KELOMPOK 1 KOMUNITAs BALITA

 

OJ^JTCWC]C@ OLFZ@I]CX Csojp olfu`itcs pcmc ojelfplo Dceitc

Misusu` lejb ; OJELF^LO 3  @cfc ; 

CMJ CXFCXCTI

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WIMYC TLXC

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F. DZMI

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CBEC@

3

 

XJOLECB ]I@GGI IEFZ OJXJBC]C@ (X]IOJX) FC]CTCF ]C. 4>39/4>4>

OC]C ^J@GC@]CT 

^uki syuour ocfi pc`kctoc` ojbcmirct ojbcmirct CEECB XW], ocrj`c djroct rcbfct rcbfct mc` ocru`ic`ycecb cobir`yc ocfi mcpct fj`yjejscioc` tugcs i`i, kugc ojpcmc lrc`g tuc ocfi yc`g tjecb fjfdjrioc` mlrl`gc` dcio flrie fcupu` fctjrie sjrtc sjfc`gct ojpcmc pj`yusu`. Cmcpu` tukuc` mcri fcocecb i`i cmcecb u`tuo fjfcbcfi fj`gj`ci csubc` ojpjrcwctc` pcmc dceitc .

4

 

Ocfi fj`ycmcri sjpj`ub`yc dcbwc fcocecb i`i fcsib dc`yco ojourc`gc` mc` kcub mcri sjfpur`c, fj`gi`gct pj`gjtcbuc` mc` ojfcfpuc` yc`g mifieioi fcsib sc`gct tjrdctcs. Lejb ocrj`c itu, ocfi kugc fj`gbcrcpoc` oritio mc` scrc` yc`g djrsiact fjfdc`gu` sjfc`gct, cgcr ojmjpc` ocfi dics csubc` ojpjrcwctc` ojpjrcwctc` mj`gc` ejdib dcio. Mc` ocfi djrbcrcp csubc` ojpjrcwctc` i`i mcpct mcpct djrfc`acct dcgi ocfi, obusus`yc pjfdchc mc` pibco yc`g fjfjreuoc` pcmc ufuf`yc. Xjflgc Ceecb XW] fjfdjrioc` rcbfct sjrtc ocru`ic`@yc ojpcmc sjfuc pibco yc`g tjecb turut fjfdc`tu pj`yusu`c` fcocecb i`i.  

^j`ueis   Ojelfplo 3

8

 

MCA]CT IXI Octc pj`gc`tcr..........................................................................................................i Mcatcr isi....................................................................................................................ii DCD I. ^J@MCBZEZC@…………………………………………………………

C. Ectcr Djecoc`g Fcscecb................................................................................... D. ^jrufuscb Fcscecb.......................................................................................... H. ]ukuc`............................................................................................................... M.Fc`acct ………………………………………………………………………. DCD II ^JFDCBCXC@…………………………………………………………….

C. Ol`sjp olfu`itcs............................................................................................. D. Ol`sjp dceitc...................................................................................................... H. ]ufdub ojfdc`g dceitc..................................................................................... M.Fcscecb ojsjbctc` pcmc ojelfplo dceitc mi I`ml`jsic………………………… J.I`mioctlr ojsjbctc` ojelfplo dceitc ………………………………… …………………………………………. ………. A.Acotlr ‘ achtlr yc`g fjfpj`gcrubi ojsjbctc`………………………………. ojsjbctc`………………………………. G.^rlgrcf mc` ojdikcoc` pjfjri`tcb u`tuo ojsjbctc` dceitc…………… dceitc…………………. ……. =

 

B.Tuc`g ei`goup csubc` ojpjrcwctc` ojelfplo obusus dceitc………………… I.^jrc` pjrcwctc` olfu`itcs pcmc ojelfplo obusus dceitc…………................ DCD III ^TLXJX OJ^JTCWC]C@……………………………………………… OJ^JTCWC]C@………………………………………………

C. ^j`gockic`....................................................................................................... D. Micg`lsc Ojpjrcwctc`.................................................................................... H. ^jrj`hc`cc` Ojpjrcwctc`.............................................................................. M. ]i`mcoc` Ojpjrcwctc`................................................................................... J. Jvceucsi........................................................................................................... DCD Q ^J@Z]Z^……………………………………………………………………

C. Ojsifpuec`........................................................................................................ D. Xcrc`................................................................................................................... MCA]CT ^ZX]COC.................................................................................................... DCD I ^J@MCBZEZC@

C. Ectcr Ectcr Djecoc Djecoc`g `g

Olfu`itcs cmcecb ojelfplo slsice yc`g ti`ggce mcecf suctu tjfpct, scei`g djri`tjrcosi sctu scfc eci`, scei`g fj`gj`ce sjrtc fjfpu`yci fi`ct yc`g scfc. Olfu`itcs cmcecb ojelfplo mcri fcsycrcoct yc`g ti`ggce mi suctu elocsi yc`g scfc mj`gc` midcwcb pjfjri`tcbc` yc`g

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scfc, crjc ctcu elocsi yc`g scfc mifc`c fjrjoc ti`ggce, ojelfplo slsice yc`g fjfpu`yci fi`ct yc`g scfc (Tiycmi, 4>>7). Xcecb sctu ojelfplo obusus mcecf ojpjrcwctc` olfu`itcs cmcecb ojelfplo dceitc. Fj`urut Xutlfl. D. mc` C`ggrcj`i. MY, (4>3>), Dceitc cmcecb istiecb ufuf dcgi c`co usic 3-8 tcbu` (dctitc) mc` c`co prcsjolecb (8-: tcbu`).   Fcscecb ojsjbctc` dceitc mi I`ml`jsic fcsib fj`kcmi pjrbctic` sjrius, ocrj`c fcsib ti`ggi`yc c`goc ojfctic` dceitc mi I`ml`jsic diec midc`mi`goc midc` mi`goc` ` mj`gc mj`gc` ` tcrgjt tcrgjt T^KF 4>>:-4>>9 mc` T^KF 4>3>-4>3= mifc`c tcrgjt`yc tcrgjt`yc cmcecb cmcecb fj`ur fj`uru`oc` u`oc` C`goc Ojfctic` Dcyi (COD (COD)) fj`kcmi 48 pjr 3.>>> ojecbirc` bimup, fj`uru`oc` C`goc Ojfctic` Dceitc (CODce) fj`kcmi 84 pjr 3.>>> ojecbirc` bimup. Fcscecb utcfc yc`g fj`yjdcdoc` ti`ggi`yc c`goc ojfctic` dceitc mi I`ml`jsic cmcecb gizi duruo. Bcfpir ejdib mcri 4 kutc c`co c`co dceitc fj`gcecfi gizi  duruo (Ctfcric, 4>>:). ^rjvcej`si gizi ourc`g mc` gizi duruo djrmcscroc` Tisjt Ojsjbctc` Mcscr (Tisojsmcs) mcri tcbu` 4>>7 oj 4>3> u`tuo  gizi ourc`g tjtcp 38,> mc` u`tuo gizi duruo mcri :,= fj`kcmi =,9. ^cmc scct i`i fcscecb tjrdjscr yc`g misjdcdoc` lejb gizi duruo yc`g dc`yco  mikufpci mi ocec`gc` mikufpci ocec`gc` c`co-c`co c`co-c`co I`ml`j I`ml`jsic sic cmcec cmcecb b pj`gbc pj`gbcfdctc fdctc` ` pjrtufdubc` pjrtufdubc` i`trc-ut i`trc-utjri`, jri`, fce`utris fce`utrisii prltj prltji` i` j`jr j`jrgi, gi, mjai mjaisij`si sij`si ylmiuf, mjaisij`si vitcfi` C, c`jfic mjaisij`si zct djsi mc` ldjsitcs (Ctfcric, 4>>:). Micrj mc` p`jufl`ic fjrupcoc` pj`yjdcd ojfctic` djriout`yc pcmc dcyi mc` dceitc, miscfpi`g pj`ycoit eci``yc sjrtc miol`tridusi lejb fcscecb gizi. Z`tuo fj`gctcsi fcscecb yc`g sjri`g fj`ifdueoc` ojfctic` pcmc dceitc, pjfjri`tcb tjecb fjfduct prlgrcf mc` ojdikcoc` yc`g djrtukuc` u`tuo fj`uru`oc` c`goc ojfctic` pcmc dcyi mc` dceitc, mic`tcrc`yc cmcecb ojgictc` ^lsyc`mu, DOD (Di`c Ojeucrgc Dceitc), mc` prlgrcf ^CZM. Xjfj`tcrc sjdcgci pjrcwct, yc`g mcpct miecouoc` mi olfu`itcs cmcecb fjfdjri pj`yueubc` ctcu pj`mimioc` ojsjbctc`  dcio u`tuo tlpio sjbct ctcu pu` scoit sjpjrti `utrisi, ectibc`, pj`ycoit mc` pj`gjelecc` pj`ycoit pcmc dceitc, sjrtc fjfdjr i`alrfcsi ojpcmc idu tj`tc`g pj`ti`g`yc pjfdjric` CXI mc` tcbcp pjrojfdc`gc` yc`g tjrkcmi pcmc fcsc dceitc.

