Key to bachillerato 1

Gramàtica essencial Trobareu explicacions gramaticals més detallades al Grammar Workshop, Student’s Book, pàgines 114–133.

Temps verbals TEMPS o FORMA ESTRUCTURA Afirmativa

Negativa

Interrogativa

Present simple

I/You/We/They work.

I/You/We/They do not (don’t)

He/She/It works.

work.

Do I/you/we/they work? Does he/she/it work?

I am (’m) working.

He/She/It does not (doesn’t) work. I am (’m) not working.

• dades i estats • hàbits i accions que es repeteixen • verbs d’estat

Am I working?

• accions que passen en aquest

He/She/It is (’s) not working.

Is he/she/it working?

Present continuous

Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous

He/She/It is (’s) working.

USOS

You/We/They are (’re) not You/We/They are (’re) working. working. I/You/We/They have not I/You/We/They have (’ve) worked. (haven’t) worked.

Are you/we/they working?

moment

• situacions temporals • amb valor de futur, per aplans i activitats organitzades

Have I/you/we/they worked?

• situacions actuals que van començar • experiències passades, sense

• accions acabades o fets del passat • fets que es van repetir en el passat • estats del passat • accions que es donaven en un

He/She/It has (’s)

He/She/It has not (hasn’t)

worked.

worked.

I/You/We/They have (’ve) been working. He/She/It has (’s) been working.

I/You/We/They have not (haven’t) been working. He/She/It has not (hasn’t) been working.

Has he/she/it worked? Have I/you/we/they been working? Has he/she/it been working?

I/You/He/She/It/We/ They worked.

I/You/He/She/It/We/They did not (didn’t) work.

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/ they work?

I/He/She/It was

I/He/She/It was not (wasn’t)

working.

working.

Was I/he/she/it working?

en el passat especificar quan es van produir

• accions repetides que afecten el present

• una acció repetida recent que influeix en el present

• l’explicació d’una acció o un fet del passat

Past simple

Past continuous

You/We/They were

working. Past perfect simple

I/You/He/She/It/ We/They had (’d) worked. I/You/He/She/It/We/ used to They used to work. I/You/He/She/It/We/ would per They would (’d) a hàbits del work. passat I/You/He/She/It/We/ will amb valor de futur They will (’ll) work. be going to I am (’m) going to amb valor de work.

futur

Future continuous Future perfect simple

You/We/They were not (weren’t) working.

moment determinat del passat

• accions passades interrompudes per

I/You/He/She/It/We/They had not (hadn’t) worked.

Were you/we/they uns altres fets del passat working? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/ • estats o accions anteriors a uns altres fets del passat they worked?

I/You/He/She/It/We/They did not (didn’t) use to work. I/You/He/She/It/We/They would not (wouldn’t) work.

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/ they use to work? Would I/you/he/she/it/ we/they work?

I/You/He/She/It/We/They will not (won’t) work. I am (’m) not going to work.

Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ • prediccions o opinions sobre el futur they work? • decisions espontànies Am I going to work? • prediccions basadas en certeses • plans i intencions Is he/she/it going to

He/She/It is (’s) going He/She/It is (’s) not going to to work. work. You/We/They are (’re) You/We/They are (’re) not going to work. going to work. I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They will They will (’ll) be not (won’t) be working. working. I/You/He/She/It/We/ I/You/He/She/It/We/They will They will (’ll) have not (won’t) have been been working. working.

• hàbits o situacions del passat que ja no són certs en l’actualitat

• hàbits o situacions del passat que ja no són certs en l’actualitat

work? Are you/we/they going to work? Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ • accions futures que es donaran al llarg d’un període de temps they be working? • accions de futur ja planificades Will I/you/he/she/it/ • esdeveniments o accions que s’hauran acabat en un moment we/they have been concret working?



Gramàtica essencial 119

Per a ordres o instruccions indirectes, no s’utilitza say, sinó tell + complement (+ not) + to + infinitiu.

