Kelompok 3
October 4, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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IDXGUDL XML@]FNDL XML@]FNDL XUGBGOM[MU KDL ]FN AGUGSN (CDLNL) Kndfuadl ultua omomlujn sdidj sdtu tu`ds odtd auindj Idegrdtgrnuo Struatur @mkul`
GIMJ AMIGOXGA 36 Inzd Synbdui Odukrn Jmlkrdydkn
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O. Bdrns Bdtjnl Lurjnkdydj
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O. Bduzdl Nrsydk
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Ldknd Kdlnmiid
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Lgmr Pdjyuln
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Xrniin [m`dr Puiul` Udeedln Sjdiodl Sdrd`nj
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Uk. Oujdoodk @ultur Xdl`mstu
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XGIN[MALNA LM@MUN EDLK]L@ F]U]SDL [MALNA SNXNI 584>
ID[DU EMIDADL@
Struatur emtgl omrupdadl sdidj sdtu fmlns struatur edl`uldl `mkul` smidnl kdrn struatur edfd. Fmlns struatur emtgl tmrknrn kdrn emtgl emrtuidl` kdl emtgl tda emrtuidl`. Emtgl emrtuidl` jdopnr jdopnr kn`uldadl pdkd aglstruasn aglstruasn edl`uldl `mkul` kn Nlkglmsnd. Odad kdrn ntu audintds emtgl ydl` edna dadl sdl`dt omlkuaul` amdodldl kdrn sm`n struatur. Xdkd prgsms aglstruasn smrnl`adin knfuopdn am`d`didl kdrn struatur edl`uldl ydl` emrsuoemr kdrn amsdidjdl-amsdidjdl ydl` knidauadl gimj odlusnd ( juodl mrrgr ). ). Amsdidjdl tmrsmeut smpmrtn amtnkdatdjudl, amididndl, aurdl`lyd agoulnadsn,
dtupul kndanedtadl tnkda dkdlyd rdsd tdl``ul` fdwde. Am`d`didl kdl amsdidjdl tmrsmeut kdpdt tmrfdkn kdrn ouidn pmamrfddl sdopdn dajnr pmamrfddl. Sdidj sdtu bdatgr tmrpmltnl` pdkd emtgl emrtuidl` ydntu edfd tuidl`dl ydl` jdrus tmrinlkul` kdrn pml`druj iudr. Ldoul pdkd pmidasdlddlyd smrnl` tmrfdkn edjwd tuidl`dl emtgl aurdl` omlkdpdt pmrinlkul`dl smtmidj knidauadl prgsms aglstruasn. Xgsnsn tuidl`dl emrdkd kn kdido emtgl smjnl``d fnad tmrfdkn am`d`didl aglstruasn tnkda dadl tmrinjdt smjnl``d jdrus knidauadl pml`ufndl pdkd tuidl`dl tmrsmeut. Gimj adrmld ntu, ultua omoeuatnadl pdkd edl`uldl `mkul` tmrfdkn am`d`didl dtdu tnkda odad knidauadl pmomrnasddl pdkd struatur edl`uldl `mkul`. Xmomrnasddl edl`uldl `mkul` knidasdldadl ultua omoeuatnadl jdsni aglstruasn edl`uldl smrtd fnad dadl knidauadadl pmlnl`adtdl adpdsntds edl`uldl `mkul`. sdidj sdtu ydl` jdrus knamtdjun ydntu oml`mldn kmtdni tuidl`dl smrtd tnl`adt agrgsn tuidl`dl ultua emtgl ydl` sukdj kn`uldadl. Xml`ufndl ydl` knidauadl pdkd pmoedjdsdl nln ydntu ultua ultua pml`ufndl prgbgomtmr ydntu kn @mkul` Xdranr Xgintmalna Lm`mrn Edlkul` kdl ultua pml`ufndl
Cdlnl+ pdkd ediga pml`ufndl. Igadsn
pml`ufndl prgbgomtmr kdpdt kninjdt pdkd @doedr @doedr 4.
