Kelompok 3

 

IDXGUDL XML@]FNDL XML@]FNDL XUGBGOM[MU KDL ]FN AGUGSN (CDLNL) Kndfuadl ultua omomlujn sdidj sdtu tu`ds odtd auindj Idegrdtgrnuo Struatur @mkul`

GIMJ AMIGOXGA 36 Inzd Synbdui Odukrn Jmlkrdydkn

4244;;842

O. Bdrns Bdtjnl Lurjnkdydj

4244;;840

O. Bduzdl Nrsydk

4244;;84:

 Ldknd Kdlnmiid

4244;;84>

 Lgmr Pdjyuln

4244;;858

Xrniin [m`dr Puiul` Udeedln Sjdiodl Sdrd`nj

4244;;854 4244;;855

Uk. Oujdoodk @ultur Xdl`mstu

4244;;853

XGIN[MALNA LM@MUN EDLK]L@ F]U]SDL [MALNA SNXNI 584>

 

 

ID[DU EMIDADL@

Struatur emtgl omrupdadl sdidj sdtu fmlns struatur edl`uldl `mkul` smidnl kdrn struatur edfd. Fmlns struatur emtgl tmrknrn kdrn emtgl emrtuidl` kdl emtgl tda  emrtuidl`. Emtgl emrtuidl` jdopnr jdopnr kn`uldadl pdkd aglstruasn aglstruasn edl`uldl `mkul` kn Nlkglmsnd. Odad kdrn ntu audintds emtgl ydl` edna dadl sdl`dt omlkuaul` amdodldl kdrn sm`n struatur. Xdkd prgsms aglstruasn smrnl`adin knfuopdn am`d`didl kdrn struatur edl`uldl ydl` emrsuoemr kdrn amsdidjdl-amsdidjdl ydl` knidauadl gimj odlusnd ( juodl mrrgr ). ). Amsdidjdl tmrsmeut smpmrtn amtnkdatdjudl, amididndl, aurdl`lyd agoulnadsn,

dtupul kndanedtadl tnkda dkdlyd rdsd tdl``ul` fdwde. Am`d`didl kdl amsdidjdl tmrsmeut kdpdt tmrfdkn kdrn ouidn pmamrfddl sdopdn dajnr pmamrfddl. Sdidj sdtu bdatgr tmrpmltnl` pdkd emtgl emrtuidl` ydntu edfd tuidl`dl ydl` jdrus tmrinlkul` kdrn pml`druj iudr. Ldoul pdkd pmidasdlddlyd smrnl` tmrfdkn  edjwd tuidl`dl emtgl aurdl` omlkdpdt pmrinlkul`dl smtmidj knidauadl prgsms aglstruasn. Xgsnsn tuidl`dl emrdkd kn kdido emtgl smjnl``d fnad tmrfdkn am`d`didl aglstruasn tnkda dadl tmrinjdt smjnl``d jdrus knidauadl pml`ufndl pdkd tuidl`dl tmrsmeut. Gimj adrmld ntu, ultua omoeuatnadl pdkd edl`uldl `mkul` tmrfdkn am`d`didl dtdu tnkda odad knidauadl pmomrnasddl pdkd struatur edl`uldl `mkul`. Xmomrnasddl edl`uldl `mkul` knidasdldadl ultua omoeuatnadl jdsni aglstruasn  edl`uldl smrtd fnad dadl knidauadadl pmlnl`adtdl adpdsntds edl`uldl `mkul`. sdidj sdtu ydl` jdrus knamtdjun ydntu oml`mldn kmtdni tuidl`dl smrtd tnl`adt agrgsn tuidl`dl ultua emtgl ydl` sukdj kn`uldadl. Xml`ufndl ydl` knidauadl pdkd  pmoedjdsdl nln ydntu ultua ultua pml`ufndl prgbgomtmr ydntu kn @mkul` Xdranr Xgintmalna  Lm`mrn Edlkul` kdl ultua pml`ufndl

Cdlnl+ pdkd ediga pml`ufndl. Igadsn

 pml`ufndl prgbgomtmr kdpdt kninjdt pdkd @doedr @doedr 4.

