Kelompok 2
October 2, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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9
Meuaug`ua omg Zcgymwm-Zcgymwmgym FMGSMY H@_Y@MGM ?:==?=>0 B@A@M B@A@M Jcp` Burg`mwmg, Z. Z`., A. Z`., ^l.O < Dbtdicr 9>9> 9
=. Ocv`e`m Ocv`e`m Pumg`tm Pumg`tm (?:==?=< (?:==?=>0) >>0) 9. Y`jlm Mgfmrwmt` (?:==?==3) :. X`remg`c Gmzem M. (?:==?=9=) ?. A`m Gur Me`m Y. (?:==?=99>). I`em tcrbcgm uomrm, difcb-difcb meua`g`ua tcrdbs`oms` pmom pcraubmmgym, tctmp` emp`smg dbs`oms` `g` ace`gougk` difcb omr` dbs`oms` eci`l emgfut. Msma bedr`om cgjcr ocgkmg auoml acemrutbmg edkma `g`, pcemrutmg eci`l emaimt omema msma suehmt cgjcr mtmu msma g`trmt cgjcr6 +
9Me + 8L 9Me + :L9 ^rdscs pcemrutmg ompmt o`pcrjcpmt ocgkmg acgmaimlbmg sco`b`t acrbur`ua (@@) bedr`om pmom jmapurmg. Msma bedr`om pcbmt fukm acemrutbmg meua`g`ua6 m eua`g`ua6 :+
-
9Me + LJ@ 9Me + :L9 + 8Je Msma suehmt pcbmt acemrutbmg meua`g`ua ocgkmg acaicimsbmg icecrmgk o`dbs`om6 :+
9-
9Me + L9ZD? 9Me + :ZD? + :ZD? + 8L9D Msma g`trmt pcbmt acemrutbmg acaiumt edkma acgfmo` pms`h. Ocgkmg l`ordbs`om-l`ordbs`om mebme`, tcricgtub emrutmg tctrml`ordbsdmeua`gmt6 9Me + 9DL- + 8L9D
9RMe(DL)9Q- + :L9 (Zvclem, =0
rcmbt`h omr` ymgk o`lmrmpbmg ocgkmg pdtcgs`me cecbtrdom ymgk smgkmt gckmt`h (C 1 - =,88 vdet). A`smegym, Me t`omb mbmg icrcmbs` ocgkmg m`r mtmu ump m`r, bmrcgm scjmrm gdrame Me o`e`gougk` decl sumtu emp`smg dbs`om ymgk smgkmt t`p`s tctmp` smgkmt stmi`e. F`bm emp`smg dbs`om `g` o`l`emgkbmg scjmrm b`a`m, ym`tu pcgkkdsdbmg ocgkmg emrutmg LkJe9, edkma Me icrcmbs` scjmrm jcpmt omg cbsdtcra`s ocgkmg mtadshcr ecaimi acgklms`ebmg meua`g`ua dbs`om.
(_`a Odscg B`a`m Mgdrkmg`b, 9>9>) Meua`g`ua acrupmbmg smeml smtu amtcr`me rcbmymsm ymgk imgymb o`kugmbmg ugtub bcpcgt`gkmg bdgstrubs` bmrcgm s`hmtgym ymgk r`gkmg omg bumt. ^moumg meua`g`ua tcrsciut acaiutulbmg scrmgkbm`mg prdscs ugtub acg`gkbmtbmg bcbumtmg amtcr`me sciceua o`pcrkugmbmg scimkm` imlmg strubtur pcsmwmt tcrimgk (Fug`p`tdyd, Imaimgk, 9>9>). Mompug s`hmt-s`hmt Meua`g`ua ymgk em`g6 =. Icrcmbs` ocgkmg dbs`kcg acaicgtub emp`smg t`p`s dbs`om ymgk acee`gougk` omr` dbs`oms` eci`l emgfut 9. Icrcmbs` ocgkmg msma acaicimsbmg kms lyordkcg :. I`em o`pmgmsbmg bumt o` uomrm. Me tcrimbmt acaicgtub dbs`om omg sco`b`t g`tr`oc ?. Meua`gua emrut omema emrutmg GmDL cgjcr 3. Zcgymwm l`ordbs`omgym icrs`hmt mahdtcr 8. Icrmt fcg`sgym r`gkmg (lmgym 9,; k/ja:, scomgkbmg ics` 9>). 9> 9>). d
==. Edkma Me icrwmrgm put`l, acgkb`mt, acapugym` t`t`b ececl t`gkk` (scb`tmr 88> J), adocrmt eugmb omg ecaicb-ecaicb, f`bm aurg` tctmp` acgfmo` bumt f`bm o`iumt pmoumg ocgkmg edkma -:
em`g, scrtm smgkmt r`gkmg ocgkmg ocgs`tms 9,;: kr ja Me icrs`hmt bdgoubtdr pmgms amupug bdgoubtdr e`str`b ymgk im`b, gmaug eci`l rcgoml omr`pmom tcaimkm. Mtms omsmr tcrsciut amghmmt edkma Me mgtmrm em`g6 =) @goustr` Yuaml _mgkkm6 ugtub pcrmemtmg amsmb-ompur.
