougsthaes rgspejabgrej q qug ug gm khyer ketbve per gm ouhm oejsukëhj preauotes descgr grh per su cbnbgjg, mh ouhm sg ohmb`boÿ gj prekgabe (tgjbgjae gj ougjth mes rgsumthaes ag teaes mes gjougsthaes) oej uj 0.78 ag ujh gsohmh ag 8 h > (aejag 8 grh peoe bkperthjtg y > grh kuy bkperthjtg). H gstg `hoter mg sbnug mh ohmbaha oej uj 0.83 y `bjhmkgjtg mh shmua `ësboh oej 0.63. Gstes rgsumthaes bjabohj qug mes oejsukbaergs qug haqubgrgj hotuhmkgjtg gstg tbpe ag preauotes gj Ienetè, me chogj per mh ohmbaha y mh shmua qug mgs nhrhjtbzhj. _erprgsbvhkgjtg mh khyerëh ag mes gjougsthaes je rgspejabÿ qug me choëh per ougstbejgs rgmbnbeshs, h pgshr ag qug ogroh agm >8% pgrtgjgoëh h mh rgmbnbÿj luaëh. Gste bkpmboh qug mh khyerëh ag mes oejsukbaergs gj Ienetè rgoejeog h mes preauotes descgr je per sus vgjthlhs rgmbnbeshs e gspbrbtuhmgs, sbje per sus vgjthlhs cbnbgjbohs y shjbthrbhs. Ohig kgjobejhr qug agjtre ag mh peimhobÿj gjougsthah sg gjoejtrÿ mh gxbstgjobh ag obgrths sgoths rgmbnbeshs oeke mes ”kgsbèjboes‛, qubgjgs sb mg abgrej bkperthjobh hm `hoter rgmbnbese seirg mes agkès `hotergs. Gsth sgoth oerrgspejag h pgrsejhs qug je sej luaëhs, pgre orggj thjte gj gm hjtënue oeke gj gm jugve tgsthkgjtg, per me qug hagkès ag orggr gj Lgsüs thkibâj prhotbohj mhs jerkhs agm dhscrut. Gm cgoce ag qug mes kgsbèjboes oerrgspejahj h gstrhtes kès ihles, rgprgsgjthrëh ujh epertujbaha ag ag pgjgtrhr aboces aboces sgnkgjtes ag mh peimhobÿj oej mes preauotes descgr. Mh bagh gs orghr oejsobgjobh gsths pgrsejhs ag qug mh shmua gs me kès bkperthjtg, y

 

32

 

qug per me thjte, uj pgqugøe seirg oeste gj uj preauote oeke mh ohrjg, gsthrëh oejtrbiuygjae hm kglerhkbgjte ag su shmua.

YGOEKGJAHOBEJG_ Qhm oeke sg kgjobejÿ hjtgrberkgjtg, gj epbjbÿj ag mes gjougsthaes y gjtrgvbsthaes, chog `hmth kuoces kès munhrgs phrh haqubrbr preauotes descgr gj Ienetè. Ohrummh agigrëh hirbr sgoobejgs descgr gj etres pujtes ag vgjth ag mh obuaha oej gm `bj ag mmgnhr ag ujh khjgrh kès `èobm y g`bohz h gstg kgrohae eilgtbve. _bj gkihrne, phrh hsgnurhr gm âxbte ag gsth sgoobÿj, agig pgrohthrsg ag qug gm oejeobkbgjte ag gstes preauotes je sgh gxomusbve ag mh oekujbaha luaëh. _b ibgj gs obgrte qug mh khyerëh ag mes gjougsthaes sg gjtgrÿ agm dhscrut per kgabe ag mh rgmbnbÿj (07.0%), thkibâj sg eisgrvÿ qug uj 7.7% sg gjtgrÿ nrhobhs h mes hvbses bj`erkhtbves qug sg gjougjtrhj gj gm Ohrummh descgr. Hsbkbske, gm 83.3% sg gjtgrÿ per kgabe ag oekujbohobÿj ag `hkbmbhrgs e hkbnes, me ouhm chog pgjshr qug âstg gs uj bjtgrgshjtg kgabe phrh chogr qug kuochs pgrsejhs oejezohj mes igjg`bobes ag mh oekbah descgr. Ver me thjte, Ohrummh agig hagmhjthr ujh ohkphøh puimbobthrbh abrbnbah h teahs hqugmmhs pgrsejhs qug iusohj e gstèj iusohjae oubahr su shmua. Aboch ohkphøh sgrëh ag ohrèotgr bj`erkhtbve y prekeobejhm ag mes preauotes descgr, bjabohjae mhs ab`grgjobhs gxbstgjtgs, per glgkpme, gjtrg mh ohrjg oejvgjobejhm y mh ohrjg descgr, hsë oeke mhs vgjthlhs qug bkpmboh gm oejsuke ag gsth ümtbkh. Mes kgabes bj`erkhtbves utbmbzhaes gj mh ohkphøh agigj sgr< hvbses gj mes pujtes ag vgjth, ohtèmenes ag abstrbiuobÿj khsbvh y phuth puimbobthrbh gj ab`grgjtgs kgabes gsorbtes oej bj`erkhobÿj ièsboh seirg quâ gs oekbah descgr, ujh irgvg rgsgøh y gxpmbohobÿj cbstÿrboh, hsë oeke mes igjg`bobes qug trhg phrh mh shmua y mes prbjobphmgs sgmmes descgr rgoejeobaes h jbvgm kujabhm. Hagkès, sg pearëhj utbmbzhr oekgrobhmgs tgmgvbsbves qug rg`ugrogj gm oejeobkbgjte ag mes preauotes descgr hm oejsukbaer. Mes oekgrobhmgs y mh phuth agigj sgr oekpmgkgjthaes oej `emmgtes gjtrgnhaes h mes oejsukbaergs gj pujtes gspgoë`boes agjtre agm supgrkgrohae gj aejag sg e`rgzohj agnusthobejgs ag preauotes rgmgvhjtgs oeke oèrjboes y hmbkgjtes phrvg. Gm oejsukbaer agig ahrsg ougjth ag qug gm dhscrut hcerh je gstè agstbjhae gxomusbvhkgjtg h mh peimhobÿj luaëh, y qug kuoces ag mes hmbkgjtes qug oejsukg

 

26

 

rgnumhrkgjtg vbgjgj ogrtb`bohaes oej gm sgmme descgr, oeke gj gm ohse ag mes ogrghmgs Dgmmenn‒s. Hagkès, qug sus preauotes sg hahpthj h uj nrhj jükgre ag oumturhs, hsë oeke h pgrsejhs oej cèibtes hmbkgjthrbes ab`grgjtgs oeke per glgkpme vgngthrbhjes, ogmëhoes y je temgrhjtgs ag mhotesh.