 

  @doedr 4. Igadsn Xml`ufndl Xrgbgomtmr

 

XMOEDJDSDL D. 

Xrgbgomtmr

4. 

Xml`mrtndl Xrgbgomtmr

Xrgbgomtmr omrupdadl didt agopda kdl rnl`dl ultua omlmltuadl pgsnsn edfd tuidl`dl kdl fu`d oml`uaur amtmedidl sminout emtgl tdlpd omrusda emtgl ntu smlknrn. Xml`ufudl prgbgomtmr tmrodsua omtgkd tnkda omrusda ( Lgl Kmstructnvm [mstnl` –  LK[).  LK[).

5. 

Bul`sn Xrgbgomtmr

Bul`sn kdrn pml`ufndl prgbgomtmr ydntu6

  Omlmltuadl pgsnsn tuidl`dl edfd.

•

  Oml`uaur amtmeidl emtgl pmlutup.

•

  Omlynopdl lnidn pml`uaurdl smcdrd nlknvnku odupul stdtnstna.

•

  Omlmltuadl kndomtmr tuidl`dl edfd.

•

3. 

Xrnlsnp Didt Amrfd  Xrgbgomtmr oml``uldadl prnlsnp amrfd didt mimatrgod`lmtna knkdsdradl pdkd

 pml`uaurdl pmruedjdl omkdl od`lmt ydl` knsmedeadl gimj tuidl`dl ydl` tmrtdldo kn kdido emtgl. Xrgbgomtmr kngpmrdsnadl kml`dl edtmrdn dtdu instrna, tmrknrn kdrn smeudj kmtmatgr, didt uaur, kdl ademi pml` pml`jueul`. jueul`. Xmrouaddl emtgl knpnlkdn kml`dl kmtmatgr ydl` tmtdp kntmopmiadl pdkd pmrouaddl emtgl, smomltdrd ntu didt pml`uaur kn`ntdi omlulfuaadl pgsnsn tuidl`dl tmrkmadt. Fnad tuidl`dl ydl` knpmrnasd tnkda tmridiu edlyda , knoul`anladl ultua omomtdadl smiuruj enkdl` ydl` knpmrnasd.

Omkdl mimatrgod`lmtna knjdsniadl gimj kmtmatgr, amtnad smeudj tuidl`dl dtdu  emlkd ig`do i g`do idnllyd emrdkd kdido omkdl nln, odad drdj omkdl mimatrgod`lmtna dadl tmr`dl``u. @dl``udl ydl` tmrfdkn danedt dkdlyd ulsur ig`do tmrsmeut omlymedeadl pmruedjdl pdkd amaudtdl omkdl mimatrgod`lmtna ydl` knkmtmasn gimj kmtmatgr kdl kntulfuaadl gimj didt uaur smjnl``d dadl omlnl`adtadl snlydi. Drdj kdl amkdido ig`do tmrsmeut amkud-kudlyd omopml`drujn pmoedcddl didt uaur, smjnl``d kdpdt oml`mtdjun igadsn kdl pgsnsn tuidl`dl. [medi sminout emtgl kdpdt knamtdjun dpdenid tmidj knidauadl sudtu adinerdsn ydl` smsudn ultua uaurdluaurdl tmrtmltu kdrn tuidl`dl kdl edjdl-edjdl ydl` knsminknan.

 

  @doedr SnstmoDinrdl Omkd Omkdl l Mimatrgod`lmtna Xrgbgomtmr

Mimastrgod`lmtna kntnoeuadl gimj snstmo oudtdl instrna kdido cgni. c gni. Didt uaur  prgbgomtmr

nln

oml``uldadl

prnlsnp

drus

mkky

kml`dl

nlkuasn

puisd

mimatrgod`lmtna. Didt nln emamrfd pdkd brmaumlsn 4aJz smjnl``d sdl`dt pmad tmrjdkdp amemrdkddl emsn dtdu edfd ydl` dkd kn smantdrlyd. ;. 