@doedr 4. Igadsn Xml`ufndl Xrgbgomtmr
XMOEDJDSDL D.
Xrgbgomtmr
4.
Xml`mrtndl Xrgbgomtmr
Xrgbgomtmr omrupdadl didt agopda kdl rnl`dl ultua omlmltuadl pgsnsn edfd tuidl`dl kdl fu`d oml`uaur amtmedidl sminout emtgl tdlpd omrusda emtgl ntu smlknrn. Xml`ufudl prgbgomtmr tmrodsua omtgkd tnkda omrusda ( Lgl Kmstructnvm [mstnl` – LK[). LK[).
5.
Bul`sn Xrgbgomtmr
Bul`sn kdrn pml`ufndl prgbgomtmr ydntu6
Omlmltuadl pgsnsn tuidl`dl edfd.
•
Oml`uaur amtmeidl emtgl pmlutup.
•
Omlynopdl lnidn pml`uaurdl smcdrd nlknvnku odupul stdtnstna.
•
Omlmltuadl kndomtmr tuidl`dl edfd.
•
3.
Xrnlsnp Didt Amrfd Xrgbgomtmr oml``uldadl prnlsnp amrfd didt mimatrgod`lmtna knkdsdradl pdkd
pml`uaurdl pmruedjdl omkdl od`lmt ydl` knsmedeadl gimj tuidl`dl ydl` tmrtdldo kn kdido emtgl. Xrgbgomtmr kngpmrdsnadl kml`dl edtmrdn dtdu instrna, tmrknrn kdrn smeudj kmtmatgr, didt uaur, kdl ademi pml` pml`jueul`. jueul`. Xmrouaddl emtgl knpnlkdn kml`dl kmtmatgr ydl` tmtdp kntmopmiadl pdkd pmrouaddl emtgl, smomltdrd ntu didt pml`uaur kn`ntdi omlulfuaadl pgsnsn tuidl`dl tmrkmadt. Fnad tuidl`dl ydl` knpmrnasd tnkda tmridiu edlyda , knoul`anladl ultua omomtdadl smiuruj enkdl` ydl` knpmrnasd.
Omkdl mimatrgod`lmtna knjdsniadl gimj kmtmatgr, amtnad smeudj tuidl`dl dtdu emlkd ig`do i g`do idnllyd emrdkd kdido omkdl nln, odad drdj omkdl mimatrgod`lmtna dadl tmr`dl``u. @dl``udl ydl` tmrfdkn danedt dkdlyd ulsur ig`do tmrsmeut omlymedeadl pmruedjdl pdkd amaudtdl omkdl mimatrgod`lmtna ydl` knkmtmasn gimj kmtmatgr kdl kntulfuaadl gimj didt uaur smjnl``d dadl omlnl`adtadl snlydi. Drdj kdl amkdido ig`do tmrsmeut amkud-kudlyd omopml`drujn pmoedcddl didt uaur, smjnl``d kdpdt oml`mtdjun igadsn kdl pgsnsn tuidl`dl. [medi sminout emtgl kdpdt knamtdjun dpdenid tmidj knidauadl sudtu adinerdsn ydl` smsudn ultua uaurdluaurdl tmrtmltu kdrn tuidl`dl kdl edjdl-edjdl ydl` knsminknan.
@doedr SnstmoDinrdl Omkd Omkdl l Mimatrgod`lmtna Xrgbgomtmr
Mimastrgod`lmtna kntnoeuadl gimj snstmo oudtdl instrna kdido cgni. c gni. Didt uaur prgbgomtmr
nln
oml``uldadl
prnlsnp
drus
mkky
kml`dl
nlkuasn
puisd
mimatrgod`lmtna. Didt nln emamrfd pdkd brmaumlsn 4aJz smjnl``d sdl`dt pmad tmrjdkdp amemrdkddl emsn dtdu edfd ydl` dkd kn smantdrlyd. ;.
