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Korean lessons: Lesson Hangul 1. Consonants () Consonant chart
Plain
Aspirated
tensed
[k]
[k']
[kk]
[t']
[tt tt]]
[p']
[pp pp]]
[n] [t] [ r / l ] [m] [p] [s]
[ss ss]]
[zero [zero / ng ] [ch]
[ch']
[cc]
[h]
dic di ctionary order:
(), , (), , , (), (), , (
), , , , , Aspirated ones are with more puff of air than the plain ones. As for tensed ones, you add more stricture, but without puff of air, when
letting out the sound. Tensed ones are difficult for beginners, and many students take long time to acquire the correct pronunciation.
od. od. is si sim milar to g as in g
is similar to k as in sk y. y. ill ill . is similar to k as in k o. is similar to d as in d
op. op. is si sim milar to t as in st wo. wo. is similar to t as in t tt butt er er (not [t] but a flap like a Spanish [r]), in is similar to tt as in bu a syllable initial position.
is si ll ll , in a syllable f sim milar to l as in fi ing ing inal ( ) position. inal is si milar sim to b as in bad. . is si sim milar to p as in spy
is similar to p as in poo ool l . onaut is si sim milar to s as in astr . . is similar to s as in suit
is similar to j as in j ail . el el is si sim milar to tz as in pretz .
is si sim milar to ch as in char ge g . is si sim milar to h as in hat . 2. Vowels ()
Vowel Chart Simple
Palataliz Palatali zed labiovelariz labiovelarized
[a]
[ya]
[ae]
[yae]
[o^]
[yo^]
[e]
[ye]
[o]
[yo]
[w [wa a]
[oe oe]]
[w [wae ae]] [u]
[yu]
[wo^]
[u [uii]
[w [we e] [u^]
[u^i]
[i]
dic di ctionary order:
(, ), , (, ), , (, , ), , ( , , ), , (),
is similar to "A "Ah ". is similar to "y "yard". is similar to "cu "cut". is similar to "ju "just" or "Eli "Eliot". is similar to "o "order".
is similar to " Yoda". is similar to " Ungaro". "you ". is similar to "y
is similar to "goo "good" d" or "le "le chatau". is similar to "ea "easy". sy".
is similar to "a "add". is similar to "y "yam". is similar to " editor".
is similar to " yes".
is similar to " Wo Wow!" w!" or "wha "what". t". is similar to "wa "wagon". gon". is similar to "K oeln". oeln". is similar to " one".
is similar to " wea ther". weather". ui!". is similar to "we "we"" or "O "Oui !".
Traditional vo vow wel classi lassif f ication: Traditionally, vo vow wels are classi lassif f ied into three categories, ied that is yang (brig brigh ht), y in (dar in k), and neutral k) . Th This is classi lassif f ication is very important, f or or it will be used wh when en we learn conj onju ugation of predic predi cates and so som me phonologi onologic cal aspe aspec cts of Korean. Korean. Th The e classi lassif f ication also prin princ ciples the vo vow wel el--hamp3ony pheno enom mena that Korean has as a member of Altaic Altai c lang langu uage f amily. Th The e cassi assif f ication is as f ollows: ollow (brigh bright) -yang
and series (, , , , )
in in (dar k) k) y
--
and series (, , , , )
neu neutral
-- and
3. How to make a character out of alphabet alphab et
Each chara charac cter is designed to represent one syllable, the str ucture of whi uct which may may be des desc cribed as (C)V(C), wh where ere C stands f or or a consonant, and V does a vo vow wel-el--(C) (C) means means that
the consonant in the position is optional. (C) initial consonant
+
V
+
(CC) f inal inal consonant (coda (coda))
vow vowel
Some vowels are placed on the right side of the initial consonant; some are placed underneath the initial consonant:
, , (and their derivatives, i.e. , , ,) are placed on the right; and vowels , , are placed undersneath Vowels
the initial consonant. Final consonants are always placed at the bottom. E.g .g))
+ +
=
[ka [kam]
+ +
=
[kuk]
+ +
=
+
=
[na] na]
+
=
[hwa [hwa]
+
=
[ae]
+ +
=
[ot] ot]
+ +
=
[kot]
+ +
=
[kkot]
+ +
=
[pat]
+ +
=
[hu^(r)k]
+ +
=
[o^p]
+ +
=
NB) Final Final consonant clusters: , , , , ,
, Except f or or
[tto^( tto^(r )p]
, , , , ,
, , , , , (ones witith h pla plac ced
bef bef re anot re anoth her consonant onsonant)), wh when en f ollowed by anot ollow anoth her consonant or noth not hing, the se sec cond consonant of the cluster bec be comes silent. Th This is se sec cond consonant will come alive wh when en there is a vow vo wel af ter ter it.