Amlkdid kdl Bdatgr ydl` Omopml`drujn Xml`uaurdl [uidl`dl

Xdkd prgsms pml`ufndl prgbgomtmr kn idpdl`dl tmrkdpdt jdi-jdi omlfdkn amlkdid kdl jdi ydl` jdrus knjnlkdrn sddt pml`ufndl smed`dn emrnaut6

  [mrkdpdt tuidl`dl ydl` tuopdl` tuopdl` tnlknj dtdu tmridiu rdpdt sddt omlmltuadl

•

kndomtmr

tuidl`dl

kdl

pgsnsn

tuidl`dl

dadl

omopmrl`drujn

 pmoedcddl/pmranrddl kndotmr tuidl`dl.

  @dl``udl ydl` knsmedeadl gimj tuidl`dl ydl` idnl dtdu edjdl-edjdl

•

od`lmtna idnllyd jdrus knjnlkdrn.

  Emtgl ydl` dadl knidauadl pml`ufndl jdrus kdido aglknsn amrnl`.

•

  Dkdlyd pimstmrdl tdoedjdl.

•

  Gvmridp dltdr tuidl`dl.

•

 

=. 

Xmrdidtdl

@doedr Didt Xrgbgomtmr

Didt prgbgomtmr tmrsmknd kml`dl kud ogkmi, ydntu ogkmi S kdl ogkml Scdl  Ig`. Ed`ndl-ed`ndl pdkd didt prgbgomtmr tmrknrn kdrn6

   Nlkncdtnl` Kmvncm  

•

  ]lnvmrsdi prgem 

•

  Ademi prgem 

•

  Scdlcdr  

•

  Ademi scdlcdr  

•

@doedr Scdl Cdr

 

  @doedr Cdeim Cgllmctgr

@doedr Xrgbgomtmr

@doedr Strdp

@doedr Cgllmctgr [rdlsbmr tg XC

2. 

Idl`adj Xml`doenidl Kdtd Xrgbgomtmr d.  Xml`doenidl Kdtd Xrgbgomtmr Kml`dl Cdrd Ogkmi S

4.  Xdsdl` ademi prgem am nlkncdtnl` kmvncm kdl ulnvmrsdi prgem, idiu tmadl GL 5.  [madl tgoegi omlu 3.  Xdkd omlu knspidy pninj ’Gefmct Lg.‟ Amoukndl tmadl tgoegi ’Stdrt‟. Nsn ’Stdrt‟.  Nsn kn`nt pmrtdod kml`dl dl`ad 4, kn`nt smidlfutlyd kdpdt knnsn kml`dl dl`ad 4 sdopdn >

 

  ;.  [madl tgoegi ’Omlu‟ ’Omlu‟ d`dr  d`dr amoedin am tdopnidl dwdi =.  Xninj ’Omdsurm wntj Stdtncs‟ amoukndl Stdtncs‟ amoukndl tmadl stdrt ultua omouidn  pmomtddl tuidl`dl emtgl

2.  Xrgem idiu kn`mrdaadl sdopdn eulyn. Smodanl kmadt kml`dl tuidl`dl odad snlydi dadl smodanl sm odanl audt ydl` kntdlkdn kml`dl  bigw edr smodanl emsdr

0.  [madl pdldj dtds d`dr kndomtmr tuidl`dl oulcui pdkd idydr :.  Cdtdt kndomtmr kdl tmedi tuidl`dl ydl` tmrkmtmasn pdkd didt >.  Snopdl kdtd tmedi sminout emtgl kml`dl omlmadl tgoegi ’Xrnlt Stgrm‟.   Stgrm‟.

 

e.  Xml`doenidl Kdtd Xrgbgomtmr Kml`dl Ogkmi Scdl Ig` 

d.  Smttnl` didt kml`dl omoninj pninjdl ’Scdllnl` Edrs‟  Edrs‟ 

 e.  [druj scdl cdr  pdkd  pdkd pmrouaddl pmidt idltdn emtgl c.  @mrdadl scdl cdr smcdrd pmridjdl sdopdn idymr tuidl`dl ldopda  pdkd idydr k.  Idauadl pml`mcmadl am drdj Z kdl ^ kml`dl idl`adj ydl` sdod m.  Snopdl kdtd ydl` sukdj tmrkmtmasn tmrkmtm asn kml`dl omlmadl tgoegi ’Xrnlt Stgrm‟.. Stgrm‟

 

0. 