Amlkdid kdl Bdatgr ydl` Omopml`drujn Xml`uaurdl [uidl`dl
Xdkd prgsms pml`ufndl prgbgomtmr kn idpdl`dl tmrkdpdt jdi-jdi omlfdkn amlkdid kdl jdi ydl` jdrus knjnlkdrn sddt pml`ufndl smed`dn emrnaut6
[mrkdpdt tuidl`dl ydl` tuopdl` tuopdl` tnlknj dtdu tmridiu rdpdt sddt omlmltuadl
•
kndomtmr
tuidl`dl
kdl
pgsnsn
tuidl`dl
dadl
omopmrl`drujn
pmoedcddl/pmranrddl kndotmr tuidl`dl.
@dl``udl ydl` knsmedeadl gimj tuidl`dl ydl` idnl dtdu edjdl-edjdl
•
od`lmtna idnllyd jdrus knjnlkdrn.
Emtgl ydl` dadl knidauadl pml`ufndl jdrus kdido aglknsn amrnl`.
•
Dkdlyd pimstmrdl tdoedjdl.
•
Gvmridp dltdr tuidl`dl.
•
=.
Xmrdidtdl
@doedr Didt Xrgbgomtmr
Didt prgbgomtmr tmrsmknd kml`dl kud ogkmi, ydntu ogkmi S kdl ogkml Scdl Ig`. Ed`ndl-ed`ndl pdkd didt prgbgomtmr tmrknrn kdrn6
Nlkncdtnl` Kmvncm
•
]lnvmrsdi prgem
•
Ademi prgem
•
Scdlcdr
•
Ademi scdlcdr
•
@doedr Scdl Cdr
@doedr Cdeim Cgllmctgr
@doedr Xrgbgomtmr
@doedr Strdp
@doedr Cgllmctgr [rdlsbmr tg XC
2.
Idl`adj Xml`doenidl Kdtd Xrgbgomtmr d. Xml`doenidl Kdtd Xrgbgomtmr Kml`dl Cdrd Ogkmi S
4. Xdsdl` ademi prgem am nlkncdtnl` kmvncm kdl ulnvmrsdi prgem, idiu tmadl GL 5. [madl tgoegi omlu 3. Xdkd omlu knspidy pninj ’Gefmct Lg.‟ Amoukndl tmadl tgoegi ’Stdrt‟. Nsn ’Stdrt‟. Nsn kn`nt pmrtdod kml`dl dl`ad 4, kn`nt smidlfutlyd kdpdt knnsn kml`dl dl`ad 4 sdopdn >
;. [madl tgoegi ’Omlu‟ ’Omlu‟ d`dr d`dr amoedin am tdopnidl dwdi =. Xninj ’Omdsurm wntj Stdtncs‟ amoukndl Stdtncs‟ amoukndl tmadl stdrt ultua omouidn pmomtddl tuidl`dl emtgl
2. Xrgem idiu kn`mrdaadl sdopdn eulyn. Smodanl kmadt kml`dl tuidl`dl odad snlydi dadl smodanl sm odanl audt ydl` kntdlkdn kml`dl bigw edr smodanl emsdr
0. [madl pdldj dtds d`dr kndomtmr tuidl`dl oulcui pdkd idydr :. Cdtdt kndomtmr kdl tmedi tuidl`dl ydl` tmrkmtmasn pdkd didt >. Snopdl kdtd tmedi sminout emtgl kml`dl omlmadl tgoegi ’Xrnlt Stgrm‟. Stgrm‟.
e. Xml`doenidl Kdtd Xrgbgomtmr Kml`dl Ogkmi Scdl Ig`
d. Smttnl` didt kml`dl omoninj pninjdl ’Scdllnl` Edrs‟ Edrs‟
e. [druj scdl cdr pdkd pdkd pmrouaddl pmidt idltdn emtgl c. @mrdadl scdl cdr smcdrd pmridjdl sdopdn idymr tuidl`dl ldopda pdkd idydr k. Idauadl pml`mcmadl am drdj Z kdl ^ kml`dl idl`adj ydl` sdod m. Snopdl kdtd ydl` sukdj tmrkmtmasn tmrkmtm asn kml`dl omlmadl tgoegi ’Xrnlt Stgrm‟.. Stgrm‟
0.