9) @goustr` Ambmgmg6 ugtub pcaiugkbus ambmgmg, bmecgk a`guamg, pcaiugkbus pmstm k`k`. :) Imlmg Imgkugmg6 ugtub acaicem`r, p`gtu, fcgocem. ?) Fukm scimkm` imlmg omsmr `goustr` `goustr` pcsmwmt tcrimggk, bmpme, adi`e adi`e.. 3) Zcriub Me ugtub imlmg jmt Me, Me, oee (Zcoymwmt`, 9>=?). 9. Actdoc ^crjdimmg 9.= Memt omg Imlmg
Omema pcrjdimmg meuaug`ua omg scgymwm-scgymwmgym, memt ymgk o`kugmbmg ym`tu tmiugk rcmbs`, kcems b`a`m, omg pcaimbmr scp`r`tus. Zcomgkbmg imlmg ymgk o`kugmbmg omema pcrjdimmg `g` ym`tu LJe cgjcr, icicrmpm pdtdgkmg meuaug`ua, emrutmg LkJe9 >,= A (omema pcemrut ctmgde), omg emrutmg GmDL >,= A 9.9 Zbcam Bcrfm Cbspcr`acg @. Ycmbs` ocgkmg LJe
9 ae LJe cgjcr o`amsubbmg bcomema tmiugk rcmbs`
: iuml edkma Me o`amsubbmg bc omema tmiugk rcmbs`
I`em Me iceua emrut scemam 3 acg`t, pmgmsbmg jmapurmg, bcauo`mg acgkmamt`.
Cbspcr`acg 9. Ycmbs` ocgkmg GmDL
9 ae GmDL cgjcr o`amsubbmg bcomema tmiugk rcmbs`.
:-? iuml edkma Me o`amsubbmg bc omema tmiugk rcmbs`
I`em Me iceua emrut scemam 3 acg`t, pmgmsbmg jmapurmg, bcauo`mg acgkmamt`.
Cbspcr`acg :. Ycmbs` ocgkmg Dbs`kcg
Meuaug`ua o`mapems : iuml meuaug`ua pcrembumg icom o`ectmbbmg omema kcems icbcr
Meuaug`ua hd`e
O`tctcs` LkJe9
Meuaug`ua tmgpm mapems
O`i`mrbmg meua`g`ua tcrsciut o` uomrm tcriubm, emeu jmtmt pcruimlmggym
O`i`mrbmg icicrmpm acg`t, bcauo`mg o`juj` ocgkmg m`r.
9.: ^rdscour Bcrfm
^mom cbspcr`acg pcrtmam ym`tu rcmbs` mgtmrm Me ocgkmg LJe. Emgkbmg ymgk pcrtmam rcmbs` ocgkmg LJe, o`amsubbmg 9 aE LJe cgjcr omema tmiugk rcmbs`, scemgfutgym o`amsubbmg bc omemagym icicrmpm bcp`gk (: ‚ ? iuml) edkma Me. F`bm Me iceua emrut sctceml 3 acg`t, jmapurmg ompmt o`pmgmsbmg ocgkmg lmt`-lmt`, emeu o`mamt` pcruimlmg ymgk tcrfmo` omg omg o`jmtmt. ^mom cbspcr`acg bcoum ym`tu rcmbs` mgtmrm Me ocgkmg GmDL. Emgkbmg ymgk pcrtmam rcmbs` ocgkmg GmDL, o`amsubbmg 9 aE GmDL omema tmiugk rcmbs`, scemgfutgym o`amsubbmg bc omemagym icicrmpm bcp`gk (: ‚ (: ‚ ? ? iuml) edkma Me. F`bm Me iceua emrut sctceml 3 acg`t, jmapurmg ompmt o`pmgmsbmg ocgkmg lmt`-lmt`, emeu o`mamt` pcruimlmg ymgk tcrfmo` omg omg o`jmtmt. Zcemgfutgym pmom cbspcr`acg bct`km ym`tu rcmbs` mgtmrm Me ocgkmg dbs`kcg ym`tu o`embubmg ocgkmg emgkbml pcrtmam scpdtdgk meua`g`ua ocgkmg pcrembumg icom o`ectmbbmg omema kcems omg ams`gk-ams`gk meuaug`ua o`tctcs` ocgkmg emrutmg LkJe9. Zctceml `tu o`i`mrbmg icicrmpm acg`t, bcauo`mg meua`gua tcsciut o`juj` ocgkmg m`r. meua`g`ua tcrsciut o`i`mrbmg o`uomrm tcriubm. Bcauo`mg o`jmtmt omg o`mamt` pcruimlmg ymgk tcrfmo`.