Vhrhmgme h gsths hotbvbahags ag prekeobÿj, Ohrummh agig gkpgzhr h hkpmbhr su perth`embe ag preauotes, gm ouhm oejsth hotuhmkgjtg ag ohrjg ag rgs, ohrjg ag oeragre, pemme, gkiutbaes, qugses, mèotges, phjhagrëh, vbjes, hogbtgs, phsths,

igibahs

rg`rgsohjtgs y mboergs. Gjtrg mes preauotes qug `hmthj gj gm kgrohae ienethje sgnüj mes gjougsthaes sg gjougjtrhj mhs ngmhtbjhs, khrnhrbjhs y preauotes phrvg gj ngjgrhm, preauotes oejngmhaes oeke junngts y pbzzhs, aumogs, cgmhaes y oej`btgrëh gj ngjgrhm, hsë oeke preauotes hutÿotejes ag Bsrhgm. Gj gm ohse ag mes cgmhaes, pearëh mmgvhr h ohie ujh hmbhjzh gstrhtânboh oej Ihsdbj ?8 Yeiibjs, gkprgsh qug gstè ogrtb`bohah descgr, phrh qug mes oejsukbaergs, hphrtg ag peagr gjoejtrhr mes cgmhaes descgr gj mes pujtes ag vgjth Ihsdbj Yeiibjs Yeiibjs trhabobejhmgs, hcerh hcerh me pugahj chogr chogr gj gm kbske munhr aejag haqubgrgj etres hmbkgjtes descgr. Gj gm ohse ag mèotges y qugses, sg pugag chogr âj`hsbs gj gm cgoce ag qug mes preauotes ag mh khroh Hmpbjh hüj je tbgjgj gm sgmme gxpmëobte gj sus gkphqugs, pgre qug teaes mes preogses kgabhjtg mes ouhmgs sg gmhierhj tbgjgj gm hvhm ag mh lujth rhiëjboh Phha Chohscrut ag Ienetè.  Habobejhmkgjtg h mh ohkphøh bj`erkhtbvh, Ohrummh pugag bkpmgkgjthr ujh gstrhtgnbh phrh `ekgjthr gm oejsuke ag preauotes descgr per kgabe ag su sbstgkh ag thrlgth ag pujtes. Ag gsth khjgrh, per ohah ohah preauote descgr qug sg haqubgrh, gm oejsukbaer oejsukbaer pugag br houkumhjae pujtes qug hm `bjhm sgrèj rgabkbimgs per prgkbes y hrtëoumes qug pugagj chogr phrtg thjte ag mh oumturh eoobagjthm gj ngjgrhm, oeke ag mh oumturh cgirgh. Gjtrg gstes prgkbes, sg pearëhj eisgqubhr mbires oej rgogths ag oekbah descgr tëpboh ag Bsrhgm, hsë oeke mbires ag oeobjh bjtgrjhobejhm oej pmhtes qug pugagj sgr prgphrhaes prgphrhaes ihle mhs jerkhs jerkhs descgr. Kbgjtrhs Ohrummh bkpmgkgjtg gsth ohkphøh bj`erkhtbvh, mhs pgrsejhs qug je sg gjtgrhrej ag mh gxbstgjobh ag mes preauotes descgr per kgabe ag mes hjujobes, sgnurhkgjtg me chrèj per kgabe ag sus `hkbmbhrgs e hkbnes qug sb vbgrej mh phuth, e qug sg gjtgrhrej nrhobhs h etrhs pgrsejhs qug mgs chimhrej agm dhscrut. Gs bkperthjtg rgshmthr qug Ohrummh gs mh üjboh ohagjh ag supgrkgrohaes gj gm phës qug ougjth oej ujh sgoobÿj gxomusbvh phrh mes preauotes descgr. Hagkès, qug tbgjg

 

28

 

uj oejvgjbe ag gxomusbvbaha oej gm Phha Chohscrut ag Ienetè phrh preauobr, preogshr y abstrbiubr ohrjg y preauotes oèrjboes descgr. Gsth gs sbj auah ujh vgjthlh qug agig sgr hprevgochah aurhjtg mh khyer ohjtbaha ag tbgkpe pesbimg, pugs gj vëspgrhs ag trhthaes ag mbirg oekgrobe oeke gm QMO, pugag mmgnhr h gjoejtrhr oekpgtgjobh gj etres supgrkgrohaes qug agobahj bkperthr mes preauotes oèrjboes ag Gsthaes Wjbaes. Bnuhmkgjtg, gm QMO pugag sgr hprevgochae pesbtbvhkgjtg per Ohrummh, gxperthjae sus preauotes h etres phësgs gj aejag gm oejsuke ag hmbkgjtes descgr sgh kès ab`ujabae y agshrremmhae qug gj Oemekibh.

 

29

 

  HJGSE.8 Mes sgmmes descgr kès bkperthjtgs gj gm kujae 827   H oejtbjuhobÿj sg prgsgjthj hmnujes ag mes sgmmes descgr kès rgmgvhjtgs pgrtgjgobgjtgs h hmnujhs ag mhs oekphøëhs ogrtb`bohaerhs kès bkperthjtgs agm kujae. Mh khyerëh ag gmmes pgrtgjgogj h oekphøëhs ogrtb`bohaerhs jertghkgrbohjhs, agibae h qug hmmë sg gjougjtrhj uibohahs gj su khyerëh. Ver glgkpme, gm sëkieme prgsgjthae gj mh thimh ag mh agrgoch qug tbgjg ujh W gjogrrhah oej uj oëroume pgrtgjgog h mh ”Ertceaex Wjbej‛, mh gkprgsh ogrtb`bohaerh kès bkperthjtg y rgoejeobah gj Gsthaes Wjbaes. Gj gm kujae gxbstgj ogroh ag 166 gkprgshs ogrtb`bohaerhs oej sus sgmmes rgspgotbves.  H oejtbjuhobÿj sg kugstrhj kugstrhj hmnujes ag mes kès kès bkperthjtgs.

827

 Qekhaes ag< GMCHYHY, _cmeke. Khjuhm ag descgr gj eragj hm`hiâtboe. Phha Ohdhscrut ag Ienetè. Vp.86-88.

 

2?

 

  Hjgxe 9. Etres sbstgkhs ag ohmbaha hpmbohaes h mh preauoobÿj ag ohrjg Descgr   Gm preogse ag supgrvbsbÿj y oejtrem qug sbnug uj Yhibje phrh ogrtb`bohr mh ohrjg ag rgs y sus agrbvhaes, agig br seperthae jgogshrbhkgjtg seirg ujh sgrbg ag sbstgkhs ag hsgnurhkbgjte hsgnurhkbgj te ag ohmbaha prgsgjtgs gj ouhmqubgr kâteae ag shorb`bobe. Aboces sbstgkhs ag oejtrem chogj qug mes preogabkbgjtes gkpmghaes gj gm preogshkbgjte ag ouhmqubgr tbpe ag hmbkgjtes, nhrhjtbogj gm kèxbke pesbimg ag bjeoubaha y per me thjte, qug sghj preauotes kès sgnures, cbnbâjboes y ag kès hmth ohmbaha phrh mes oejsukbaergs. Ahah mh gvemuobÿj ag mh bjaustrbh ag hmbkgjtes y mh jgogsbaha ag oejthr ohah vgz oej preauotes kès shjes y mbirgs ag ouhmqubgr hngjtg phtÿngje pgmbnrese phrh mh shmua cukhjh, sg chj gkpgzhae h bkpmgkgjthr h jbvgm kujabhm preogses ag oejtrem ag ohmbaha gstrbotes y rbnureses. Gj Oemekibh, gm Bjvbkh gs gm gjtg gjohrnhae ag supgrvbshr mh hpmbohobÿj ag aboces oejtremgs, y teah mh jerkhtbvbaha rgmhobejhah sg gjougjtrh oejsbnjhah gj gm agorgte ?6>7 ag 822> Mes kès bkperthjtgs bkperthjtgs y jevgaeses sej mes CHOOV, CHOOV, trhzhibmbaha (gm (gm ouhm vh bkpmëobte gj CHOOV), y mhs Iugjhs Vrèotbohs ag ag Khju`hoturh (IVK e NKV). H.9.8 CHOOV Mh ag`bjbobÿj ag âsth sbnmh gj bjnmâs oerrgspejag h Chzhra Hjhmysbs Orbtbohm Oejtrem Vebjt, me ouhm trhauog gj gsphøem Hjèmbsbs ag Vgmbnres y ag Vujtes ag Oejtrem Orëtboes,

e HVVOO820. ”Gstg sbstgkh `ug agshrremmhae bjbobhmkgjtg gj Gsthaes Wjbaes oej gm `bj ag hsgnurhr mh ohmbaha shjbthrbh y mh sgnurbaha kboreibemÿnboh ag mes hmbkgjtes utbmbzhaes gj mes prbkgres prenrhkhs gsphobhmgs ag mh JH_H.‛ 82>. _b ibgj hmnujhs gkprgshs ag mh bjaustrbh ag hmbkgjtes utbmbzhihj preogses qug gstuabhihj mes preauotes `bjhmgs, je chiëh `erkh ag nhrhjtbzhr mh ohmbaha tethm gj gm preauote, pugste qug je sg gsthihj tgjbgjae gj ougjth gmgkgjtes y suipreogses qug bihj agsag gm bjbobe chsth gm `bjhm ag mh ohagjh preauotbvh (Hjèmbsbs ag Vgmbnres y ag Vujtes ag Oejtrem Orëtboes, 9669). Gm 820