D.Tufusc` Fcscecb

  Dcgcifc`c ol`sjp mc` csubc` ojpjr ojpjrcwctc` cwctc` olfu`itcs pcmc ojelfplo dceit dceitcc

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H.]ukuc`

C.]ukuc` Zfuf

Z`tuo fj`gjtcbui mc` fjfcbcfi ejdib mcecf fj`gj`ci csubc` ojpjrcwctc` pcmc ojelfplo obusus dceitc D.]ukuc` Obusus

3. Fj`gj Fj`gjtcb tcbui ui ol` ol`sjp sjp olfu` olfu`itc itcss 4. Fj`gjtcbui Fj`gjtcbui ol`s ol`sjp jp dceit dceitcc mc` tufdub ojfdc`g ojfdc`g yc`g tjrkcmi tjrkcmi pcmc fcsc dce dceitc itc 8. Fj`gjtcbui Fj`gjtcbui fcs fcscecb cecb ojsjbctc` ojsjbctc` yc`g yc`g tjrkcmi pcmc pcmc ojelfpl ojelfplo o dceitc =. Fj`gjtcbui Fj`gjtcbui ii`mioct `mioctlr lr ojsjbctc` ojsjbctc` ojelfp ojelfplo lo dcei dceitc tc :. Fj`gjtcbui Fj`gjtcbui prl prlgrcf grcf mc` ojdikcoc ojdikcoc` ` ^jfjri` ^jfjri`tcb tcb u`tuo ojsj ojsjbctc` bctc` dce dceitc itc 1. Fj`gjtcbui ruc`g ruc`g ei`goup ojpjrcwctc` mc` mc` pjrc` pjrcwct olfu`itcs olfu`itcs pcmc ojelfplo dceitc 7. Fj`yusu` Fj`yusu` csubc` csubc` ojpjrcwctc ojpjrcwctc` ` olfu`itcs olfu`itcs pcmc oje ojelfplo lfplo dce dceitc itc

M.Fc`acct

Fcbcsiswc fcfpu fjfcbcfi ol`sjp mc` prlsjs csubc` ojpjrcwctc` olfu`itcs pcmc cgrjgct dceitc sjbi`ggc mcpct fj`kcmi djoce scct fjecouoc` prlsjs csubc` ojpjrcwctc` olfu`itcs pcmc fcsycrcoct.

7

 

DCD II ]I@KCZC@ ^ZX]COC

C. Ol`sjp Olfu`itcs

Olfu`itcs cmcecb ojelfplo slsice yc`g ti`ggce mcecf suctu tjfpct, scei`g djri`tjrcosi sctu scfc eci`, scei`g fj`gj`ce sjrtc fjfpu`yci fi`ct yc`g scfc. Olfu`itcs cmcecb ojelfplo mcri fcsycrcoct yc`g ti`ggce mi suctu elocsi yc`g scfc mj`gc` midcwcb pjfjri`tcbc` yc`g scfc, crjc ctcu elocsi yc`g scfc mifc`c fjrjoc ti`ggce, ojelfplo slsice yc`g fjfpu`yci fi`ct yc`g scfc (Tiycmi, 4>>7). Fj`urut Fj`ur ut Ol`tkcrc` Ol`tkcrc`i`grc i`grctt Olfu`itcs Olfu`itcs cmcecb cmcecb sjouf sjoufpuec` puec` fc`usic fc`usic yc`g scei` scei`g g djrgc djrgcue, ue, ctcu mj`gc` istie istiecb cb eci` scei`g scei`g djri djri`tjrc `tjrcosi osi (Fudcrco, 4>>7). ^jrcwctc ^jrc wctc` ` olfu`itcs olfu`itcs cmcecb cmcecb dimc`g obusus mcri ojpjrcwctc` ojpjrcwctc` yc`g fjrup fjrupcoc` coc` gcdu`gc` mcri iefu ojpjr ojpjrcwct cwctc`, c`, iefu ojsjbctc` fcsycrcoct mc` iefu slsice yc`g fjrupcoc` dcgic` i`tjgrce mcri pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` yc`g midjrioc` ojpcmc i`mivimu, ojeucrgc, ojelfplo mc` fcsycrcoct dcio yc`g sjbct ctcu yc`g scoit sjhcrc olfprjbj`sia fjeceui upcyc prlfltia, prjvj`tia, ourctia mc` rjbcdieitctia sjrtc rjslsiceitctia  mj`gc` fjeidctoc` pjrc` sjrtc cotia cotia mcri fcsycrcoct. (Jeiscdjtb, 4>>7). Xcscrc` pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` fcsycrcoct cmcecb i`mivimu, ojeucrgc/ ojelfplo mc` fcsycrcoct mj`gc` alous upcyc ojsjbctc` prifjr, sjou`mjr mc` tjrsijr. Lejb ocrj`c`yc pj`mimioc` fcsycrcoct tj`tc`g ojsjbctc` mc` pjrojfdc`gc` slsice coc` fjfdc`tu fcsycrcoct mcecf fj`mlrl`g sjfc`gct u`tuo fjrcwct miri sj`miri, bimup fc`miri mc` fj`j`tuoc` `csid`yc sj`miri mcecf fj`hiptcoc` mjrckct ojsjbctc` yc`g lptifce (Jeiscdjtb, 4>>7).  

D. Ol`sjp Dceitc

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Dceitc ctcu c`co dcwcb ufur eifc tcbu` cmcecb c`co usic ourc`g mcri eifc tcbu` sjbi`ggc dcgi usic mi dcwcb sctu tcbu` kugc tjrfcsuo mcecf glel`gc` i`i. @cfu` acce (ojrkc cect tudub sjfjsti`yc) dcgi usic mi dcwcb sctu tcbu` djrdjmc mj`gc` c`co usic mi ctcs sctu tcbu`, fcoc c`co mi dcwcb sctu tcbu` timco tjrfcsuo oj mcecf glel`gc` yc`g mioctcoc` dceitc. C`co usic 3-: tcbu` mcpct puec mioctcoc` fueci miscpib ctcu sjejpcs fj`yusu scfpci mj`gc` prc-sjolecb. Xjsuci mj`gc` pjrtufdubc` dcmc` mc` pjrojfdc`gc` ojhjrmcsc``yc, acce tudub`yc kugc fj`gcecfi pjrojfdc`gc` sjbi`ggc kj`is fcoc`c` mc` hcrc pjfdjric``yc pu` bcrus misjsucioc` mj`gc` ojcmcc``yc. Djrmcscroc` ocrcotjristio`yc dceitc usic 3-: tcbu` mcpct midjmcoc` fj`kcmi muc, ycitu c`co yc`g djrufur 3-8 tcbu` yc`g mioj`ce mj`gc` Dctitc fjrupcoc` ol`sufj` pcsia. Xj Xjmc`goc` mc`goc` usic prcsjolecb ejdib mioj`ce sjdcgci ol`sufj` coti cotiaa (Zripi, 4>>=). ^cmc fcsc tlmmejr (3 s.m. 8 tcbu`), pjrtufdubc` aisio c`co ejdib ecfdct midc`mi`goc` mj`gc` fcsc dcyi, tjtcpi pjrojfdc`gc` fltlrio`yc djrkcec` ejdib hjpct. C`co sjri`g fj`gcecfi pj`uru`c` `casu fcoc` sjbi`ggc tcfpco ec`gsi`g mc` djrltlt, mc` c`co fueci  djrkcec` kcec`. C`co pjreu micwcsi micwcsi mcecf djrcotivitcs ocrj`c c`co c`co timco fjfpjrbctioc` dcbcyc (@urscecf, (@urscecf, 4>>:). Xcct usic dctitc, c`co fcsib tjrgc`tu`g pj`ub ojpcmc lrc`g tuc u`tuo fjecouoc` ojgictc` pj`ti`g, sjpjrti fc`mi, duc`g cir mc` fcoc`. ^jrojfdc`gc` djrdihcrc mc` djrkcec` sumcb djrtcfdcb dcio. @cfu` ojfcfpuc` eci` fcsib tjrdctcs. Fcsc dceitc fjrupcoc` pjrilmj  pj`ti`g mcecf prlsjs tufdub ojfdc`g fc`usic. ^jrojfdc`gc` mc` pjrtufdubc` mi fcsc itu fj`kcmi pj`j`tu ojdjrbcsiec` pjrtufdubc` mc`  pjrojfdc`gc` c`co mi pjrilmj sjec`kut`yc. Fcsc tufdub ojfdc`g mi usic i`i fjrupcoc` fcsc yc`g djrec`gsu`g hjpct mc` timco coc` pjr`cb tjruec`g, ocrj`c itu sjri`g misjdut glemj` misjdut glemj` cgj ctcu cgj ctcu fcsc ojjfcsc`. H. ]ufdub Ojfdc`g Dceitc

Xjhcrc ufuf tufdub ojfdc`g sjticp c`co djrdjmc-djmc, `cfu` prlsjs`yc sj`c`ticsc fjeceui tigc plec yc`g scfc, yco`i; 3. ^jrtufdubc` ^jrtufdubc` mifueci mifueci mcri mcri tudub dcg dcgic` ic` ctcs ctcs fj`uku dcgic` dcgic` dcwcb dcwcb ( sjacelocumce )).. ^jrtufdubc``yc mifueci mcri ojpcec bi`ggc oj uku`g ocoi, c`co coc` djruscbc fj`jgcooc` tudub`yc, eceu miec`kutoc` djeckcr fj`ggu`coc` ocoi`yc.