:. Lms`e omg ^caimlmsmg :.= Lms`e
_mice ^cgkmamtmg ^crjdimmg
Ycmbs`
^cruimlmg ymgk tcrfmo`
Cbspcr`acg =. Ycmbs` ocgkmg LJe
9 ae LJe + : bcp`gk 8LJe(mq) + 9Me9D: /Me(s) ↙ edkma
Me
ymgk 9MeJe: /Me(s) + :L9D(e)
Ycmbs` icrfmemg emaimt
tcrompmt sco`b`t kcecaiugk
emrutmg icg`gk
mom kcecaiugk kms icrtmaiml
o`mapems 9 ae LJe + : bcp`gk edkma o`pmgmsbmg
Me 9Me(s)
+
8L9D(e)
↙
9Me(DL): (s) + :L9 (k) imgymb smmt o`pmgmsbmg
^crtmgymmg
=. Acgkmpm Me mkmb emaimt icrcmbs`, pmomlme pdtcgs`me rcoubs`gym icrlmrkm gckmt`h4 Fmwmi :+
d
Me(s) Me + :c
C 1 -=,8; X
+
d
:L + :c :/9L9 +
:+
C 1 > X
Me(s) + :L Me + :/9L9
d
C 1 -=,8; X
Me aca`e`b` pdtcgs`me rcoubs`gym icrlmrkm gckmt`h gmaug submr rcmbt`h bmrcgm meuaug`ua o`emp`s` emp`smg dbs`omgym, emp`smg ocgkmg bctcimemg => -? ‚ ‚ => => -8 aa suoml jubup acgjckml tcrfmo`gym bdgtmb emgfut. Meuaug`ua wmemupug aca`e`b` pdtcgs`me rcoubs`gym icrlmrkm gckmt`h,tctmp` o`m sue`t ugtub acgkmema` dbs`oms`. Lme `g` o`bmrcgmbmg, edkma meuaug`ua jcgocrugk icrcmbs` ocgkmg dbs`kcg acaicgtub sumtu emp`smg dbs`om o`amgm emp`smg dbs`om `g` ace`gougk` edkma Me mkmr t`omb acgkmema` rcmbs` dbs`oms` emgfutmg. 9. _mgpm acgkkugmbmg `go`bmtdr, tcrmgkbmg imkm`amgm s`hmt emrutmg ymgk tcrfmo`. Fcemsbmg acgkmpm oca`b`mg 4 Fmwmi
_mgpm acgkkugmbmg `go`bmtdr, s`hmt emrutmg ymgk tcrfmo` ym`tu msma, o`amgm emrutmg msma LJe icrcmbs` ocgkmg Me acaicgtub kms L9 icromsmrbmg rcmbs`6 9Me(s) + 8L9D(e) ↙ 9Me(DL): (s) + :L9 (k) Cbspcr`acg 9. Ycmbs` ocgkmg GmDL
9 ae GmDL + : Me9D: /Me(s) + 9GmDL(mq) + bcp`gk
edkma
ymgk o`mapems
Jmapurmg
GmRMe(DL)?Q Me 8L9D (e) ↙ 9 GmRMe(DL)
emrutmg icg`gk
tcrompmt
/Me (s) + :L9D(e)
kcecaiugk
ymgk
acgcapce o` meuaug`ua
Me
ymgk
tceml
ecpms
omr`
o`pmgmsbmg
9Me(s) + 8L9D(e) ↙
dbs`omgym
9Me(DL): (s) + :L9 (k)
ocgkmg L9D emrutmg auem-auem icg`gk
meua`g`ua
sco`b`t
o`tmaimlbmg icreci`l
scl`gkkm
ambm tcricgtub meua`gmt 6
acgfmo` mkmb bcrul
Me(DL) : (s) + GmDL (mq) ↙
jcpmt
F`bm GmDL ymgk
icrcmbs`
emrutmg
emrut, icruiml
t`aiue kcecaiugk kms
GmRMe(DL)?Q (s) ^crtmgymmg
=. Kms mpm ymgk tcricgtub4, Imgo`gkbmg ocgkmg lms`e cbspcr`acg = amgm ymgk eci`l imgymb o`lms`ebmg4 Fmwmi
Kms ymgk tcricgtub momeml kms l`ordkcg, kms l`ordkcg ymgk eci`l imgymb o`lms`ebmg momeml pmom cbspcr`amg cbspcr `amg rcmbs` ocgkmg GmDL. Ompmt o`s`apuebmg imlwm Me eci`l auoml auom l icrcmbs` ocgkmg GmDL (imsm) bct`aimgk msma. 9. Acgkmpm pmgj` Me t`omb idecl o`juj` ocgkmg sdom juj` (Gm 9JD:)4.Fcemsbmg ocgkmg acgugfubbmg rcmbs`gym! Fmwmi
^mgj` ymgk acgkkugmbmg Me t`omb idecl o`juj` ocgkmg (Gm 9JD:) bmrcgm mbmg o`lms`ebmg -