Xml`gidjdl Kdtd
d.
Xml`gidjdl Kdtd Omtgkm SCDL IG@
Kdrn `doedr jdsni pml`ufndl SCDL IG@ pmrtdod jdsni pml`ufndl tnkda odasnodi smjnl``d kdtd ydl` knkdpdtadl tnkda ensd kn`uldadl ultua oml`jntul` lnidn fdrda tuidl`dl kdl kndomtmr tuidl`dl.
Kdrn `doedr jdsni pml`ufndl SCDL IG@ amkud knkdpdtadl kdtd ansdrdl lnidn sminout emtgl emrkdsdradl wdrld smed`dn emrnaut. •
•
•
Kdtd wdrld enru tud Kdtd wdrld enru
6 s emtgl < :8 oo 6 s emtgl ? 28 – 2> 2> oo
Kdtd wdrld enru oukd
6 s emtgl ? =8 – => => oo
d)
Xmrjntul`dl Kndomtmr [uidl`dl Xmidt Idltdn
Omoedlknl`adl sminout emtgl enru tud kml`dl enru
•
Enru tud Enru
6 s emtgl ? :8 oo (smed`dn ^) 6 s emtgl ? 2> oo (smed`dn Z)
Knkdpdtadl kndomtmr tuidl`dl6 K ? ^ – Z Z ? :8 oo -2> oo ? 44 oo
Omoedlknl`adl sminout emtgl enru tud kml`dl enru oukd
•
Enru tud Enru oukd
6 s emtgl ? :8 oo (smed`dn ^) 6 s emtgl ? => oo (smed`dn Z)
Knkdpdtadl kndomtmr tuidl`dl6 K ? ^ – Z Z ? :8 oo -=> oo ? 54 oo
Omoedlknl`adl sminout emtgl enru kml`dl enru oukd
•
Enru
6 s emtgl ? 2> oo (smed`dn ^)
Enru oukd
6 s emtgl ? => oo (smed`dn Z)
Knkdpdtadl kndomtmr tuidl`dl6 K ? ^ – Z Z ? 2> oo -=> oo ? 48 oo
Xmrjntul`dl tuidl`dl pmidt idltdn ydl` yd l` kn`uldadl
•
Kdrn pmrjntul`dl kndomtmr tuidl`dl kndtds, knkdpdtadl lnidn tuidl`dl ydl` pdinl` omlkmadtn kml`dl spmsnbnadsn tuidl`dl kn idpdl`dl K ? : oo ydntu pmrjntul`dl kndomtmr kml`dl omoedlknl`adl sminout emtgl enru kdl enru oukd ydntu K ? 48 oo smjnl``d knkdpdtadl kndomtmr tmragrmasn smed`dn emrnaut6 Ktmragrmasn ? K + (4=% x K) ? 48 + (4=% x 48) ? 44,= oo
Ktmragrmasn ? K - (4=% x K) ? 48 - (4=% x 48) ? :,= oo Kdrn pmrjntul`dl tmrsmeut kn`uldadl lnidn kndomtmr ydl` omlkmadtn K ? : oo ydntu Ktmragrmasn ? :,= oo. e)
Xmrjntul`dl Fdrda Dltdr [uidl`dl (Pnrmomsj)
Kdrn `doedr pml`ufndl SCDLIG@ amkud knkdpdtadl kdtd fdrda dltdr tuidl`dl wnrmomsj smed`dn emrnaut6 •
Kdtd fdrda 4 ? 2;8 oo – 3;8 3;8 oo ?388 oo
•
Kdtd fdrda 5 ? :58 oo – 2;8 2;8 oo ?4:8 oo
•
Kdtd fdrda 3 ? >:8 oo – :58 :58 oo ?428 oo
•
Kdtd fdrda ; ? >:8 oo – 258 258 oo ?328 oo
Kdrn kdtd tmrsmeut lnidn fdrda tuidl`dl ydl` omlkmadtn fdrda tuidl`dl smsudn `doedr amrfd (fdrda ? 4=8 oo) ydntu kdtd fdrda 5 kdl kdtd fdrda 3 smjnl``d knkdpdtadl pmrjntul`dl fdrda dltdr tuidl`dl smed`dn emrnaut6 Fdrda tuidl`dl rdtd-rdtd ?