= kap "price" + = kap kwa "price and" + = kapsi "price (with a subject particle)" Final clusters with '+consonant' fomp3ation are pronounced with , , , , , the foregoing liquid slight irregularity. As for sound [ ] of the cluster is ignored when followed by another consonant or nothing. This comes alive when the cluster is followed by another vowel. However, Seoul speakers (and many other regions too) tend to throw in a touch of liquid sound for the even when the cluster is followed by a consonant or nothing.
= sa sa((l)m "a living living""
+ = sal mi In clusters
"a living (w (wit ith h a subje bjec ct parti partic cle le)" )"
and , however, [] is alive even when followed by
another consosnant.
+ = kku^l k'o "boil and.."
Korean lessons: Lesson 3 Phonological notes 1. Syllableyllable-f f inal Consonants ( inal
):
1) Theoreti Theoretic cally, any consonant can be in the (syllable f inal) inal) position. In reality, , , and are not used as . the consonants merge into one sou sound wh when en they are in 2) Some of the syllablesyllable-f f inal position. Ort inal rth hograp ograph hically, however rem main , they re diff di ff erent. Summ erent. ummari ariz zed as f ollows: ollow consonant endings
sou sound examples
,
[k]
,
[n]
, , , , ,
[t]
, , , , , all
pronou pronounced as [ ]
[l]
[m]
,
[p]
both pronou pronounced as , both []
[ng] ng]
3) These These merged so sou unds regain their original val valu ues wh when en they are f ollowed by a zero-initial syllable (i.e. vo ollow vow wel el)).
+
topic/s subjec bject mar ker ) = [ kagi] agi] (topic/
+
place mar ker ) (plac
o^k`e e] = [ puo^k`
+
temporal mar ker ) (tem
naje] = [ naje]
+
place mar ker ) (plac
nach`e e] = [ nach`
+
top./sub. mar ker ) (top./
ibi] = [ ibi]
+
top./sub. maek aeker ) (top./
ip`i] = [ ip`
Rules les of Pronu Pron unciation 2. Ru 2.1. Liason (
carry-over )
1) A is carried over by the f ollowing syllable wh ollow when en the f ollowing ollow h a zero-initial. syllable starts wit ith ex) []
[]
[]
[ ]
[]
[]
The se sec cond part of a do dou uble 2) The
is carried over by the f olowing olow syllable wh when en the f ollowing syllable starts wit ollow ith h a zero-syllable. ex) []
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
asaliz zation 2.2. Nasali When a f inal (non-nasal inal non-nasal)) consonant consonant is f ollowed by a nasal initial ollow (,), the non-nasal consonant absorbs the nasality, keeping its plac pla ce of articu arti culation. lation. Remember , '' in the initial position is not a nasal consonant but a zero. ,
, , , , ,
,
/ bef bef ore ore or
ex) []
[]
[]
2.3. Aspiration
W hen [h] is adja adjac cent, a consonant is in inf f luen enc ced and aspirated.