Proposicions de relatiu PRONOM RELATIU which / that who / that whose ADVERBI RELATIU when where

USOS referència a objectes referència a persones expressió de possessió

USOS referència temporal referència espacial

PROPOSICIÓ DE RELATIUA

FORM

USOS

Proposició especificativa

She’s the girl

informació essencial sobre el substantiu del qual va darrere

who helped me. Proposició explicativa The girl, who was very clever, helped me.

información addicional, no essencial, sobre el substantiu del qual va darrere

Omissió del pronom relatiu  El pronom relatiu es pot ometre si no constitueix el subjecte de la proposició de relatiu especificativa.

That’s the DVD (that / which) Soledad bought. He’s the man (that / who) I was telling you about.

Sovint s’ometen els relatius who, which i that en la llengua parlada. Whose no es pot ometre mai.

Estil indirecte: temps verbals ESTIL DIRECTE

ESTIL INDIRECTE

Present simple He said, ‘I watch TV.’ Present continuous He said, ‘I am watching TV.’ Present perfect simple He said, ‘I have watched TV.’ Past simple He said, ‘I watched TV.’ will He said, ‘I will watch TV.’ can He said, ‘I can watch TV.’ must He said, ‘I must watch TV.’

Past simple He said he watched TV. Past continuous He said he was watching TV. Past perfect simple He said he had watched TV. Past perfect He said he had watched TV. would He said he would watch TV. could He said he could watch TV. have to He said he had to watch TV.

say i tell Els verbs say i tell, que introdueixen l’estil indirecte, tenen el mateix significat, però es fan servir d’una manera diferent. – say (+ that) + estil indirecte. – tell + complement indirecte (+ that) + estil indirecte.

The policeman said (that) they arrested the burglar. The policeman told me that they had arrested the burglar.

120 Gramàtica essencial 

‘Be quiet!’

➞

The teacher told us to be quiet.

Estil indirecte: verbs introductoris VERB

ESTIL INDIRECTE

declare suggest explain insist say recommend invite order tell agree offer promise

verb + proposició encapçalada per that

apologize (for) suggest

verb + forma en –ing

He declared that he loved her. verb + objecte + to + infinitiu

He told her to sit down. verb + to + infinitiu

She offered to pay for the tickets. She apologized for being late.

Preguntes indirectes  En la forma interrogativa de l’estil indirecte, l’ordre és diferent del de les preguntes directes. També canvia el temps verbal, com a la forma afirmativa de l’estil indirecte. Verb + subjecte (pregunta directa).

‘How tall are you?’ he asked.

Subjecte + verb (pregunta indirecta).

He asked me how tall I was.

Verbs modals VERB MODAL (o estructura relacionada) can / can’t could / couldn’t be able to / not be able to must may / may not (NO PAS

USOS • descriure capacitat

• expressar certesa • expressar possibilitat

mayn’t)

could / couldn’t might / mightn’t can’t have to / don’t have to need to / needn’t must (NO PAS mustn’t) should / shouldn’t ought to / oughtn’t to mustn’t VERB MODAL COMPOST must have + participi passat can’t have + participi passat may / might have + participi passat

could have + participi passat should have + participi passat

• expressar impossibilitat • expressar obligació

• aconsellar • fer recomanacions • expressar prohibició USOS expressar certesa en el passat expressar impossibilitat en el passat expressar possibilitat en el passat suggerir una acció passada alternativa criticar una acció passada

La veu passiva TEMPS VERBAL

Infinitiu i forma en -ing VEU ACTIVA

Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Past simple Past continuous

open is opening has opened opened was opening

Past perfect will be going to

had opened will open is going to open

VEU PASSIVA is opened is being opened has been opened was opened was being opened had been opened will be opened is going to be opened

Veu activa ➞ veu passiva Quan es passa una frase de la veu activa a la veu passiva, l’objecte es converteix en subjecte de la nova oració. Activa: The driver subjecte

opened verb

the door. objecte

VERBS admit avoid can’t stand can’t imagine consider don’t mind enjoy

USOS finish imagine mention miss practise report suggest

només amb la forma en -ing

afford agree arrange ask attempt choose decide expect

hope learn manage pretend promise seem want

només amb to + infinitiu

begin like hate

love prefer start

amb l’infinitiu o amb la forma en -ing

La forma en -ing amb funció de substantiu  subjecte Passiva: The door

verb

(by + agent)

was opened (by the driver).

