Kelompok 7 - LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM UJI BAHAN MAKANAN

 

OAVJYAG VYAL]EL[H IEJLEHEA

[`e Lagmugdag Vrjtkeg, Larijcemrat, Larijcemrat, Oepem, mag Retaheg N pama Iacag Halagag mkgdag Hkgddugalag Egmelatjr ^kmkrcaga

[gtul hkhkguce tudas hata luoeac Iejlehea yagd meiega jokc Eiu Gjvema Vratewe, ^. ^e., H. ^n. mag Iapal ^uiagme, Mrs., H.^e., Mr., C., Vrjb 

Jokc Lkojhpjl 4 0 Ireooeaga Dcjriey

(156>;1296=5=)

Mwel Mw elkk Hkda Hkdac c Vur Vurga gaha ha O. O.

(1 (156 56>; >;12 1296 96=> =>1) 1)

Lcjhseyac Gaeoe

(156>;1296=;3)

^ceg cegtea tea Age Bateh atehat atuz uz P.

(1 (156 56>; >;12 1296 96; ;6> 6>))

Jbbkregd A / 9615

[GERKY^E]A^ GKDKYE HAOAGD BAL[O]A^ HA]KHA]ELA MAG EOH[ VKGDK]AC[AG AOAH VYJDYAH ^][ME ^1 VKGMEMELAG EVA Jltjikr 9696

 

A. ]agddao ]agddao Vkoalsagaag Vkoalsagaag A.1 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Vrjtke Vrjtkeg g

Lahes, 3 Jltjikr 9696 A.9 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Larijcemra Larijcemratt

^koasa, 1> Jltjikr 9696 A.> Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e [`e Oepem Oepem

^koasa, 1> Jltjikr 9696 A.= Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Retah Retaheg eg N

^kgeg, 19 Jltjikr 9696 I. ]u`u ]u`uag ag I.1

Vkrnjiaag [`e Vrjtkeg

1. Hac Hacase aseswa swa hahpu hahpu hkhikm hkhikmala alag g iacag iacag halaga halagag g yagd yagd hkgdag hkgdagmug mugd d  prjtkeg mag yagd temal hkgdagmugd hkgdagmugd prjtkeg I.9 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Larijc Larijcemra emratt 1. Haca Hacase sesw swaa mapa mapatt hkg hkgkgtu kgtul lag am amag agy ya zat zat pat atee pam amaa ikr krh hanah anah

tuhiucag I.> Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e [`e Oepem

1. Hacaseswa Hacaseswa hahpu hahpu hkhikmal hkhikmalag ag iacag iacag halagag halagag yagd yagd hkgdagm hkgdagmugd ugd oepem mag yagd temal hkgdagmugd oepem. I.= Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Retaheg Retaheg N

1. Hacaseswa Hacaseswa hahpu hkgdktac hkgdktacue ue lagmugdag lagmugdag vetaheg vetaheg n pama teap iacag halagag N. Masar Masar ]kjre ]kjre N.1 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Vrjtke Vrjtkeg g

Hjokluo prjtkeg hkrupalag ragtae pag`agd yagd tkrsusug jokc hata ragtae asah-asah ahegj. Maoah hjokluo prjtkeg, asah-asah ahegj saoegd meragd mer agdlae laelag lag hkoaou hkoaouee rkalse rkalse dudusa dudusag g larijl larijlseo seo asah ahegj ahegj yagd yagd satu mkgdag dudusag ahegj mare asah ahegj yagd oaeg, skcegdda tkr`ame elatag yagd meskiut elatag pkptema. Elatag pkpktema ege hkrupalag elatag tegdlat  prehkr. Mua hjokluo asah ahegj yagd saoegd meelatlag mkgdag nara mkheleag meskiut elatag mepkptema. Ieoa teda hjokluo asah ahegj, meskiut

1

 

trepkptema mag ieoa okiec iagyal oade meskiut pjoepkptema. Vjoepkptema yagd ca cagy gyaa tkrme tkrmere re ma mare re sk`uh sk`uhoa oac c ik ikik ikrap rapaa hjok hjoklu luoo asah asah aheg ahegj j me meski skiut ut joedjpkptema. Hjokluo prjtkeg amaoac suatu pjoypkptema, mehaga sk`uhoac  iksar asah-asah ahegjgya saoegd mepkrtautlag mkgdag elatag pkptema tkrskiut (Vum`eame, 155=). Vrjtkeg ikrasao mare iacasa Uugage prjtjs, Uugage prjtjs, yagd  yagd ikrarte ‟yagd paoegd utaha‘. Vrjtkeg hkrupalag skgyawa jrdagel ljhpokls ikrijijt hjokluo tegdde yagd hkrupalag pjoehkr mare hjgjhkr-hjgjhkr asah ahegj yagd mecuiu mec uiugdl gdlag ag satu saha saha oae oaeg g mkgdag mkgdag elatag elatag pkptem pkptema. a. Hjoklu Hjokluoo prjtke prjtkeg g hkgdagmugd ljhpjsese rata-rata ugsur lehea yaetu larijg ;6%, cemrjdkg 4%, jlsedkg 9>%, getrjdkg 92%, mag lamagd laoa suobur 6->% skrta bjsbjr  6->%. Vrjtkeg hkrupalag ljhpjgkg utaha sko ckwag mag hagusea. Vrjsks lehea maoah tuiuc mapat ikroagdsugd mkgdag iael larkga amagya kgzeh, su suat atu u pr prjt jtke keg g ya yagd gd ik ikrbu rbugd gdse se sk skia iada daee ie iejl jlat atao aoesa esatj tjr. r. Me Mesah sahpe pegd gd etu etu ckhjdojieg maoah iuter-iuter marac atau kretrjset yagd ikrbugdse skiadae  pkgdagdlut jlsedkg mare paru-paru lk skouruc iadeag tuiuc, amaoac saoac satu `kges prjtkeg. ]krmapat elatag lehea oaeg maoah prjtkeg yaetu elatag cemrjdkg, cemrj dkg, elatag cemrjbji, cemrjbji, elatag ejg/elatag ejg/elatag kokltrjstatel, kokltrjstatel, mag elatag Rag Mkr Taaos. Vrjtkeg mapat temal staieo tkrcamap ikikrapa baltjr yaetu pC, ramease, sucu, hkmeuh pkoarut jrdagel, mag mktkrdkg (Cart, 1534). Vrjtkeg amaoac halrjhjokluo yagd paoegd ikroehpac me maoah sko cemu cemup p ma mag g hkru hkrupa pala lag g ;6 pk pkrsk rskg g at atau au ok okie iec c ik ikra ratt lk lkre regd gd sko. sko. Vrjt Vrjtke keg g metkhulag me maoah skhua sko mag skhua iadeag sko. Vrjtkeg `uda ahat  ikrvarease< ratusag `kges yagd ikrama mapat metkhulag maoah satu sko. ]ahiac ]ah iacag ag oade, oade, prjtke prjtkeg g hkhpug hkhpugyae yae ikriad ikriadae ae pkrag pkrag iejojd iejojdes, es, larkga larkga  prjtkeg hkrupalag egstruhkgt hjokluokr yagd hkgdklsprkselag egbjrhase degk degkte tel. l. Jo Jokc kc la lark rkga ga etu, etu, ik ikrao raoas asag agoa oac c ug ugtu tul l hkhu hkhuoa oaee pk pkhi hiac acas asag ag halrjhjokluo iejojde mkgdag prjtkeg, yagd gahagya ikrarte ‟pkrtaha‘ atau ‟utaha‘. ^khua prjtkeg, iael ikrasao mare ialtkre yagd paoegd tua atau yagd ikrasao mare ikgtul lkcemupag tkrtegdde, tkrtegdde, meiagdug meiagdug mare ragdlaeag ragdlaeag masar yagd saha mare 96 asah ahegj yagd ikrelatag ljvaokg maoah urutag yagd lcas. Larkga hasegd-hasegd asah ahegj hkhpugyae ragtae sahpegd

9

 

yagd yag d lcusus lcusus,, yagd yagd hkhikr hkhikrela elag g sebat sebat lehea lehea hasegd hasegd-ha -haseg segd d egmeve egmevemu, mu, lkojhpjl 96 hjokluo uget pkhiagdug ege mapat meagddap skiadae ai`am strultur prjtkeg (Okcgegdkr, 1533). ^khua asah ahegj (96) yagd metkgtulag hkhpugyae nere saha, atjh cemrjdkg, dudus larijlseo, mag dudus ahegj yagd meelat pama atjh larijg yagd saha. Hasegd-hasegd ikrikma satu mkgdag yagd oaeg pama ragtae sahpegdgya, atau dudus Y, yagd ikrvarease maoah strultur, ulurag, huatag oestrel mag lkoarutag maoah aer. dudus α-ahegj GC9