5+ 3 5
?
: +2 5
? 408
Smjnl``d knkdpdtadl fdrda dltdr tuidl`dl kdrn omtgkm SCDL IG@ smemsdr 408 oo.
e. Xml`gidjdl Kdtd Omtgkm S 4. Xml`gidjdl Kdtd 4 Omtgkm S
d) Xmrjntul`dl Kdtd Kndomtmr [uidl`dl
Kdrn kdtd tmrsmeut tmr smeut knkdpdtadl lnidn kndomtmr tuidl`dl ydntu smemsd smemsdrr 42 oo. emrnaut pmrjntul`dl kndomtmr tmragrmasn tuidl`dl Ktmragrmasn ? K + (4=% x K) ? 42 + (4=% x 42) ? 4:,; oo Ktmragrmasn ? K - (4=% x K) ? 42 - (4=% x 42) ? 43,2 oo Kdrn kndomtmr tmrsmeut knkdpdtadl kdtd kndomtmr ydl` lnidnlyd emremkd fduj kml`dl kndomtmr ydl` tmrtmrd kdido spmsnbnadsn ydntu K ? : oo, smjnl``d kdtd kndomtmr kdrn Omtgkm S tnkda kn`uldadl. e) Xmrjntul`dl Kdtd Sminout Emtgl
Kdrn kdtd Omtgkm S knkdpdtadl lnidn sminout emtgl rdtd-rdtd smemsdr =3,5 oo. kdrn kdtd tmrsmeut kdpdt knjntul` sminout emtgl tmragrmasn smed`dn emrnaut. Stmragrmasn ? S + (4=% x S) ? =3,5 + (4=% x =3,5) ? 24,42 oo Stmragrmasn ? S - (4=% x S) ? =3,5 - (4=% x =3,5) ? ;=,34 oo
Kdrn kdtd pdsdi SLN 5:;3-5843 knsydrdtadl sminout emtgl tnkda egimj aurdl` kdrn ;8 oo ultua struatur ydl` tnkda emrsmltujdl idl`sul` i dl`sul` kml`dl tdldj. Kdrn pmrjntul`dl smanout emtgl emt gl knkdpdtadl lnidn sminout emtgl ydl` omlkmadtn lnidn S ? ;8 oo ydntu Stmragrmasn ? ;=,34 oo. smjnl``d lnidn sminout emtgl kdrn omtgkm S ydntu smemsdr ;=,34 oo. 5. Xml`gidjdl Kdtd 5 Omtgkm S
c) Xmrjntul`dl Kdtd Kndomtmr [uidl`dl
Kdrn kdtd tmrsmeut tmr smeut knkdpdtadl lnidn kndomtmr tuidl`dl ydntu smemsdr 42 oo. emrnaut pmrjntul`dl kndomtmr tmragrmasn tuidl`dl Ktmragrmasn ? K + (4=% x K) ? 42 + (4=% x 42) ? 4:,; oo Ktmragrmasn ? K - (4=% x K) ? 42 - (4=% x 42) ? 43,2 oo Kdrn kndomtmr tmrsmeut knkdpdtadl kdtd kndomtmr ydl` lnidnlyd emremkd fduj kml`dl kndomtmr ydl` tmrtmrd kdido spmsnbnadsn ydntu K ? : oo, smjnl``d kdtd kndomtmr kdrn Omtgkm S tnkda kn`uldadl.