Ús de la veu passiva La veu passiva emfatitza l’acció (= el verb) per damunt de qui la fa (= l’agent).

El causatiu El causatiu s’utilitza per descriure accions que algú o alguna cosa porta a terme per nosaltres.

He had his shoes cleaned. (= Ell no es va netejar les

sabates.)

El causatiu es construeix amb have / get + objecte + participi passat. Have i get poden aparèixer en qualsevol temps verbal, però get se sol fer servir en frases menys formals. Igual que en la veu passiva, by + agent es pot ometre si no s’especifica qui o què fa l’acció.

La forma en -ing pot fer la funció de substantiu, sovint com a subjecte de la frase.

Living in a capital city can be very expensive.

Oracions condicionals FORMA

USOS

De primer grau if / unless + present simple, will + infinitiu O will + infinitiu if / unless + present simple De segon grau if + past simple, would + infinitiu O would + infinitiu if + past simple De tercer grau if + past perfect, would have + participi passat O would have + participi passat if + past perfect

fets possibles o probables en el futur

situacions hipotètiques ara o en el futur

fets hipotètics del passat



Gramàtica essencial 121

Phrasal Verbs (verbs amb partícula) PHRASAL VERB

PRONUNCIACIÓ

DEFINICIÓ

ask out

/ˌɑːsk ˈaʊt/

demanar una cita a algú

break into

/ˌbreɪk ˈɪntə/

entrar en un lloc per la força

break up with

/ˌbreɪk ˈʌp wɪð/

tallar amb algú

bring in

/ˌbrɪŋ ˈɪn/

introduir una nova llei, etc.

bring up

/ˌbrɪŋ ˈʌp/

criar i cuidar-se d’un nen o una nena

bump into

/ˌbʌmp ˈɪntə/

trobar-se amb algú per casualitat

call round

/ˌkɔːl ˈraʊnd/

visitar algú a casa seva

carry out

/ˌkæri ˈaʊt/

dur a terme una tasca, un estudi, etc.

catch on

/ˌkætʃ ˈɒn/

fer-se popular o posar-se de moda

chop up

/ˌtʃɒp ˈʌp/

tallar a trossets, picar

come across

/ˈkʌm əkrɒs/

trobar alguna cosa per casualitat

come along / go along

/ˌkʌm əˈlɒŋ/ /ˌɡəʊ əˈlɒŋ/

acompanyar algú

come round / over

/ˌkʌm ˈraʊnd/ /ˈəʊvə(r)/

visitar algú en un lloc

come together (as a group)

/ˌkʌm təˈɡeðə(r)/

ajuntar-se amb altres persones per crear un grup unit

cover up

/ˌkʌvər ˈʌp/

encobrir errors o accions il·legals d’altres persones

cut out

/ˌkʌt ˈaʊt/

deixar de menjar, d’utilitzar o de fer alguna cosa

dish up

/ˌdɪʃ ˈʌp/

emplatar menjar

dress up

/ˌdres ˈʌp/

mudar-se, posar-se roba elegant o especial

drop off

/ˌdrɒp ˈɒf/

deixar algú en algun lloc

eat out

/ˌiːt ˈaʊt/

menjar fora (en un restaurant, en una cafeteria, etc.)

end up

/ˌend ˈʌp/

trobar-se en un lloc, una situació, etc.

feel like

/ˈfiːl ˌlaɪk/

venir de gust prendre o fer alguna cosa

find out

/ˌfaɪnd ˈaʊt/

descobrir, obtenir informació preguntant, llegint, etc.

get on

/ˌɡet ˈɒn/

pujar a un autobús, tren, etc.