emrutmg ymgk amapu acgkcgomp Me(DL) 9 omg mbmg acaicr`bmg bdscgtrms` DL ymgk icreci`l mb`imt omr` l`orde`s`s. l`orde`s`s. Zcomgkbmg gmtr`ua bmridgmt momeml scgymwm ymgk icrs`hmt bdrds`. Ocgkmg pcrsmammg 6 JD:
9(mq) +
-
-
L9D(e) LJD: (mq) + DL (mq)
Cbspcr`acg :. Ycmbs` ocgkmg Dbs`kcg Me o`mapems
Me
o`mapems
icicrmpm
+ Me9D: /Me (s) + :LkJe9 (ct)
tctcs ↙ 9MeJe: (ct) /Me + :Lk (s)
LkJe9
emrutmg bcrul o`bmrgmbmg Me acecpmsbmg emp`smg dbs`om
_cricgtub Lk ymgk icrwmrgm s`evcr
Me + Lk ↙ Me.Lk (mamekma) Ycmbs` ocgkmg m`r
9Me(s)
+
8L9D(e)
↙
Me
9Me(DL): (s) + :L9 (k)
acgfmo`
eci`l
icrs`l
(acgkb`emp)
Emp`smg dbs`om ymgk tcrbceupms
icrjmapur ocgkmg m`r Ycmbs` ocgkmg uomrm ?Me(s) + :D9(k) ↙ 9Me9D: (s)
Edkma Me o`emp`s` dbs`om Me9D: icricgtub
scpcrt`
fmrua icrwmrgm put`l Meua`g`ua hd`e
Meua`g`ua hd`e + icicrmpm
tctcs
Me9D: /Me (s) + : LkJe9 (ct) ↙ 9MeJe: (ct) /Me + : Lk (s)
acgkceupms/tcrb`b`s
LkJe9
Me + Lk ↙ Me.Lk (mamekma)
Ycmbs` ocgkmg m`r
9Me(s)
+
8L9D(e)
emp`smg dbs`om meua`g`ua hd`e
_cricgtub Lk ymgk icrwmrgm s`evcr
↙
Me acgfmo` eci`l icrs`l
9Me(DL): (s) + :L9 (k)
(acgkb`emp)
Emp`smg dbs`om ymgk tcrbceupms
icrjmapur ocgkmg m`r Ycmbs` ocgkmg uomrm ?Me(s) + :D9(k) ↙ 9Me9D: (s)
Meuaug`ua
hd`e
ocgkmg imgymb euimgk
acecpul
Me t`omb o`mapems
Me t`omb o`mapems + Me9D: /Me (s) + :LkJe9 (ct) ↙ 9MeJe: (ct) /Me + :Lk (s) icicrmpm tctcs LkJe9
Me + Lk ↙ Me.Lk (mamekma)
emrutmg t`omb icrwmrgm
emp`smg dbs`om meua`g`ua m eua`g`ua
acgkceupms/tcrb`b`s _cricgtub Lk ymgk icrwmrgm
s`evcr Ycmbs` ocgkmg m`r
9Me(s)
+
8L9D(e)
↙
9Me(DL): (s) + :L9 (k)
Me
acgfmo`
eci`l
icrs`l
(acgkb`emp)
Emp`smg dbs`om ymgk tcrbceupms icrjmapur ocgkmg m`r
Ycmbs` ocgkmg uomrm ?Me(s) + :D9(k) ↙ 9Me9D: (s)
tcrompmt emp`smg t`omb icrmturmg
put`l-put`l icgtubgym
o`pcaubmmg Me ^crtmgymmg
=. Acgkmpm emrutmg LkJe9 ompmt acaicrs`lbmg pcraubmmg meua`g`ua hd`e scjmrm chcbt`h4 Fmwmi
Bmrcgm LkJe9 ompmt acecpmsbmg emp`smg dbs`om omr` meuaug`ua scl`gkkm me`ua`g`ua ompmt icrcmbs` ocgkm dbs`kcg. Emrutmg LkJe9 ompmt acaicrs`lbmg pcraubmmg meua`g`ua hd`e bmrcgm LkJe9 acrcoubs` Me9D: ymgk tcricgtub pmom pcraubmmg Meuaug`ua hd`e acgfmo` Me bcaime`. 9. ^rdscs Me
:+
Me
9-
omg D momeml cgodtcra`s. Acgkmpm tcricgtub Me9D: omg fcemsbmg
acgkmpm zmt `g` smgkmt stmi`e. Fmwmi
Ycmbs` Me Me:+ omg D9- icremgksugk scjmrm cgodtcra`s. _cricgtub Me9D: bmrcgm smmt Me icrcmbs` ocgkmg uomrm acaicgtub emp`smg t`p`s dbs`om
ym`tu Me9D: ymgk ace`gougk` omr` dbs`oms` eci`l emgfut pmm pL ?-0. Me9D: stmi`e bmrcgm sue`t icrcmbs` ocgkmg uomrm ymgk mom o`scb`tmrgym scrtm sue`t sue`t icrcmbs` ocgkmg msma mtmu imsm cgjcr omg msma pcbmt. :. Icr`bmg icicrmpm jdgtdl pcgkkugmmg edkma Me. Zciutbmg s`hmt Me ymgk acgcgtubmg scsum` ocgkmg pcgkkugmmggym ugtub icrimkm` pcrmemtmg. Fmwmi