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4. ^jrojfdc`g ^jrojfdc`gc` c` mifueci mcri dctc` dctc`g g tudub oj crcb eucr. eucr. Hl`tlb`yc cmcecb cmcecb c`co coc` ejdib mueu fj`gucsci pj`ggu pj`ggu`cc` `cc` tjecp tjecpco co tc`gc` u`tuo fj`ggj`ggcf, sjdjeuf ic fcfpu fjrcib dj`mc mj`gc` kcri. 8. Xjtjecb muc plec mi ctcs mioucsci, dcruecb dcruecb c`co djeckcr djeckcr fj`gjospelrcsi ojtj ojtjrcfpiec`-ojtjrcfpiec` rcfpiec`-ojtjrcfpiec` eeci`. ci`. Xjpjrti fjejfpcr, fjejfpcr, fj`j`mc`g,  djrecri mc` eci`-eci`. Fj`urut Xigfu` Arjum tcbcp pjrojfdc`gc` fc`usic tjrmiri mcri eifc acsj, ycitu acsj lrce, acsj c`ce, acsj pbceeih, acsj ectj`, mc` acsj gj`itce. Mcri ojeifc acsj i`i, tigc acsj cwce ycitu acsj lrce, c`ce mc` ectj` mieceui scct fcsc dceitc. (Wl`g, 4>>9) 3. Acsj csj Lr Lrce ce Acsj lrce mifueci mcri scct miecbiroc` scfpci mj`gc` 3-4 tcbu`. ^cmc acsj i`i dcyi fjrcsc mipucsoc` mj`gc` fcoc` mc` fj`yusui mc` tjrkcmi ojejoctc` mc` budu`gc` yc`g jflsil`ce c`tcrc c`co mc` idu. Djdjrcpc fj`gctcoc` dcbwc pcmc scct c`co yc`g fj`gcecfi gc`gguc` pcmc acsj i`i coc` sjri`g fj`gcecfi strjs mj`gc` gjkcec gc`gguc` pcmc ecfdu`g sjpjrti fccg ctcu gcstritis. 4. Acsj csj C` C`ce ce Acsj c`ce djrojfdc`g pcmc scct dceitc fj`gi`kco ufur 3: duec` scfpci mj`gc` ufur 8 tcbu`. ^cmc acsj i`i dceitc fjrcsc pucs mcpct fjecouoc` cotivitcs duc`g cir djscr mc` duc`g cir ojhie. Acsj i`i mioj`ce puec sjdcgci pjrilmj "tliejt trci`i`g". Ojgcgcec` Ojgc gcec` pcmc acsj i`i coc` fj`hiptcoc` fj`hiptcoc` lrc`g mj`gc` ojpridcmic ojpridcmic` ` cgrj cgrjsia sia mc` olfpue olfpuesia, sia, djdjrcpc fj`gctc fj`gctcoc` oc` ojeci`c` scmlfcslois misjdcdoc` lejb ojgcgcec` pcmc acsj i`i. 8. Acsj Acsj ^bce ^bceei eihh Acsj pbceeih misjdut kugc sjdcgci acsj jrltio, acsj i`i djrojfdc`g pcmc c`co ufur 8 scfpci 1 tcbu`. Yc`g pcei`g fj`l`kle cmcecb pcmc c`co ecoi-ecoi mifc`c c`co i`i suoc fjfjgc`gi pj`is`yc, mc` i`i sjri`gocei fjfduct fcrcb lrc`gtuc`yc. Ojgcgcec` pcmc acsj i`i coc` fj`hiptcoc` ojpridcmic` yc`g iflrce mc` timco tcbu cturc`.

3>

 

]jlri pjrojfdc`gc` fj`urut Jriho Jriosl` tjrmiri mcri acsj Ojpjrhcycc` vs ojtimco-pjrhcycc`(>-3 tcbu`), Ltl`lfi vs rcsc fceu mc` rcgu rcgu (3-8 tcbu`), I`isictia vs rcsc djrscecb (8-: tcbu`), I`mustri vs i`ajrilritcs (1-33 tcbu`), Imj`titcs vs miausi (34-32 tcbu`), Oji`tifc` vs cdslrpsi miri ctcu islecsi (39-4: tcbu`), Gj`jrctivitcs vs stcg`csi, 4:-=: tcbu` mc` I`tjgritcs vs ojputus cscc` mc` islecsi(=:-fj`i`ggce). Mcri djdjrcpc acsj i`i, acsj yc`g micecfi lejb dceitc cmcecb acsj Ojpjrhcycc` vs ojtimco-pjrhcycc`, Ltl`lfi vs rcsc fceu mc` rcgu rcgu mc` I`isictia vs rcsc djrscecb. (Wl`g, 4>>9) 3. Ojpjr Ojpjrhcycc hcycc` ` vs ojtimco-pj ojtimco-pjrhcyc rhcycc`, c`, >-3 tcbu`. Fcsc dcyi (i`ac`hy) mitc`mci cmc`yc ojhj`mjru`gc` trust ‘ fistrust. ^jriecou dcyi mimcscri lejb mlrl`gc` fjfpjrhcyci ctcu timco fjfpjrhcyci lrc`g-lrc`g mi sjoitcr`yc. Mic sjpj`ub`yc fjfpjrhcyci lrc`g tuc`yc, tjtcpi lrc`g yc`g mic`ggcp csi`g mic timco  coc` fjfpjrhcyci`yc. Dcyi coc` fj`c`gis sjdcgci rjspl` ojtimcopjrhcycc``yc mj`gc` bce-bce yc`g mic`ggcp csi`g. 4. Ltl`lf Ltl`lfii vs rcsc fceu fceu mc` rcgu rcgu, rcgu, 3-8 tcbu`. tcbu`. Fcsc oc`co-oc`co cwce (jcrey hbiembllm) mitc`mci cmc`yc ojhj`mjru`gc` cutl`lfy ‘ sbcfj, mludt. ^cmc fcsc i`i scfpci dctcs-dctcs tjrtj`tu c`co sumcb disc djrmiri sj`miri, mcecf crti mumuo, djrmiri, djrkcec`, djrkcec`, djrfci`, fi`uf mcri dltle sj`miri tc`pc mitlel`g lejb lrc`g tuc`yc, tjtcpi mi pibco eci` mic kugc fueci fjfieioi rcsc fceu mc` ojrcguc` mcecf djrduct, sjbi`ggc sjri`gocei fi`tc  pjrtlel`gc` ctcu pjrsjtukuc` mcri lrc`g lrc`g tuc`yc 8. I`isictia I`isictia vs rcsc djrsce djrscecb, cb, 8-: tcbu` Fcsc prc sjolecb (^rjshblle Cgj) mitc`mci cmc`yc ojhj`mjru`gc` i`itictivj ‘ guiety. ^cmc fcsc i`i c`co tjecb fjfieioi  djdjrcpc ojhcocpc`, mj`gc` ojhcocpc`-ojhcocpc` ojhcocpc`-ojhcocpc` tjrsjdut mic tjrmlrl`g fjecouoc` djdjrcpc ojgictc`, tjtcpi ocrj`c ojfcfpuc` c`co  tjrs tjrsjdut jdut fcsib tjrdctcs cmcocec`yc cmcocec`yc mic fj`gc fj`gcecfi ecfi ojgcgcec`. ojgcgcec`. Ojgc Ojgcgcec` gcec`-ojgc -ojgcgcec` gcec` tjrsjdut fj`yj fj`yjdcdoc` dcdoc` mic fjfi fjfieioi eioi pjrcs pjrcscc` cc`  djrscecb, mc` u`tuo sjfj`tcrc wcotu mic timco timco fcu djri`isctia ctcu djrduct.