get on (well) with

/ˌɡet ˌɒn (ˈwel) wɪð/

avenir-se amb algú

get over

/ˌɡet ˈəʊvə(r)/

superar una situació o un fet del passat

give back

/ˌɡɪv ˈbæk/

tornar alguna cosa al seu amo o mestressa

give up

/ˌɡɪv ˈʌp/

cedir, oferir una cosa nostra a una altra persona

go ahead

/ˌɡəʊ əˈhed/

seguir, avançar en alguna cosa

go away

/ˌɡəʊ əˈwei/

anar-se’n (de casa) durant un temps

go back

/ˌɡəʊ ˈbæk/

tornar a un lloc

go off

/ˌɡəʊ ˈɒf/

passar-se (el menjar)

go on

/ˌɡəʊ ˈɒn/

continuar fent alguna cosa

go out

/ˌɡəʊ ˈaʊt/

sortir de casa

go out with

/ˌɡəʊ ˈaʊt wɪð/

sortir amb algú com a parella

go through

/ˌɡəʊ ˈθruː/

experimentar alguna cosa

go with

/ˈɡəʊ wɪð/

combinar amb alguna cosa

go without

/ˌɡəʊ wɪˈðaʊt/

passar sense alguna cosa, no tenir alguna cosa

hand out

/ˌhænd ˈaʊt/

donar, lliurar alguna cosa a algú

122 Phrasal verbs 

PHRASAL VERB

PRONUNCIACIÓ

DEFINICIÓ

have round

/ˌhæv ˈraʊnd/

invitar algú a casa nostra

hear of

/ˈhɪər ɒv/

descobrir alguna cosa perquè algú ens l’ha explicat

join in

/ˌdʒɔɪn ˈɪn/

participar en una activitat amb altres persones

kick off

/ˌkɪk ˈɒf/

començar (una reunió, un acte, etc.)

let on

/ˌlet ˈɒn/

explicar un secret a algú

listen out for

/ˌlɪsn ˈaʊt fɔː(r)/

estar preparat per sentir / escoltar alguna cosa

look after (yourself)

/ˌlʊk ˈɑːftə(r)/

tenir cura d’alguna cosa, d’algú, etc.

look for

/ˈlʊk fɔː(r)/

buscar

look into

/ˌlʊk ˈɪntə/

analitzar alguna cosa

meet up with

/ˌmiːt ˈʌp wɪð/

reunir-se amb algú

own up to

/ˌəʊn ˈʌp tə/

reconèixer la nostra responsabilitat en alguna cosa

pack out (the streets / square)

/ˌpæk ˈaʊt/

omplir de gent (els carrers / una plaça)

pick at

/pɪk æt/

picar, menjar en petites quantitats

pick up

/ˌpɪk ˈʌp/

agafar i alçar alguna cosa o algú

pig out

/ˌpɪɡ ˈaʊt/

afartar-se de menjar

pull on

/ˌpʊl ˈɒn/

posar-se (unas botes, uns pantalons, etc.)

pull over

/ˌpʊl ˈəʊvə(r)/

decantar-se a un costat de la carretera amb el cotxe

put on (a show)

/ˌpʊt ˈɒn/

fer una representació davant dels altres

put up

/ˌpʊt ˈʌp/

col·locar alguna cosa on es vegi

put up with

/ˌpʊt ˈʌp wɪð/

suportar, acceptar alguna cosa o algú sense protestar

rip off

/ˌrɪp ˈɒf/

estafar algú

run over

/ˌrʌn ˈəʊvə(r)/

atropellar algú amb el cotxe

see through

/ˌsiː ˈθruː/

no abandonar una tasca, etc. fins a haver-la fet

set off (fireworks)

/ˌset ˈɒf/

preparar els focs artificials perquè explotin

set up

/ˌset ˈʌp/

parar una trampa a algú per fer-lo semblar culpable

sniff around

/ˌsnɪf əˈraʊnd/

ensumar, mirar d’obtenir informació sobre algú o alguna cosa

square up

/ˌskweər ˈʌp/

preparar-se per enfrontar-se a algú

stamp out

/ˌstæmp ˈaʊt/

eliminar alguna cosa

stand up for

/ˌstænd ˈʌp fɔː(r)/

donar suport a algú o defensar-lo

stand up to

/ˌstænd ˈʌp tə/

enfrontar-se a una mala situació, no acceptar-la d’entrada

stay in

/ˌsteɪ ˈɪn/

quedar-se a casa, no sortir

swallow up

/ˌswɒləʊ ˈʌp/

absorbir, utilitzar alguna cosa fins a acabar-la

take (time) off

/ˌteɪk ˈɒf/

agafar-se temps lliure a l’escola o a la feina

take out

/ˌteɪk ˈaʊt/

treure diners, etc. d’un compte, etc.