Jdgtdl pcgkkugmmg edkma Me 6
Sgtub pcrmemtmg amsmb ompur
Sgtub pcaiugkbus ambmgmg, bmecgk bm ecgk a`guamg, pcaiugkbus pmstm k k`k` `k`
Imlmg imgkugmg
Imlmg omsmr ==gcrky==g pcsmwmt tcrimgk, bmpme, adi`e
Zcriub Me ugtub imlmg jm-Me
Z`hmt Me ymgk acgcgtubmg scsum` ocgkmg pcgkkugmmggym ugtub icrimkm` pcrmemtmg o`omsmr` ocgkmg s`hmt 6
edkma Me icrwmrgm put`l, acgkb`emt
acacpugym` t`t`b ececl t`gkk` (scb`tmr 88>dJ)
acgfmo` bumt f`bm o`iumt pmoumg edkma em`g, scrtm smgkmt r`gkmg ocgkmg ocgs`tms
:
9.;: k ja .
Me icrs`hmt bdgoubtdr e`str`b ymgk im`b, gmaug eci`l rcgoml omr`pmom tcaimkm.
:.9 ^caimlmsmg
_ufumg omr` pcrjdimmg `g` ym`tu acgkctmlu` s`hmt meuaug`ua omg scgymwm-scgymwmgym. Sgtub acgkctmlu` s`hmt-s`hmt tcrsciut ambm o`embubmg t`km cbspcr`acg ymgk icricom ym`tu meuaug`ua o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg LJe, meuaug`ua o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg GmDL, omg meuaug`ua o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg dbs`kcg.
Cbspcr`acg =. Meuaug`ua o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg LJe
_ufumg omr` meuaug`ua o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg LJe momeml ugtub acgkctmlu` s`hmt bcmahdtcrmg omr` meuaug`ua. ^mom smmt meuaug`ua o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg LJe, emp`smg dbs`om l`emgk. Ycmbs` ymgk tcrfmo` 6 8LJe(mq) + 9Me9D: /Me(s) ↙ 9MeJe: /Me(s) + :L9D(e) ^mom rcmbs` `g` icrfmemg emaimt, decl bmrcgm `tu o`embubmg pcamgmsmg. Bmrcgm Me9D: suoml icrcmbs` ocgkmg LJe acaicgtub MeJe: scl`gkkm emp`smgdbs`om l`emgk tcrs`sm pmomtmg edkma Me. ^camgmsmg o`embubmg ugtub acapcrjcpmt rcmbs` ymgk tcrfmo` mgtmrm emrutmg LJe omg edkma Meuaug`ua. Zctceml o`embubmg pcamgmsmg, tcre`lmt t`aiuegym kcecaiugk-kcecaiugk kms pmom meuaug`ua. Kms ymgk o`lms`ebmg `g` momeml kms lyordkcg (L 9) ompmt o`e`lmt omr` pcrsmammg rcmbs`6 9Me(s) + 8L9D(e) ↙ 9Me(DL): (s) + :L9 (k) ^camgmsmg ompmt acapcrjcpmt tcrfmo`gym rcmbs`, bmrcgm ocgkmg momgym pcamgmsmg sulu acg`gkbmt acgycimibmg cgcrky b`gct`bgym fukm gm`b, ambm bcaugkb`gmg tcrfmo`gym tuaiubmg ymgk chcbt`h ymgk acgklms`ebmg rcmbs` fukm scamb`g icsmr. Meuaug`ua burmgk rcmbt`h f`bm o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg msma omr`pmom imsm bmrcgm acgurut tcdr` ecw`s meuaug`ua acrupmbmg msma ecw`s. O`mgkkmp scimkm` msma ecw`s bmrcgm meuaug`ua acapugym` dri`tme bdsdgk ymgk ompmt acgcr`am pmsmgkmg cecbtrdg. ^mom cbspcr`acg 9. Meuaug`ua o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg GmDL