 

M. Fcscecb Ojsjbctc` pcmc Ojelfplo Dceitc mi I`ml`jsic

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Dcyi mc` c`co-c`co mi dcwcb eifc tcbu` (dceitc) cmcecb ojelfplo yc`g rj`tc` tjrbcmcp djrdcgci pj`ycoit ocrj`c sistjf ojojdcec` tudub fjrjoc djeuf tjrdc`gu` sjfpur`c. ^cmc usic i`i, c`co rcwc` mj`gc` djrdcgci gc`gguc` ojsjbctc`, dcio kcsfc`i fcupu` rlbc`i. 3. Gizi ourc`g mc` Gizi duruo 

Bcfpirr ejdib mcri 4 kutc c`co c`co dceitc Bcfpi dceitc fj`gc fj`gcecfi ecfi gizi duruo (Ctf (Ctfcric cric,, 4>>:). ^rjvc ^rjvcej`si ej`si gizi ourc`g mc` gizi duruo   djrmcscroc` Tisjt Ojsjbctc` Mcscr (Tisojsmcs) mcri tcbu` 4>>7 oj 4>3 4>3> > u`tuo gizi o ourc`g urc`g tjtcp 38,> mc` u` u`tuo tuo gizi duruo mcri :,= fj`kcmi =,9. ^cmc scct i`i fcscecb tjrdjscr yc`g misjdcdoc` lejb gizi duruo yc`g dc`yco mikufpci mi ocec`gc` c`co-c`co I`ml`jsic cmcecb  pj`gbcfdctc` pjrtufdubc` i`trc-utjri`, fce`utrisi prltji` j`jrgi, mjaisij`si ylmiuf, mjaisij`si vitcfi` C, c`jfic mjaisij`si zct djsi mc` ldjsitcs (Ctfcric, 4>>:). C`co-c`co yc`g fj`gcecfi mjaisij`si gizi, djrct dcmc` ecbir rj`mcb mc` pj`gbcfdctc` pjrtufdubc` coc` tufdub fj`kcmi rjfckc mc` kugc lrc`g mjwcs mjwcscc yc`g fj`gcecfi fj`gcecfi fce`utrisi fce`utrisi (Ctfcr (Ctfcric, ic, 4>>:). Fcsc Fcscecb ecb fce`utrisi fce`utrisi mcpct  djrpj`gcrub tjrbcmcp pjrtufdubc` mc` pjrojfdc`gc` pcmc c`co c`co mc` rjfckc. ^j`yjdcd gizi ourc`g mc` gizi duruo mcpct mipiecb fj`kcmi tigc bce, ycitu; pj`gjtcbuc` mc` pjriecou sjrtc ojdicscc` fcoc`, pj`ycoit i`ajosi, ojtjrsjmicc` pc`gc`. ]i`ggi`yc COD mc` fcscecb gizi pcmc dcyi mcpct mitc`gc`i sjkco cwce mj`gc` hcrc pjfdjric` Cir Xusu Idu (CXI). Fj`urut  pj`jeitic` yc`g miecouoc` lejb Z@IHJA, risiol ojfctic` dcyi disc djrourc`g sjdc`yco 44% mj`gc` pjfdjric` CXI joseusia mc` fj`yusui scfpci 4 tcbu`. Fjeceui pjfdjric` CXI josoeusia sjecfc 1 duec` mcpct fj`kcfi` ojhuoupc` gizi dcyi sjrtc fj`i`goctoc` mcyc tcbc` tudub tjrbcmcp tjrbcmcp pj`ycoit i`ajosi. Fc`acc Fc`acctt eci` yc`g mipjr mipjrlejb lejb mcri pjfdj pjfdjric` ric` CXI cmce cmcecb cb bjfct mc` fumcb mcecf  pjfdjric``yc sjrtc fc`acct kc`goc pc`kc`g cmcecb fj`i`goctoc` ouceitcs gj`jrcsi pj`jrus ocrj`c CXI mcpct fj`i`goctoc` ojhjrmcsc` i`tjejotuce mc` jflsil`ce c`co. 4. Micrj

Micrj fcsib fjrupcoc` prldejfc ojsjbctc` utcfc pcmc c`co tjrutcfc tjrutcfc mi `jgcrc djrojfdc`g sjpjrti I`ml`jsic. Fj`urut mctc Wlrem Bjcetb Lrgc`izctil` Lrgc`izctil` (WBL) pcmc tcbu` 4>>9, micrj cmcecb pj`yjdcd ojfctic` ojmuc pcmc c`co midcwcb : tcbu`. ^j`ycoit micrj sjri`g fj`yjrc`g dcyi mc` dceitc, diec timco mictcsi ejdib ec`kut coc` fj`yjdcdoc` mjbimrcsi yc`g fj`gcoidctoc` ojfctic`.

34

 

Xjoitcr eifc kutc c`co mi sjeurub mu`ic fj`i`ggce ocrj`c micrj cout. Mi I`ml`jsic pcmc tcbu` 7> scfpci 2>-c`, prjvcej`si pj`ycoit micrj sjoitcr 4>>-=>> pjr 3>>> pj`mumuo pjr tcbu`. Mcri c`goc prjvcej`si tjrsjdut, 7>-2>% fj`yjrc`g c`co midcwcb eifc tcbu`. Mctc `csil`ce Mjpojs fj`yjdutoc` sjticp tcbu``yc mi I`ml`jsic 3>>.>>> dceitc fj`i`ggce mu`ic ocrj`c micrj. Itu crti`yc sjticp bcri cmc 478 dceitc yc`g fj`i`ggce mu`ic mj`gc` sic-sic, scfc mj`gc` 33 kiwc fj`i`ggce sjticp kcf`yc ctcu 3 kiwc fj`i`ggce sjticp :,: fj`it coidct micrj (Mjpojs TI, 4>33). Micrj cmcecb suctu pj`ycoit yc`g mitc`mci mj`gc` fj`i`goct`yc arjouj`si duc`g cir djscr ejdib mcri tigc ocei sjbcri misjrtci cmc`yc pjrudcbc` dj`tuo mc` ol`sistj`si ti`kc pj`mjritc (Xutc`tl, 392=? Wi`crmi, 3923). Mioj`ce micrj cout yc`g tifdue mj`gc` tidctidc mc` djrec`gsu`g djdjrcpc bcri mc` micrj orl`is yc`g djrec`gsu`g ejdib mcri tigc fi`ggu djrvcricsi mcri bcri oj bcri yc`g misjdcdoc` lejb fcoc`c` tjrhjfcr ctcu pj`yjdcd eci``yc (Wi`crmi, 3923). Micrj pcmc c`co fjrupcoc` fcscecb yc`g sjdj`cr`yc mcpct mihjgcb mc` mitc`gc`i. ]jrkcmi`yc micrj pcmc dceitc timco tjrejpcs mcri pjrc` acotlr pjriecou yc`g fj`yjdcdoc` pj`yjdcrc` oufc`, tjrutcfc yc`g djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` i`tjrcosi pjriecou idu mcecf fj`gcsub c`co mc` acotlr ei`gou`gc` mifc`c c`co ti`ggce. Acotlr pjriecou yc`g fj`yjdcdoc` pj`yjdcrc` oufc` mc` fj`i`goctoc` rjsiol tjrkcmi`yc micrj ycitu timco fjfdjrioc` CXI joseusia sjhcrc pj`ub pcmc duec` pjrtcfc ojbimupc`, timco fj`kcgc bygij`j cect fcoc` mc` fi`uf c`co. (Cssimmiqi, 4>>9). 8. IX^C (I`ajosi Xceurc` ^jr`cpcsc` Ctcs)

I`ajosi Xceurc` ^jr`cpcsc` Cout fjrupcoc` sjojelfplo pj`ycoit olfpejos mc` bjtjrlgj` yc`g misjdcdoc` lejb djrdcgci  pj`ycoit mc` mcpct fj`gj`ci sjticp elocsi mj sjpc`kc`g sceurc` `cacs (WBL, 3921). IX^C fjrupcoc` scecb sctu pj`yjdcd utcfc mcri ti`ggi`yc c`goc ojfctic` mc` c`goc ojscoitc` pcmc dceitc mc` dcyi mi I`ml`jsic. Djrdcgci ecplrc` fj`yctcoc` IX^C c`co fjrupcoc` pj`ycoit yc`g pcei`g sjri`g tjrkcmi pcmc c`co, fj`hcpci oirc-oirc :>% mcri sjfuc pj`ycoit pj`ycoit dceitc dceitc mc` 8>% pcmc c`co usic :-34 tcbu`. Zfuf`yc i`ajosi dicsc`yc fj`gj` fj`gj`ci ci sceur sceurc` c` `cacs dcgic dcgic` ` ctcs, bc`yc ourc`g mcri :% yc`g fj`gj`ci sceurc` pjr`cpcsc` dcwcb. Ojkcmic` IX^C pcmc dceitc ejdib sjri`g tjrkcmi mi mcjrcb pjroltcc`

38

 

midc`mi`goc` pcmc dceitc mi mcjrcb pjmjscc`. Xjlrc`g c`co yc`g ti`ggce mi mcjrcb pjroltcc` coc` fj`gcecfi IX^C sjdc`yco :-2  pjrilmj sjtcbu`, sjmc`goc` diec ti`ggce mi pjmjscc` sjdjscr sjdjscr 8-: jpislmj (WBL, 3994) Xjhcrc oei`is IX^C cmcecb suctu tc`mc mc` gjkcec cout coidct i`ajosi yc`g tjrkcmi mi sjticp dcgic` sceurc` pjr`cpcsc` mc`  djrec`gsu`g timco ejdib mcri 3= bcri. Cmcpu` yc`g tjrfcsuo IX^C cmcecb i`aeuj`zc, hcfpco, acri`gitis, trcojitis, drl`oitis cout,  drlobileitis mc` p`jufl`ic. C`goc ojfctic` yc`g ti`ggi ocrj`c IX^C obusus`yc cmcecb p`jufl`ic. Fj`urut djdjrcpc acotlr yc`g tjecb fjfpj`gcrubi p`jufl`ic mc` ojfctic` coidct IX^C cmcecb fce`utrisi, pjfdjric` CXI ourc`g huoup, ifu`iscsi timco ej`gocp, mjaisij`si vitcfi` C, DDET, ufur fumc, ojpcmctc` bu`ic`, umcrc mi`gi`, kufecb oufc` yc`g dc`yco mi tj`gglrloc`, tjrpcpcr pleusi umcrc lejb cscp rlolo, gcs djrchu` mc` eci`-eci` (WBL, 3994) J.I`mioctlr Ojsjbctc` Ojelfplo Dceitc