tell off

/ˌtel ˈɒf/

renyar algú perquè ha fet alguna cosa malament

touch on

/ˈtʌtʃ ɒn/

tocar un tema sense entrar en detalls

turn up

/ˌtɜːn ˈʌp/

arribar a un lloc, aparèixer, presentar-se

warm up

/ˌwɔːm ˈʌp/

escalfar un menjar

whip up

/ˌwɪp ˈʌp/

preparar ràpidamente un menjar

wrap up

/ˌræp ˈʌp/

embolicar-se amb roba d’abric



Phrasal verbs 123

Verbs irregulars INFINITIU be bear beat become begin bend bet bite bleed blow break bring build burn buy catch choose come cost cut dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hit hold hurt keep know lead learn leave lend let lie light

126 Verbs irregulars

PAST SIMPLE /biː/ /beə(r)/ /biːt/ /bɪˈkʌm/ /bɪˈgɪn/ /bend/ /bet/ /baɪt/ /bliːd/ /bləʊ/ /breɪk/ /brɪŋ/ /bɪld/ /bɜːn/ /baɪ/ /kætʃ/ /tʃuːz/ /kʌm/ /kɒst/ /kʌt/ /dɪg/ /duː/ /drɔː/ /driːm/ /drɪŋk/ /draɪv/ /iːt/ /fɔːl/ /fiːd/ /fiːl/ /faɪt/ /faɪnd/ /flaɪ/ /fəˈbɪd/ /fəˈget/ /fəˈgɪv/ /friːz/ /get/ /gɪv/ /gəʊ/ /grəʊ/ /hæŋ/ /hæv/ /hɪə(r)/ /hɪt/ /həʊld/ /hɜːt/ /kiːp/ /nəʊ/ /liːd/ /lɜːn/ /liːv/ /lend/ /let/ /laɪ/ /laɪt/

was / were bore beat became began bent bet bit bled blew broke brought built burned, burnt bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamed, dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hit held hurt kept knew led learned, learnt left lent let lay lit

PARTICIPI PASSAT /wɒz/, /wɜː(r)/ /bɔː/ /biːt/ /bɪˈkeɪm/ /bɪˈgæn/ /bent/ /bet/ /bɪt/ /bled/ /bluː/ /brəʊk/ /brɔːt/ /bɪlt/ /bɜːnd/, /bɜːnt/ /bɔːt/ /kɔːt/ /tʃəʊz/ /keɪm/ /kɒst/ /kʌt/ /dʌg/ /dɪd/ /druː/ /driːmd/, /dremt/ /dræŋk/ /drəʊv/ /eɪt/ /fel/ /fed/ /felt/ /fɔːt/ /faʊnd/ /fluː/ /fəˈbeɪd/ /fəˈgɒt/ /fəˈgeɪv/ /frəʊz/ /gɒt/ /geɪv/ /went/ /gruː/ /hʌŋ/ /hæd/ /hɜːd/ /hɪt/ /held/ /hɜːt/ /kept/ /njuː/ /led/ /lɜːnd/, /lɜːnt/ /left/ /lent/ /let/ /leɪ/ /lɪt/

been borne beaten become begun bent bet bitten bled blown broken brought built burned, burnt bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn dreamed, dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given been / gone grown hung had heard hit held hurt kept known led learned, learnt left lent let lain lit

/biːn/ /bɔːn/ /ˈbiːtən/ /bɪˈkʌm/ /bɪˈgʌn/ /bent/ /bet/ /ˈbɪtn/ /bled/ /bləʊn/ /ˈbrəʊkn/ /brɔːt/ /bɪlt/ /bɜːnd/, /bɜːnt/ /bɔːt/ /kɔːt/ /ˈtʃəʊzn/ /kʌm/ /kɒst/ /kʌt/ /dʌg/ /dʌn/ /drɔːn/ /driːmd/, /dremt/ /drʌŋk/ /ˈdrɪvən/ /ˈiːtən/ /ˈfɔːlən/ /fed/ /felt/ /fɔːt/ /faʊnd/ /fləʊn/ /fəˈbɪdn/ /fəˈgɒtn/ /fəˈgɪvn/ /ˈfrəʊzən/ /gɒt/ /ˈgɪvn/ /biːn/, /gɒn/ /grəʊn/ /hʌŋ/ /hæd/ /hɜːd/ /hɪt/ /held/ /hɜːt/ /kept/ /nəʊn/ /led/ /lɜːnd/, /lɜːnt/ /left/ /lent/ /let/ /leɪn/ /lɪt/

