konflikt

M CMEALHCTR Hp lhemg glf Ůtf cmealhct pefh pf qf{= Cfd {b cfŵb cmealhct r Ŧcmlh-mdbl`be`r , m~Ŧtb  ŵhqmt, cm`b tm f{mkh`fkh`b, {lhcb, {~mibeb hpfphqf cmd qf{=

6%  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ?%  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ;%  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  4%  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  2%  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 

Qhdhtb lh {lhcb ef{hl`f, crqfqhj em{bqf h if{ehkf if{eh kf ef mc3 hlh ebcmg cm {fil`be ~rmqmdh qrbib pftm Ŧtm ehcm eb ŵblh df {b drŵh {f e`hi-e`mi3 hlh dqb gr~b cm`b {b grom {qff`3 df lh { {qb qfŦb f{mkh`fkh`b ebgfthqeb= Ůtf ihr h eb~m{tm`fe`b {cmof pefh pf qf{= ^mcŦf`tb df pfih{lhtb Ŧcml-mdbl`be`b obp hcfcqhj cmealhcftf% Cfcm qfi {b tm heh= Df lh `b pfofqem hlh dm{fdem= Imŵbim lh gmqmrhth m ~mphthqehi h ebgfthqehi babcthif h ihrf h {cmof=

Ůtf `b cmealhct=    

dhefihch, hetbrfcthqeh ~rmkb{, {cmo m~rbehj {tfqmqf, hi~l{f, hetbrb{f hlh tbŵe`h%

CMIBETF_0 b{tm `b  m{emqh cmealhctf rfplhhtm{t, htm{t, flh ef{  cmealhct ef` bŦb eb qbdb {fif rfplhhtm{t, qb tm cfcm `b qhdhim h qbrbe`b df rfplh htm{t trbof “~rbtqmrhth’  {lh em{t df oh m~{tflh  pf`bdehkh h ~m{thglh pf`fiem{t, `bdefcm{t, rfqem~rfqem{t%%%

Cmealhct ef{tf`b memg trbetcf cfdf {b {trfeb {mb {f {qm`hi rfplh hthi ~mtrbofif, pfjtbqhif, mbchqfe`hif qbpfehi pf pf`bdehcb {tqfrh% Cmealhct `b h {qff dqm`b dbkb mcm hgrfcb, flh h rft hpib  dqb drŵfqb%

Qr{tb cmealhcftf C_HTB_H@RIH CLF[HAHCFKH@B H RP_MKH Qbmif `b tbŦcm rfpqr{tfth cmealhctb ~rbif tmib Ŧtf hj prmc`b h {fhehth ebc dm{lbde th~mlmgh`% Bqm `bdemg ~mcŦf`f0 Cmealhct heamrifkh`f ) ef{tf`b {lbd eb{~mrfpif  cmiehcfkh`h *e~r% ~mgrbŦeb heamrifkh`b, {tfrb heamrifkh`b, ebtf eb, lfŵeb(, cfd ~m{tm`h ebdm{tftfc cmiehcfkh`b hlh e`bem hpobgfqfe`b *~mife`cfe`b heamrifkh`f, ~frkh`fleb heamrifkh`b cm`b lfcm ~rmdc` mgmqfrfe`f, {~bclfkh`b%%%(, cmd ~rbemŦbe`f tpq% ³tbŦchj£ heamrifkh`f *cmetrfdhctmreb, pebihrfqf` b%%%(% Cmealhct hetbrb{f ) `fql`f {b pomg {~rmt{tfql`behj ~mtrbof, mdem{em pomg {~rmt{tfql`behj ef hef pfdmqml`be`f h{thj ~mtrbof% Cmealhct  mdem{hif ) ef{tf`b cfdf mob hlh `bdef {trfef ~m e df ~rmdc` ~rbdrf{db m drgm` {trfeh h df {b ~mefŦf`  {clfd { e`hif, Ŧtm ef` bŦb heh df oh {boh ~mqb flf qrbdem{t hlh df ~mim  ebgfthqeb {lhcb m drghif amrihrf ~mphthqe {lhc m {boh% Tfcm b, cmealhct {b `fql`f h cfdf `bdef *hlh mob {trfeb( ~m e df pfebifr` {qm` mdgmqmrem{t h ~m{tfe eb~mpdfeb pf drg {trfe% Mqfcqm ) ebgfthqem ~mefŦfe`b {b md drgb {trfeb m~fŵf cfm ebŦtm Ŧtm grmŵfqf  `bdhe{tqm gr~b% Cfdf dm b dm ~m`fqb mqfcqmg ~mefŦfe`f trf`em {b ~mrbibtb mdem{h ib {trfefif, ~mlfcm {b rfpqh`f cmealhct% Cmealhct rb{r{f ) ef{tf`b cfdf dqb hlh qhŦb m{mof, mdem{em {trfef ŵblb ebŦtm bgf hif iflm, ebdmqml`em pf {qb  mem` ibrh  cm`m` {b m bc`b% Cmealhct qrbdem{th )  `fql`f {b  {htfkh`fif  cm`hif {b ib  {fgmqmrehkhif {~rmt{tfql`f` {h{tbi qrbdem{th h qbrbe`f *e~r% cfcm ebŦtm trbof df {b rfdh, cfcqh l`dh trbof df od, cfcm df {b ~mefŦf`(% Tfcm b, cmealhct {b `fql`f h cfdf {b  thimqhif hlh gr~fif {f pf`bdeh chi khl`bqhif, ~m`fqb rfplhcb  qhph`fif h khl`bqhif, f h tbŦcm {b ~m{thŵb {fglfŦfqfe`b% [trctrfleh cmealhct ) cfdf  `bdem` gr~h, ife`b hlh qhŦb mrgfehpmqfem`, eb ~m{tm`h  `f{ef {trctrf mdem{f cm`h qlfdf` ib  lfemqhif, cfdf { ebdmqml`em dbaheh{feb lmgb h ~rmkbdrb *gr~ef h hedhqhdflef ~mefŦfe`f, morf{kh%%%(, cfdf `b eb`f{ef rf{~mdblf mdgmqmrem{th, ~f {b pomg tmgf lfcm ³efcflbib£ {~ml`fŦe`h afctmrh ) mgrfeh be`f, {trb{ *e~r% ~rbqhŦb ~m{lf ebdmqml`em rb{r{f h {l%(, `fql`f {b