 Qekhae ag Hjèmbsbs ag Vgmbnres y ag Vujtes ag Oejtrem Orëtboes, Ygoupgrhae ag cttp 968  Bibagk, p.13

 

27

 

(prgsgjobh ag bjsgotes, pmèstboes, y gmgkgjtes gxtrhøes gj ngjgrhm) y quëkboes (pgstbobahs u cerkejhs, gjtrg etres). -

Hjèmbsbs ag Vgmbnres< Ygoeng Ygoeng y hjhmbzh bj`erkhobÿj bj`erkhobÿj phrh gvhmuhr gvhmuhr gm rbgsne y mh nrhvgaha ag uj pgmbnre petgjobhm.

-

Mëkbtg Orëtboe< Phmer qug qug sgphrh sgphrh me bjhogpthimg ag me hogpthimg, me sgnure sgnure ag me

-

bjsgnure. Vujte Orëtboe ag Oej Oejtrem< trem< Wj preogse oejtremhimg oejtremhimg gj gm qug uj pgmbnre pgmbnre phrh phrh mes hmbkgjtes pugag sgr gmbkbjhae, rgauobae e prgvgjbae chsth jbvgmgs hogpthimgs.‛969 

Mes preogses ag oejtrem CHOOV pugagj sgr hpmbohaes h ab`grgjtgs preogses ag preauoobÿj, gj ab`grgjtgs tbpes ag hmbkgjtes. Gj gstg ohse phrtboumhr, gs bkperthjtg qug sg hpmbqug h mh ohagjh preauotbvh ag mh ohrjg ag rgs, pugs âstg gs uj preauote qug rgqubgrg suke oubahae gj su khjgle y abstrbiuobÿj, yh qug pearëh rgprgsgjthr sgrbes preimgkhs phrh mh shmua cukhjh ag je sgr khjglhae oej teahs mhs prgohuobejgs y oejtremgs shjbthrbes. Ag hougrae oej @grjèjagz y Xubøÿjgz (966?), gm prbjobphm eilgtbve ag gstg kâteae ag oejtrem gs gvbthr h teah oesth mh prephnhobÿj ag hngjtgs phtÿngjes h me mhrne ag mh ohagjh preauotbvh. Vhrh menrhr gste, sg gvbthj h teah oesth mes pgmbnres ibemÿnboes, quëkboes y `ësboes, qug pugahj ohushr mh kumtbpmbohobÿj ag hkgjhzhs oeke mh shmkejgmmh spp y mh gsocgrbocbh oemb. Khjtgjgr ujh tgkpgrhturh hprepbhah h me mhrne ag teah mh khjbpumhobÿj agm preauote gs `ujahkgjthm phrh khjtgjgr gstes hngjtgs h rhyh, yh qug oej mhs tgkpgrhturhs gmgvhahs sg rgpreauogj kès rèpbahkgjtg. _gnüj Khrobh ag mh Vhvh (ihotgrbÿmenh ag mhierhterbes Ohrummh-Pbvgre)96?, h me mhrne ag teah mh ohagjh preauotbvh ag mes oèrjboes, mhs gjtbahags rgspgotbvhs ag shmuirbaha sg gjohrnhr ag tekhr kugstrhs hmghterbhs agm hmbkgjte gj ohah uje ag mes pujtes, phrh hsë vgrb`bohr oejsthjtgkgjtg qug mh prgsgjobh ag hngjtgs phtÿngjes je sg shmnh ag mes rhjnes pgrkbsbimgs ag hogpthobÿj. Hsbkbske, mh gkprgsh qug g`gotüh mes preogses ag preauoobÿj thkibâj agig chogr sus prepbes hjèmbsbs pgrbÿaboes phrh oekpreihr qug mes hngjtgs phtÿngjes sg gjougjtrhj ihle oejtrem. Gj gm ohse ag Ohrummh, Khrobh ag mh Vhvh961h`brkh qug mes mhierhterbes chogj gxèkgjgs pgrbÿaboes h sus preauotes y oejsththj qug mes rgsumthaes shtbs`hnhj mes gstèjahrgs bjtgrjhobejhmgs abothaes per mhs jerkhs CHOOV. Gmmh h`brkh qug abochs jerkhs abothj ujes rhjnes bjtgrjhobejhmgs 969 Qekhae ag Hjèmbsbs ag Vgmbnres y ag Vujtes ag Oejtrem Orëtboes. Ygoupgrhae ag cttp

 

-

Vrbjobpbe sbgtg< Gsthimgobkbgjte Gsthimgobkbgjte ag preogses ag vgrb`bohobÿj qug agtgrkbjgj gm oukpmbkbgjte agm pmhj CHOOV, y ag gvbagjobh y vhmbahobÿj qug oej`brkgj qug gm sbstgkh gstè `ujobejhjae g`bohzkgjtg.‛96> 

Vhrh qug ohah uje ag mes > prbjobpbes ag uj sbstgkh CHOOV `ujobejg, agig gxbstbr thkibâj uj hagouhae hagouhae sbstgkh ag trhzhibmbaha, gm ouh ouhmm chog phrtg ag ujh sgrbg a ag g prg ‟ rgqubsbtes bjabspgjshimgs bjabspgjshimgs h mh cerh ag bkpmgkgjthr uj sbstgkh CHOOV. Mh trhzhibmbaha, sgnüj gm hrtëoume ? agm rgnmhkgjte rgnmhkgjte 8>3 ag 9669 (Vregxpert.oek.oe), (Vregxpert.oek.oe), gs ”mh pesbibmbaha ag gjoejtrhr y sgnubr gm rhstre, h trhvâs ag teahs mhs gthphs ag preauoobÿj, trhjs`erkhobÿj y abstrbiuobÿj, ag uj hmbkgjte, uj pbgjse, uj hjbkhm agstbjhae h mh preauoobÿj ag hmbkgjtes e ujh susthjobh, agstbjhaes h sgr bjoerperhaes gj hmbkgjtes e pbgjses e oej preihibmbaha ag sgrme‛963. Mh trhzhibmbaha gs ujh cgrrhkbgjth ütbm h mh cerh ag bagjtb`bohr mhs epgrhobejgs per mhs ouhmgs ch phshae uj preauote. Gj gm kekgjte gj qug uj `hmme gs agtgothae, sg pugagj eisgrvhr teaes mes preogses y gthphs hjtgrbergs h mh `hsg prgsgjtg. Ohah metg ag preauoobÿj agig oejthr oej aeoukgjtes qug rgoepbmhj mh bj`erkhobÿj ag mes preogses hpmbohaes hm preauote h trhvâs ag sus ab`grgjtgs gthphs gj mh preauoobÿj.  Hsë, ohah supgrvbser pugag tgjgr uj rgougjte ag me qug ch phshae oej uj preauote, y pugag per me thjte, sgøhmhr mh phrtg ag mh ohagjh preauotbvh aejag sg preaule gm grrer, y ag gsth `erkh iusohr ujh semuobÿj. Gs bkperthjtg rgshmthr qug mh trhzhibmbaha je gs uj kgohjbske absgøhae phrh rgtbrhr preauotes agm kgrohae. Gs ujh cgrrhkbgjth qug preperobejh mes kgabes jgogshrbes phrh mh bagjtb`bohobÿj ag uj preimgkh qug sg ch prgsgjthae gj ujh phrtg agtgrkbjhah ag mh ohagjh preauotbvh (Vregxpert.oek.oe, 9669). Gjtrg etres prgrrgqubsbtes jgogshrbes phrh mh bkpmgkgjthobÿj ag uj sbstgkh CHOOV sg eisgrvhj mes sbnubgjtgs962< -

Oejabobejgs `hverhimgs `hverhimgs ag mhs bjsthmhobejgs bjsthmhobejgs y meohmg meohmgss gj ngjgrhm ngjgrhm ag mes gsthimgobkbgjtes preauotergs.