^mom pcrjdimmg `g` icrtufumg ugtub acgkctmlu` s`hmt-s`hmt meuaug`ua ymgk o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg imsm. _cre`lmt momgym pcruimlmg omr` tcrfmo`gym rcmbs` ym`tu ocgkmg augjuegym kcecaiugk-kcecaiugk kmsymgk acgcapce pmom pcraubmmg Me. Ycmbs` ymgk tcrfmo`6 Me9D: /Me(s) + 9GmDL(mq) + 8L9D (e) ↙ 9 GmRMe(DL)?Q /Me (s) + :L9D(e) Bct`bm jmapurmg o`pmgmsbmg emrutmg ymgk scauem icg`gk icruiml acgfmo` mkmb bcrul, lme `g` bmrcgm edkma Me emrut omg kcecaiugk kms ymgk o`lms`ebmg scamb`g imgymb omg jcpmt, Me ymgk
tceml ecpms omr` dbs`omgym icrcmbs` jcpmt ocgkmg L9D. Ycmbs` ymgk tcrfmo` 6 9Me(s) + 8L9D(e) ↙ 9Me(DL): (s) + :L9 (k) F`bm GmDL ymgk o`tmaimlbmg icreci`l ambm tcricgtub meua`gmt 6
Me(DL) : (s) + GmDL (mq) ↙ GmRMe(DL)?Q (s) ^camgmsmg mbmg acgm`bbmg sulu scl`gkkm cgcrky b`gct`bgym fukm scamb`g icsmr mb`imtgym rcmbs` emfu rcmbs`gym scamb`g jcpmt. ^crjdimmg ymgk o`lms`ebmg suoml scsum` ocgkmg tcdr` ymgk mom ym`tu meuaug`ua ompmt icrcmbs` ocgkmg imsm bumt acgklms`ebmg kms L 9. Icromsmrbmg omr` cbspcr`acg = omg 9 ompmt o`bctmlu` imlwm meuaug`ua ompmt icrcmbs` ocgkmg msma amupug imsm. Gmaug eci`l rcmbt`h f`bm o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg imsm bumt. Lme `g` o`bmrcgmbmg wmemupug s`hmt edkma meuaug`ua `tu mahdtcr, tctmp` pmom omsmrgym s`hmt edkma jcgocrugk msma, tcriubt` ocgkmg s`hmt bdgfukms` imsmgym ym`tu Me(DL) : ymgk acrupmbmg imsm ecaml, omema mrt`mg bcbumtmg rcmbs` Me ocgkmg GmDL eci`l icsmr omr`pmom bcbumtmg rcmbs` Me ocgkmg LJe. Cbspcr`acg :. Meuaug`ua o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg dbs`kcg
^mom pcrembumg pcrtmam ym`tu meuaug`ua ymgk tceml o`mapems o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg icicrmpm tctcs tct cs LkJe9 emrutmg acgfmo` mkmb bcrul bmrcgm Me acecpmsbmg emp`smg dbs`omgym, scrtm tcricgtub Lk ymgk icrwmrgm s`evcr. Icromsmrbmg rcmbs` rcmb s` 6 Me9D: /Me (s) + : LkJe9 (ct) ↙ 9MeJe: (ct) /Me + : Lk (s) Me + Lk ↙ Me.Lk (mamekma) (mamekma) Zctceml o`i`ems ocgkmg m`r, meuaug`ua acgfmo` eci`l icrs`l omg acgkb`emp, omg emp`smg dbs`om ymgk tcrbceupms icrjmapur ocgkmg m`r. Zcsum` rcmbs` 6 9Me(s) + 8L9D(e) ↙ 9Me(DL) 9Me(DL):(s) + :L9(k) Zmmt icrcmbs` ocgkmg uomrm edkma Me o`emp`s` dbs`om Me9D: icricgtub scpcrt` fmrua icrwmrgm put`l. Icromsmrbmg rcmbs` 6 ?Me(s) + :D9(k) ↙ 9Me9D: (s) LkJe9 icrcmbs` ocgkmg ocgkm g Me9D: acgfmo` MeJe: ymgk emrut omema ctmgde scomgkbmg Me t`omb emrut, tctmp` Me smgkmt rcmbt`h ocgkmg dbs`kcg scl`gkkm sctceml o`juj` mbmg augjue emk` Me 9D: ymgk o`tmgom` momgym cgompmg put`l o`pcraubmmg. Zcomgkbmg pmom rcmbs` tcrfmo` pcuimlmg wmrgm miu-miu/s`evcr ymgk acrupmbmg Lk ymgk mbmg tcrfmo` rcmbs` em`ggym bct`bm Lk ocgkmg Me mbmg acaicgtub mamekma Me. Lk sumtu meedy.