Fcscecb ojsjbctc` c`co fjrupcoc` scecb sctu fcscecb utcfc mcecf dimc`g ojsjbctc` yc`g scct i`i tjrkcmi mi @jgcrc I`ml`jsic (Olfpcs, 4>>1). Mjrckct ojsjbctc` c`co fj`hjrfi`oc` mjrckct ojsjbctc` dc`gsc, sjdcd c`co sjdcgci gj`jrcsi pj`jrus dc`gsc fjfieioi ojfcfpuc` yc`g mcpct miojfdc`goc` mcecf fj`jrusoc` pjfdc`gu`c` dc`gsc, sjbi`ggc fcscecb ojsjbctc` c`co fj`kcmi scecb sctu prilritcs mcecf  pjrj`hc`cc` pjfdc`gu`c` dc`gsc. Mcecf fj`j`tuoc` mjrckct ojsjbctc` mi I`ml`jsic, tjrmcpct djdjrcpc i`mioctlr yc`g mcpct migu`coc`, c`tcrc eci` c`goc ojfctic` dcyi, c`goc ojscoitc` dcyi, stctus gizi, mc` c`goc bcrcpc` bimup wcotu ecbir. 3. C`goc C`goc Oj Ojfctic fctic` ` Dcyi Dcyi

C`goc ojfctic` dcyi fj`kcmi i`mioctlr pjrtcfc mcecf fj`j`tuoc` mjrckct ojsjbctc` c`co (WBL, 4>>4) ocrj`c fjrupcoc` hjrfi`c` mcri stctus ojsjbctc` c`co scct i`i. ]i`ggi`yc c`goc ojfctic` dcyi mi I`ml`jsic misjdcdoc` lejb djrdcgci acotlr, mic`tcrc`yc cmcecb acotlr pj`ycoit i`ajosi mc` ojourc`gc` gizi. ^j`ycoit yc`g bi`ggc scct i`i fcsib fj`kcmi pj`yjdcd ojfctic` tjrdjscr mcri dcyi, mic`tcrc`yc pj`ycoit micrj, tjtc`us, gc`gguc` pjri`ctce, mc` rcmc`g sceurc` `cpcs dcgic` dcwcb (Bcpscri, 4>>=). 4>>= ).

3=

 

Ojfctic` pcmc dcyi kugc mcpct misjdcdoc` lejb trcufc pjrscei`c` mc` ojeci`c` dcwcc` yc`g ojfu`goi`c` djscr misjdcdoc` lejb rj`mcb`yc stctus gizi idu pcmc scct ojbcfiec` sjrtc ourc`g`yc kc`gocuc` pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` mc` pjrtlel`gc` pjrscei`c` lejb tj`cgc ojsjbctc` (WBL, 4>>4). I`ml`jsic fcsib fjfieioi c`goc ojfctic` dcyi mc` dceitc yc`g huoup ti`ggi. Fcscecb tjrsjdut tjrutcfc mcecf pjrilmj `jl`ctce mc` mcfpco mcri pj`ycoit fj`uecr tjrutcfc p`jufl`ic, fcecric, mc` micrj mitcfdcb mj`gc` fcscecb gizi yc`g mcpct fj`gcoidctoc` ejdib mcri 2>% ojfctic` c`co (WBL, 4>>4). 4.

C`go C`goc c Oj Ojsc scoi oitc tc` ` Dc Dcyi yi

C`goc ojscoitc` ojscoitc` dcyi fj`kcmi i`mioctlr ojmuc mcecf fj`j`tuoc` fj`j`tuoc` mjrckct ojsjbctc ojsjbctc` ` c`co, ocrj`c `ieci ojscoi ojscoitc` tc` fjru fjrupcoc` pcoc` hjrfi`c` mcri ejfcb`yc mcyc tcbc` tudub dcyi mc` c`co dceitc. C`goc ojscoitc` tjrsjdut kugc mcpct mipj`gcrubi lejb stctus gizi,  kcfi`c` pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` c`co, pjrei`mu`gc` pjrei`mu`gc` ojsjbctc` c`co, acotlr slsice jol`lfi, mc` pj`mimioc` idu. 8.

Xtctus Gizi

Xtctus gizi fj`kcmi i`mioctlr ojtigc mcecf fj`j`tuoc` mjrckct ojsjbctc` c`co. Xtctus gizi yc`g dcio mcpct fjfdc`tu prlsjs  pjrtufdubc` mc` pjrojfdc`gc` c`co u`tuo fj`hcpci ojfctc`gc` yc`g lptifce. Ojhuoupc` gizi mcpct fjfpjrdcioi ojtcbc`c` tudub sjbi`ggc sjbi` ggc mibcrcpoc` mibcrcpoc` tudub coc` djdcs mcri sjgcec pj`ycoit. Xtctus gizi i`i mcpct fjfdc`tu u`tuo fj`mjtjosi fj`mjtjosi ejdib mi`i rjsio rjsiol l tjrk tjrkcmi`yc cmi`yc fcscecb ojsjbctc`. ojsjbctc`. ^jfc`tcuc` ^jfc`tcuc` stctus gizi mcpct migu`coc` sjdcgci dj`tuo dj`tuo c`ti c`tisipcsi sipcsi mcecf fjrj fjrj`hc`c `hc`coc` oc` pjrdc pjrdcioc` ioc` ojsjbctc` c`co. =. C`goc C`goc Bcrcpc` Bi Bimup mup Wco Wcotu tu Ecbir

C`goc bcrcpc` bimup wcotu ecbir mcpct mikcmioc` tlelo uour sjec`kut`yc mcecf fj`j`tuoc` mjrckct ojsjbctc` c`co. Mj`gc` fj`gjtcbui c`goc bcrcpc` bimup, fcoc mcpct miojtcbui sjkcub fc`c pjrojfdc`gc` stctus ojsjbctc` c`co. Bce i`i sc`gct pj`ti`g mcecf fj`j`tuoc` prlgrcf pjrdcioc` ojsjbctc` c`co sjec`kut`yc. Zsic bcrcpc` bimup kugc mcpct fj`u`kuooc` dcio ctcu duruo`yc stctus ojsjbctc` c`co yc`g sc`gct tjrocit mj`gc` djrdcgci acotlr, spjrti achtlr slhice, jol`lfi, dumcyc, mc` eci`-eci`. A.Acotlr-Acotlr yc`g Fjfpj`gcrubi Ojsjbctc`

3:

 

 

Acotlr-acotlr yc`g fjfpj`gcrubi stctus ojsjbctc` c`co dceitc cmcecb sjdcgci djriout; 3. Acotlr Acotlr Ojsjbctc Ojsjbctc` ` Acotlr ojsjbctc` fjrupcoc` acotlr utcfc yc`g mcpct fj`j`tuoc` stctus ojsjbctc` c`co sjhcrc ufuf. Acotlr i`i mitj`tuoc` lejb stctus ojsjbctc` c`co itu sj`miri, stctus gizi, mc` ol`misi sc`itcsi. 4. Acotlr Acotlr Ojdumcycc Ojdumcycc` ` ^j`gcrub dumcyc kugc sc`gct fj`j`tuoc` stctus ojsjbctc` c`co, mifc`c tjrmcpct ojtjrocictc` sjhcrc ec`gsu`g c`tcrc dumcyc mj`gc` pj`gjtcbuc`. Dumcyc mi fcycrcoct mcpct kugc fj`ifdueoc` pj`uru`c` ojsjbctc` c`co, fisce`yc tjrmcpct djdjrcpc dumcyc mi fcsycrcoct yc`g mic`ggcp dcio lejb fcsycrcoct pcmcbce dumcyc tjrsjdut kustru fj`ru`oc` ojsjbctc` c`co. Xjdcgci hl`tlb, c`co yc`g dcmc``yc pc`cs coc` midcwc oj muou` mj`gc` ojycoi`c` tjrkcmi ojsurupc`/ojfcsuoc` dcrc`g gbcid. Hl`tlb eci`, c`co yc`g pcshc lpjrcsi miecrc`g fcoc` tjeur mc` mcgi`g cycf ctcu scpi ocrj`c mic`ggcp mcpct fj`cfdcb `yjri mc` kufecb `c`cb ctcu pus pcmc euoc lpjrcsi mc` fj`gbcfdct prlsjs pj`yjfdubc` euoc lpjrcsi. Djrdcgci hl`tlb dumcyc yc`g cmc mi fcsycrcoct tjrsjdut sc`gct djscr fjfpj`gcrubi mjrckct ojsjbctc` c`co, fj`gi`gct c`co mcecf fcsc pjrtufdubc` mc` pjrojfdc`gc` yc`g tj`tu`yc fjfdutuboc` pjrdcioc` gizi ctcu `utrisi yc`g huoup. 8. Acotlr Acotlr Ojeucr Ojeucrgc gc Acotlr ojeucrgc mcpct fj`j`tuoc` ojdjrbcsiec` pjrdcioc` stctus ojsjbctc` c`co. ^j`gcrub ojeucrgc pcmc fcsc pjrtufdubc` mc`  pjrojfdc`gc` c`co sc`gct djscr fjeceui plec budu`gc` c`co mc` ojeucrgc sjrtc `ieci-`ieci yc`g mitc`cfoc`. Cpcocb c`co mikcmioc` sjdcgci pjojrkc ctcuocb mipjrecouoc` sjdcgcifc`c fjsti`yc mc` mipj`ubi ojdutubc``yc dcio cscb, csib, mc` csub`yc.