cmealhct cm`h domcm pfdhrb  {rŵ aeckhmeh{fe`f dmth eb gr~b h mpohl`em rbibth e`be aeckhmeflem{t%

HH ^lfe dbŦfqfe`f R ~{hjmlmgh`h { ~mpeftf dqf m{emqef th~f cmealhctf  mdem{ ef mqf` crhtbrh`i0 RetrfŦe`h - hetrf~br{mefleh  ) cmealhct `b lmkhrfe ef lh emi ~lfe0  

cmealhct dqm{trcmg mdoh`fe`f ) cmealhct hpib  dqb ~md`bdefcm eb~rh`fteb, f ebhpobŵeb img em{th ~rh bi `b m{mof ~rhe bef df {b m~rbdblh, hpfobrb ife`b plm ) cmlhcm dgm trf`b dmqmdh dm obc{tqf  omlb{t *eb{fehkb, ebrqmpb , frhtih`f h {l%( Ef ~rhibr0  

 

 

cmealhct dqm{trcmg ~rhqlf be`f ) cmealhct hpib ~md`bdefcm ~rhqlf ehj m~kh`f, ~rh bi m{mof trbof df hpfobrb `bde ) lfcm {b rbŦfqf `br hi {b  `bdef m~kh`f hpfobrb ~m{tf`b hpqmr ŵhqfe`f% Ef ~rhibr0  

 

ŵblhim df {b mdimrhim tfcm Ŧtm bim htfth ce`hg  {qm`m` {moh p lfgfe iphc, hlh tfcm Ŧtm bim {~fqfth  ~mt~emi ihr h thŦheh%

cmealhct h{tmqrbibemg ~rhqlf be`f h mdoh`fe`f ) cmealhct cm`h {b `fql`f cfdf `b  `bdef m~kh`f h{tmqrbibem h ~rhqlf ef h mdom`ef ) tbŦcm {b rbŦfqf, dmqmdh dm fiohqflbekh`b% Ef ~rhibr0  

 

df m{tfebtb cmd c b h htb hlh dmoh`btb {trf `bdhehk  Ŧcmlh hlh df rfdhtb ~m{fm pf iflb ~frb hlh gf ef~{thtb h m{tfebtb obp hcfcqhj ~rhjmdf%

drmgf, lfpfc  qbp%

cmealhct lmgf ) {cmo hpib dqb hlh qhŦb lmgf cm`b ~m`bdhefk imrf h{tmqrbibem df hgrf, f pfjtbqf` md e`bgf rfplh htb {h{tbib qrbdem{th h morf{kb ~mefŦfe`f% Ef ~rhibr0  

cfcm ohth ~rmab{mr {f ftmrhtbtmi, ~mqbrl`hqh ~rh`ftbl` {qm`hi behkhif, rmdhtbl`%

[~ml`fŦe`h ) Imŵb ohth 0  

hetbr~br{mefleh ) hpib  dqb hlh qhŦb m{mof0  

 