^mom pcrembumg bcoum ym`tu meuaug`ua hd`e o`tctcs` LkJe9. ^cruimlmg ymgk tcre`lmt augjue kcecaiugk-kcecaiugk kms omg emp`smg dbs`om meuaug`ua hd`e acgkceupms/tcrb`b`s, scrtm tcricgtub Lk ymgk icrwmrgm s`evcr. Ycmbs` ymgk tcrfmo` tcr fmo` ym`tu ym`tu Me9D: /Me (s) + : LkJe9 (ct) ↙ 9MeJe: (ct) /Me + : Lk (s) Me + Lk ↙ Me.Lk (mamekma) (mamekma) LkJe9 icrcmbs` ocgkmg Me9D: acgfmo` MeJe: ymgk emrut omema ctmgde scomgkbmg Me t`omb emrut, tctmp` Me smgkmt rcmbt`h ocgkmg dbs`kcg scl`gkkm sctceml o`juj` mbmg augjue emk` Me 9D: ymgk o`tmgom` momgym cgompmg put`l o`pcraubmmg. Zcomgkbmg pmom rcmbs` tcrfmo` pcuimlmg wmrgm miu-miu/s`evcr ymgk acrupmbmg Lk ymgk mbmg tcrfmo` rcmbs` em`ggym bct`bm Lk ocgkmg Me mbmg acaicgtub mamekma Me. Lk sumtu meedy. Bcauo`mg o`i`ems ocgkmg mqumocs, tcre`lmt Me acgfmo` eci`l icrs`l (acgkb`emp), emp`smg dbs`om ymgk tcrbceupms icrjmapur ocgkmg m`r. Ycmbs` ocgkmg m`r 6 9Me(s) + 8L9D(e) ↙ 9Me(DL) 9Me(DL): (s) + :L9 (k) ^cruimlmg ymgk tcre`lmt sctceml o`o`mabmg o`uomrm tcriubm, edkma Meuaug`ua hd`e acecpul ocgkmg imgymb euimgk. Ycmbs` ocgkmg uomrm 6 Me(DL):(s) + D9(k) ↙ Me9D:(mq) + =8L9D(e) ^cgmaimlmg LkJe9 sciceua meua`g`ua o`rcmbms`bmg ocgkmg dbs`kcg icrtufumg ugtub acaicrs`lbmg emp`smg pcraubmmg meuaug`ua hd`e scjmrm chcbt`h bmrcgm LkJe9 ompmt acecpmsbmg emp`smg dbs`om omr` meuaug`ua scl`gkkm me`ua`g`ua ompmt icrcmbs` ocgkm dbs`kcg. Emrutmg LkJe9 ompmt acaicrs`lbmg pcraubmmg meua`g`ua hd`e bmrcgm LkJe 9 acrcoubs` Me9D: ymgk tcricgtub pmom pcraubmmg meuaug`ua hd`e acgfmo` Me bcaime`. Momgym lms`e smap`gk LkD `but acemp`s` pcraubmmg edkma meua`g`ua, scl`gkkm LkJe9 ompmt acaicrs`lbmg pcraubmmg meua`g`ua hd`e, meua`g`ua hd`e mbmg ompmt icrcmbs` ocgkmg dbs`kcg. O`tmgom` ocgkmg momgym scrmiut put`l omg sco`b`t acgfmo` miu. Zcrmiut icrwmrgm put`l tcrsciut acrupmbmg meuaug`ua dbs`om ymgk tcricgtub bcaime` bct`bm meuaug`ua o`i`mrbmg o`uomrm tcriubm. Bmrcgm s`hmt omr` meuaug`ua momeml auoml tcrdbs`oms`. ^mom pcrembumg bct`km ym`tu meuaug`ua tmgpm mapems ocgkmg o`tmaimlbmg icicrmpm tctcs LkJe . ^cgjmapurmg meuaug`ua tmgpm mapems omg icicrmpm tctcs LkJe acgklms`ebmg emrutmg 9
9