NJ9C N

C varease strultur tkr`ame

Y

maoah ragtae sahpegd

Dahiar 1 ^trultur hjokluo asah ahegj (Bksskgmkg, 1532). Asah aheg Asah ahegj j ma mapa patt me dj djoj ojgd gdla lag g hkg` hkg`am amee ik ikik ikra rapa pa dj djoj ojgd gdag ag  ikrmasarlag sebat-sebat lagmugdag dudus Y, tkrutaha pjoaretas. Lknkgmrugda Lknkgm rugdag g hjokluo hjokluo ugtul ikregtkralse ikregtkralse mkgdag aer pama pC (mklat (mklat pC 4,6). Dudus Y pama asah ahegj ikrvarease pjoaretasgya, huoae mare dudus Y yag yagd d saha saha sklaoe sklaoe temal temal pjoar pjoar atau cemrjbji cemrjbjiel el (temal (temal hkgyulae hkgyulae aer) sahpae ikrsebat ahat pjoar atau cemrjbeoel (hkgyulae aer). ]krmapat khpat dj djoj ojgd gdag ag asah asah aheg ahegj j (1 (1)) dj djoj ojgd gdag ag mk mkgd gdag ag du dudu duss Y gj gjgp gpjo joar ar at atau au cemrjbjiel, (9) djojgdag mkgdag dudus Y pjoar, tktape temal ikrhuatag, (>) djojgdag mkgdag dudus Y ikrhuatag gkdatevk, mag (=) djojgdag mkgdag dudus Y ikrhuatag pjseteb. Me maoah teap-teap djojgdag, tkrmapat urutag  pjoaretas, ulurag mag ikgtul dudus dudus Y (Deregmra, 1532). Vrjtke Vrj tkeg g hkrupa hkrupalag lag hjoklu hjokluoo yagd yagd sagdat sagdat iksar, iksar, skcegd skcegdda da humac humac sklaoe skl aoe hkgdao hkgdaoahe ahe pkruia pkruiacag cag ikgtul ikgtul besel besel haupug haupug alteve altevetas tas iejojd iejojdes. es. Iagy Ia gyal al baltj baltjrr ya yagd gd hkgy hkgyki kiai aila lag g pk pkru ruia iaca cag g sebat sebat ao aoah aheac eac pr prjt jtke keg g hesaogya0 pagas, asah, iasa, pkoarut jrdagel, pC, darah, ojdah ikrat, haupug segar ramease ramejalteb. Vkruiacag sebat besel yagd humac meahate amaoac tkr`amegya pkg`kgmaoag (hkg`ame temal oarut) atau pkhamatag, Ama  prjtkeg yagd oarut maoah aer, ama puoa yagd temal oarut maoah aer, tktape

>

 

skhua prjtkeg temal oarut maoah pkoarut okhal skpkrte hesaogya kteo ktkr. Maya oarut prjtkeg prjtkeg alag ikrluragd `ela metahiacla metahiaclag g darah, aleiatgya aleiatgya  prjtkeg alag tkrpesac skiadae kgmapag. Apaieoa prjtkeg mepagaslag atau metahiaclag aoljcjo, hala prjtkeg alag hkgdduhpao (Yemwag, 1556). N.9 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Larijcemra Larijcemratt

Larijcemra Larij cemratt amaoac pjoehkr pjoehkr aomkcem atau pjoecemrj pjoecemrjlse lse lktjg mag hkoe hk oepu pute te

lj ljgm gmkg kgsat sat

pj pjoe oehk hkr-p r-pjo joeh ehkrg krgya ya

ya yagd gd

tk tkri rikg kgtu tul. l.

Gaha Gaha

larijcemra larij cemratt medugalag medugalag pama skgyawa-skgy skgyawa-skgyawa awa tkrskiut tkrskiut hkgdegdat hkgdegdat ruhus khpere khp eresgy sgyaa yagd yagd ikrupa ikrupa NgC9g NgC9gJg Jg yaetu yaetu hkgmkl hkgmklate ate Ng(C9J Ng(C9J)g )g yaetu yaetu larijg yagd hkgdaoahe cemrjlse. Larijcemrat hkrupalag suhikr kgkrde utaha iade tuiuc hagusea, yagd hkgykmealag = laojre (leoj`juok) kgkrde  pagdag pkr drah. Larijcemrat `uda hkhpugyae pkragag pkgtegd maoah hkgkgtulag laraltkrestel iacag halagag, hesaogya, hesaogya, rasa, warga, tklstur, mag oaeg-oae oaeg-oaeg. g.

^kmagd ^kmagdlag lag maoah maoah tuiuc, tuiuc, larijc larijcemr emrat at ikrdug ikrdugaa ugtul  ugtul 

hkgnkdac tehiuogya lktjes, pkhknacag tuiuc prjtkeg yagd ikrokiecag, lkceoagdag hegkrao, mag ikrduga ugtul hkhiagtu hktaijoeshk okhal mag  prjtkeg. Larijcemrat amaoac a maoac suhikr laojre tkriksar maoah halagag skcarecare mag ieasagya hkrupalag =6-=;% mare asupag laojre leta. (Mawg I, 9666). ^koaeg hkg`ame suhikr kgkrde utaha halcoul cemup, larijcemrat  `uda hkg`ame ljhpjgkg strultur pkgtegd pama halcoul cemup maoah skrat skra t (beikr), (bei kr), skpkrt skpkrtee skouojs skouojsa, a, pklteg pklteg skrta skrta oedgeg oedgeg (Teooe (Teooeah, ah, 15 155=) 5=).. Ama mua hanah larijcemrat yaetu larijcemrat ljhpokls mag larijcemrat sehpokls. Larijcemrat Larij cemrat ljhpokls hesaogya gase, ie`e-ie`eag, ie`e-ie`eag, lkgtag lkgtagd, d, mag `adugd, `adugd, skmagdlag njgtjc Larijcemrat sehpokls amaoac duoa mag pkhages oaeggya.  Gaha oaeg mare larijcemrat amaoac salarema, ikrasao mare iacasa Arai "sallar" yagd artegya duoa. Hkoecat strultur hjokluogya, larijcemrat okiec tkpat memkbkgesel memkbkgeselag ag skiadae skiadae pjoecemrjl pjoecemrjlseaomkc seaomkcem em atau pjoecemrj pjoecemrjlselkt lselktjg jg (Yahsmkg, 155=). Aoah Aoa h tuiuc tuiuc haguse haguseaa larijc larijcemr emrat at mapat mapat meikgt meikgtul ul mare mare ikikrap ikikrapaa asah aheg ahegj j mag skiad skiadeag eag okhal okhal..

]ktape ]ktape skiad skiadeag eag

iksar iksar larij larijcem cemrat rat

mepkrjokc mare iacag halagag yagd mehalag skcare-care, tkrutaha iacag

=

 

halagag yagd ikrasao mare tuhiuc-tuhiucag. tuhiuc-tuhiucag. Vama tagahag larijcemrat larijcemrat meikgtul mare rkalse NJ9 mag C9J mkgdag iagtuag segar hatacare hkoaoue  prjsks bjtjsegtkses maoah sko tagahag yagd ikrlojrjbeo (Tegargj BD, 966=). [`e Ikgkment amaoac ugtul hkhiultelag amagya duoa pkrkmulse. Duoa pkrkmulse amaoac duoa yagd hkgdaoahe rkalse cemrjoeses mag iesa meurae hkg`ame skmeletgya mua iuac hjgjsalarema. Laratkrestelgya temal   iesa oarut atau ikrkalse sknara oagdsugd mkgdag Ikgkment, njgtjcgya skhua djojgdag djojgdag hjgjsalarema, hjgjsalarema, skmagdlag skmagdlag duoa gjg pkrkmulse strultur  strultur  duoagya ikrikgtul seloel yagd ikrarte iacwa ckheasktao mag ckhelktaogya temal ikrama maoah lksktehiagdaggya, njgtjcgya brultjsa mag sulrjsa. Mkgdag pregsep ikrmasarlag rkmulse Nu9+  hkg`ame Nu+  yagd hkgdkgmap skiada ski adaee Nu9J ikrwar ikrwarga ga hkrac hkrac iata. iata. [gtul [gtul hkgdce hkgdcegm gmare are pkgdkg pkgdkgmap mapag ag nunj nunj> >

pama ama

oaru oaruta tag g

gatre atreu uh

lar ari ijg jgat at

(rka (rkadk dkg g

Ikg kgkm kmen ent) t),,

hal alaa

metahiaclag metah iaclag asah setrat. Oarutag tkhiada aolaoes mapat merkmulse merkmulse jokc larijc lar ijcemr emrat at yagd yagd hkhpug hkhpugyae yae dudus dudus aomkce aomkcem m atau atau hjgjlk hjgjlktjg tjg ikias, ikias, skcegdda sulrjsa yagd temal hkgdagmugd aomkcem atau lktjg ikias temal  mapat hkrkmulse oarutag Ikgkment (Puobelar, A. 9616).