96>

 Biëa.  Qekhae ag Vregxpert.oek.oe. Ygoupgrhae ag cttp20AeoukgjtJe?9>9.VA@, cttp20AeoukgjtJe?9>9.VA@, 963

gm 9 962

ag Hirbm ag 9667.  Vrg ‟ Ygqubsbtes Qekhaes ag Hjèmbsbs Hjèmb sbs ag Vgmbnres y ag Vujtes ag Oejtrem Orëtboes, Ygoupgrhaes ag cttp.

_gnüj sg eisgrvh, thjte gm pbse oeke mes abvgrses pestgs y pugrths prgsgjtgs gj mes oerrhmgs, agigj gsthr tethmkgjtg pumbaes, oej gm eilgte ag gvbthr rhsnuøes, oerthaurhs, nempgs e agsnhrrgs gj mh pbgm ag mes hjbkhmgs. Ahae qug phrh gm dhscrut gm hjbkhm je pugag prgsgjthr jbjnüj tbpe ag bkpgr`goobÿj gj su `bsejekëh gxtgrjh, gstg hspgote gs `ujahkgjthm phrh gvbthr ouhmqubgr tbpe ag bjoejvgjbgjtg. Ag hougrae oej gm rhibje Rgruschmkb 983, gstèj precbibaes teaes mes kâteaes qug bjauogj hm nhjhae kgabhjtg gmgotrbobaha, nempgs, gkpulejgs, gto. Gstes `hotergs pugagj eohsbejhr khmtrhtes pgrkhjgjtgs hm hjbkhm, e ngjgrhr gxogsbves jbvgmgs ag gstrâs qug `bjhmkgjtg h`gothrëhj gm prepÿsbte agm shorb`bobe. Oej`erkg h gste, sg ch menrhae oekpreihr obgjtë`bohkgjtg (kgabhjtg mes gstuabes rghmbzhaes per Qgkpmg Nrhabj) qug ouhjae mes hjbkhmgs sej prgsbejhaes e khmtrhthaes hjtgs agm shorb`bobe, mbigrhj obgrths texbjhs gj mh shjnrg qug chogj kès ab`ëobm mh mbirg `mubagz ag âsth chobh

980

 Oekujbohobÿj pgrsejhm, ? ag Khrze ag 9667.  Nrhjabj, Qgkpmg (9666), agm agphrthkgjte ag obgjobh hjbkhm ag mh Wjbvgrsbaha agm Gsthae ag Oemerhae, @ert Oemmbjs. Vreauoobÿj Ievbjh ag ohrjg< Khjgle y ibgjgsthr agm nhjhae nhjhae gj mes rhstres. Qekhae ag preauoobejievbjh.oek. Ygoupgrhae gm 1 ag Hirbm ag 9667 gj cttp), ”mes hjbkhmgs pugagj phagogr gstrâs agibae h< -Ygstrboobÿj gj sus kevbkbgjtes. -Oejabobejgs tesohs ag khjgle. -Jevgahags. -Chkirg, sga y `htbnh. -Mgsbejgs. -Gxtrgkes târkboes‛982. Ver gjag, teaes gstes hspgotes sg agigj gvbthr phrh hsgnurhrmg hm nhjhae uj preogse ag mgvhjtg trhjqubme y oej iugjhs gxpgothtbvhs phrh gm shorb`bobe. H.?.9 Ohrhotgrëstbohs ÿptbkhs hahpthimgs phrh gm trhjspertg agm nhjhae descgr Oej gm eilgte ag gvbthr qug sg bjorgkgjtgj mes jbvgmgs ag gstrâs agm nhjhae aurhjtg gm trhjspertg chobh gm `rbnerë`boe, sg hnrgnhj oèsohrhs ag `ruths gj gm pbse (phrh suhvbzhrme) y sg oemeohj obgrtes hkertbnuhaergs gj mhs phrgags phrh qug je sg nempggj (h`brkh gm rhibje Rgruschmkb996). Ag hougrae oej Ochkigrs y Nrhabj (9668), gm ohkbÿj agig tgjgr gxogmgjtg vgjtbmhobÿj, pbses hjtbagsmbzhjtgs, tgoce qug mes ouirh agm sem, pbses sbj rhjurhs, gjtrg etrhs oeshs. Oej`erkg oej Ochkigrs y Nrhabj (9668), ”uj trhjspertg ag`bobgjtg pugag tgjgr g`gotes kuy nrhvgs y ahøbjes phrh gm ibgjgsthr agm nhjhae (gj ngjgrhm), y rgpgroutbr gj ujh pârabah sbnjb`bohtbvh ag ohmbaha y preauoobÿj‛998. Gmmes oejomuygj qug mes g`gotes ag uj khm trhjspertg pugagj eohsbejhr gstrâs, cgkhtekhs, pbsetejgs, hs`bxbh, `hmme ohrabhoe, agscbarhthobÿj y pgmghs, gjtrg kuoces etres `hotergs. Gm nhjhae Descgr agig gsthr gj pgr`goths oejabobejgs, per me qug sg agigj gvbthr teahs gsths sbtuhobejgs. Ver thm ketbve, sg ch agtgrkbjhae qug ”mes kâteaes kès hprepbhaes phrh kevgr gm nhjhae ievbje sej Tag[ pbg… gm trhjspertg gj ohkbejgs gs kuoce kès

982

 NYHJABJ, Qgkpmg (822>). Gvhmuhobÿj agm gstrâs aurhjtg gm khjgle y trhjspertg. Agphrthkgjte ag obgjobh hjbkhm ag mh ujbvgrsbaha agm gsthae ag Oemerhae, O emerhae, W_H. Qekhae ag nrhjabj.oek. Ygoupgrhae gm 2 ag Hirbm ag 9667 gj cttp 00 1 > 9 890 9 893

ohshae semtgre vbuae abverobhae ujbej mbirg Qethm _ystgk

Phmba Vg Vgrogjt

?0,> 78,0 ?,8 7,7 8,0 23,1 8,0 866,6

Oukumhtbvg Vgrogjt

?>,? 79,1 ?,9 7,0 8,0 866,6

?>,? 32,> 29,2 23,1 866,6

 

Qhimh ?