ymgk t`omb icrwmrgm, emp`smg dbs`om meuaug`ua acgkceupms/tcrb`b`s, scrtm tcre`lmg imlwm tcricgtub Lk ymgk icrwmrgm s`evcr. Me9D: /Me (s) + : LkJe9 (ct) ↙ 9MeJe: (ct) /Me + :Lk (s) Me + Lk ↙ Me.Lk (mamekma) (mamekma) LkJe9 icrcmbs` ocgkmg Me9D: acgfmo` MeJe: ymgk emrut omema ctmgde scomgkbmg Me t`omb emrut, tctmp` Me smgkmt rcmbt`h ocgkmg dbs`kcg scl`gkkm sctceml o`juj` mbmg augjue emk` Me 9D: ymgk o`tmgom` momgym cgompmg put`l o`pcraubmmg. Zcomgkbmg pmom rcmbs` tcrfmo` pcuimlmg wmrgm miumiu/s`evcr ymgk acrupmbmg Lk ymgk mbmg tcrfmo` rcmbs` em`ggym bct`bm Lk ocgkmg Me mbmg acaicgtub mamekma Me. Lk sumtu meedy. Zctceml `tu, edkma meuaug`ua tmgpm mapems o`rcmbs`bmg ocgkmg m`r. Me acgfmo` icrs`l (acgkb`emp). Emp`smg dbs`om ymgk tcrbceupms icrjmapur ocgkmg m`r. Icromsmrbmg rcmbs` 6 9Me(s) + 8L9D(e) ↙ 9Me(DL) 9Me(DL): (s) + :L9 (k) Zctceml o`i`mrbmg o`uomrm tcriubm icicrmpm acg`t, tcrompmt emp`smg put`l t`omb icrmturmg icgtubgym o`pcaubmmg Meuaug`ua. Ycmbs` ymgk tcrfmo` 6 Ycmbs` Me ocgkmg uomrm 6 ?Me (s) + :D9 (k) ↙ 9Me9D: (s)
?. ^cgutup ?.= Z`apuemg
Meua`g`ua icrs`hmt mahdtcr ocgkmg o`iubt`gkmg imlwm meuaug`ua ompmt icrcmbs` ocgkmg msma (LJe) amupug imsm (GmDL) omg acgklms`ebmg kms l`ordkcg emrutmg LkJe 9 ompmt acaicrs`lbmg pcraubmmg meua`g`ua hd`e scjmrm chcbt`h bmrcgm emp`smg dbs`om meua`g`ua ymgk tcricgtub amapu acemp`s` omg ace`gougk` pcraubmmg meua`g`ua aurg` o` imwmlgym. Edkma meua`g`ua icrcmbs` ocgkmg dbs`kcg acaicgtub emp`smg t`p`s dbs`om ymgk ace`gougk` omr` dbs`oms` eci`l emgfut. ?.9 Zmrmg
=. Omema acapcre`lmtbmg lms`e omr` pcrjdimmg, lcgombgym t`omb tcremeu jcpmt omema acapcre`lmtbmg. 9. Acgugfubbmg emgkbml oca` emgkbml o`embubmg eci`l fcems emk`.
:. Zciceua pcautmrmg v`ocd ocadgstrms`, amlms`swm eci`l acamlma` omg tmu acgkcgm` mpm ymgk mbmg o` ocadstrms`bmg.
3. Omhtmr ^ustmbm
Meh`, Mlamo, obb, 9>9>, “Ymgjmgk Imgkug Actme Hdugory E`aiml Meua`g`ua Icbms Icrbmpms`tmss 9 Bk Icrimlmg Imbmr E^K‐, Fdurgme Icrbmpms`tm E^K‐, Fdurgme ^YDZ@O@GK ZCAGMZ @GD_CB Bc @X Xde. ? Gd. : _mlug 9>9>. Fug`p`tdyd, Imaimgk, A. Hmr`o, omg E`gom, 9>9>, “^cgkmrul Xmr`ms` Zulu omg [mbtu Lcmt _rcmtacgt pmom Meua`g`ua Meedy 9>9?-_: _crlmomp Z`hmt H`s`s omg Acbmg`s Ocgkmg Aco`m ^cgo`gk`g De`‐, Furgme ^cgce`t`mg ^de`tcbg`b ^cgcrimgkmg Zurmimym Co`s` \\X@@@, Xde. 3, Gd. 9, Iuemg Fug`, _mlug 9>9>. Bccgmg, =0;0, B`a`m =0;0, B`a`m Sg`vcrs`tms Sg`vcrs`tms F`e`o 9, 9, Cremgkkm, Fmbmrtm. Zcoymwmt`, Zr` Amgt`g` Ymymlu, 9>=?, Imlmg Mfmr B`a`m Mgdrkmg`b @@ , Furusmg B`a`m HA@^M Sggcs, Zcamrmgk. Zldamo, A. Miouz, Mue`m, 9>9>, “^cgkmrul ^cgmaimlmg Sgsur Amkgcs`ua pmom ^moumg Meua`g`uaomr` Imlmg ^`stdg Icbms‐, Furgme Icbms‐, Furgme _cbgdedk` @goustr` Xde. 98, Gd. =, Lme6 ;3;3 9>, Iubu ^mgoumg ^rmbt`bua B`a`m Mgdrkmg`b M gdrkmg`b , Furusmg B`a`m HA@^M SGGCZ, Zcamrmgk.
8. Emap`rmg
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