N.> Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e [`e Oepem Oepem

Oepem hkrupalag skgyawa iejhjokluo yagd temal oarut maoah aer, skcegdda tkrelat pama poasha skiadae hklageshk tragspjrt maoah skruh. Oepem mapat meklstralse mkgdag pkoarut jrdagel skpkrte ktkr, ikgzkgk mag lojrjbjrh mag tktralojrhktaga. Oepem pkgtegd larkga hkheole geoae kgkrde yagd yag d tegdde tegdde,, iacag iacag esjoas esjoasee mag pkoegm pkoegmugd ugd yagd yagd tkrmap tkrmapat at pama pama `aregd `aregdagag `aregdag meiawac luoet mag hkgdkoeoegde jrdag-jrdag tkrtkgtu hesaogya  `aregdag syarab (Yeawag, 9665). Hegy He gyal al ma mag g okhal okhal tkrh tkrhasu asul l oepe oepem m gk gktr trao ao.. Hegy Hegyal al ma mag g ok okha hal  l   ikrpkrag sagdat pkgtegd maoah deze leta yaetu skiadae suhikr kgkrde, neta rasa, skrta suhikr vetaheg A, M, K mag L. ^kteap drah okhal hkgdagmugd 9,9; laoe mare `uhoac laojre yagd mecaseolag jokc satu drah prjtkeg atau larijcemrat. ^atu drah hegyal atau oepem mapat hkgdcaseolag 5 llao/drah,

;

 

skmagd skm agdlag lag larijc larijcemr emrat at mag prjtke prjtkeg g cagya cagya hkgdca hkgdcaseol seolag ag = llao/d llao/drah rah.. Hegyal atau okhal, lcususgya hegyal gaiate, hkgdagmugd asah-asah okhal kskgseao skpkrte asah oegjokat, asah oegjokgat mag asah arlemjgat yagd mapat hkgnkdac pkgykhpetag pkhiuouc marac aleiat pkguhpulag ljokstkrjo (Jltaveage, 9665). ^knara lehea, okhal meiade hkg`ame teda yaetu okhal skmkrcaga, okhal okh al ha`khu ha`khul l mag turuga turugag g okhal. okhal. Okhal Okhal skmkrca skmkrcaga ga yaetu yaetu apaieo apaieoaa mecemrjoeses mecem rjoeses alag hkgdcaseol hkgdcaseolag ag aoljcjo, aoljcjo, ieasagya ieasagya ikrupa ikrupa doeskrjo doeskrjo skrta hkgdca hkg dcaseol seolag ag asah okhal. okhal. Okhal Okhal ha`khu ha`khul l yaetu yaetu apaieo apaieoaa mecemr mecemrjoe joeses ses alag ala g hkgdac hkgdacaseo aseolag lag aoljc aoljcjo, jo, asah okhal okhal mag skgyaw skgyawaa oae oaeggy ggyaa skpkrte skpkrte bjsba bjsbat, t, as asah ah aheg ahegj, j, ia iasa sa jr jrda dage gel, l, sk skpk pkrt rtee lj ljoe oeg g atau atau ik ikta taeg eg.. Okha Okhal  l  ha`khul hkgdagmugd oestrel atau paoegd temal hkhpugyae pkgdlutuiag huatag maoah hjokluogya, skcegdda okiec humac ikregtkralse mkgdag aer  (^esteawag, 9611). Iawagd hkrac `uda hkheoele skgyawa lehea gjg-deze yagd meskiut boavjgdoel boavj gdoeljsemj jsemj mag sapjge. sapjge. Amapug Amapug regneag regneag lagmugdag lagmugdag gutrese iawagd iawagd hkrac skteap 166 dr eaoac > llao laojre< 1,; dr prjtkeg< 6,> dr okhal< 5,9 larijcemrat< 6,4 skrta< ;6 [E vetahegA< 6,6> hd vetaheg I1< 6,6= hd reijboaveg< 6,69 hd geaseg< 5 hd asah asnjrien< 9 hd vetahegN< >2 hd laoseuh< =6 hd bjsbjr< 6,3 hd ikse< mag 33 dr aer (Ereagtj, 9665). Lanagd tagac (Arances cypjdaka O.) hkrupalag tagahag lanagdlanagdag yagd iagyal metagah jokc para pktage me Egmjgksea. Hkrupalag ljhjme ljh jmetas tas pkrtag pkrtageag eag tkrpkgt tkrpkgtegd egd sktkoac sktkoac lkmkoa lkmkoaee yagd yagd hkheoe hkheoele le pkrag pkrag stratkdes pama pagdag gasejgao skiadae suhikr prjtkeg mag hegyal gaiate (^are, 9615). Lanagd tagac laya lagmugdag okhal, prjtkeg yagd tegdde, zat  ikse, vetaheg K, vetaheg I ljhpokls, bjsbjr, vetaheg A, vetaheg L, okseteg, ljoeg, mag laoseuh (Yacheaga & Degtegd 9619). Vesagd Ves agd (Husa (Husa parame paramesean seanaa O.) hkrupa hkrupalag lag saoac saoac satu iuac iuac yagd yagd  iagyal tuhiuc me Egmjgksea. Lagmugdag deze maoah pesagd lkpjl yaetu  prjtkeg, larijcemrat, skrat mag hegkrao skpkrte laoeuh, hadgkseuh, bjsbjr,  ikse, gatreuh mag laoseuh. ^koaeg etu `uda pesagd lkpjl hkgdagmugd vetaheg A, vetaheg I, mag vetaheg N (Gurheg,9613).

2

 

Hagdda hkrupalag saoac satu iuac trjpes mag sui trjpes yagd tkrl tkrlkg kgao ao me skour skouruc uc mu muge geaa la lark rkga ga rasag rasagya ya kg kgal al ma mag g skdar, skdar, la laya ya al alag ag lagm lagmug ugda dag g veta vetahe heg g N (Ges (Geswa wac, c, ml mll, l, 96 9612 12). ). Ae Aerr ma mag g la lari rijc jcem emra ratt hkrupa hkr upalag lag ljhpjg ljhpjgkg kg paoegd paoegd iagyal iagyal yagd yagd tkrmapa tkrmapatt pama pama madegd madegd iuac iuac hagda (Erbeagte, mll, 9615). ]khp ]k hpkk

hkhu hkhugd gdle legl glag ag

sk skia iada daee

ao aotk tkrg rgat ateb eb

hala halaga gag g

ug ugtu tul  l 

mebj mebjrte rtebe bela lase se mk mkgd gdag ag za zatt ik ikse, se, la lark rkga ga tk tkhp hpkk skiad skiadae ae suhi suhikr kr pr prjt jtke keg, g, skmagd skm agdlag lag prjtke prjtkeg g mag zat ikse ikse mepkro mepkroula ulag g maoah maoah pkhikg pkhikgtul tulag ag lamar  lamar  ckhjdojieg ckhjd ojieg (Astute, mll, 961=). Hkgurut Iamag ^tagmaresase ^tagmaresase Gasejgao Gasejgao (9619), tkhpk hkgdagmugd kokhkg yagd ikrduga iade tuiuc yaetu asah okhal,, vetaheg, okhal vetaheg, hegkrao, hegkrao, mag agtejlsema agtejlsemag. g. Vrjsks bkrhkgtasse bkrhkgtasse pama tkhpk hkgegdlatlag mkra`at okhal lktemal `kgucag skcegdda asah okhal temal   `kguc ha`khul pama tkhpk hkgegdlat. Hkgurut Meac H. [tara 9616, caseo agaoeses okhal mag asah okhal tkhpk pama 166 dr tkhpk lulus hkgug`ullag iacwa tkhpk hkgdagmugd 9,35 d okhal. ]acu hkrupalag prjmul halagag caseoo mare prjsks pkgdcagnurag lkmkoae hkg`ame iuiur yagd mepamatlag. Lagmugdag gutrese tacu pkr 166 drah tacu eaoac 23 Lao kgkrde, 3=,3 d aer, 4,3 d prjtkeg, =,2 d okhal, 19= hd laos laoseu euh, h, 2> hd bj bjsb sbjr jr,, 6,3 6,3 hd ik ikse se,, ma mag g 6, 6,62 62 hd ve veta tahe heg g I1 ( Tarmage, Meac mag Mage ^u`aga, 9696). Luge Lu gegd gd tkou tkourr tkrs tkrsus usug ug atas atas ok okha hal l ma mag g pr prjt jtke keg, g, hkhi hkhikg kgtu tul  l  oepjprjtkeg oepjp rjtkeg yagd mesegtkses mesegtkses jokc cate mkgdag mkgdag pkgdaruc pkgdaruc kstrjdkg. Egmkls lugegd tkour mepkgdaruce jokc prjtkeg, okhal, mag asah ahegj kskgseao yagd tkrlagmugd maoah ragsuh, ljgsuhse prjtkeg mapat hkhpkgdaruce tegdde lugegd tkour, skmagdlag egmkls lugegd tkour mepkgdaruce jokc tegdde lugegd tkour (@uoeahiarwate, 9619). Hkgu Hk guru rutt Drji Drjias as kt ao (9 (966 661) 1) sa satu tu iu iute terr tk tkou ourr sk skik ikra ratt ;> dr  hkgdagmugd putec tkour 2;,2=%, lugegd tkour 9>,21% mag nagdlagd tkour  16,4;%. Vutec tkour hkgdagmugd prjtkeg yagd tegdde. Vrjtkeg putec tkour  tkrususug mare jvaoaiuheg skiagyal ;=% (Tjjmwarm, 1556). Gutrese oaeg yagd tkrlagmugd maoah putec tkour eaoac okhal 6,6; drah (Nagmra, 9696).