{qff hpib drgfrhkf,

{mkh`fleh ) hpib dqb hlh qhŦb gr~f0  

gr~b  mdbl`be` cm`b {  {cmo, “clfemqh“  Ŧcmlh%

Ef ~rhibr, imŵb dm h dm cmealhctf cfdf dqb gr~b hif` h{t ~mtrbo, f rfplh htm qhdb efheb ef cm`h {b img pfdmqml`hth, cfm  {lbdb bi {lf` cfdf {qh hif` ~mtrbo pf ŵhqfe`bi h {lfql`be`bi, f medf `bdef gr~f ŵblh df hpf b  grfd, dmc oh drgf df ef~rfqh “thj’ ŵrc% Fcthqfe ef he pfdmqml`be`f ~mtrbob {~rmt{tfql`be `b ~f{hqemi, f  m{emqh { h{tb ~mtrbob pf ŵhqfe`bi h {lfql`be`bi%

HHH Aeckhmeflem{t ^m babcthif dm cm`hj dmqmdb, cmealhcth {b img ~mdblhth ef 0 Aeckhmefleb ) cmealhcth cm`h dmqmdb dm cme{trcthqehj ~rmibef  mdem{hif ib  ~m`bdhekhif- gr~fif, ~mqb fqf` bahcf{em{t h {l% -qhdh aeckh`b cmealhctf-% Ebaeckhmefleb ) cmealhcth cm`h dmqmdb dm {tfgefkh`b, ~mgmrŦfe`f mdem{f, ef{hl`f h {l% [qfch cmealhct hif ~mtbekh`fl df odb aeckhmeflfe hlh eb, f Ŧtf b ohth ~rb {qbgf pfqh{h md {tfqmqf h rbfckh`f  b{ehcf  cmealhct% Qfŵem `b hifth ef i df  {qfcm` cmealhctem` {htfkh`h hifim img em{t df ohrfim, cm`hi bim ~tbi crbeth -qhdh aeckh`b cmealhctf-%

Ef`bŦh prmkh cmealhcftf  Ŧcmlh-mdbl`be` 6% Tfcih f   r{cf ftim{abrf% Rcmlhcm  gr~h ~m{tm`h tfcih fr{cf ftim{abrf, dbkf-ilfdh {b  b df rfdb `bdem ~rmthq drgmg, ib{tm df pf`bdeh ch rbŦfqf` pfdftcb h rbŦfqf` ~rmolbib% Cmealhcth {b b{tm ~m`fql``  {htfkh`fif cfdf0        

{qfcm rfdh pf {bob h orheb m {boh, ebif rfpqh`beb qbŦtheb pf rfd  thi, {b dbkf-ilfdh m{b f` ~rh{hl`bem df ~mobdb  hetbrfckh`fif, eb ~m{tm`h ~mqbrbe`b  mdrf{lb h drg dbk-ilfdb  Ŧcmlh-mdbl`be`%

?% Ebtmlbrfetef ftim{abrf% Ebtmlbrfetef gr~f `b ~ef eb~rh`ftbl`{tqf h eb~mqbrbe`f% R e`m` {b `fql`f` “gr~fŦbe`b/ h m hglbdef irpmqml`f3 dbkf-ilfdh eb pef` cfcm df `bdem drgmi ~rŵb ~mdrŦc, od tmlbrfetef, hlh l`ofpef% Cmealhcth {b img ~m`fqhth  {htfkh`fif0        

{tqfrfe`f /clhcf/ h /ŵrtqbemg `fge`btf/, ebtmlbrfetem{th ~rbif efkhmeflehi hlh cltrehi rfplhcfif, ebdm{tftcf ~mdrŦcb md {trfeb qrŦe`fcf Ŧtm qmdh  {fil`bem{t h hpmlfkh`, mplm`bbem{th  mdem{ ef ~m{thge f, himqhe hlh cqflhtbtb drghj%