Gaha @rgqugjoy Phmba

Kbssbjn Qethm

83 h 97 90 h ?7 ?0 h 17 10 h 77 70 h 07 khs ag 07 Qethm _ystgk

1 93 7 92 8> 1 1 89> 8 893

Vgrogjt ? 8> 2,,7 7 99,> 8?,? ?,8 ?,8 22,9 ,3 866,6

Phmba Vg Vgrogjt ? 8> 2,,3 > 99,3 8?,1 ?,8 ?,8 866,6

Oukumhtbvg Vgrogjt ? 7> >,,3 7 36,? 2?,> 20,2 866,6

 

 

886

 

 

Qhimh 1

Ygmbnbÿj

Phmba

ohtemboh orbstbhjh  luabh kusumkhj je rgmbnbese pretgsthjtg kgsbhjboe Qethm

@rgqugjoy 96 0 26 8 0 8 1 893

Vgrogjt 87,0 1,> >6,? ,3 1,> ,3 ?,8 866,6

Oukumhtbvg Vgrogjt 87,0 96,? 26,0 28,1 20,8 20,2 866,6

Phmba V Vg grogjt 87,0 1,> >6,? ,3 1,> ,3 ?,8 866,6

  Qhimh 7

Gstrhte

Phmba

Kbssbjn Qethm

? 1 7 0 Qethm _ystgk

@rgqugjoy 96 89 91 >6 890 9 893

Vgrogjt 87,0 2,1 83,3 71,> 23,1 8,0 866,6

Phmba Vg Vgrogjt 87,2 2,7 82,6 77,0 866,6

Oukumhtbvg Vgrogjt 87,2 97,1 11,1 866,6

  Qhimh 0

Nâjgre * Gaha Oressthiumhtbej 83 h 97 90 h ?7 Nâjgr  khsoumbj Oeujt 91 8? % wbtcbj Nâj ?2,?% 98,?% % wbtcbj Gah 76,6% 79,6% % e` Qethm 83,2% 86,9% `gkgjbje Oeujt 91 89 % wbtcbj Nâj ?0,1% 83,9% % wbtcbj Gah 76,6% 13,6% % e` Qethm 83,2% 2,1% Oeujt Qethm 13 97 % wbtcbj Nâj ?>,3% 82,>% % wbtcbj Gah 866,6% 866,6% % e` Qethm

?>,3%

82,>%

Gaha ?0 h 17 10 h 77 70 h 07 hs ag 07 Qethm 89 3 9 9 08 82,>% 8?,8% ?,?% ?,?% 866,6% 18,1% 1>,8% 76,6% 76,6% 13,6% 2,1% 0,?% 8,0% 8,0% 13,6% 8> 2 9 9 00 97,3% 8?,0% ?,6% ?,6% 866,6% 73,0% 79,2% 76,6% 76,6% 79,6% 8?,1% >,8% 8,0% 8,0% 79,6% 92 8> 1 1 89> 99,3% 8?,1% ?,8% ?,8% 866,6% 866,6% 866,6% 866,6% 866,6% 866,6% 99,3%

8?,1%

?,8%

?,8% 866,6%

 

 

888

 

  Qhimh >

Gaha * Gsthae Obvbm Oressthiumhtbej

Gaha 83 h 97

90 h ?7

?0 h 17

Oeujt % wbtcbj Gaha % wbtcbj Gsthae % e` Qethm Oeujt % wbtcbj Gaha % wbtcbj Gsthae % e` Qethm Oeujt % wbtcbj Gaha % wbtcbj Gsthae

,3% 8

99,98% >

79,2% 7,2% 8>,0% 8>,0% 7,2% 82,8% 8,7% >7,6% 19,2% 76,6% >,8% ,3% 9,1% 9,1% ,3% 9 8 6 8 6 76,6% 97,6% ,6% 97,6% ,6% 1,?% 8,7% ,6% 81,?% ,6% 8,0% ,3% ,6% ,3% ,6% ? 6 8 6 6 >7,6% ,6% 97,6% ,6% ,6% 0,1% ,6% 97,6% ,6% ,6% 9,1% ,6% ,3% ,6% ,6% Oeujt 1> 00 1 > 9 % wbtcbj Gaha ?>,?% 79,1% ?,9% 7,0% 8,0% % wbtcbj Gsthae 866,6% 866,6% 866,6% 866,6% 866,6% % e` Qethm ?>,?% 79,1% ?,9% 7,0% 8,0%

866,6% 8?,7% 8?,7% 1 866,6% ?,9% ?,9% 1 866,6% ?,9% ?,9% 890 866,6% 866,6% 866,6%

% e` Qethm Oeujt % wbtcbj Gaha % wbtcbj Gsthae % e` Qethm 70 h 07 Oeujt % wbtcbj Gaha % wbtcbj Gsthae % e` Qethm khs ag 0 Oeujt % wbtcbj Gaha % wbtcbj Gsthae % e` Qethm 10 h 77

Qethm

ohshae 6 ,6% ,6% ,6% 81 70,6% 92,3% 88,8% 82 0>,2% 16,1% 87,8% 2

Gsthae Obvbm semtgre vbuae bverobhae jbej mbirg Qethm 13 6 6 6 13 866,6% ,6% ,6% ,6% 866,6% >9,>% ,6% ,6% ,6% ?3,8% ?3,8% ,6% ,6% ,6% ?3,8% 86 6 8 6 97 16,6% ,6% 1,6% ,6% 866,6% 87,9% ,6% 81,?% ,6% 82,3% >,2% ,6% ,3% ,6% 82,3% 0 6 9 8 93 98,1% ,6% >,8% ?,0% 866,6% 2,8% ,6% 93,0% 76,6% 99,9% 1,3% 8

,6%?

8,0%?

 

 

889

 

 

Qhimh 3  

Gstrhte * _b je 866%, per qug5 Oressthiumhtbej _b je 866%, per qug5

Gstrhte ?

1

7

0

Qethm

je chy je chy su`bobgjtg su`bobgjtgs per gm oeste e`grth ag unhrgs phrh g mh oekbah preauotes haqubrbrmes Oeujt ? 8 6 % wbtcbj Gstr  96,6% 0,>% ,6% % wbtcbj _b j 98,1% 2,8% ,6% 866%, per qu % e` Qethm ?,>% 8,9% ,6% Oeujt 9 8 8 % wbtcbj Gstr  83,9% 2,8% 2,8% % wbtcbj _bqu j 866%, per % e` Qethm Oeujt % wbtcbj Gstr  % wbtcbj _b j 866%, per qu % e` Qethm Oeujt % wbtcbj Gstr  % wbtcbj _b j 866%, per qu % e` Qethm Oeujt % wbtcbj Gstr  % wbtcbj _b j 866%, per qu % e` Qethm

je kg semhkgjtg bjtgrgsh sgr  g bjtgrgshj 66% descgr. hmnujes e me chne pe preauotes rgmbnbej Qethm > 1 87 10,>% 90,>% 866,6% ??,?%

8?,3%

83,?%

3,7% ? 9>,?%

1,2% 83,?% 1 88 ?0,1% 866,6%

81,?%

2,8%

81,?%

81,?%

8?,3%

8?,1%

9,1% 7 9>,3%

8,9% 8 7,0%

8,9% 6 ,6%

?,>% 0 ??,?%

1,2% 8?,1% 0 83 ??,?% 866,6%

?7,>%

2,8%

,6%

93,0%

96,>%

0,8% 1 86,7%

8,9% 3 98,8%

,6% 0 87,3%

>,?% 7 8?,9%

>,?% 99,6% 87 ?3 ?3 ?2,7% 866,6%

93,0%

>9,>%

37,>%

9?,3%

78,>%

10,?%

1,2%

2,3%

>,?%

0,8%

83,?%

10,?%

1 8>,88%

8?,18%8

3,7%>

8 97,09%

9 ?7,19%2 866,63%

866,6%

866,6%

866,6%

866,6%

866,6% 866,6%

8>,8%

8?,1%

3,7%

97,0%

?7,1% 866,6%

99,6%

 

 

88?