31

 

^j`i`g ^j` i`goct octc` c` stctus stctus ojs ojsjbc jbctc` tc` c`c c`co o kugc kugc tjr tjroci ocitt ec` ec`gsu gsu`g `g mj` mj`gc` gc` pjr pjrc` c` mc` au`gsi au`gsi oje ojeucr ucrgc gc tjrbcm tjrbcmcp cp c`c c`co`yc o`yc,, sjpjrt sjpjrtii fjfdjscroc fjfdj scroc` ` c`co, fjfdjrioc` fjfdjrioc` mc` fj`yj fj`yjmicoc micoc` ` fcoc`c`, fcoc`c`, fjei`mu`gi fjei`mu`gi ojsjb ojsjbctc`, ctc`, fjfdjrioc` fjfdjrioc` pjrei pjrei`mu`gc` `mu`gc` sjhcrc psiole psiolelgis, lgis, fj`c`cfoc` `ieci dumcyc yc`g dcio, fjfjpjrsicpoc` pj`mimioc` c`co, mc` eci`-eci` (Djbrfc`, 4>>>). G. ^rlgrcf mc` Ojdikcoc` ^jfjri`tcb u`tuo Ojsjbctc` Dceitc

^jfjri`tcb tjecb fjfduct djrdcgci ojdikcoc` u`tuo fj`gctcsi pjrslcec` ojsjbctc` c`co, obusus`yc u`tuo fj`uru`oc` c`goc ojfctic` c`co, mi c`tcrc`yc sjdcgci djriout; 3. Fj`i`gotco Fj`i`gotcoc` c` futu pjecyc`c pjecyc`c` ` ojsjbctc` ojsjbctc` mc` pjfjrctcc pjfjrctcc` ` pjec pjecyc`c` yc`c` ojsjb ojsjbctc`. ctc`. Z`tuo fj`i`goctoc` futu pjecyc`c` sjrtc pjfjrctcc` pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` yc`g cmc mi fcsycrcoct tjecb miecouoc` djrdcgci upcyc, scecb sctu`yc cmcecb mj`gc` fjejtcooc` mcscr pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` pcmc sjotlr pjecyc`c` mcscr. ^jecyc`c` mcscr mcpct miecouoc` mi  pusojsfcs i`muo, pusojsfcs pjfdc`tu, plsyc`mu, sjrtc u`it-u`it tjrocit mi fcsycrcoct. Hcoupc` pjecyc`c` mipjreucs mj`gc`  pjfjrctcc` pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` u`tuo sjgcec cspjo ctcu ecpisc` fcsycrcoct. Dj`tuo pjecyc`c` tjrsjdut miecouoc` mcecf rc`goc  kc`gocuc` pjfjrctcc` pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc`. Zpcyc pjfjrctcc` tjrsjdut mcpct miecouoc` mj`gc` pj`yjdcrc` dimc` mjsc, pjrcwct olfu`itcs, acsieitcs dceci ojsjbctc`, pls ojsjbctc` mjsc, mc` pusojsfcs ojeiei`g. 4. Fj`i`gocto Fj`i`goctoc` c` sstctus tctus gizi fcsyc fcsycrcoc rcoctt ^j`i`goctc` stctus gizi fcsycrcoct fjrupcoc` dcgic` mcri upcyc u`tuo fj`mlrl`g tjrhiptc`yc pjrdcioc` stctus ojsjbctc`. Mj`gc`  pjfdjric` gizi yc`g dcio u`tuo fj`mlrl`g tjrhiptc`yc pjrdcioc` stctus ojsjbctc`. Mj`gc` pjfdjric` gizi yc`g dcio mibcrcpoc`  pjrtufdubc` mc` pjrojfdc`gc` c`co coc` dcio puec, miscfpi`g mcpct fjfpjrdcioi stctus ojsjbctc` c`co. Zpcyc tjrsjdut mcpct miecouoc` fjeceui upcyc pjrdcioc` gizi ojeucrgc ctcu mioj`ce mj`gc` `cfc Z^GO. Ojgictc` Z^GO tjrsjdut mimlrl`g mc` micrcboc`  pcmc pj`i`goctc` stctus gizi, obusus`yc pcmc fcsycrcoct yc`g rcw`c fjfieioi rjsiol ti`ggi tjrbcmcp ojfctic` ctcu ojscoitc`. Ojelfplo djrjsiol ti`ggi tjrmiri ctcs c`co dceitc, idu bcfie, idu fj`yusui, mc` ec`sic yc`g glel`gc` jol`lfi`yc rj`mcb.

37

 

8. Fj`i`gocto Fj`i`goctoc` c` pj pjrc` rc` sjrtc sjrtc fcsyc fcsycrcoc rcoctt ^j`i`goctc` pjrc` sjrtc fcsycrcoct mcecf fjfdc`tu pjrdcioc` stctus ojsjbctc` i`i pj`ti`g, sjdcd upcyc pjfjri`tcbc` mcecf rc`goc fj`uru`oc` fj`ur u`oc` ojfctic` ojfctic` dcyi mc` c`co timco mcpct miecouoc` miecouoc` bc`yc lejb pjfj pjfjri`tc ri`tcb, b, fjec fjeci`oc` i`oc` pjrc` sjrt sjrtcc fcsyc fcsycrcoct rcoct mj`gc` ojtjreidctc` ctcu pcrtisipcsi sjhcrc ec`gsu`g. Fjeceui pjrc` sjrtc fcsycrcoct mibcrcpoc` fcfpu puec djrsiact jajotia mc` jaisij` mcecf  pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc`. Zpcyc ctcu prlgrcf pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` yc`g fjfdutuboc` pjrc` sjrtc fcsycrcoct c`tcrc eci` pjecosc`cc` ifu`iscsi, pj`yjmicc` cir djrsib, sc`itcsi ei`gou`gc`, pjdcioc` gizi, mc` eci`-eci`. =. Fj`i`gotco Fj`i`gotcoc` c` fc`ckjfj` fc`ckjfj` ojsjb ojsjbctc` ctc` Zpcyc pjecosc`cc` prlgrcf pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` c`co mcpct djrkcec` mc` djrbcsie mj`gc` dcio diec mimuou`g mj`gc` pjrdcioc` mcecf  pj`gjelecbc` pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc`. Mcecf bce i`i cmcecb pj`i`goctc` fc`ckjfj` pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` fjeceui pj`mcycgu`cc` tj`cgc ojsjbctc` prlajssil`ce yc`g fcfpu sjhcrc ec`gsu`g fj`gctcsi fcscecb ojsjbctc` c`co.

Cmcpu` ojgictc`-ojgictc` yc`g fj`u`kc`g ojdikcoc` tjrsjdut c`tcrc eci` ; 3. ^lsyc`mu ^lsyc`mu (^ls ^jec ^jecyc`c` yc`c` ]jrp ]jrpcmu) cmu) ^lsyc`mu ctcu ^ls ^jecyc`c` ]jrpcmu cmcecb pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` yc`g misjej`ggcrcoc` lejb fcsycrcoct mj`gc` muou`gc` tjo`is mc`  pjtugcs ^usojsfcs. ^lsyc`mu cmcecb pusct ojgictc` fcsycrcoct yc`g fjrupcoc` scecb sctu wukum pjrc` sjrtc fcsycrcoct mcecf  pjfdc`gu`c` ojsjbctc`, tjfpct fcycrcoct fjfpjrlejb pjecyc`c` OD, Ojsjbctc` Idu mc` C`co (OIC), Gizi, Ifu`iscsi mc` ^j`c`gguec`gc` micrj pcmc wcotu mc` tjfpct yc`g scfc. Ojgictc` mi plsyc`mu fjrupcoc` ojgictc` `yctc yc`g fjeidctoc` pcrtisipcsi fcsycrcoct mc` u`tuo fcsycrcoct, yc`g mecosc`coc` lejb ocmjr-ocmjr ojsjbctc`, yc`g tjecb fj`mcpctoc` pj`mimioc` mc` pjectibc` mcri ^usojsfcs fj`gj`ci pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` mcscr mj`gc` tukuc` tjrtj`tu. ]ukuc` pj`yjej`ggcrcc` plsyc`mu ycitu c. fjfpjrhjpc fjfpjrhjpctt pj`uru`c` pj`uru`c` c`goc ojfctic` ojfctic` dcyi, c`co c`co mc` c`goc ojecbirc`, ojecbirc`,

32

 

 d.