;% Ebfdbcqftef cmiehcfkh`f% Ebfdbcqftef cmiehcfkh`f {tqfrf ~m{boem ~lmdem tlb pf cmealhctb% Qblhch orm` cmealhcftf ef{tf`b {lbd ebrfpibqfe`f hlh ~mgrbŦemg tif be`f efibrf, m{bfe`f, ~mtrbof hlh fckh`f drghj% Ebfdbcqftef cmiehcfkh`f hlh ~mt~eh ebdm{tftfc cmiehcfkh`b imŵb dmqb{th dm cmealhctf, cfdf dbkf-ilfdh0      

eb pef` cfcm df hprfpb {qm`b ~mtrbob hlh ŵbl`b, ebif` cmib df hprfpb {qm`f m{b fe`f h ~mtrbob, hlh {b om`b df tm  heb, eb pef` cfcm df {f{lŦf` drgb%

4% Ebfdbcqftem hprfŵfqfe`b bimkh`f% Efhe ef cm`h dbkf-ilfdh hprfŵfqf` {qm`f m{b fe`f hgrf qfŵe lmg  ef{tfec h rfpqh`fe` cmealhctf% Cmealhcth {b img ~m`f fth cfdf b{ehkh  e`bi0        

hpgob qbp {f {m~{tqbehi m{b fe`hif, eb ~mpef` cme{trcthqeb ef heb hprfŵfqfe`f ob{f h ar{trfkh`b, ~mth{c` bimkh`b, ebif` {fimcmetrml%

2% Ebdm{tftfc qbŦthef pf cme{trcthqem rbŦfqfe`b cmealhcftf% Cmealhcth  Ŧcmlh-mdbl`be` img {b ~m`f fth cfdf b{ehkh  e`hif -dbkf, ilfdh, mdrf{lh- ) eb ~mpef` ef heb cfcm df crbfthqem rbfg` ef cmealhctb% _mdhtbl`h, ~rmab{mrh h qrŦe`fkh b{tm efgrf `, ~mdrŵfqf` ef{hleb hlh qbmif fgrb{hqeb ~rh{t~b cmealhcthif% 1% Plm~mtrbof im  h md {trfeb mdrf{lhj% Mdrf{lh hif` `fc thkf` ef gmrb efqbdbeb afctmrb ~m{boem cfdf0  

     

ar{trhrf` dbk ~m{tfql`f` h hi ebrfkhmeflef hlh ebrbflem qh{mcf mbchqfe`f, cmetrmlhŦ gr~ h ~m`bdhekb qm be`bi qblhcmg orm`f ebalbc{hohlehj ~rfqhlf, dm{lbdem ~rhobgfqf` ftmrhtfthqem` ~mtrboh im h, {~m{tfql`f` ftim{abr ~e {trfjf h eb~mqbrbe`f%

7% Ebdmqml`eh rb{r{h  Ebdmqml`eh rb{r{h  Ŧcmlh - mdbl`be` {b ef` bŦb mdem{b ef mgrfeh bef {rbd{tqf pf rfd, ahph cb {lmqb cm`h qlfdf`, hlh qbmif {hrmifŦfe rb~brtmfr fcthqem{th cm`h {b edh% Ef ~rhibr, fcm `b `bdheh ef he df {b dmoh`b hlh ~m~rfqh mkbef {ibem mdgmqfrfe`b, lfcm imŵb dm h dm {cmof cfdf b cm ohth ef rbd h hifth {qm` Ŧfe{, hlh fcm `b mgrfeh be orm` cmi~`tbrf h {l% :% _fplh  htb qrbdem{th  _fplhhtb qrbdem{th img dmqb{th dm cmealhcftf cm`h {b ef`tbŵb rfprbŦfqf` `br pfdhr ef`dol`b  {qfcmgf md ef{ h dmqmdb  ~htfe`b mef qbrmqfe`f cm`f { efi ef`drfŵf% R thi {htfkh`fif qbr`bim df `b efŦf {Ŧthef dmqbdbef  ~htfe`b, ~f {b {qfcf {trfef qr{tm drŵh {qm`hj ~mphkh`f% R mqb cmealhctb {~fdf` meh cm`h { ~mqbpfeh {f rblhghmpehi, ~mlhth chi, b{tbt{chi qbrbe`hif% R e`hj {~fdf` h cmealhcth  qbph khl`bqf% R Ŧcmlh {b img mdem{hth ef rfplh htf qbrbe`f md tmgf Ŧtf  `b “~rfqf“ iphcf, dm tmgf cfcm trbof df {b ~mefŦfim `bdeh ~rbif drghif h Ŧtf { “`bdheb ~rfqb ŵhqmteb qrbdem{th’%