 

  Qhimh 2

Oeke sg gjtgrÿ agm Descgr5 Oukumhtbvg Phmba

Ygmbnbej @hkbmbhrgs e hkbnes Vrgsorbpobej kâaboh Oemgnbe Me vbe gj Ohrummh Ourbesbaha Qrhihle Qethm

@rgqugj3o1y 91 9 7 > ? ? 893

Vgro0g7j,t0 83,3 8,0 ?,2 7,7 9,? 9,? 866,6

Phmba V Vg gr0o7g,j0t 83,3 8,0 ?,2 7,7 9,? 9,? 866,6

Vgrogjt 07,0 31,1 37,2 32,3 27,? 2>,> 866,6

 

 

881

 

  Qhimh 86 Oeke sg gjtgrÿ agm Descgr5 * Ygmbnbÿj Oressthiumhtbej Ygmbnbÿj Oeujt % wbtcbj Oeke gjtgrÿ agm Desc % wbtcbj Ygmbnbÿ % e` Qethm @hkbmbhrgs e hkb Oeujt % wbtcbj Oeke gjtgrÿ agm Desc % wbtcbj Ygmbnbÿ % e` Qethm Vrgsorbpobej kâ Oeujt % wbtcbj Oeke gjtgrÿ agm Desc % wbtcbj Ygmbnbÿ % e` Qethm Oemgnbe Oeujt

Oeke sg Ygmbnbej gjtgrÿ agm Descgr5

Qethm

oh ohte tembmboh oh or orbs bstb tbhj hjh h 9 9

lu luab abh h kusu kusumk mkhj hj e rgmb rgmbnb nbes ese e retg retgst sthj hjtg tg gsbh gsbhjb jboe oe Qethm >0 8 8 6 9 31

9,1%

9,1%

26,7%

8,9%

8,9%

,6%

9,1% 866,6%

86,6% 8,0% >

??,?% 8,0% 9

31,1% 72,1% 86

866,6% ,3% 6

80,>% ,3% ?

,6% ,6% 8

92,9%

3,?%

18,>%

,6%

89,7%

1,9%

?7,6% 7,7% 8

??,?% 8,0% 6

88,8% >,3% 6

,6% ,6% 6

76,6% 9,?% 6

866,6% ,3% 6

76,6%

,6%

,6%

,6%

,6%

,6%

76,6% 866,6%

7,6% ,3% 6

,6% ,6% 6

,6% ,6% 1

,6% ,6% 6

,6% ,6% 8

,6% ,6% 6

97,6% ,3% 6

,6% ,6% 36,6% % wbtcbj gjtgrÿ agmOeke Desc % wbtcbj Ygmbnbÿ ,6% ,6% 1,1% % e` Qethm ,6% ,6% ?,8% Me vbe gj Ohrummh Oeujt 0 8 6 % wbtcbj Oeke ,6% gjtgrÿ agm Desc 37,>% 81,?% % wbtcbj Ygmbnbÿ ?6,6% 80,>% ,6% % e` Qethm 1,>% ,3% ,6% Ourbesbaha Oeujt 8 8 6 % wbtcbj Oeke ,6% gjtgrÿ agm Desc ??,?% ??,?% % wbtcbj Ygmbnbÿ 7,6% 80,>% ,6% % e` Qethm ,3% ,3% ,6% Qrhihle Oeujt ? 6 6 % wbtcbj Oeke ,6% ,6% gjtgrÿ agm Desc 866,6% % wbtcbj Ygmbnbÿ 89 7,,? 6% % 6% % 6% % % e` Qethm ,,6 ,,6 Oeujt 96 0 26 % wbtcbj Oeke 1,>% >6,?% gjtgrÿ agm Desc 87,0% % wbtcbj Ygmbnbÿ 866,6% 866,6% 866,6% % e` Qethm 87,0% 1,>% >6,?%

,6%

96,6%

,6%

,6% 866,6%

,6% ,6% 6

80,>% ,3% 6

,6% ,6% 6

,6% ,6% 6

,6%

,6%

,6%

,6% 866,6%

,6% ,6% 6

,6% ,6% 8

,6% ,6% 6

,6% ,6% 6

,6%

??,?%

,6%

,6% 866,6%

,6% ,6% 6

80,>% ,3% 6

,6% ,6% 6

,6% ,6% 6

,6%

,6%

,6%

,6% 866,6%

6% % ,,6 8

6% % ,,6 0

6% % ,,6 8

6% % ,,6 1

,3%

1,>%

,3%

866,6% ,3%

866,6% 1,>%

76,6% 8,0% 8

07,0% 07,0% 91

1,9% 866,6% 97,6% ,3% 8

83,3% 83,3% 9

8,0% 8,0% 7

?,2% ?,2% >

7,7% 7,7% ?

9,?% 9,?% ?

9,,? ?% % 9 893

?,8% 866,6%

866,6% 866,6% 866,6% ,3% ?,8% 866,6%

 

 

887

 

  Qhimh 88

Agsorbptbvg _thtbstbos J Kbjbkuk Khxbkuk 897 8 2

Je pgrsejhs q oejsukgj gj su ohs Gj ohse h`brkhtbve, oeke mes ohmb`boh5 Bkperthjobh rgmbnbej Ohmb`bqug gm prgobe Bkperthjobh shmua gspbrbtuhm Bkperthjobh shier  Ohmb`bqug shier  Bkperthjobh shmua `b Bkperthjobh ohmbaha hmbkgjtes Bkperthjobh cbnbgjg Phmba J (mbstwbsg)

_uk ?29

Kghj ta. Ag Agvbhtbej Phrbhjog ?,81 8,391 ?,?93

38

8

>

?36

1,02

8,070

9,>18

893 893

8 8

> >

079 02>

7,62 7,17

9,?92 8,?37

7,191 8,283

893

8

>

>6?

7,12

9,838

1,>70

890 893 893

8 8 8

> > >

>92 >1? >>3

7,>2 7,36 0,63

8,063 8,91? 8,097

9,730 8,711 9,016

893

8

>

>28

0,83

8,?21

8,211

89> >>

8

>

39>

0,78

8,97?

8,702

  Qhimh 89

Aejag oejsukg Descgr5 * Jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh Dhscrut Oressthiumhtbej Jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh Dhscrut

Aejag oejsukg Descgr5

gj gm cenhr 

gj gm cenhr y `ugrh ag gm

seme h`ugrh

Qethm

Oeujt % wbtcbj Aejag oejsukg Descgr5 % wbtcbj Jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh Dhscrut % e` Qethm Oeujt % wbtcbj Aejag oejsukg Descgr5 % wbtcbj Jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh Dhscrut % e` Qethm Oeujt % wbtcbj Aejag oejsukg Descgr5 % wbtcbj Jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh Dhscrut % e` Qethm Oeujt % wbtcbj Aejag oejsukg Descgr5 % wbtcbj Jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh Dhscrut % e` Qethm

866% descgr 7

76%-22% 3

8%-12% 3

je me eisgrve oeke thm. me chne per  etres ketbves 7

82,9%

?6,3%

?6,3%

82,9%

866,6%

89,7%

?6,3%

93,0%

80,>%

98,6%

1,6% ?9

0,7% 87

0,7% 9

1,6% 89

98,6% 08

79,7%

91,0%

?,?%

82,>%

866,6%

36,6%

7>,>%

>,8%

16,6%

12,9%

97,3% ?

89,8% ?

8,0% 83

2,>% 8?

12,9% ?>

3,8%

3,8%

13,0%

?7,8%

866,6%

>,7%

88,7%

01,?%

1?,?%

92,3%

9,1% 16

9,1% 90

81,7% 93

86,7% ?6

92,3% 891

?9,?%

98,6%

99,0%

91,9%

866,6%

866,6% ?9,?%

866,6% 98,6%

866,6% 99,0%

866,6% 91,9%

866,6% 866,6%

Qethm 90

 

 

880

 

  Qhimh 8?

Aejag oejsukg Descgr5 * Jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh Dhscrut Oressthiumhtbej

Oeujt % wbtcbj Aeja oejsukg Desc % wbtcbj Jbvgm eisgrvhjobh D % e` Qethm gj gm cenhr y `ug Oeujt % wbtcbj Aeja oejsukg Desc

Aejag oejs gj gm cenhr  Descgr5

seme h`ugrh

Qethm

Jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh Dhscrut e me eisgrv oeke thm. me chne per  66% descg 6%-22%8%-12% 6%-22%8%-12% tres ketbve Qethm 7 3 3 7 9 90 0 82,9% ?6,3% ?6,3%

82,9% 866,6%

89,7% ?6,3% 93,0%

80,>% 98,6%

1 ,6 % ?9

0 ,7 % 87

0 ,7 % 9

1,6% 98,6% 89 08

7 9 ,7 % 9 1 ,0 %

? ,? %

82,>% 866,6%

7 > ,> %

> ,8 %

16,6% 12,9%

8 9 ,8 % ?