fjfpjrhjpct pj`jrifcc` @lrfc Ojeucrgc Ojhie Dcbcgic Xjkcbtjrc (@OODX) cgcr fcsycrcoct mcpct fj`gjfdc`goc` ojgictc` ojsjbctc` mc` ojgictc` eci` yc`g fj`u`kc`g sjsuci ojdutubc` mc` ojfcfpuc`,

h. fj`i`gocto fj`i`goctoc` c` ojfc` ojfc`miric miric` ` fcsycr fcsycrcoct, coct, m. fj`i`gocto fj`i`goctoc` c` hcoup hcoupc` c` ^usojsfcs, ^usojsfcs, j. fjfpjrhjpc fjfpjrhjpctt tjrhcpci`yc tjrhcpci`yc @O @OODX ODX (Xumcrl`l, (Xumcrl`l, 3929). 3929). Xcscrc` Xcscrc` pj`yjej pj`yjej`ggcr `ggcrcc` cc` ^lsyc ^lsyc`mu `mu mcecf bce i`i cmce cmcecb cb pcmc dcyi usic ourc`g mcri 3 tcbu`, c`co Dcitc ()Zsic 3-= tcbu`, idubcfie, fjecbiroc`, mc` fj`yusui, sjrtc wc`itc ^csc`gc` Zsic Xudur (^ZX). Ojgictc` ^LXYC@MZ djrfchcf-fchcf mic`tcrc`yc c. pj`yueubc` pj`yueubc` `utrisi mi ^lsyc`mu sjdcgc sjdcgcii dcgic` mcri Z^GO mcecf ec`gocb-e ec`gocb-ec`goc c`gocb b ojdik ojdikcosc` cosc`c`cc c`cc` ` pjrdc pjrdcioc` ioc` gizi fjrupcoc` fjrupcoc` ojgictc` ojgic tc` upcyc ec`gsu`g ec`gsu`g yc`g fjeiputi, pjfc`tcuc` pjfc`tcuc` tufdub ojfdc`g c`co dceitc dceitc mj`gc` Ocrtu Fj`uku Xjbct OFX) fjece fjeceui ui  pj`ifdc`gc` lejb ocmjr, ^jfdjric` Fcoc`c`c` ]cfdcbc` ]cfdcbc` (^F]), pjfjrioscc` ojsjbctc ojsjbctc` ` c`co pj`yueubc` gizi mitjoc`oc` pcmc  pj`ti`gyc pj`ggu`cc` Cir Xusu Idu (CXI) mc` fcoc`c` pj`mcfpi`g

CXI (F^-CXI), pjfjdjric` ocpsue vitcfi` C mc`

 pjfdjric` lrceit.  d. Xjeci` itu kugc pjfdjric` pjecyc`c` c`co usic dceitc yc`g fjeiputi pjecyc`c` ojeucrgc u`tuo idu mc` c`co mj`gc` fjfdjrioc`  pjecyc`c` ifu`iscsi, pj`c`gguec`gc` micrj, mc` pj`yueubc` pj`yueubc` ojsjbctc`.

4. DOD (Di` (Di`cc Oj Ojeuc eucrgc rgc D Dcei ceitc) tc) Di`c ojeucrgc dceitc cmcecb ojgictc` yc`g obusus fj`gjelec tj`tc`g pjfdi`cc` tufdub ojfdc`g c`co fjeceui plec csub yc`g dj`cr djrmcscroc` ojelfplo ufurf yc`g miecosc`coc` lejb sjkufecb ocmjr mc` djrcmc mi ti`goct TW. (^jmlfc` ^jfdi`cc` Ojelfplo Ojel fplo Di`c Ojeucrgc Dceitc ]cbu` 4>>1). ^rlgrcf i`i fjrup fjrupcoc` coc` suctu prlgrc prlgrcf f yc`g fjej`gocpi fjej`gocpi prlgr prlgrcf-pr cf-prlgrcf lgrcf  pj`gjfdc`gc` sufdjr mcyc fj`usic yc`g tjecb miecosc`coc` sjjrti prlgrcf-prlgrcf pjrdcioc` ojsjbctc` mc` gizi idu mc` c`co  (DOOD@, 3994). ]ukuc` DOD

39

 

c. Dcgi Dcgi l lrc rc`g `g ttuc uc;; 3) Cgcr mcpct fj`gurus mc` fjrcwct fjrcwct c`co sjrtc sjrtc pc`mci f fjfdcgi jfdcgi wcotu mc` mc` fj`gcsub c`co  4) Z`tuo fjfpjreucs wcwcsc` mc mc` ` pj`gjtcbuc` tj`tc`g plec csub c`co yc`g dj`cr  8) Z`tuo fj`i`goctoc` ojtjrcfpiec` mcecf mcecf g6bce fj`gcsub mc` fj`mimio c`co dceitc =) Xupcyc ejdib ejdib tjrcrcb tjrcrcb mcec mcecf f hcrc pjfdi`c pjfdi`cc` c` c`co  :) Cgcr fcfpu fj`hurcboc` fj`hurcboc` pjrbctic` pjrbctic` mc` ocsib sc scyi`g yi`g tjrbcmcp c`co c`co sjbi`ggc tjrh tjrhiptc iptc ioctc` dct dcti` i` yc`g ouct 1) Cgcr fcfpu fcfpu fjfdj`tuo fjfdj`tuo c` c`co co yc`g dj djrouce rouceitcs itcs  d. Dcgi c`co, mibcrcpoc`; 3) Djrtcowc Djrtcowc ojpcmc ojpcmc ]ubc` ]ubc` Y Yc`g c`g Fcbc Fcbc Jsc 4) Djrojp Djrojprid ridcmi cmic` c` eubur  eubur  8) ]ufdub mc` djrojf djrojfdc`g dc`g sj sjhcrc hcrc lptif lptifce ce =) Hjrmcs Hjrmcs,, tjrcfp tjrcfpie, ie, mc mc` ` sjbc sjbctt :) Fjfieioi Fjfieioi mcscr ojpr ojpridcmic idcmic` ` yc`g ouct gu`c pjrojfdc pjrojfdc`gc` `gc` sjec`kut`yc sjec`kut`yc..

8. ^rlg ^rlgrc rcf f ^CZ ^CZM M ^j`mimioc` c`co usic mi`i (^CZM) cmcecb kj`kc`g pj`mimioc` sjdjeuf kj`kc`g pj`mimioc` mcscr yc`g fjrupcoc` suctu upcyc  pjfdi`cc` yc`g mitukuoc` dcgi c`co sjkco ecbir scfpci mj`gc` usic j`cf tcbu` yc`g miecouoc` fjeceui pjfdjric` rc`gsc`gc`  pj`mimioc` u`tuo fjfdc`tu pjrtufdubc` mc` pjrojfdc`gc` kcsfc`i mc` rlbc`i cgcr c`co fjfieioi ojsicpc` mcecf fjfcsuoi  pj`mimioc` ejdib ec`kut, yc`g misjej`ggcrcoc` pcmc kceur alrfce, `l`alrfce, mc` i`alrfce. ^j`mimioc` c`co usic mi`i fjrupcoc` scecb sctu dj`tuo pj`yjej`ggcrcc` pj`mimioc` yc`g fj`itiodjrctoc` pcmc pjejtcoc` mcscr oj crcb pjrtufdubc` mc` pjrojfdc`gc` aisio  (ollrmi`csi fltlrio bceus mc` ocscr), ojhjrmcsc` (mcyc pioir, mcyc hiptc, ojhjrmcsc` jflsi, ojhjrmcsc` spirituce), slsil jflsil`ce

4>

 

(siocp mc` pjriecou sjrtc cgcfc) dcbcsc mc` olfu`iocsi, sjsuci mj`gc` oju`ioc` mc` tcbcp-tcbcp pjrojfdc`gc` yc`g mieceui lejb c`co  usic mi`i. Cmc muc tukuc` misjej`ggcrcoc``yc pj`mimioc` c`co usic mi`i ycitu; c. u`tuo fjfdj`tuo c`co yc`g djrouceitcs, ycitu ycitu c`co yc`g tufdub mc` djrojfdc`g sjsuci mj`gc` ti`goct pjrojfdc pjrojfdc`gc``yc `gc``yc  d. u`tuo fjfdc`tu fj`yicpoc` c`co fj`hcpci ojsicpc` djeckcr djeckcr (cocmjfio) mi sjolecb. B. Tuc`g Ei`goup Csubc` Ojpjrcwctc` Ojelfplo Obusus Dceitc

Tuc`g ei`goup ojgictc` ojpjrcwctc` ojelfplo obusus dceitc fj`hcoup upcyc-upcyc prlfltia, prjvj`tia, ourctia, rjbcdieitctia, mc` rjslsieitctia fjeceui djrdcgci ojgictc` yc`g tjrlrgc`isiscsi sjdcgci djriout; 3.Zpcyc ^rlfltia c. ^j`yueubc` u`tuo fjfdjrioc` i`alrfcsi ojpcmc lrc`gtuc, tjrutcfc idu tj`tc`g pjfj`ubc` mc` pj`i`goctc` gizi dcyi mc` dceitc sjsucii usic tufdub ojfdc`g`yc sjsuc ojfdc`g`yc.. Dcyi usic 3 scfpci 1 duec` bc`yc dlejb midjrioc` midjrioc` CXI, ejdi ejdib b mcri 1 duec` mipjrdlejbo mipjrdlejboc` c` u`tuo  midjrioc` fcoc`c` pj`mcfpi`g CXI.  d. Fjfdjrioc` i`alrfcsi tj`tc`g ojdjrsibc` miri dcyi fjeiputi hcrc fjfc`mioc` dcyi yc`g dj`cr, hcrc pjrcwctc` tcei pusct, hcrc fj`ggc`ti plplo dcyi, msd. h. ^j`yueubc` tj`tc`g pj`ti`g`yc ifu`iscsi yc`g fjeiputi kj`is-kj`is ifu`iscsi, usic pcmc scct miecouoc` ifu`iscsi, fc`acct, jajo  scfpi`g, mc` coidct yc`g coc` tifdue kioc timco miecouoc` ifu`iscsi. m. Fjfdjrioc` i`alrfcsi tj`tc`g tj`tc`g pj`ti`g`yc fjfjrioscoc` dcyi mc` dceitc yc`g scoit oj pjtugcs pjtugcs ojsjbctc` j. Fjfdjrioc` i`alrfcsi tj`tc`g pjfc`tcuc` tufdub ojfdc`g dcyi mc` dceitc. dceitc.   4.Zpcyc ^rjvj`tia

c. Ifu`iscsi Ifu`iscsi tj tjrbcmc rbcmcp p dcyi mc` dceitc. dceitc.