4

 

Me maoah 166 drah iawagd putec tkrlagmugd ikikrapa geoae deze0 skoeuh, skoe uh, hagdag hagdag,, skgd, skgd, sjmeuh sjmeuh,, laoeuh laoeuh,, bjsbjr bjsbjr,, hadgkse hadgkseuh uh,, zat ikse, ikse, laoseu lao seuh, h, vetahe vetaheg g N, Bjoat, Bjoat, vetahe vetaheg g I2, I;, I>, I9, I1, ikta-la ikta-larjt rjtkg, kg,  prjtkeg, okhal, mekt skrat, duoa, mag larijcemrat. Okhal yagd tkrlagmugd maoah 166 drah iawagd putec eaoac 6,; (Hucoeseg, 9615). Lkgtagd Lkgta gd (^joaguh (^joaguh tuikrjsuh O.) hkrupalag hkrupalag saoac satu spkseks uhie-uhiea uhie -uhieag g yagd iagyal medugalag medugalag skiadae suhikr suhikr larijcemrat larijcemrat atau halagag pjljl iade hasyaralat mugea sktkoac dagmuh, ikras mag `adugd. [hie [h ie lkgt lkgtag agd d hkgd hkgdag agmu mugd gd sk skme mele lett ok okha hal l ma mag g lj ljok okst stkr krjo jo,, ga gahu hug g hkgdagmug hkgda gmugd d larijcemra larijcemratt `auc okiec tegdde, tegdde, sjmeuh, sjmeuh, skrat mekt, prjtkeg, vetaheg N, laoseuh, zat ikse mag vetaheg I2 yagd nulup tegdde (Asdar, 961>). N.= Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Retah Retaheg eg N

Retaheg Retahe g hkrupa hkrupalag lag gutrek gutrekgt gt jrdage jrdagel l yagd yagd meiutu meiutucla clag g maoah maoah  `uhoac lkneo ugtul ikriadae bugdse iejlehea mag yagd uhuhgya temal  mesetkses jokc tuiuc skcegdda carus memapat mare suhikr halagag. Retaheg  pkrtaha laoe metkhulag amaoac vetaheg A mag Retaheg I. Ikrmasarlag lkoarutaggya vetaheg meikmalag hkg`ame mua `kges yaetu vetaheg yagd oarut maoah okhal mag vetaheg yagd oaruut maoah aer. Retaheg yagd oarut maoah aer skouruc ya meikre sehipo Retaheg i ljhpokls lknuaoe vetaheg N mag vetaheg yagd oarut maoah okhal meikre sehijo sksuae ai`am yaetu A,M,K,L. lkokiecag vetaheg yagd oarut maoah aer temal alag hkgykiailag tjlsesetas me maoah tuiuc larkga alag melkouarlag hkoaoue uregk (]reaga,9662) Retaheg N atau O-asah asljriat hkrupalag agtejlsemag yagd oarut maoah aer. Retaheg Retaheg N hkrupalag hkrupalag iadeag mare sestkh sestkh pkrtacagag pkrtacagag tuiuc tuiuc tkrc tkrcam amap ap skgya skgyawa wa jl jlsed sedkg kg rk rkal alte tebb ma maoa oah h po poash ashaa ma mag g sko. sko. Re Reta tahe heg g N  ikrikgtul Lrestao putec mkgdag ikrat hjokluo 142,1> mag ruhus hjokluo N2C3J2. Retaheg N humac tkrjlsemase sknara rkvkrseiok hkhikgtulasah mkcemrj O-asah asljriat mag lkceoagdag 9 atjh cymrjdkg. Retaheg N tkrhasul saoac satu vetaheg kskgseao larkga temal mapat mecaseolag jokc tuiuc, vetaheg N mapat mepkrjokc mare ouar tuiuc (^eiadareagd, 9616)

3

 

Oaru Oa ruta tag g

ikta iktame megk gk

mese mesege ge sk skia iada daee

eg egme mena natj tjrr

la lark rkga ga

ik ikta tame megk gk

hkgdagmugd pjvemjgk ejmegk 16% yagd haga sktara mkgdag ejmegk 1%. Ejmegk egeoac yagd hkg`ame egmenatjr, larkga rkalse asah asljriat maoah vetaheg N ege alag hkgdceoagdlag warga mare ejmegk (Aega mag ^uprayjde, 9611) M. Aoat mag Iacag Iacag M.1 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Vrjtke Vrjtkeg g

Aoat 0 - Dkoas

- Ljhpjr  

- Vagne Iacag 0 - Asah nula (NC>NJJC)

- ^usu

- Lknap

- Aer  

- Hegyal   M.9 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Larijcemra Larijcemratt

Aoat 0 - Hagdlul lk lkneo

- ]essuk

- Vesau Iacag 0 - Oar aru utag tag Ikta Iktam megk egk

- ]ehug

- Lkgtagd

- Gase

- Hek

- [ie

- Yjte ta tawar  

- Tjrtko

- Vesagd M.> Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e [`e Oepem Oepem

Aoat 0 - Lkrtas

- ^kgmjl  

- Ijopkeg

- Lahkra

Iacag 0

5

 

- Lanagd tagac

- ]acu

- Iawagd hkrac

- Iawagd putec

- Vesagd

- Lkgtagd

- Hagdda

- Lugegd tkour 

- ]khpk

- Vutec tk tkour 

M.= Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Retah Retaheg eg N

Aoat 0 - Vesau

- Dkoas

- ]esu

- Vkguhiul

Iacag 0 - @krul Gepes

- @ahiu ie`e

-

- Aer   - Iktamegk

@as`us Okhjg @as`us @krul 

- ]jhat

- Aoljcjo 46 46%

K. Vrjs Vrjskmur kmur Lkr`a Lkr`a K.1 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e [`e Vrjtke Vrjtkeg g

1. ^ahpko ^ahpko yagd alag alag meu`e mehasul mehasullag lag lk maoah dkoas dkoas 9. Metuagdlag Metuagdlag 1 dkoas dkoas aer lk maoah pagen pagen >. Aer merkius merkius cegdda cegdda hkgmemec hkgmemec =. ^ktkoac ^ktkoac hkgmemec hkgmemec ljhpj ljhpjrr mehatelag mehatelag ;. Vag Vagne ne meagdl meagdlat at mare mare ljhpjr ljhpjr mag memeah memeahlag lag skoaha skoaha ikikra ikikrapa pa hkget hkget ugtul hkguruglag sucu 2. Dkoas yagd yagd ikrese sahpko sahpko mehasullag mehasullag lk lk maoah pagen pagen 4. Hasegd-haseg Hasegd-hasegd d dkoas yagd ikrese ikrese sahpko metktkse metktkse ; tktks asah nula 3. Dkoas medjyagd medjyagd-djyag -djyagdlag dlag adar adar asah nula iesa tkrnahpur tkrnahpur rata 5. Metugddu Metugddu ikikrapa ikikrapa hkget lkhumeag lkhumeag hasegd-haseg hasegd-hasegd d sahpko meahate meahate K.9 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Larijc Larijcemra emratt

1. Lkg Lkgtag tagd d meeres meeres sahpae sahpae lkneo lkneo 9. Okt Oktall allag ag me hagdlu hagdlul l lkneo lkneo >. Metktkslag Metktkslag oarutag oarutag iktamegk iktamegk

16

 

=. Aha Ahate te pkrui pkruiaca acag g warga warga ;. Meuoagde Meuoagde hktjmk hktjmk ege mkgdag mkgdag iacag yagd yagd oaeg oaeg K.> Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e [`e Oepem

1. Hkgyeaplag Hkgyeaplag 1 okhiar okhiar lkrtas lkrtas putec putec 9. Hkhi Hkhikr krel elag ag pkh pkhiata iatass meag meagta tara ra 16 iac acag ag pa pam ma lk lkrt rtas as mkg kgd dag hkgddugalag ijopkeg mag ikreoac oaiko pama iadeaag atas pkhiatas >. Hkgdahieo Hkgdahieo iacag-iacag iacag-iacag skpkrougya skpkrougya hkgdduga hkgddugalag lag skgmjl  =. Hkgddjsjl Hkgddjsjl skteap skteap iacag pama pama lkrtas yagd sumac sumac meikre iatas iatas mag oaiko sahpae tkroecat lagmugdag okhal yagd ama pama iacag tkrskiut ;. Hkgdlkregdl Hkgdlkregdlag ag lkrtas tkrskiut sahpae sahpae tkroecat haga yagd hkgdagmug hkgdagmugd d okhal atau temal, lkhumeag meemkgtebelase 2. Lkh Lkhume umeag ag mjluhk mjluhkgta gtasel selag ag caseo caseo u`e lamar okhal yagd tkrmapat tkrmapat pama pama  iacag tkrskiut N.= Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Retah Retaheg eg N

1. Meseapl Meseaplag ag aoat aoat mag mag iacag iacag ugtul ugtul pkrnji pkrnjiaag aag 9. Meseaplag Meseaplag klstral klstral iuac iuac atau atau halagag halagag yagd yagd alag alag meu`e meu`e mag pkgdkgnkrag pkgdkgnkrag =01 agtara iktameg mag aoljcjo >. Mehasu Mehasulla llag g nahpurag nahpurag iktameg iktameg mag aoljcjo aoljcjo lkmaoah lkmaoah dkoas dkoas yagd tkoac tkoac meikre gaha iacag =. Mehasullag Mehasullag klstral klstral atau `kges iacag iacag halagag halagag yagd yagd alag alag meu`e meu`e ;. Oaou, meamul meamul sahpae sahpae tkroeca tkroecatt pkruiaca pkruiacag g pama pama oarutag oarutag 2. Menatat Menatat caseo caseo atau atau pkru pkruiac iacag ag yagd yagd tkr`am tkr`amee

B. Caseo Caseo Vkgdahat Vkgdahatag ag C.1 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Vrjtkeg Vrjtkeg

 Gj 1. 9. >. =.

^ahpko ^usu + asah nula Vutec tkour + asah nula Hegyal djrkgd + asah nula Lknap + asah nula

Duhpaoag Hkgdduhpao Hkgdduhpao ]emal hkgdduhpao ]emal hkgdduhpao

C.9 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Larijcem Larijcemrat rat

11

 

 Gj .

 Gaha Iacag

Caseo

19

 

1.

Gase

9.

Lkgtagd

>.

[ie

=.

Tjrtko

;.

Hek

2.

Vesagd

4.

Yjte

3.