INFINITIU lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see sell send shake shine shoot show shut sing sink sit sleep smell speak spell spend spill spin split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write

PAST SIMPLE /luːz/ /meɪk/ /miːn/ /miːt/ /peɪ/ /pʊt/ /riːd/ /raɪd/ /rɪŋ/ /raɪz/ /rʌn/ /seɪ/ /siː/ /sel/ /send/ /ʃeɪk/ /ʃaɪn/ /ʃuːt/ /ʃəʊ/ /ʃʌt/ /sɪŋ/ /sɪŋk/ /sɪt/ /sliːp/ /smel/ /spiːk/ /spel/ /spend/ /spɪl/ /spɪn/ /splɪt/ /spɔɪl/ /spred/ /sprɪŋ/ /stænd/ /stiːl/ /stɪk/ /stɪŋ/ /swiːp/ /swɪm/ /swɪŋ/ /teɪk/ /tiːtʃ/ /teə(r)/ /tel/ /θɪŋk/ /θrəʊ/ /ʌndəˈstænd/ /weɪk/ /weə(r)/ /wɪn/ /raɪt/

lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent shook shone shot showed shut sang sank sat slept smelled, smelt spoke spelled, spelt spent spilt spun split spoiled, spoilt spread sprang stood stole stuck stung swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote

PARTICIPI PASSAT /lɒst/ /meɪd/ /ment/ /met/ /peɪd/ /pʊt/ /red/ /rəʊd/ /ræŋ/ /rəʊz/ /ræn/ /sed/ /sɔː/ /səʊld/ /sent/ /ʃʊk/ /ʃɒn/ /ʃɒt/ /ʃəʊd/ /ʃʌt/ /sæŋ/ /sæŋk/ /sæt/ /slept/ /smeld/, /smelt/ /spəʊk/ /speld/, /spelt/ /spent/ /spɪlt/ /spʌn/ /splɪt/ /spɔɪld/, /spɔɪlt/ /spred/ /spræŋ/ /stʊd/ /stəʊl/ /stʌk/ /stʌŋ/ /swept/ /swæm/ /swʌŋ/ /tʊk/ /tɔːt/ /tɔː/ /təʊld/ /θɔːt/ /θruː/ /ʌndəˈstʊd/ /wəʊk/ /wɔː(r)/ /wʌn/ /rəʊt/

/lɒst/ /meɪd/ /ment/ /met/ /peɪd/ /pʊt/ /red/ /ˈrɪdn/ /rʌŋ/ /ˈrɪzn/ /rʌn/ /sed/ /siːn/ /səʊld/ /sent/ /ʃeɪkn/ /ʃɒn/ /ʃɒt/ /ʃəʊn/ /ʃʌt/ /sʌŋ/ /sʌŋk/ /sæt/ /slept/ /smeld/, /smelt/ /ˈspəʊkn/ /speld/, /spelt/ /spent/ /spɪlt/ /spʌn/ /splɪt/ /spɔɪld/, /spɔɪlt/ /spred/ /sprʌŋ/ /stʊd/ /stəʊlən/ /stʌk/ /stʌŋ/ /swept/ /swʌm/ /swʌŋ/ /ˈteɪkn/ /tɔːt/ /tɔːn/ /təʊld/ /θɔːt/ /θrəʊn/ /ʌndəˈstʊd/ /wəʊkn/ /wɔːn/ /wʌn/ /ˈrɪtn/

lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent shaken shone shot shown shut sung sunk sat slept smelled, smelt spoken spelled, spelt spent spilt spun split spoiled, spoilt spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written



Verbs irregulars 127