8 ,0 % 83

2,>% 12,9% 8? ?>

3,8% 13,0%

?7,8% 866,6%

88,7% 01,?%

1?,?% 92,3%

9,1% 81,7% 90 93

86,7% 92,3% ?6 891

98,6% 99,0%

91,9% 866,6%

866,6% 866,6%

866,6% 866,6%

98,6% 99,0%

91,9% 866,6%

% wbtcbj JbvgmD 3 6 ,6 % eisgrvhjobh % e` Qethm 9 7 ,3 % Oeujt ? % wbtcbj Aeja 3 ,8 % oejsukg Desc % wbtcbj Jbvgm > ,7 % eisgrvhjobh D % e` Qethm 9 ,1 % Oeujt 16 % wbtcbj Aeja oejsukg Desc ?9,?% % wbtcbj Jbvgm eisgrvhjobh D 866,6% % e` Qethm ? 9 ,? %

 

Qhimh 81

Aejag mes haqubgrg5

Phmba

ohrummh descgr  oemgnbe vbvgre tbgjahs vgngthrbhjh Qethm

@rgqugjoy 881 89 8 8 893

Vgrogjt 32,8 2,1 ,3 ,3 866,6

Phmba Vg Vgrogjt 32,8 2,1 ,3 ,3 866,6

Oukumhtbvg Vgrogjt 32,8 23,1 22,9 866,6

 

 

88>

 

  Qhimh 87

_b je 866%, per qug5

Phmba

Kbssbjn Qethm

per gm oeste ag mh oekbah je chy su`bobgjtg e`grth ag preauotes je chy su`bobgjtgs munhrgs phrh haqubrbrmes semhkgjtg kg bjtgrgshj hmnujes preauotes je kg bjtgrgsh sgr 866% descgr. je me chne per  rgmbnbej Qethm _ystgk

@rgqugjoy 81

Vgrogjt 86,2

Phmba V Vg grogjt 80,>

Oukumhtbvg Vgrogjt 80,>

89

2,1

81,?

?8,6

3

0,?

2,7

16,7

98

80,1

97,6

07,7

92

99,>

?1,7

866,6

31 11 893

07,0 ?1,1 866,6

866,6

  Qhimh 80

Oekujbaha Luaëh h mh qug pgrtgjgog

Phmba

Kbssbjn Qethm

Qhimh 8>

Phmba

Kbssbjn Qethm

hscdgjhzb sg`hrhab hmgkhjh Qethm _ystgk

@rgqugjoy 1> ?2 9 33 16 893

Vgrogjt ?0,> ?6,7 8,0 03,3 ?8,? 866,6

Phmba Vg Vgrogjt 7?,1 11,? 9,? 866,6

Oukumhtbvg Vgrogjt 7?,1 2>,> 866,6

 

_b prhotboh luahbske, sg oejsbagrh<

umtrherteaexe erteaexe prhotbohjtg je prhotbohjtg Qethm _ystgk

@rgqugjoy 9 82 02 8 28 ?> 893

Vgrogjt 8,0 81,3 7?,2 ,3 >8,8 93,2 866,6

Phmba V Vg grogjt 9,9 96,2 >7,3 8,8 866,6

Oukumhtbvg Vgrogjt 9,9 9?,8 23,2 866,6

 

 

883

 

  Qhimh 83

_u oejsuke gj `gstbvbahags< Oukumhtbvg Phmba

Kbssbjn Qethm

hukgjth pgrkhjgog bnuhm je me h`goth Qethm _ystgk

@rgqugjoy >6 87 7 26 ?3 893

Vgrogjt 71,> 88,> ?,2 >6,? 92,> 866,6

Phmba Vg Vgrogjt >>,3 80,> 7,0 866,6

Vgrogjt >>,3 21,1 866,6

 

Qhimh 82

Gj qug `bgsths hukgjth5

Phmba

Kbssbjn Qethm

pgshl

@rgqugjoy 78

Vgrogjt ?2,3

Phmba Vg Vgrogjt >9,2

7 8 8 89 >6 73 893

?,2 ,3 ,3 2,1 71,> 17,? 866,6

>,8 8,1 8,1 8>,8 866,6

resc chschjh purbk bek dbppur  teahs mhs hjtgrbergs Qethm _ystgk

Oukumhtbvg Vgrogjt >9,2 36,6 38,1 39,2 866,6

 

Qhimh 96

Jbvgm ag eisgrvhjobh Dhscrut

Phmba

Kbssbjn Qethm

866% descgr  76%-22% 8%-12% je me eisgrve oeke thm. me chne per etres ketbves Qethm _ystgk

@rgqugjoy 16 90 92

Vgrogjt ?8,? 96,? 99,>

Phmba V Vg grogjt ?9,6 96,3 9?,9

Oukumhtbvg Vgrogjt ?9,6 79,3 >0,6

?6

9?,1

91,6

866,6

897 ? 893

2>,> 9,? 866,6

866,6

 

 

882

 

 

Hjgxe. > Abhnrhkh ag `mule< ohagjh ag preauoobÿj ag mh ohrjg descgr Vreogse gspgobhm ag orbhjzh agm nhjhae

CHOOV y IVK IVKs s

trhjspertg hoejabobejhae

rgogpobÿj gj pmhjth ag shorb` bobe

gjobgrre gj oerrhmgs phrh bjspgoobej

bjspgoobÿj gjtbaha gjtbahags gs nuigrjhkgjthmgs

gsthaëh gj mes o errh errhmgs mgs phrh 9ah supgrv supgrv bsbÿj

bjspgoobÿj per phrtg ag

sg gsoeng rgs mbagr phrh gvbt hr hturabkbgjtes hturabkbgjtes

mhs gjtbahags rhiëjbohs rgogs ÿptbkhs phshj h mëjghs ag shorb`` bobe shorb

mhvhae oej hnuh tbibh

v grb`bohobÿj ag mh mh oertg ag phths y ohigzh

gaha agm hjbkhm

preogse ag shorb`bobe rbtuhm per agnugmmg gxtrhoobÿj ag

bzhae bzha e phrh ` hobmbthr

mh mgjnuh

gm preogse ag agshjnrg

agsugmme e sb mh rgvbsbÿj gs gxbtesh sg

gxtrhoobÿj ag pbgm

preogag h gxtrhoobÿj gxtrhoobÿj v bsogrhm

sgnujah rgvbsbÿj pumkejh pumkejhr  r 

` bj preogse preogse

absgoobÿj agm pgoce prbkgrh rgvbsbÿj

gxtrhoobÿj ag pumkejgs

pumkejhr 

rgvbsbÿj `hmmbah

y vbsogrh vbsogrhs s

sb rgvbsbÿj gs `hmmbah

sb rgvbsbÿj gs gxbtesh ` bj agm preogse preogse descgr  choop y ipk tgrke dbjn rg`rbngrhae semhkgjtg ohjhmgs descgr 

ogjtrhm ag ohrjgs

oertg per mh aeoghv aeoghv h oestbmmh

gkihrqug ag ouhrtes agmhjtgres

preogse ag sgmmhae ag

chobh ogjtrhm ag ohrjgs

mes ouhrtes agmhjtgres

 

 

896

 