CMIBETF_0 R ef`qbbi orm` {htfkh`f `b tbŦcm mdrbdhth m cm`m` qr{th cmealhctf `b rb, cfm h Ŧtf { i prmkh% Moh em `b  ~htfe` qhŦb rfplh hthj qr{tf cmealhcftf h qhŦb rfplhhthj prmcf% Ef ~rhibr, dqb dbqm`cb cm`b {b {qf f` mcm tmgf cm` b iphc {lŦfth ef  `bdhemi KD ~lf`br% Df lh `b  ~htfe` {cmo qrbdem{th, hlh {b omrb {f mgrfeh behi rb{r{hif hlh `b ftim{abrf ebtmlbrfetef hlh ebŦtm btqrtm‡= Qbrmqftem hif md {qbgf ~miflm% Dbaheh{fe`b qr{tb cmealhctf h img hj prmcf eh`b ebm~jmdem hlh md {Ŧthe{cmg peff`f, flh `b ~mtrboem h cfm dhrbckh`f h ~mifŵb  hpomr {rbd{tfqf cm`hif bim cmealhct rbŦfqfth% Ef`oml`b `b ~m bth {f mhglbdehi cmealhctmi *hifim  `bdfe KD ~lf`br(, ~f cf{eh`b qmdhth dmdfteb blbibetb h ~rb{ibrfqfth tmc ~rmkb{f rbŦfqfe`f cmealhctf%

Areckh`b cmealhctf [qfch cmealhct hif ~mtbekh`fl df odb ohlm aeckhmeflfe -{qr{h{jmdfe ohlm ebaeckhmeflfe -eb{qr{h{jmdfe Ŧtm eb pfqh{h md {fib cmealhcteb {htfkh`b, qb, ~rb {qbgf, md ~mefŦfe`f ~m`bdhefkf  e`m`%

Cfdf `b cmealhct areckhmeflfe, me dmqmdh dm ~mphthqehj h{jmdf cfm Ŧtm {r0 6%

Crbfthqef tbeph`f     

 

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Pfjtbq pf ~rmibe           

2%

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Mc~l`fe`b ~m`bdhefkf h gr~b mcm rbŦfqfe`f pf`bdeh  cmg ~rmolbif   

4%

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_fpqm` ibjfehpfif ~rbqbekh`b cmealhcftf, {h{tbif cmetrmlb h rfprbŦfqfe`f 

Cfdf `b cmealhct ebareckhmeflfe, me dmqmdh dm ebgfthqehj h{jmdf cfm Ŧtm {r0 6%

Ebgfthqef tbeph`f       

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Ebgfthqem hprfŵfqfe`b bimkh`f     

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kblf gr~f ohqf pfjqfbef {cmomi, dmlfph dm ef{hl`f%

^mdrhqfe`b gr~emg `bdhe{tqf           

4%

cmh hedhqhdb h gr~, qrff hj - `b efpfd, grmŵfqf h lheb h gr~eb hetbrb{b, gob {b dmorb hdb`b, ebif ~mdrŦcb pf e`hj%

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Rgrmŵfqfe`b img  em{th ~mphthqeb ~rmibeb   

mdqlfh mgrmie bebrgh`%

Afpb crmp cm`b cmealhct ~rmlfph

HPOH@FE@B0  

 

   

 

 

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B[CFLFKH@F0  

 

 

 

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;%

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T_F@FE@B  

 

 

 

 

 

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[IH_HQFE@B0  

 

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DMGMQM_ HLH _BŮBE@B0  

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

_bŦbe`b cmealhctf `b cmefeh h{jmd cm`h ~mdrfpibqf df {qh ofpheh prmkh cmealhctf ohqf` mtclme`beh, tfcm df ebif lftbetehj, the`f` hj blbibeftf cm`h img df mŵhqb ef{hl`b% Cme{trcthqem rbŦbe`b cmealhctf mlhfqf hetbgrh{feb khl`bqb mob` {trfef h hif {bdfi cmi~mebeth0 cmi~lbtem{t ) rbŦbe`b `b {qbmojqftem tfcm df {b gob ~mlfphŦtf cmealhctf3 ~rhjqftl`hqm{t ) rbŦbe`b `b ~rhjqftl`hqm pf mob {trfeb h {qb ~rbd{tfqehcb f eb {fim e`hjmqb blhtb3 {fimmdrŵhqm{t ) ebif ~mtrbob df ebcm trb h gfrfet`b df b {b rbŦbe`b mdrŵfth3 pfdmqml`{tqm ) `br mob {trfeb qhdb rbŦbe`b cfm {clfbem {f e`hjmqhi qrbdem{thif3 ob{cmi~rmih{em{t ) eh`bdfe khl` eh`b ŵrtqmqfe pfrfd cmi~rmih{f3 hemqfkh`f ) rbŦbe`bi {b {~m{tfql`f emq, ~mphthqfe h lbghthife mdem{ ib {trfefif3 md{{tqm ~rhedb ) dm rbŦbe`f {b dmŦlm obp hcfcqhj {~ml`ehj afctmrf hlh ~rhth{fcf3 ^rhibef dmebtmg rbŦbe`f ~rŵf ~rhlhc mobif {trfefif  cmealhct df rfdb pf`bdem ef qbmif cmecrbtehi pfdfkhif md cm`hj { ef`qfŵeh`h rbcme{trckh`f mdem{f h hpgrfde`f ~mqbrbe`f%