Xml`gidjdl Kdtd

d. 

Xml`gidjdl Kdtd Omtgkm SCDL IG@

Kdrn `doedr jdsni pml`ufndl SCDL IG@ pmrtdod jdsni pml`ufndl tnkda odasnodi smjnl``d kdtd ydl` knkdpdtadl tnkda ensd kn`uldadl ultua oml`jntul` lnidn fdrda tuidl`dl kdl kndomtmr tuidl`dl.

 

  Kdrn `doedr jdsni pml`ufndl SCDL IG@ amkud knkdpdtadl kdtd ansdrdl lnidn sminout emtgl emrkdsdradl wdrld smed`dn emrnaut. •

•

•

  Kdtd wdrld enru tud   Kdtd wdrld enru

6 s emtgl < :8 oo 6 s emtgl ? 28  –  2>  2> oo

  Kdtd wdrld enru oukd

6 s emtgl ? =8  –  =>  => oo

 

d) 

Xmrjntul`dl Kndomtmr [uidl`dl Xmidt Idltdn

  Omoedlknl`adl sminout emtgl enru tud kml`dl enru

•

Enru tud Enru

6 s emtgl ? :8 oo (smed`dn ^) 6 s emtgl ? 2> oo (smed`dn Z)

Knkdpdtadl kndomtmr tuidl`dl6 K ? ^  –  Z  Z ? :8 oo -2> oo ? 44 oo

  Omoedlknl`adl sminout emtgl enru tud kml`dl enru oukd

•

Enru tud Enru oukd

6 s emtgl ? :8 oo (smed`dn ^) 6 s emtgl ? => oo (smed`dn Z)

Knkdpdtadl kndomtmr tuidl`dl6 K ? ^  –  Z  Z ? :8 oo -=> oo ? 54 oo

  Omoedlknl`adl sminout emtgl enru kml`dl enru oukd

•

Enru

6 s emtgl ? 2> oo (smed`dn ^)

Enru oukd

6 s emtgl ? => oo (smed`dn Z)

Knkdpdtadl kndomtmr tuidl`dl6 K ? ^  –  Z  Z ? 2> oo -=> oo ? 48 oo

  Xmrjntul`dl tuidl`dl pmidt idltdn ydl` yd l` kn`uldadl

•

Kdrn pmrjntul`dl kndomtmr tuidl`dl kndtds, knkdpdtadl lnidn tuidl`dl ydl` pdinl` omlkmadtn kml`dl spmsnbnadsn tuidl`dl kn idpdl`dl K ? : oo ydntu pmrjntul`dl kndomtmr kml`dl omoedlknl`adl sminout  emtgl enru kdl enru oukd ydntu K ? 48 oo smjnl``d knkdpdtadl kndomtmr tmragrmasn smed`dn emrnaut6 Ktmragrmasn ? K + (4=% x K) ? 48 + (4=% x 48) ? 44,= oo

 

Ktmragrmasn ? K - (4=% x K) ? 48 - (4=% x 48) ? :,= oo Kdrn pmrjntul`dl tmrsmeut kn`uldadl lnidn kndomtmr ydl` omlkmadtn K ? : oo ydntu Ktmragrmasn ? :,= oo. e) 

Xmrjntul`dl Fdrda Dltdr [uidl`dl (Pnrmomsj)

Kdrn `doedr pml`ufndl SCDLIG@ amkud knkdpdtadl kdtd fdrda dltdr tuidl`dl wnrmomsj smed`dn emrnaut6 •

  Kdtd fdrda 4 ? 2;8 oo  –  3;8  3;8 oo ?388 oo

•

  Kdtd fdrda 5 ? :58 oo  –  2;8  2;8 oo ?4:8 oo

•

  Kdtd fdrda 3 ? >:8 oo  –  :58  :58 oo ?428 oo

•

  Kdtd fdrda ; ? >:8 oo  –  258  258 oo ?328 oo

Kdrn kdtd tmrsmeut lnidn fdrda tuidl`dl ydl` omlkmadtn fdrda tuidl`dl smsudn `doedr amrfd (fdrda ? 4=8 oo) ydntu kdtd fdrda 5 kdl kdtd fdrda 3 smjnl``d knkdpdtadl pmrjntul`dl fdrda dltdr tuidl`dl smed`dn emrnaut6 Fdrda tuidl`dl rdtd-rdtd ?