 

kugstrges ag mhierhterbe tgrke dbjn rg` rbngr rbngrhae hae seme

hmghterbes hmghterb es phrh v grb`bohr cbnbgjg CHOOV R IVKs

phrh ohjhmgs descgr  ogjtrhm ag ohrjgs ag Ohrummh

preogse ag agsgkihrqug agsgkihrqug y supgrvbsbÿj rhiëjboh ag s gmmes hm etre aëh mes ohjhmgs trhjsmhae ag ohjhmgs

sg trhjsmhahj h agspestg

sg preogag h pgshr mes ohjhmgs ouhrte ag erge aejag pgrkhjgogj 89 cerhs

sg sukgrng mh ohrjg gj hnuh

preogse ag shmhae ag mh ohrjg

ouhrte gspgobhm ag s hmhae

? vgogs

per ujh cerh

y rgkelha rgkelhae e ag mh ohrjg zejh ag agspestg

mhvhae oej hnuh `rbh

bjkgrsbÿj gj hnuh

gxtrhoobÿj ag nrhsh

phrh gxtrhgr mh shm

per ?6 kbjutes

y vhses s hjn hjnuëjg uëjges es

_g oerth mh ohrjg gj oertgs trhabobejhmgs

preogse ag gkphqug gj htkÿs`grh keab keab`` boha bohah h abstrbiuobÿj chobh

prbkgrh gjv gjv emturh gj VPO VPO y

_gnujah _gnuj ah gjv emturh

sg trhjsmhah gm preauote

y hpmbohobÿj ag sgnujae sgnujae sgmme

` bjhm h ohkbejgs ohkbejgs

hpmbohobÿj agm prbkgr sgmme

Ohrummh Oeujtry

mmgnhah agm preauote< sg pgsh

sg oemeohj mes preauotes gj hpmbohobej choop choop y ipks

kestrhaer bjagpgjabgjtg

preauotes mbstes phrh gm oejsukbaer 

sg v grb`boh qug je gxbsth preimgkh oej gm gkphqug

supgrvbsergs oejsththj prgsgjobh ag 9 sgmmes descgr 

 

* Gs bkperthjtg rgshmthr qug mh supgrvbsbÿj rhiëjboh gs abrgoth y oejsthjtg gj teaes mes  pujtes ag preauoobÿj, chsth gm kekgjte gj qug sg gkphqug gm preauote y sg hpmbqugj mes sgmmes rgspgotbves. H me mhrne ag teae gm preogse sg khjtbgjg ujh ohagjh ag `rëe phrh gvbthr hukgjte gj ohrnh ihotgrbhjh, y hagkès sg tekhj kugstrhs hmghterbhs phrh vgrb`bohr oukpmbkbgjte ag gstèjahrgs bjtgrjhobejhmgs.

 

898

 

  Hjgxe 3. @erkhte ag mh Gjougsth Iugj aëh. _ekes gstuabhjtgs agm prenrhkh ag Hakbjbstrhobÿj gj mh Wjbvgrsbaha ag mes Hjags y gm eilgtbve ag gsth gjougsth gs agtgrkbjhr gm pgr`bm agm oejsukbaer Descgr gj Ienetè. Gsth gjougsth sgrè utbmbzhah oej `bjgs gstrbothkgjtg hohaâkboes phrh jugstre preygote ag nrhae. Ver thjte, mh bj`erkhobÿj per WA. sukbjbstrhah sgrè khjglhah oej hisemuth rgsgrvh y absorgobÿj. Ag hjtgkhje mg hnrhagogkes bjkgjshkgjtg mh oemhierhobÿj prgsthah. 8.  Oÿke sg gjtgrÿ ag mh gxbstgjobh ag mes preauotes Descgr (gmblh sÿme ujh epobÿj)5 h.   i.  o.  a.  g. 

Ygmbnbÿj @hkbmbhrgs e Hkbnes Bjtgrjgt Vrgsorbpobÿj Kâaboh Etre µOuhm5 µ Ouhm5 UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

9.  Gs WA. vgngthrbhje, ogmëhoe, e je temgrhjtg ag mh mhotesh5 h.  _b  i.   Je Ouhm< UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU ?.  Gj ohse ag oejtgsthr h`brkhtbvhkgjtg mh prgnujth hjtgrber, bj`muyg gste gj su oejsuke ag preauotes Descgr5 h.  _b  i.   Je Ver quâ< UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 1.  Ag mes sbnubgjtgs orbtgrbes, ohmb`bqug ag 8 h > (8 sbnjb`boh qug gm orbtgrbe je bkperthjtg y > kuy bkperthjtg) mes ketbves per mes ouhmgs WA. oejsukg gstg tbpe ag preauotes. h.  Ygmbnbÿj  Je gs bkperthjtg bkperthjtg

8

Kuy bkperthjtg bkperthjtg

9

?

1

7

0

>

 i.  Ohmbaha ag mes hmbkgjtes  Je gs bkperthjtg bkperthjtg

8

Kuy bkperthjtg bkperthjtg

9

?

1

7

0

>

o.  _hmua `ësboh  Je gs bkperthjtg bkperthjtg

8

Kuy bkperthjtg bkperthjtg

9

?

1

7

0

>

a.  _hmua gspbrbtuhm  Je gs bkperthjtg bkperthjtg

8

Kuy bkperthjtg bkperthjtg

9

?

1

7

0

>

g.  _hier  Je gs bkperthjtg bkperthjtg

8

Kuy bkperthjtg bkperthjtg

9

?

1

7

7.  µOuhmgs sej mes ? preauotes Descgr qug oejsukg oej khyer `rgougjobh5

0

>

h. UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

i. UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

 

o. UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

899

 

  0.  Aejag oejsukg WA. oekbah Descgr5 h.  _ÿme gj gm cenhr  i.  Gj gm cenhr y `ugrh ag âm o.  _ÿme h`ugrh µVer qug5 UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU  UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU  UUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU  UUUUUUU  

>.  Oej quâ `rgougjobh oekprh WA. preauotes Descgr5 h.   i.  o.  a. 

Abhrbhkgjtg _gkhjhmkgjtg Xubjogjhmkgjtg Kgjsuhmkgjtg

3.  µOÿke ohmb`bohrëh su `rgougjobh ag oejsuke ag gstg tbpe ag preauotes5 h.  Abhrbh  i.  Eohsbejhm o.  Oejsukg sÿme gj `gochs gspgobhmgs (`gstbvbahags luahbohs, gjtrg etres ketbves) 2.  µAejag mes haqubgrg5  UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU  UUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUU 86.  Ohmb`bqug gm shier ag mes preauotes Descgr gj ngjgrhm, (8 sbnjb`boh shier agshnrhahimg y > sbnjb`boh shier kuy hnrhahimg). _hier agshnrhahimg agshnrhahimg

8

_hier kuy hnrhahimg

9

?

1

7

0

>

88.  Gj rgmhobÿj hm prgobe / igjg`bobe, WA. Ohmb`boh mes preauotes Descgr oeke (8 sbnjb`boh kuy goejÿkboes y > sbnjb`boh kuy oesteses)< Kuy goejÿkboes

8

Kuy oesteses

9

?

1

7

0

>

89.  µXuâ preauote e preauotes descgr orgg WA. qug chogj `hmth gj gm kgrohae Oemekibhje5 h. UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

i. UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

o. UUUUUUUUUUUUU

a. UUUUUUUUUUUUU

8?.  µCh oejsukbae preauotes descgr gj etre phës5 h.  _b  i.   Je 81.  _b oejtgstÿ h`brkhtbvhkgjtg mh prgnujth hjtgrber, µoÿke oekphrhrëh mes preauotes descgr oemekibhjes (gspgobhmkgjtg mes oèrjboes) oej mes ag etres phësgs5 (tgjbgjae gj ougjth qug 8 sbnjb`boh kuy bj`grbergs y > kuy supgrbergs) (ièsgsg gj ohmbaha y shier üjbohkgjtg) Kuy bj`grbergs

8

Kuy supgrbergs

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