_BCME[T_RCKH@F MDEM[F H R[^M[TFQL@FE@B ^MQB_BE@F 0    

 

 

 

 

 

Mqf dqf ~rmkb{f { pf`fim ~mqbpfef h ~mdrŵfqf` `bdfe drgh% [f{tm`b {b hp ebcmlhcm blbibeftf, f {qfch dm~rhem{h crbhrfe` h hpgrfde`h emqb qhph`b mdem{f ib {cmol`behi {trfefif0 {qb{em{t-{qb{t ) cm`f ~mdrfpibqf df mob {trfeb ~rbpi mdgmqmrem{t pf mem Ŧtm b {b dmgffth ~m{lb dmebtmg rbŦbe`f, cfm h {qb{t m ~fte`h h gohkhif pf qrbib cmealhctf3 efdmcefdf ) ~mdrfpibqf {mfqfe`b {f grbŦcfif h crhqhkfif, flh  dj h{crbem{th h ~rfŦtfe`f f eb m{qbtb, p cmi~bepfkh` pf ŵrtqb h Ŧtbtb3 rbcme{trckh`f *iftbrh`flef h {mkh`flem)~{hjmlmŦcf( ) ~m~rfql`fe`b {qhj Ŧtbtf cm`b { efebtb tmcmi cmealhctf h ef{hl`f p {Ŧthe{c ~rmibe ~rh{t~f ~rmolbi hlh ~m`fqh mcm cm`b `b hpohm cmealhct, cfcm {b {lhem ehcfdf eb oh ~memqhlm3 _bcme{trckh`f mdem{f ib {cmol`behi {trfefif, ef emqhi m{emqfif, flh h rbcme{trckh`f mdem{f {cmol`behj {trfef {f mcrŵbe`bi h e`hjmqm ~memqem ~mphkhmehrfe`b  mcrŵbe`, pfjtbqf dgm qrbib h pfjtbqf mgrmie {efg h m{btl`hqm{t {qhj% ^memqef hpgrfde`f ~mqbrbe`f pfjtbqf df {b amc{hrfim ef trh qrbibe{cb dhibeph`b0 ef ~rmŦlm{t, ef {fdfŦe`m{t h ef odem{t% _bcme{trckh`f ~mhqf ef ~frfdmc{ df mem Ŧtm ef{ ef`qhŦb dfl`fqf h{tmqrbibem ef{ h `bdhe``b% [gbrhŦb efi df ofpheb qrbdem{th cm`b ~m{tf` `bdemi ehqbrpflem dmorm, trbof df {b cmrh{tb pf ~rbimŦfqfe`b rfplhcf ib cltrfif, mimgfqf`h {qfcm` df odb ~rb~mpeftf h ~mŦtmqfef cfm {~bkhahef h ~m{boef%

CMIBETF_0 Md ef{tfecf dm rfprbŦbe`f, rfplhhth cmealhcth ~rmlfpb crmp {lh eb afpb, hfcm eb qbc lhebfrem% R ebchi cmealhcthif ebcb afpb od ~rb{cmbeb, f ebcfdf {b dbŦfqf` h{tmqrbibem% ^mebcfd b{ehkh  `bdem` afph m{tf` dŵh qrbibe{ch ~brhmd, ~mebcfd {b ~mibrf` ef~rbd ) efpfd hp afpb  afp%