  5+  3 5

?

:  +2  5

? 408    

Smjnl``d knkdpdtadl fdrda dltdr tuidl`dl kdrn omtgkm SCDL IG@ smemsdr 408 oo.

 

e.  Xml`gidjdl Kdtd Omtgkm S 4.  Xml`gidjdl Kdtd 4 Omtgkm S

d)  Xmrjntul`dl Kdtd Kndomtmr [uidl`dl

Kdrn kdtd tmrsmeut tmr smeut knkdpdtadl lnidn kndomtmr tuidl`dl ydntu smemsd smemsdrr 42 oo.  emrnaut pmrjntul`dl kndomtmr tmragrmasn tuidl`dl Ktmragrmasn ? K + (4=% x K) ? 42 + (4=% x 42) ? 4:,; oo Ktmragrmasn ? K - (4=% x K) ? 42 - (4=% x 42) ? 43,2 oo Kdrn kndomtmr tmrsmeut knkdpdtadl kdtd kndomtmr ydl` lnidnlyd emremkd  fduj kml`dl kndomtmr ydl` tmrtmrd kdido spmsnbnadsn ydntu K ? : oo, smjnl``d kdtd kndomtmr kdrn Omtgkm S tnkda kn`uldadl. e)  Xmrjntul`dl Kdtd Sminout Emtgl

Kdrn kdtd Omtgkm S knkdpdtadl lnidn sminout emtgl rdtd-rdtd smemsdr =3,5 oo. kdrn kdtd tmrsmeut kdpdt knjntul` sminout emtgl tmragrmasn smed`dn  emrnaut. Stmragrmasn ? S + (4=% x S) ? =3,5 + (4=% x =3,5) ? 24,42 oo Stmragrmasn ? S - (4=% x S) ? =3,5 - (4=% x =3,5) ? ;=,34 oo

 

 

Kdrn kdtd pdsdi SLN 5:;3-5843 knsydrdtadl sminout emtgl tnkda egimj aurdl` kdrn ;8 oo ultua struatur ydl` tnkda emrsmltujdl idl`sul` i dl`sul` kml`dl tdldj. Kdrn pmrjntul`dl smanout emtgl emt gl knkdpdtadl lnidn sminout emtgl ydl` omlkmadtn lnidn S ? ;8 oo ydntu Stmragrmasn ? ;=,34 oo. smjnl``d lnidn sminout emtgl kdrn omtgkm S ydntu smemsdr ;=,34 oo. 5.  Xml`gidjdl Kdtd 5 Omtgkm S

c)  Xmrjntul`dl Kdtd Kndomtmr [uidl`dl

Kdrn kdtd tmrsmeut tmr smeut knkdpdtadl lnidn kndomtmr tuidl`dl ydntu smemsdr 42 oo.  emrnaut pmrjntul`dl kndomtmr tmragrmasn tuidl`dl Ktmragrmasn ? K + (4=% x K) ? 42 + (4=% x 42) ? 4:,; oo Ktmragrmasn ? K - (4=% x K) ? 42 - (4=% x 42) ? 43,2 oo Kdrn kndomtmr tmrsmeut knkdpdtadl kdtd kndomtmr ydl` lnidnlyd emremkd  fduj kml`dl kndomtmr ydl` tmrtmrd kdido spmsnbnadsn ydntu K ? : oo, smjnl``d kdtd kndomtmr kdrn Omtgkm S tnkda kn`uldadl.