]ehug

Targa ikruiac hkg`ame ieru lkcetahag Targa ikruiac hkg`ame ieru lkcetahag Targa ikruiac hkg`ame ieru lkcetahag Targa tktap jragdk Targa ikruiac hkg`ame ieru lkcetahag Targa tktap jragdk Targa ikruiac hkg`ame ieru lkcetahag Targa tktap jragdk

C.> Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Oepem Oepem Gaha Iacag

Ljgmese Lkrtas

Hagdda

]emal tragsparag

]acu

]emal tragsparag

]khpk

]emal tragsparag

Lugegd ]kour

]emal tragsparag

Vutec ]kour

]ragsparag

Vesagd

]emal tragsparag

Iawagd Hkrac

]emal tragsparag

Iawagd Vutec

]ragsparag

Lanagd tagac Lkgtagd

]ragsparag ]emal ]ragsparag

C.= Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Retaheg Retaheg N

 Gj Gaha Iacag 1 9

@as`us Okhjg @as`us @krul

^kikouh Lugegd Jragdk

Lkamaag oarutag ^ksumac Njloat hkrac(warga iktameg temal ceoagd) Njloat hkrac(warga iktameg temal ceoagd)

>

@krul Gepes

Vutec tuoagd

Ikrwarga jragdk ikgegd

1>

 

=

@ahiu Ie`e

Ce`au Vunat

( iktamegk skmelet ceoagd) Ikrwarga ce`au skmelet lkaiu-aiuag/ ikgegd (warga

;

]jhat

Hkrac pumar

 iktamegk ceoagd) Hkrac lk jragdk pumar (iktamegk skmelet ceoagd)

D. Agaoeses mag Vkhiacasag D.1 Vkrnjiaag [`e Vrjtkeg

Vama pralteluh u`e ljaduoase ljaduoase (pkgdduhp (pkgdduhpaoag aoag aleiat aleiat pkhagasag) pkhagasag)  prjtkeg, tu`uag mare pkrnjiaag amaoac ugtul hkgkgtulag iacag halagag hagalac yagd hkgdagmugd prjtkeg mag yagd temal hkgdagmugd prjtkeg. Amapug sahpko yagd medugalag pama u`e ljaduoase prjtkeg, hkoepute putec tkour, susu, hegyal djrkgd, mag lknap. Dkoas Dko as yagd yagd ikrese ikrese hasegd hasegd-has -hasegd egd sahpko sahpko mehasu mehasulla llag g lk maoah maoah  pagne ikrese aer hkgmemec yagd tkoac memeahlag skoaha ; hkget. Cao tkrskiutt ikrtu`uag tkrskiu ikrtu`uag ugtul ugtul hkhpkrnkpat hkhpkrnkpat tkr`amegya tkr`amegya pkgdduhpao pkgdduhpaoag ag sktkoac sktkoac sahpko metktkse mkgdag asah asktat (NC>NJJC). ^ktkoac hasegd-hasegd sahpko metktkse mkgdag ; tktks asah asktat mag meahate pkruiacaggya, yagd hkgdaoahe pkgdduhpaoag eaoac sahpko susu mag putec tkour. ^kmagdlag sahpko hegyal djrkgd mag lknap temal hkgdaoahe pkgdduhpaoag. Vama sahpko susu, pkgdduhpaoag yagd tkr`ame ikrwarga lugegd. Vkgdduhpaoag  pama putec tkour ikrwarga putec skmelet lkruc. Duhpaoag ikrwarga lugegd mag putec lkruc hkgug`ullag iacwa prjtkeg tkoac tkrljaduoase.

Vkgdduhpaoag pa pama pu putec tk tkour

Vkgdduhpaoag pa pama su susu

1=

 

Vama hegyal djrkgd temal  tkr`ame pkgdduhpaoag

Vama lknap temal tkr`ame  pkgdduhpaoag

Bugdse pkgahiacag asah asktat mag meoalulag pkhagasag eaoac adar  tkrikgtul duhpaoag yagd hkgug`ullag prjtkeg tkoac tkrljaduoase. ^koaeg etu pkhaga pkhagasag sag `uda `uda mapat mapat hkrusa hkrusal l strultu strulturr prjtkeg prjtkeg skcegdd skcegddaa prjtke prjtkeg g hkgdaoahe mkgaturase, aleiatgya tkrikgtul duhpaoah (temal oarut) pama sahpko. Vkgahiacag asah asktat lk maoah oarutag prjtkeg hkgykiailag ejg-ejg C+ mare asah asktat alag tkrelat pama dudus-dudus yagd ikrhuatag gkdateb gkd ateb skcegd skcegdda da tkr`am tkr`amee pkruia pkruiacag cag pkgdu pkgdutui tuiag ag mare mare hjoklu hjokluoo prjtke prjtkeg. g. Vkruia Vkr uiacag cag pkgdut pkgdutuia uiag g ege hkgyki hkgykiail ailag ag pkruia pkruiacag cag ljgbjr ljgbjrhas hasee mare mare  prjtkeg atau rusalgya strultur tkrsekr atau strultur luartkgkr prjtkeg, skcegdda prjtkeg hkgdaoahe ljaduoase. ]kr`am ]kr `amegy egyaa ljaduo ljaduoase ase meskia meskiaila ilag g larkga larkga ejg C+  ma mare re NC>NJJC tkrelat pama dudus gkdateb pama prjtkeg. Lktela ejg C +  mare asah asktat hasul lk maoah oarutag, hala alag hkhpkgdaruce hkhpkgdaruce lkskehiagdag lkskehiagdag mag  pkgdutuiag huatag mare hjokluo prjtkeg. Vkruiacag pkgdutuiag ege hkgykiailag rusalgya ljgbjrhase aoaheac prjtkeg skpkrte strultur tkrsekr  mag strultu strulturr luartk luartkgkr gkr prjtkeg prjtkeg.. Yusalg Yusalgya ya ljgbjr ljgbjrhas hasee aoaheac aoaheac prjtke prjtkeg g hkgykiailag tkrdagddugya staieoetas mare oarutag prjtkeg, skcegdda oarutag  prjtkeg hkgdaoahe ljaduoase. D.9 Vkrnjiaag [`e Larijcemrat

Vr Vral alte telu luh h

u`e u`e

lari larijc jcem emra ratt

pa pama ma hala halaga gag g

ik ikrt rtu` u`ua uag g

ug ugtu tul  l 

hkgdktacue apalac halagag tkrskiut hkgdagmugd larijcemrat / zat pate.

1;

 

Iacag halagag yagd meu`e agtara oaeg gase, lkgtagd, uie, wjrtko, tehug, rjte, mag hek. Oagdlac yagd meoalulag yaetu mkgdag hkgddugalag iacag u`e yaetu iktamegk mag aoljcjo aoljcjo mkgdag pkriagmegdag pkriagmegdag = 0 1. Iktamegk Iktamegk mag aoljcj aol jcjoo mesege mesege ikrbug ikrbugdse dse saha saha mkgdag mkgdag oudjo oudjo yagd yagd ieasag ieasagya ya meduga medugalag lag ugtul u`e halagag, oudjo mag iktamegk hkheoele lagmugdag ejmeg skcegdda mapat medugalag medugalag ugtul u`e larijcemra larijcemrat. t. Lkhumeag Lkhumeag oagdlac oagdlac skoag`utgya skoag`utgya am amao aoac ac hala halaga gag g ya yagd gd tkoa tkoac c mepj mepjtj tjgd gd hkg` hkg`am amee lk lkne neoo me metk tktks tksee mk mkgd gdag ag nahpur nah purag ag oarutag oarutag iktame iktamegk gk mag aoljcj aoljcjoo , lkhume lkhumeag ag meahat meahatee pkruia pkruiacag cag yagd tkr`ame. [gtul hkgdktacue amagya lagmugdag larijcemrat, hala alag tkrmapa tkrm apatt pkruia pkruiacag cag warga warga pama pama oaruta oarutag g yaetu yaetu hkg`am hkg`amee ieru ieru lkceta lkcetahag hag.. Oarutag iktamegk mag aoljcjo medugalag ugtul hkgdu`e iacag halagag yagd yagd

hkgd hkgdag agmu mugd gd

lari larijc jcem emra ratt

(a (ahe heou ouh) h)..

Iaca Iacag g

hala halaga gag g

ya yagd gd

hkgdag hkg dagmug mugd d aheouh aheouh (larij (larijcem cemrat) rat) ieoa ieoa metktks metktksee alag alag ikruia ikruiac c warga warga hkg`am hkg `amee ieru ieru lkcetah lkcetahag. ag. ^khale ^khaleg g dkoap dkoap wargya wargyagya gya ikrarte ikrarte halaga halagag g tkrskiut iagyal lagmugdag larijcemratgya. [gtul mata yagd tkoac memapatlag yaetu iacag yagd hkgdagmugd larijcemrat mkgdag ljgskgtrase tegdde amaoac rjte, gase, lkgtagd, uie, mag hek. Mkgdag warga yagd paoegd pklat yaetu tkrmapat pama gase, rjte, hek, mag uie cao ege hkgagmalag lagmugdag larijcemrat pama iacag tkrskiut sulup sul up tegdde tegdde,, skmagd skmagdlag lag yagd yagd ikrwar ikrwarga ga ieru ieru temal temal tkroao tkroaou u pklat pklat atau atau  pkruiacag warga yagd tkr`ame temal sedgebelag yaetu pama lkgtagd pesagd, tehug mag wjrtko yagd hkgug`ullag iacwa lagmugdag larijcemrat pama lkgtagd, pesagd, tehug mag wjrtko temal tkroaou tegdde. Ikrmasarlag caseo  pkrnjiaag, melktacue iacwa lagmugdag larijcemrat larijcemrat yagd paoegd tegdde mare mkoapa mko apag g iacag iacag yagd yagd meu`e meu`e amaoac amaoac gase, gase, rjte, rjte, hek, hek, uie, uie, lkgtag lkgtagd, d, pesagd pesagd,, wjrtko mag tehug.