/ bef bef ore ore or af ter ter
ex) [] [
]
[]
[ ]
Palataliz zation 2.4. Palatali When or ollowed by [i], a paplatali ollow paplataliz zation occu ccurs. rs. is f [t]
[ch]
[t`]
[ch`]
/ bef bef ore ore
ex) []
[]
[q]
iqu uidation 2.5. Liq
/bef bef ore ore anoth another
ex)
[ ]
[]
Korean lessons: Lesson 4 Base f or or ms and Ste tem ms
In a language, we find three basic ways of describing facts: description of action, state, and identity. To describe an action, we use verbs. For example, in English, we say "I eat lunch," which describes the action ('eating') of the subject ('I'). To describe a state, we use adjectives. When we say, "I am tall," it describes the state ('being tall') of the subject ('I'). Describing an identity is relating one thing to
another, characterizing the property of the subject. To say "I am a student" is characterizing a property of the subject ('I'), by identifying the subect as a student. When we talk about facts that happened in the past, or a something that will happen in the future, the story is not simple. In English, if the your action of eating had happened in the past, you need to use a different form of the verb, i.e., "I ate lunch." If you used to be quite tall for your age in the past, but it is not the case now, you have to say, "I was tall." For similar reasons, we say, "I was a student." In order to differentiate the mode of facts, such as tense, we make variation on the predicates--in other words, verbs, adjectives, and noun phrases, etc. This variation is called "conjugation." Like English, Korean also uses this conjugation of predicates. Therefore, in a verb predicate, for example, we see a part that is constant in all kinds of sentences, and the other part that changes according to the modes of facts. (Think of "push, pushes, pushed, pushing..." in English. "Push" is the constant, where "-es", "-ed", and "-ing" are alternating.) The constant part is called the 'stems'. The conjugation in Korean is made by attaching different suffixes to the stems.
stem mid-polite suffix "to go/leave" (present tense)
"", a lexical verb stem, is attached with a mid-polite suffix "", making a present-tense predicate. ("- " has more stories. We will learn them later.) Subjects can be omitted in many simple everydayconversational sentences, as long as they are obvious by the context. ""thus can be used in the sense of "I go," "you go," or sometimes, "He goes," etc. With an intonation rising at the end ( ), it can be a question, "Do you go (Are you leaving?)" or "Shall we go?", etc. It can even be taken as an imperative sentence, "Go (Leave)!" A stem is a part of a verb predicate, not a whole word. When we list it in dictionaries, or refer to it as a word--just as when we say "to go" or "to eat" as words--, we add " " at the end of a stem. Thus,
Stem + = Base Form + = (Base Form, "to go")
Hig igh-pol h-poliite ing), a When addressi addressing a seni senior (i (in terms of ag age or soci social rank igh-pol ix of thi ix hig h-poliite stle of speech is used. "-" is a ty typical su suff this yle. A simple "H u?" sty st "How are you? " is made as the followi following.
em em st
hig h-polit h-polit e suff ix ix (present ent t en ense)
" t to be well well " "
" " is a stem, the base form of which is " ". Apart from the politeness of the style, "- " can be used you use " ", as in "You go (Please leave)" or "Do you go (Are you leaving)?", "He/She goes", or "Does he/she go", etc. However, you may not want to use it when the subject is you, the subject. For the added politeness by "--" is for the subject, not the addressee, whereas "- " is for the addressee, as it is used in the mid-polite style.
Pract ractiice Using the given words, make different sentences as seen in the key. 1. [verbs] --- (to meet), (to sleep), (to buy), (to ride), (to dig)
(to
.
.
I/you go. He/she goes.
?
?
Do you go? Does
go):
he/she go? !
!
Please go!
2. [adjectives] --- (to be expensive), (to be salty), (to be cold) (to be cheap) : . It's cheap. ? Is it cheap?
3. '-' verbs and adjectives
(adj.) (to be healthy) (verb) (to study), (to work)
(to be (adj.) well):
? Are you well (How are
you)?
(verb) (to do) :
? Do you do (it)? ! Do (it)!