k) Xmrjntul`dl Kdtd Sminout Emtgl
Kdrn kdtd Omtgkm S knkdpdtadl lnidn sminout emtgl rdtd-rdtd smemsdr 2:,0 oo. kdrn kdtd tmrsmeut kdpdt knjntul` sminout emtgl tmragrmasn smed`dn emrnaut. Stmragrmasn ? S + (4=% x S) ? 2:,0+ (4=% x 2:,0) ? 0>,84 oo Stmragrmasn ? S - (4=% x S) ? 2:,0- (4=% x 2:,0) ? =:,3; oo
Kdrn kdtd pdsdi SLN 5:;3-5843 knsydrdtadl sminout emtgl tnkda egimj aurdl` kdrn ;8 oo ultua struatur ydl` tnkda emrsmltujdl idl`sul` kml`dl tdldj. Kdrn pmrjntul`dl smanout emtgl knkdpdtadl lnidn sminout emtgl fduj kdrn lnidn sminout emtgl ydl` knsydrdtadl smjnl``d pmrjntul`dl sminout emtgl kml`dl kdtd nln tnkda kn`uldadl kn`uldadl
E. XML@]FNDL EM[GL OML@@]LDADL CDLNL+ 4. [ufudl Kdl Odlbddt
Xrdatnauo nln knidauadl kml`dl tufudl kdl odlbddt smed`dn emrnaut nln6 4. ]ltua oml`mvdiudsnadl amaudtdl, amsmrd`dodl, amdwmtdl kdl snbdtsnbdt idnllyd kdrn struatur emtgl 5. ]ltua oml`uaur pgtmlsn agrgsn pdkd tuidl`dl edfd kn kdido emtgl 5. Didt Kdl Edjdl
Didt 6 LG 4.
LDOD DID[
@DOEDU
AM[MUDL@DL
Knspidy
]ltua ominjdt jdsni
Nlstruomlt
ulnt knspidy smed`dn
cdlnl+
`rdbna emkd pgtmlsndi
5
Edtdl` Jdib
Smed`dn smlsgr
cmii (Xrgem
ultua oml`mtdjun
mimatrgkd
pgtmlsn agrgsn pdkd
tmoed`d suibdt) 3.
emtgl Smed`dnpml`jueul`
Sn`ldi Cdeim
Knspidy Nlstruomlt kml`dl edtdl` Jdib cmii
Edjdl 6 LG
LDOD EDJDL
@DOEDU
AM[MUDL@DL
4.
CuSG;
Smed`dn idrutdl
([moed`d NN suibdt)
ultua
;8 ulnt
oml`jdsniadl rmdasn dltdrd mimatrgl kml`dl dnr kdl omoemltua ngl (GJ-)
5.
J5G (Dnr Suinl`)
Smed`dn pmidrut
488 ]lnt
CuSG;
3. Omtgkm Xml`uaurdl Cdlnl+
4. Xmrsndpadl idrutdl suibdt tmoed`d
5. Jueul`adl ademi mimatrgkd rmbmrmlsn am NLX][ D kdl fu`d omomriuadl aglmasn @LK
3. Sndpadl pmrouaddl igadsn pml`ufndl kml`dl knimoedeadl tmrimenj kdjuiu kml`dl cdrd knsnrdo dnr ;. Eudt fdiur-fdiur (`rnk) pml`ufndl
=. Xmoedcddl knidauadl kml`dl omlmopmiadl edtdl` jdib-cmii pdkd pmrouaddl emtgl ydl` sukdj sukdj knemrn tdlkd.
2. Jdsni pmoedcddo dadl kntdopniadl pdkd ulnt knspidy smed`dn `rdbna emkd pgtmlsndi ;. Amlkdid Xml`ufndl
4. CuSG; suint idrut kml`dl dnr adrmld aurdl` jdius 5. Xmrouaddl emtgl tnkda rdtd 3. Cdnrdl pdkd edtdl` Jdib Cmii suint omlmtms knadrmldadl CuSG; tnkda idrut kml`dl dnr
=. Xml`gidjdl Kdtd
Kdrn prdatnauo ufn agrgsn emtgl knkdpdtadl kdtd amtmrdl`dl `doedr kdrn emlkd ufn emtgl emrtuidl` smed`dn emrnaut emrnaut .
@doedr Xgtgl`dl Ediga
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