12

 

D.> Vkrnjiaag [`e Oepem

Vama Vama pk pkrn rnji jiaag aag eg egee medu meduga gala lag g 16 ia iaca cag g ik ikri rikm kmaa ug ugtu tul l me meu` u`ee lagmug lag mugdag dag okhalg okhalgya. ya. 16 iacag iacag tkrski tkrskiut ut eaoac eaoac lanagd lanagd tagac, tagac, iawagd iawagd hkrac, iawagd putec, hagdda hatagd, pesagd hatagd, putec tkour, lugegd tkour, tkhpk hkgtac, tacu hkgtac, mag lkgtagd. Vkrnjiaag ege meawaoe mkgdag hkgyeaplag lkrtas CR^ putec, oaou hkhiuat sklat pama lkrtas  putec tkrskiut hkg`ame 16 iadeag. Vama skteap iadeag meikre gaha mare hasegd has egd-has -hasegd egd iacag iacag yagd yagd alag alag me u`e lagmug lagmugdag dag okhalg okhalgya. ya. Cao ege  ikrtu`uag adar skhpko yagd meahieo gagte temal tkrtular mkgdag skhpko oaeggya. Lkhumeag meoag`utlag mkgdag hkgdjsjllag 16 iacag tkrskiut lkpama lkp ama iadeag iadeag lkrtas lkrtas CR^ yagd tkoac tkoac meikre meikre gaha, gaha, metugd metugddu du cegdda cegdda lkregd, mag alag tkroecat lkrtas CR^ putec etu alag hkg`ame tragsparag  pama iadeag iacag yagd hkgdagmugd hkgdagmugd okhal. Ikrmas Ikr masarl arlag ag pkrnji pkrnjiaag aag yagd yagd tko tkoac ac meoalu meoalulag lag,, mepkrj mepkrjokc okc mata, mata, hagdda hatagd yagd medjsjllag pama lkrtas CR^ putec temal hkgduiac lkrtas hkg`ame tragsparag. ^kcegdda pama hagda hatagd temal tkrlagmugd okhal. okh al. Cao ege tkoac sksuae sksuae mkgdag mkgdag pkrgyataa pkrgyataag g Geswac Geswac,, mll, mll, 96 9612 12 mag Erbe Erbeag agte te,, mll, mll, 9615 9615 iacw iacwaa made madegd gd hagd hagdda da hata hatagd gd la laya ya al alag ag ae aer, r, larijcemrat, mag vetaheg N. Vama pkrnjiaag tacu hkgtac hkgtac yagd medjsjllag medjsjllag pama iadeag iadeag lkrtas CR^ CR ^ pu pute tec, c, hkgd hkgdca caseo seola lag g ia iade deag ag ya yagd gd tema temal l trags tragspa para rag. g. ^k ^kce cegd gdda da  ikrmasarlag pkrnjiaag ege, tacu hkgtac tkrdjojgd pama iacag yagd temal  hkgdagmugd okhal. Gahug cao ege, temal sksuae mkgdag pkrgyataag mare Tarmage, Meac mag Mage ^u`aga, 9696 iacwa tkrmapat =,2 drah okhal   pama 166 drah tacu. Lktemal sksuaeag ege tkr`ame larkga iagyalgya aer mare tacu yagd hkgykrap pama lkrtas mag tkroaou tkiaogya lkrtas CR^ putec skcegd skc egdda da gjma gjma aleiat aleiat okhal okhal pama pama tacu tacu temal temal tkroec tkroecat at pama pama ssat lkrtas lkregd. Vama pkrnjiaag tkhpk hkgtac yagd medjsjllag pama iadeag lkrtas CR^ putec, hkgdcaseolag iadeag lkrtas yagd temal tragsparag. ^kcegdda  ikrmassarlag pkrinjiaag ege, tkhpk hkgtac tkrdjojgd pama iacag yagd temal hkgdagmugd okhal. Gahug cao ege temal sksuae mkgdag pkrgyataag

14

 

Hkgurut Meac H. [tara 9616, iacwa asah okhal tkhpk pama 166 dr  tkhpk tkh pk lulus lulus hkgug` hkgug`ul ullag lag iacwa iacwa tkhpk tkhpk hkgdag hkgdagmu mugd gd 9,35 9,35 d okhal. okhal. Lktema Lkt emal l sksuae sksuae ege tkr`ame tkr`ame larkga larkga lagmug lagmugdag dag okhal okhal pama pama tkhpk tkhpk yagd yagd rkgmac skcegdda gjma okhal luragd tkroecat pama lkrtas CR^ putec yagd skmelet tkiao mag hkgykiailag lkrtas CR^ putec temal tragsparag. Vama pkrnjiaag lugegd tkour yagd medjsjllag pama iadeag lkrtas CR^, hkgdcaseolag hkgdcaseolag ljgmese ljgmese lkrtas yagd temal tragsparag. tragsparag. Ikrmasarlag Ikrmasarlag  pkrnjiaag yagd meoalulag iacwa lugegd tkour tkrdjojgd iacag yagd temal  hkgdagmug hkgda gmugd d okhal. okhal. Gahug caseo yagd mepkrjoac tkrskiut temal sksuae mkgdag pkrgyataag @uoeahiarwate, 9619, iacwa lugegd tkour tkrsusug atas okhal mag prjtkeg. Lktemal sksuaeg ege tkr`ame larkga lugegd tkour yagd medugalag ikrasao mare ayah lahpugd skcegdda hkheoele warga lugegd yag yagd okie okiec c pkla pklatt sk skc cegd egdda gj gjm ma ok okha hal l mar aree lug ugeg egd d tk tkou ourr tem temal  hkgykiail hkgyk iailag ag lkrtas CR^ hkg`ame hkg`ame tragsparag tragsparag melarkgalag melarkgalag laoac saegd warga pama iadaeg Lkrtas CR^gya. Vama pkrnjiaag putec tkour yagd medjsjllag pama iadeag lkrtas CR^, CR ^, hkgd hkgdca caseo seola lag g

lj ljgm gmese ese lk lkrta rtass

ya yagd gd trags tragspa para rag. g. Ikrm Ikrmasa asarl rlag ag

 pkrnjiaag ege, putec tkour tkrdjojgd pama iacag yagd hkgdagmugd okhal. Cao ege tkoac sksuae mkgdag pkrgyataag Nagmra, 9696 iacwa gutrese oaeg mare putec tkour amaoac 6,6; drah okhal. Vamaa pkrnji Vam pkrnjiaag aag pesagd pesagd hatagd hatagd yagd yagd medjsj medjsjlla llag g pama pama iadeag iadeag lkrtas lkr tas CR^ putec, putec, hkdcas hkdcaseol eolag ag iadeag iadeag lkrtas lkrtas yagd yagd temal temal tragsp tragspara arag. g. Ikrmasarlag pkrnjiaag ege, pesagd hatagd tkrdjojgd maoah iacag yagd tema temal l hkgd hkgdag agmu mugd gd okha okhal. l. Caseo Caseo pk pkrn rnji jiaa aag g eg egee tk tkoac oac sksua sksuaee mk mkgd gdag ag  pkrgyataag Gurheg,9613 iacwa lagmugdag deze maoah pesagd lkpjl yaetu  prjtkeg, larijcemrat, skrat mag hegkrao skpkrte laoeuh, hadgkseuh, bjsbjr,  ikse, gatreuh mag laoseuh. ^koaeg etu `uda pesagd lkpjl hkgdagmugd vetaheg A, vetaheg I, mag vetaheg N. Vamaa pkrnji Vam pkrnjiaag aag iawag iawagd d hkrac hkrac yagd yagd medjsj medjsjlla llag g pama pama iadeag iadeag lkrtas lkr tas CR^ putec, putec, hkgdca hkgdcaseo seolag lag iadeag iadeag lkrtas lkrtas yagd yagd temal temal tragsp tragspara arag. g. Ikrmas Ikr masarl arlag ag pkrnji pkrnjiaag aag ege, ege, iawagd iawagd hkrac hkrac tkrdjoj tkrdjojgd gd pama pama iacag iacag yagd yagd temal hkgdagmugd okhal. Gahug caseo yagd mepkrjokc temal sksuae sks uae mkgdag