Korean lessons: Lesson 5 Nominal predicates : "--" Sample Dialogues
By 'nominal predicate', we mean a predicate of a sentence that describes the subject by identifying identifying it with another noun: noun: "I am a m a student." For verbs and adjectives, adjective s, we learned that there are base forms and stems. We thus get base forms, "" for "to go", and "" for "to be cheap", etc. Now, we are facing a new problem. If there is no such thing as the English verb "to be", how are we going to say such sentences as "I am a student"? Many languages lack the verb like "to be," which can be used both in nominal predicates and adjectivall predicates. ("I am a studen t" and "I am tall".) In order adjectiva order to relate two nouns (i.e., the subject and the nominal complement), such languages use so called 'copula'. 'copula'. In In Korean, Korean, that copula is "". "" is of course the base form, which still has to be conjugated to be used used in ac tual sentences. sentence s. Hence, Hence, " " ("to be a student"); " " ("to be clouds"). True stories of the present-tense suffix - and - In Lesson 4, 4, - and - were introduced. introduced. It It was, however, not exactly everything that we should know about them. 1) Mid-polite suffix -/ Verbs and adjectives that we practiced with for - suffix in Lesson 4 have something in common: they all have the stem ending in vowel ? without any patch'im followed (' ',
'', '', etc.) Those whose stems end
otherwise, should take either - or -. The The last vowel of the stem decides which of the two to take. Once again, the vowel harmony principle ('yang with yang; yin with yin') applies:
If the stem has a yang vowel vowel at the last syllable, syllable , use -; If the stem has a yin or neutral neutral vowel at the last syllable, use - . (For yang/yin/neutral vowels, see Lesson 2.) 2.)
to be small
:+-
:+-
to come
"It's small." or "He/She is small."? () "Come!" or "I come" or "He/She comes."
[] : + [] to be alright "It's OK." -
:+-
to give
:+-
to eat
[] to read
:+-
() "Give (me, etc.)!" or "I give." "Eat!" or "I eat." or "He/She eats." [] "Read!" or "I read." or "He/She reads."
is a contraction [ + - () ], so are the others in Lesson 4. 4. In fact,
(NB) - verbs and adjectives adjectives are rather peculiar. peculiar. For them, them, - is assumed instead of -. This may sound quite overwhelming, but -
words are in fact easier. All the - stems with no exception appear as -.
to work
to study
to be nice (person)
2) High-polite suffix -( ) Although not so complicated as -/, this suffix also has its own rules:
If the stem ends without a patch'im, use -; If the stem ends with a patch'im, use - .
to
laugh
:
+
:
+
+ :
+ :
[ ]
"" Finally, we arrive the detail structure of " . XXX(name) ." Since personal names are the same as nouns, we use the nominal-predicate copula, -. In order to make it into a real sentence, we need to add either - or - in place of the base-form making - after -
-. For is a neutral vowel, - is added. had gone through a
certain phonological change in modern Seoul speakers' speech, speech, and ended in . + - "I am Oh Young Kyun."
Similarly, : "I am / You are a student" or "He/She is a student" : "It's a train."
There are two forms to spell this - : - and -. As far as we are concerned, just - suffice.
Korean lessons: Lesson 6 ubject / Subj ect marker: As mentioned in Lesson 1, Korean is an agglutinating language. It means that Korean uses little grammatical devices attached to words to specify their roles in a sentence. English is not an agglutinating language, employing rather a fixed word order and prepositions in order to specify the role of each part. A subject of a sentence is the agent (doer) of the action described by the sentence. Assuming that a state of being can also be treated as an action, a subject can take any kind of predicate, i.e., a verbal, an adjectival, or a nominal predicate. Think of "S goes," "S is bad," and "S is a man." In each case, S is the subject. To mark this subject, Korean attaches either or is used when the subject to it. -
word ends without a final consonant (patch'im), whereas - is for those ending without a final consonant. Only nouns can be subjects in Korean, such is the case in English. In other words, when you see a part of a sentence attached with - or , you will know that it must be a noun. However, you might hear sometimes people say sentences without using subject markers / for subjects. It is because the sentences were simple and a conversational reality is presumed. For these sentences, subject markers can be replaced by a short pause. In sentences the structure of which is complex, or in written forms, the markers should be specified.
ar Finally, we get a sentence meaning, "T he embassy is f he ." ." Now, let's look at some more examples.
subject
predicate
.
These pants are comfortable.
. .
The train is coming.
.
The teacher is laughing.
. That (over there) is a school.
. .
This is a bear.
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