 

k)  Xmrjntul`dl Kdtd Sminout Emtgl

Kdrn kdtd Omtgkm S knkdpdtadl lnidn sminout emtgl rdtd-rdtd smemsdr 2:,0 oo. kdrn kdtd tmrsmeut kdpdt knjntul` sminout emtgl tmragrmasn smed`dn  emrnaut. Stmragrmasn ? S + (4=% x S) ? 2:,0+ (4=% x 2:,0) ? 0>,84 oo Stmragrmasn ? S - (4=% x S) ? 2:,0- (4=% x 2:,0) ? =:,3; oo

Kdrn kdtd pdsdi SLN 5:;3-5843 knsydrdtadl sminout emtgl tnkda egimj aurdl` kdrn ;8 oo ultua struatur ydl` tnkda emrsmltujdl idl`sul` kml`dl tdldj. Kdrn pmrjntul`dl smanout emtgl knkdpdtadl lnidn sminout emtgl fduj kdrn lnidn sminout emtgl ydl` knsydrdtadl smjnl``d pmrjntul`dl sminout  emtgl kml`dl kdtd nln tnkda kn`uldadl kn`uldadl

E. XML@]FNDL EM[GL OML@@]LDADL CDLNL+ 4.  [ufudl Kdl Odlbddt

Xrdatnauo nln knidauadl kml`dl tufudl kdl odlbddt smed`dn emrnaut nln6 4.  ]ltua oml`mvdiudsnadl amaudtdl, amsmrd`dodl, amdwmtdl kdl snbdtsnbdt idnllyd kdrn struatur emtgl 5.  ]ltua oml`uaur pgtmlsn agrgsn pdkd tuidl`dl edfd kn kdido emtgl 5.  Didt Kdl Edjdl

Didt 6  LG 4.

LDOD DID[

@DOEDU

AM[MUDL@DL

Knspidy

]ltua ominjdt jdsni

Nlstruomlt

ulnt knspidy smed`dn

cdlnl+

`rdbna emkd  pgtmlsndi

 

5

Edtdl` Jdib

Smed`dn smlsgr

cmii (Xrgem

ultua oml`mtdjun

mimatrgkd

 pgtmlsn agrgsn pdkd

tmoed`d suibdt) 3.

 emtgl Smed`dnpml`jueul`

Sn`ldi Cdeim

Knspidy Nlstruomlt kml`dl edtdl` Jdib cmii 

Edjdl 6   LG

LDOD EDJDL

@DOEDU

AM[MUDL@DL

4.

CuSG;

Smed`dn idrutdl

([moed`d NN suibdt)

ultua

;8 ulnt

oml`jdsniadl rmdasn dltdrd mimatrgl kml`dl dnr kdl omoemltua ngl (GJ-)

5.

J5G (Dnr Suinl`)

Smed`dn pmidrut

488 ]lnt

CuSG;

3.  Omtgkm Xml`uaurdl Cdlnl+

4.  Xmrsndpadl idrutdl suibdt tmoed`d  

 

 

5.  Jueul`adl ademi mimatrgkd rmbmrmlsn am NLX][ D kdl fu`d omomriuadl aglmasn @LK 

3.  Sndpadl pmrouaddl igadsn pml`ufndl kml`dl knimoedeadl tmrimenj kdjuiu kml`dl cdrd knsnrdo dnr ;.  Eudt fdiur-fdiur (`rnk) pml`ufndl

 

=.  Xmoedcddl knidauadl kml`dl omlmopmiadl edtdl` jdib-cmii pdkd  pmrouaddl emtgl ydl` sukdj sukdj knemrn tdlkd.

2.  Jdsni pmoedcddo dadl kntdopniadl pdkd ulnt knspidy smed`dn `rdbna  emkd pgtmlsndi  ;.  Amlkdid Xml`ufndl

4.  CuSG; suint idrut kml`dl dnr adrmld aurdl` jdius 5.  Xmrouaddl emtgl tnkda rdtd 3.  Cdnrdl pdkd edtdl` Jdib Cmii suint omlmtms knadrmldadl CuSG; tnkda idrut kml`dl dnr

=.  Xml`gidjdl Kdtd

Kdrn prdatnauo ufn agrgsn emtgl knkdpdtadl kdtd amtmrdl`dl `doedr kdrn  emlkd ufn emtgl emrtuidl` smed`dn emrnaut emrnaut .

 

 

@doedr Xgtgl`dl Ediga