13

 

 pkrgyataag Ereagtj, 9665 iacwa pama skteap 166 drah iawagd hkrac, hkgdag hkg dagmug mugd d 6,> drah drah okhal. okhal. Lktema Lktemal l sksuaea sksuaeag g ege meskia meskiaila ilag g larkga larkga la lama marr okha okhal l pa pama ma ia iawa wagd gd hkrac hkrac tk tkroa roaou ou lk lkneo neo sk skce cegd gdda da gj gjma ma ok okha hal  l   iawagd hkrac temal sahpae hkhiuat lkrtas CR^ putec hkg`ame tragsparag. Vama pkrnjiaag iawagd putec yagd medjsjllag pama iadeag lkrtas CR^ putec, hkgdcaseolag ljggmese lkrtas yagd tragsparag. Ikrmasarlag  pkrnjiaag yagd tkoac meoalulag, iawagd putec tkrdjojgd pama iacag yagd hkgdagmug hkgda gmugd d okhal. okhal. Caseo ege tkoac sksuae mkgdag mkgdag pkrgyataag pkrgyataag Hucoeseg, Hucoeseg, 9615, iacwa pama 166 drah iawagd putec hkgdaagmugd 6,; drah okhal. Vama pkrnjiaag lanagd tagac yagd medjsjllag pama iadeag lkrtas CR^ putec, hkgdcaseolag ljgmese lkrtas yagd tragsparag. Iaclag iadeag tragspa trag sparag rag tkrskiu tkrskiutt sagdat sagdat tkroec tkroecat at `ko `koas. as. Cao ege hkgug` hkgug`ull ullag ag iacwa iacwa la lana nagd gd tkga tkgal l tkrh tkrhas asul ul ia iaca cag g ya yagd gd hkgd hkgdag agmu mugd gd okhal okhal.. Caseo Caseo ya yagd gd mepkrj mep krjokc okc tko tkoac ac sksuae sksuae mkgdag mkgdag pkrgya pkrgyataag taag Yachea Yacheaga ga & Degteg Degtegd d 9619, 9619,  iacwa lanagd tagac laya lagmugdag okhal, prjtkeg yagd tegdde, zat ikse, vetahe vet aheg g K, vetahe vetaheg g I ljhpok ljhpokls, ls, bjsbjr bjsbjr,, vetahe vetaheg g A, vetahe vetaheg g L, oksete okseteg, g, ljoeg, mag laoseuh. Vama pkrnjiaag lkgtagd yagd medjsjllag pama iadeag lkrtas CR^  putec, hkgdcaseolag ljgmese lkrtas yagd temal tragsparag. Cao ege hkgug`ull hkgug `ullag ag iacwa lkgtagd tkrhas tkrhasul ul iacag yagd temal hkgdagmugd hkgdagmugd okhal.. Gahug, okhal Gahug, caseo yagd mepkrjokc mepkrjokc ege luragd luragd sksuae mkgdag pkrgyataag pkrgyataag Asda As darr ,961 ,961>, >, ia iacw cwaa uhie uhie lk lkgt gtag agd d hkgd hkgdag agmu mugd gd sk skme mele lett ok okha hal l ma mag g ljokstkrjo. Lktemal sksuaeag ege tr`ame larkga lamar okhal yagd ama pama lkgtagd tkroaou rkgmac skcegdda temal hahpu hkgykiailag lkrtas CR^  putec hkkg`ame tragsparag. D.= Vkrnjiaag [`e Retaheg N

Vama pralteluh u`e vetaheg N hkheoele tu`uag ugtul hkgdktacue vetaheg N. Amapug ikikrapa iacag halagag yagd alag meu`e pama u`e lagmugdag vetaheg N yaetu `as`us okhjg, `as`us `krul, `krul gepes, `ahiu  ie`e, mag tjhat.

15

 

 

Vk Vkrn rnji jiaa aag g

ege ege meoa meoalu lula lag g

mkg mkgda dag g

nar naraa

hkg hkgna nahp hpur urla lag g

ata atau u

hkrkalselag iacag-iacag yagd alag meu`e mkgdag pkgdkgnkrag iktamegk mkgdag aoljcjo. Klstral iacag yagd alag meu`e meseaplag me maoah dkoas, lkhume lkh umeag ag mehasu mehasulla llag g lk maoah maoah dkoas dkoas yagd yagd tko tkoac ac ikrese ikrese pkgdkg pkgdkgnkra nkrag g  iktamegk mkgdag aoljcjo. Lkhumeag hkgdahate pkruiacag yagd meikrelag. meikrelag. Vamaa pkrnji Vam pkrnjiaag aag u`e prjtke prjtkeg g ege yagd yagd meahat meahatee amaoac amaoac pkruia pkruiacag cag warga warga sktkoac rkalse agtara iktamegk mkgdag klstral atau sare iacag halagag. Iacag halagag yagd hkgdagmugd vetaheg N alag hkgug`ullag warga  ikgegd atau warga yagd temal saha mkgdag iktameggya sksuae mkgdag (Aega mag ^uprayjde, 9611) yagd hkgdatalag rkalse asah asljriat maoah vetaheg N ege alag hkgdceoagdlag warga mare ejmegk. Va Vama ma u`e u`e iaca iacag g he hegu guha hag g `a `as` s`us us ok okhj hjg g mk mkgd gdag ag `k `kru rul l tema temal  l  hkgdaoahe pkruiacag warga atau warga iktamegk temal ceoagd. ^kmagdlag  pama `krul gepes hkgdcaseolag pkruiacag warga hkg`ame hkg`ame jragdk atau mapat melatag warga iktamegk skmelet ceoagd, skcarusgya pama `krul gepes yagd mecaseolag mecase olag amaoac ikgegd ikgegd alag tktape melarkgalag melarkgalag pkriagmegdag pkriagmegdag agtara klstral `krul gepes mkgdag iktamegk temal skiagmegd skcegdda warga yagd meca mecase seol olag ag te tema mal l tkro tkroao aou u ikge ikgegd gd.. ^k ^koa oag` g`ut utgy gyaa ug ugtu tul l u` u`ee `a `ahi hiu u ie ie`e `e hkgdca hkg dcaseol seolag ag warga warga aiu lkce`a lkce`auag uag mag hkgug hkgug`ul `ullag lag iktame iktamegk gk pama pama nahpurag tkrskiut ceoagd, yagd tkralcer amaoac tjhat, tjhat mesege `uda hkgdao hkg daoahe ahe pkruia pkruiacag cag warga warga yaetu yaetu hkg`am hkg`amee skmele skmelett pumar pumar mare mare warga warga skikouhgya yaetu hkg`amei warga hkrac pumar. Ikrmasarlag caseo mag  pkhiacasag meatas, urutag iacag yagd paoegd iagyal hkgdagmugd hkgdagmugd vetaheg N amaoac @ahiu ie`e, @krul gepes, lkhumeag tjhat. ^khkgtara heguhag  `as`us temal hkgdagmugd vetaheg N.

96

 

C. Lksehpuoa Lksehpuoag g C.1 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Vrjtkeg Vrjtkeg

Vama Vama u`e u`e lj ljad aduo uoase ase (p (pkg kgdd dduh uhpa paoag oag al alei eiat at pk pkha haga gasag sag)) pr prjt jtke keg g hkgdaoahe pkgdduhpaoag. Cao ege meskiailag jokc pkruiacag pkgdutuiag huatag hua tag skcegd skcegdda da ljgbjr ljgbjrhas hasee prjtke prjtkeg g rusal. rusal. ^ahpko ^ahpko yagd yagd hkgdao hkgdaoahe ahe  pkgdduhpaoag sktkoac metktkse asah asktat yaetu susu mag putec tkour. Vkgdduhpa Vkgdd uhpaoag oag yagd tkrikgtul tkrikgtul hkgagmalag hkgagmalag iacwa pama sahpko susu mag  putec tkour tkrmapat prjtkeg. ^kmagdlag pama sahpko hegyal djrkgd mag lk lkna nap p sk sktk tkoa oac c metk metktk tkse se as asah ah askta asktatt tema temal l hkgd hkgdao aoah ahee pk pkgd gddu duhp hpao aoag ag.. ^kcegdda mapat mesehpuolag iacwa pama lknap mag hegyal djrkgd temal  tkrlagmugd prjtkeg me maoahgya. C.9 Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Larijcem Larijcemrat rat Vama pkrnjiaag u`e larijcemrat mapat melktacue iacwa iacag halagag yagd hkgdagmugd larijcemrat mkgdag ljgskgtrase tegdde amaoac   gase, rjte, hek,

mag uie. ^kmagdlag pama lkgtagd, pesagd, wjrtko mag tehug temal tkr`ame  pkruiacag yagd sedgebelag skcegdda mapat melatalag temal hkheoele lagmugdag larijcemrat yagd nulup. C.> Vkrnjiaag Vkrnjiaag [`e Oepem Oepem

Iaca Ia cag g hala halaga gag g ya yagd gd hkgd hkgdag agmu mugd gd oepe oepem m ea eaoac oac la lanag nagd d ta taga gac, c, lkgtagd, iawagd putec, iawagd hkrac, putec tkour, lugegd tkour, tkhpk hkgtac, mag tacu. ^kmagdlag iacag yagd temal hkgdagmugd okhal eaoac  iuac

hagda hatagd

mag

pesagd

hatagd. Amapug cao-cao yagd

hkgyki hkg ykiail ailag ag lkrtas lkrtas CR^ putec putec temal temal hag`ma hag`maee tragspa tragsparag rag eao eaoac ac lamar  lamar  okhal pama iacag yagd meu`e tkroaou rkgmac skrta luragd iagyalgya skrta yagd lkouar mare iacag etu. C.= Vkrnjiaa Vkrnjiaag g [`e Retaheg Retaheg N

91

 

Vama pkrnjiaag u`e vetaheg N, iacag halagag yagd hkdagmugd vetahe vet aheg g N amaoac amaoac `ahiu `ahiu ie`e, ie`e, `krul `krul gepes, gepes, mag tjhat. tjhat. ^kmagd ^kmagdlag lag pama heguhag `as`us okhjg mag `as`us `krul temal hkgdagmugd vetaheg N.