^rh{t~h cmealhct Trfdhkhmefleh ~rh{t~ 

R trfdhkh`h iemghj efrmdf cmealhct {b trbthrf cfm ebŦtm lmŦb, eb~rh`ftem, ebgfthqem, ebŦtm Ŧtm trbof hpobgfqfth, bgf {b trbof clmehth% [iftrf {b df `b tm ebŦtm Ŧtm dmem{h eb{rb h hpfphqf {cmob ib l`dhif ef rfpehi ehqmhif% Pftm gf trbof hpobgfqfth hlh gf {b ofr clmehth cfdf dm e`bgf dmb% Fcm {im {qbdmkh cmealhctf ib drghif, {fqbt`b {b df hj rfpdqm`him h ef {qfch efhe ~mihrhim, ihrhim, obdhim df gf ebcfcm ~rbqfph% Cfcm, cfdf {im {qb{eh {f cmlhcm bimkh`f b{tq`bim  e`bi= Ebcb md trfdhkhmeflehj {trftbgh`f ~mefŦfe`f  cmealhct {0    

   

 

hpobgfqfe`b0 ^fibteh`h ~m~Ŧtf, Rihl`ftm `fge`b dqb mqkb {h{f%%% imrflh{fe`b 0 bgf {b ~fibtfe {thdh, thib {b odflf ~mem{h, Cm b

cmib

ebgm {qm` {qmib%%% ebtrflh{fe`b 0 “Clhrf`&’, Ůtf tb-ib orhgf%%% ~rmdol`hqfe`b 0 Fcm ebbŦ ihlmi jmbŦ {hlmi, Pef {b h`f `b ~m{lbde`f, Cfd ) tfd odh gfd, B eb bŦ gf if`kh%%% cmi~rmih{ 0 Fcm th md{tfebŦ md%%% medf  h `f md%%%

Cmrh{t md mqfcqhj {trftbgh`f `b  tmib Ŧtm cmealhct pfh{tf ~rb{tfeb, ofr ef crftcm% Ůtbtf hlh ebdm{tftfc `b  tmib Ŧtm tm eb trf`b dgm h cmealhct moh em ~memqm oceb, cfd ) tfd% R m{emqh trfdhkhmeflehj ~rh{t~f cmealhct `b ~frfdhgif “hlh - hlh’, qbrmqfe`b df hp cmealhctf `bdef m{mof trbof df hpfb cfm ~mobdehc, f drgf cfm ~mrfŵbeh%

^mphthqeh-rfpqm`eh ~rh{t~ cmealhct _fpqm`eh ~rh{t~ ~m{iftrf-trbthrf cmealhct cfm ~rhlhc pf rfpgmqmr, rfpibe m {cmol`behi ~mtrbofif, hetbrb{hif, mbchqfe`hif, pfjtbqhif%%%mdem{em cfm ~rhlhc pf rf{t h rfpqm` m{mof cm`b  e`bi b{tq`% Mqf` rfpqm` {b dbŦfqf cmlhcm {cmol`beb {trfeb hpf hp cmealhctf ef mom{trfem pfdmqml`{tqm h obp ~fdf cqflhtbtf e`hjmqmg ib{moemg mdem{f% R tmi {lf` {b imŵb rbh df `b cmealhct ~m{lŵhm rf{t h rfpqm` `bdhech h e`hjmqmg mdem{f hlh e`hjmqb pf`bdehkb%

^frfdhgif “hlh - hlh’ {b pfibe``b ~frfdhgimi ’h - h’ cm`f  {tfrt ~mibrf bebrgh` md ebgfthqemg cf ~mphthqemi ~rh{t~ h tfcm ~mcrbb hdb` m ~mphthqemi h{jmd pf mob {trfeb  cmealhct% Ef ~rhibr0 Rib{tm df rfpihŦl`fim ) hlh b rfdhth cfcm `f ŵblhi hlh b im` ftmrhtbt cfm ef{tfqehcf ohth grmŵbe ) rfpihŦl`fim ) Me oh tm imgfm df eb rfdh, `f ohj imgfm {qm` ftmrhtbt df ~mtqrdhi tfcm Ŧtm  hpefh efhe df gf imthqhŦbi df dmb dm mdrbbehj rbpltftf ) ^f medf  behc ib{tm df cfŵbim0 “Eh{h rfdhm eh ~mlmqhe pfdftfcf, fcm tfcm ef{tfqhŦ dmohbŦ 6&’ cfŵbim0 “Rrfdhm {h ~mlmqhe pfdftfcf& M{tflf { th `mŦ {fim dqf pfdftcf% Fcm ~mŵrhŦ imŵbŦ dmohth dmor mkbe&’ Mem Ŧtm mqf` ~rh{t~ heh rfpqm`ehi `b imgem{t pf rfpibe {fdrŵf`f mcm cm`hj  `b cmealhct ef{tfm, cmrhŦbe`bi emqhj amrih cmiehcfkh`b h emqhj {trftbgh`f pf rbŦfqfe`b cmealhctf% Ebcb md {trftbgh`f cm`b hl{tr` mqf` ~rh{t~0          