E. Mabt Mabtar ar Vu Vust stal ala a

Aega, Hea mag ^uprayjde, Mawag. 9611. [`e luaoetateb vetaheg N pama ikriadae hala ha laga gag g mag mag pkgd pkgdar arug ugya ya tkrc tkrcam amap ap pk pkha haga gasa sag. g.  @urgao ^aesg mag  Hatkhatela. [gevkrsetar `ahie Asda As dar, r, Ao Aoe. e. 961> 961>.. Luao Luaoet etag ag [hie [hie Ikik Ikikra rapa pa Lo Lojh jh Lkgt Lkgtag agd d ( ^joaguh tuikrjsuh O) O) Matarag Matarag Hkmeuh Hkmeuh [gtul [gtul Lkrepel. Lkrepel.  @urgao Ikreta Iejojde. Iejojde. Rjo. 19 Gj. 1 Astute, Yacayu mll. 961=. Ljhpjsese Pat Deze ]khpk yagd Mebertebelase Pat Ikse mag Retaheg A pama ]khpk Hkgtac mag Hatagd. Adretknc. Hatagd.  Adretknc. Rjo  Rjo >=  Gj. 9. Iamag

^tagmar

Gasejgao.

9619.

cttp0//isg.dj.em/upojms/mjwgojam/IjjloktZtkhpk-pregtkm91.pmb . Me Meal alsk skss tagddag 12 Jltjikr 9696. Irjwg, Teoeah C. 155=. Iejlehea 155=. Iejlehea `eoem EE . KDN 0 @alarta Nagmra, Yesly ^. 9696. Vutec ]kour vs Lugegd ]kour0 Haga yagd Okiec Iagyal  Vrjtkeggya:(cttps0//ckoojskcat.njh/cemup-skcat/gutrese/putec-tkour-ayahVrjtkeggya:( cttps0//ckoojskcat.njh/cemup-skcat/gutrese/putec-tkour-ayahtegdde-prjtkeg/#drkb ). ). Mealsks 12 Jltjikr 9696. Mawg, I. 9666. Iejlehea 9666. Iejlehea Lkmjltkrag Masar . KDN 0 @alarta Deregmra, A. 1532. Iejlehea 1532. Iejlehea E. Drahkmea, E. Drahkmea, @alarta. Drji Dr jias, as, ^., @. Hkgm Hkgmkz kz,, Y. Oazar Oazarj, j, N. M. Ioas Ioas ag agm m D. D. Hatkj Hatkjs, s, 96 9661 61.. Egboukgnk jb sjurnk agm pkrnkgtadk jb bat ammkm tj mekt jg pkrbjrhagnk agm batty anems njhpjsetejg jb kdd yjols jb twj straegs jb oayegd ckgs. Vjuot. ^ne., 360 1141„1145. Cart, C. 1534. LEHEA 1534. LEHEA JYDAGEL . aoec aoec iacasa0 iacasa0 ^uhager ^uhager Achame Achame.. @alarta @alarta 0 Kroagdda.

99

 

Erbeagte, mll. 9615. Klspojrase Laraltkrestel Lehea mag Besel skrta Ljhpjgkg Duoa Du oa pa pama ma Hagd Hagdda da Dareb Darebta ta ( Hagdebkra  Hagdebkra egmena). egmena).  @urgao Vagdag mag  Adrjegmustre.. Rjo. 4 Gj. 9.  Adrjegmustre Ereagtj, L. 9665. ^ulsks Adrjiesges. @alarta0 ^araga Eohu Vustala. @uoeahiarwat @uoeah iarwate, e, H., Y. Ame mag C. Aqge. 9619. 9619. Vkgdaruc Vkgdaruc Vkgddugaag Vkgddugaag ]kpugd Oehiac Oeh iac [magd [magd Maoah Maoah Yagsuh Yagsuh ]krcam ]krcamap ap Luaoet Luaoetas as ]kour ]kour Etel. Etel. ^aegs ^aegs Vktkrgalag Rjo. 16 (1), Harkt 96190 1-2. Essg 125>-3393. Okcgegdkr, A. 1533. Masar-masar 1533. Masar-masar Iejlehea. Iejlehea. ]kr`khacag Haddy ]ckgawem`aya. Kroagdda, @alarta. Huco Hu coes eseg eg,, Acha Acham. m. 96 9615 15.. Lagm Lagmug ugda dag g ma mag g Hagb Hagbaa aatt Iawa Iawagd gd Vute Vutec c ia iade de Lkskcatag.

(cttps0//www.cjgkstmjns.em/hagbaat-iawagd-putec-iade-

lkskcatag). lkskcatag ). Mealsks 12 Jltjikr 9696  Geswa, mll. 9612. Vkgdaruc Vkgdjoacag Iuac Hagdda Hagaoade ^kdar  ( Hagdebkra  Hagdebkra egmena O.) O.) Hkg Hkga`a a`ame me Hagesag Hagesag Hagdda Hagdda Lkregd Lkregd ]krcam ]krcamap ap Lamar Retaheg N. @urgao N. @urgao Iejta. Iejta. Rjo. 9 Gj. 9.  Gurheg, mll. 9613. Vkgkgtuag Lamar Gatreuh (Ga) mag Laoeuh (L) maoah Iuac Iu ac Vesag Vesagd d Lkpj Lkpjl l (Husa (Husa pa para rame mesea seana na O.) O.) Ikrm Ikrmasa asarl rlag ag ]egd ]egdla latt Lkhatagdag. @urgao Alamkhela Leh. Rjo 4 Gj >. Jltaveaga, G. M., 9665. Cuiugdag Oahagya Vkhagasag mkgdag Lkrusalag Hegyal Djrkgd Meteg`au mare Ieoagdag Vjoesalarema. @urgao Iejlehea. Rjo. 1 (1)0 >1->;. Vum`eame, Agga, 155=. Masar-masar 155=. Masar-masar Iejlehea. Iejlehea. @alarta0 [E. Yacheaga, A.A. & Degtegd, K. (9619) Lanagd tagac okhal rkgmac. Hegdduag ^egar ]age, >==5, 5„11. Yahsmkg.155=. Iejlehea Yahsmkg.155=.  Iejlehea maoah lkcemupag lkcemupag.. Drahkmea 0 @alarta Yemwag, ^. 1556. Lehea 1556. Lehea Jrdagel kmese E . Iegarupa Alsara0 @alarta. Yeawag, ^. 9665. Lehea Jrdagel. Kmese 1. Iegarupa Alsara0 @alarta ^are ^are,, Bath Batha, a, ml mll. l. 96 9615 15.. Vkgd Vkgdar aruc uc Vk Vkga gahi hiac acag ag Lana Lanagd gd ]aga ]agac c (Ara (Aranc nces es cypjdaka O.) ]krcamap [`e Jrdagjokptel mag Geoae Deze Luk Ta`k. @urgao ^aegs mag ]klgjojde Vagdag. Rjo. = Gj >.

9>

 

^eiadareagd K, mll. 9616. Lkskctag 9616.  Lkskctag Ykprjmulse Tageta. @alarta 0 ]rags Egbj Hkmea ^esteawag, T. 9611. Hjmuo Vralteluh Iejlehea. [gevkrsetas Hucahhameyac ^ulaiuhe. ^ulaiuhe. ]reag reaga, a,

Rev Reve.9 e.9662. 662.

Hana Hanahh-h hanah anah

Reta Retah heg

mag

Bug ugds dseg egy ya

ma maoa oah h

]uiuc. @urgao  @urgao Lkskcatag Hasyaralat. [tare, [ta re, Meac Meac H. 9616. 9616. Lagmug Lagmugdag dag Okhal, Okhal, Pegl, Pegl, mag Njppkr Njppkr pama pama ]khpk, ]khpk, Iadaehaga Iadae haga pjtkgsegya pjtkgsegya ugtul Hkgnkdac Hkgnkdac Vkgyalet Vkgyalet Mkdkgkrateb. Mkdkgkrateb. @urgao Deze Egmjg. Rjo. >> Gj. 9. Tarmage, Meac mag Mage ^u`aga. 9696. Agaoese Lamar Vrjtkeg mag Retaheg N ma maoa oah h ]acu ]acu Lkmk Lkmkoa oaee Ce Ceta tah h (Doy Doyneg negkk sj`a sj`a (O.) (O.) Hkrreoo  Hkrreoo ) ma mag g Lkmk Lkmkoa oaee Lugegd (Doynegk (Doynegk hax (O) Hkrreoo ) mkgdag Hktjmk L`komaco mag ]etrase Ejmehktkr. @urgao Ejmehktkr.  @urgao Eoheac Barhalj Iacare Iacare.. Rjo. 11 Gj. 1. Tegargj, B. D. 966=. Lehea 966=. Lehea Vagdag mag mag Deze. Deze. Drahkmea 0 @alarta Tjjmwarm. 1556, Kdd Vrjtkeg Dko, eg Y Carres, (km), Bjjm Dkos, Koskvekr  Appoekm ^nekgnk, Ojgmjg, p 144-155.

9=

 

@. Oahp Oahper erag ag @.1 Vkrnji Vkrnjiaag aag [`e [`e Vrjtk Vrjtkeg eg

9;

 

@.9 Vkrnj Vkrnjiaa iaag g [`e Larijce Larijcemra mratt

@.> Vkrnj Vkrnjiaa iaag g [`e [`e Oepem Oepem

92

 

@.= Vkrnj Vkrnjiaa iaag g [`e [`e Retahe Retaheg gN

Aoat mag Iacag Vkhiuatag Klstral Iuac

 

94

 

Caseo Ykalse iktamegk mkgdag sare halagag  

93