fltrh{th c   f 0 Eb img df ŵhqfi fcm drgf {trfef ~fth3 jbdmeh{th c   f 0 Jf`db df mom`b odbim pfdmqml`eh3 h{trfŵhqf c   f 0 Cm pef pfŦtm `b tm dmorm3 cme{trcthqh{th  cf0 [qfcm h{c{tqm cmrh{th rfpqm` h {fprbqfe`3 bdcfthqef0 Źblhi df efhi ebŦtm hp mqmgf Ŧtm ih {b dmgff%%%%

Cfcm {b mqfcm ebŦtm imŵb ~m{th h= @bdfe md efhef `b df {b {fglbdf Ŧtf {b  cmealhct dmgff, cm`h ibjfehpih e`hib ~rfql`f`% Jifeh{thch mrh`beth{feh tbmrbth frh h ~rfcthfrh {iftrf` df {b ~rhlhcmi ef{tfecf cmealhctf dbŦfqf`0  

           

kbetrhrfem{t {qb{th *kbetrfkh`f( {qfcb md {trfef, ef {qm`b ~mtrbob h hetbrb{b, ebimgem{t {fglbdfqfe`f ~rmolbif hp glf drgb {trfeb *dbkbetrfkh`f(, ~rh{t~fe`b ~rmolbi hp lh emg ~lfef, crmp lheh dmŵhql`f`, ebimgem{t f~{trfjmqfe`f ~rmolbif hp lhemg dmŵhql`f`f h {tfqf, ebimgem{t lftbrflemg ~rh{t~f ~rmolbi, efqflf bimkh`f cm`b om`b dmŵhql`f` {htfkh`b *{trfj, ob{, irŵe`f‡(, ebrfplhcmqfe`b ~mtrbof md efhef ef cm`h {cmol`beb {trfeb ŵblb df pfdmqml`b {qm`b ~mtrbob%

Ůtf `b ~mtrboem pf cme{trcthqeh ~rh{t~ cmealhct0              

 

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Cm`b { qbŦtheb ~mtrboeb pf mqfcfq ~rh{t~ = 6% ?% ;% 4% 2% 1% 7% :% 8%

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FEFLHPF LHEMG [THLF ^MEFŮFE@F R CMEALHCTR Im`f rbfckh`f ef cmealhct ^m~ehtb ~htehc h ~rmqbrhtb cm`h {thl ~mefŦfe`f  cmealhct cmd qf{ ~rbmqlf `b% R~t{tqm 0 [bthtb {b {qm`b rbfckh`b  {htfkh`h  cm`m` { {b QfŦb ŵbl`b rfplhcmqflb md ŵbl`f drghj m{mof% ^rqh dbm ~htehcf *md F dm @( mdem{h {b ef QfŦ hehkh`fle -  ~m  bte rbfckh` ef eb{lfgfe`b, f drgh dbm *md C dm T( ef rbfckh`b ~mŦtm `b  eb{lfgfe`b ~m`f f   em%

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^_QH DBM0 Hehkh`fleb rbfckh`b ef eb{lfgfe`b

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F]]]]]]]]]] # G ]]]]]]]]] 9 ]]]]]]]]] Pfgrbqfe`b C]]]]]]]]]] # [ ]]]]]]]]] 9 ]]]]]]]]] _fpoctfqfe`b Cmi~rmih{ K]]]]]]]]]] # @ ]]]]]]]]] 9 ]]]]]]]]] Pfgrbqfe`b I]]]]]]]]]] # T ]]]]]]]]] 9 ]]]]]]]]] _fpoctfqfe`b ^rhlfgmfqfe`b - ^m~Ŧtfe`b B]]]]]]]]]] # A ]]]]]]]]] 9 ]]]]]]]]] Pfgrbqfe`b M]]]]]]]]]] # _ ]]]]]]]]] 9 ]]]]]]]]] _fpoctfqfe`b Hpobgfqfe`b - ^mqlfbe`b D]]]]]]]]]] # H ]]]]]]]]] 9 ]]]]]]]]] Pfgrbqfe`b E]]]]]]]]]] # ^ ]]]]]]]]] 9 ]]]]]]]]] _fpoctfqfe`b

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