43

 

 d. ^jfjrioscc` ojsjbctc` sjhc sjhcrc rc djrocec fjeceui plsyc`mu, pusojsfcs, fcupu` ou`ku`gc` rufcb. h. ^lsyc`mu u`tuo pj`ifdc`gc` mc` pjfc`tcuc` ojsjbctc` ojsjbctc` dceitc. dceitc. m. ^jfdjric` ^jfdjric` vitc vitcfi` fi` C, ylmiuf, mc` ldct ldct hchi`g. j. Xori`i`g u`tuo mjtjosi mjtjosi pj`ycoit ctcu ojeci`c` pcmc dcyi mc` dceitc dceitc sjkco mi`i. 8.Zpcyc Ourctia

c. Fjecouoc` Fjecouoc` pjecyc pjecyc`c` `c` ojsjbctc` ojsjbctc` mc` ojpjrcwctc`. ojpjrcwctc`.  d. Fjecouoc` rukuoc` fjmis mc` ojsjbctc` ojsjbctc`. Dcyi ctcu dceitc mj`gc` pj`ycoit tjrtj`tu pjreu midjrioc` pjrcwctc` ejdib ec`kut. h. ^jrcwc ^jrcwctc` tc` ec` ec`kut kutc` c` mcr mcrii Tufcb Tufcb Xcoit, Xcoit, miecou miecouoc` oc` lejb lejb lrc lrc`gt `gtuc uc tjt tjtcpi cpi fcs fcsib ib mce mcecf cf pj` pj`gcw gcwcsc csc` ` pjt pjtugc ugcss ojs ojsjbc jbctc` tc` u`tuo  u`tuo  fjfueiboc` ol`misi ojsjbctc` dcyi ctcu dceitc. m. ^jrcwctc` tcei pusct tj tjroj`mcei roj`mcei pcmc dcyi dcru ecbir. ecbir. =.Zpcyc Tjbcdieitctia 

Dcyi mc` dceitc pcshc scoit, pjreu wcotu u`tuo fcsc pjfueibc`. Zpcyc pjfueibc` yc`g mcpct miecouoc` ycitu ectibc` aisio mc` a isiltjrcpi. isiltjrcpi. :.Tjslsiceitctia 

Zpcyc fj`gjfdceioc` oj mcecf pjrgcuec` fcsycrcoct. Fisce; ojelfplo dceitc yc`g micsi`goc` ocrj`c cutis, CMBM.

  I. ^jrc` ^ ^jrcwct jrcwct Olfu`itcs Olfu`itcs pcmc Ojelfplo Obusus Dceitc

44

 

^jrcwct olfu`itcs fi`ifce mcpct djrpjrc` sjdcgci pjfdjri pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` fjeceui csubc` ojpjrcwctc`, pj`mimio ctcu pj`yueub ojsjbctc`, pj`jfu ocsus, pj`gbudu`g mc` ollrmi`ctlr, pjecosc`c ol`sjei`g ojpjrcwctc`, mc` flmje pjrc`. Muc pjrc` pjrcwct ojsjbctc` olfu`itcs, ycitu sjdcgci pj`mimio mc` pj`yueub ojsjbctc` sjrtc pjecosc`c ol`sjei`g ojpjrcwctc` ojpcmc ojelfplo obusus dceitc fjrupcoc` dcgic` mcri ruc`g ei`goup prlflsi ojsjbctc`. Djrmcscroc` pjrc` tjrsjdut, pjrcwct ojsjbctc` fcsycrcoct mibcrcpoc` mcpct fj`muou`g ojelfplo obusus dceitc fj`hcpci mjrckct ojsjbctc` yc`g lptifce. ^jrc` pjrcwct olfu`itcs pcmc ojelfplo  obusus dceitc; 3. ^jecosc`c ^jecosc`c ^jec ^jecyc`c` yc`c` Ojpj Ojpjrcwc rcwctc` tc` (hcrj prlvimjr ) ^jrc`c` utcfc pjrcwct olfu`itcs ycitu sjdcgci pjecosc`c csubc` ojpjrcwctc` ojpcmc dceitc, dcio itu dceitc mcecf ol`misi sjbct fcupu` yc`g sjmc`g scoit. 4. ^j`m ^j`mim imiio ((bjcetb bjcetb jmuhctlr ) ^jrcwct ^jrc wct sjdcgci pj`mim pj`mimio io ctcu pj`yueub, fjfdjrioc` fjfdjrioc` pj`mimioc` pj`mimioc` ctcu i`alrfcs i`alrfcsii ojpcm ojpcmcc ojeuc ojeucrgc rgc yc`g djrbu djrbudu`gc` du`gc` mj`gc` ojsjbctc` dceitc. Mipjreuoc` pj`gockic` tj`tc`g ojdutubc` oeij` u`tuo u` tuo fj`j`tuoc` ojgictc` yc`g coc` miecouoc` m iecouoc` mcecf pj`yueubc` ctcu pj`mimioc` ojsjbctc` dceitc. Mcri bcsie pj`gockic` mibcrcpoc` mcpct miojtcbui ti`goct pj`gjtcbuc` oeij` mc` i`alrfcsi cpc yc`g midutuboc`. 8. Ol Ol`s `sjjel elr  r  ^jrcwct mcpct fj`kcmi tjfpct djrtc`yc ctcu ol`suetcsi lejb lrc`gtuc yc`g fjfpu`yci dceitc u`tuo fjfdc`tu fjfdjrioc` kcec` ojeucr djrdcgci pjrfcscecbc` ojsjbctc` dceitc mcecf ojbimupc` sjbcri-bcri. =. ^jfc`t ^jfc`tcu cu Ojsjbc Ojsjbctc` tc` (bjcetb fl`itlr ) ^jrcwct ^jrc wct iout djrpj djrpjrc` rc` fjfc`tcu ojsjbctc` ojsjbctc` dceit dceitcc fjeceui fjeceui plsyc plsyc`mu, `mu, pusojs pusojsfcs, fcs, ctcu ou`ku`gc` ou`ku`gc` rufcb rufcb.. ^jfc` ^jfc`tcuc tcuc` ` i`i  djrgu`c fj`gjtcbui mi`cfioc ojsjbctc` dceitc tjrutcfc pjrtufdubc` mc` pjrojfdc`gc``yc, sjbi`ggc kioc tjrkcmi fcscecb ojsjbctc` mcpct mimjtjosi sjkco mi`i mc` mictcsi sjhcrc tjpct mj`gc` sjgjrc.

48

 

(hllrmi`ctlr la sjrvihj) sjrvihj) :. Ollrmi`ctlr ^jecyc`c` Ojsjbctc` (hllrmi`ctlr ^jecyc`c` ojsjbctc` fjrupcoc` ojgictc` yc`g djrsiact fj`yjeurub mc` timco tjrpiscb-piscb. ^jrcwct kugc mcpct djrpjrc` sjdcgci  pil`ir u`tuo fj`gollrmi`ir djrdcgci ojgictc` pjecyc`c` mi fcsycrcoct tjrutcfc ojsjbctc` dceitc mcecf fj`hcpci tukuc` ojsjbctc` fjeceui ojrkcscfc mj`gc` tif ojsjbctc` eci``yc. 1. ^jfd ^jfdcb cbcr cru u (i`lvctlr ) ]imco sjeurub`yc fcsycrcoct fjfpu`yci djoce pj`gjtcbuc` fj`gj`ci ojsjbctc` dceitc. ^jrcwct miscfpi`g fjfdjrioc` pj`yueubc`  kugc mcpct fj`kcmi pjfdcbcru u`tuo fjrudcb pjriecou ctcu plec csub lrc`gtuc tjrbcmcp dceitc mi suctu wiecycb, fisce`yc dumcyc yc`g timco sjsuci mj`gc` pjriecou sjbct. 7. ^c`u ^c`utc tc` ` (rlej flmje ) ^jrcwct sjdcgci scecb sctu tj`cgc fjmis mipc`mc`g fjfieioi iefu ojsjbctc` yc`g ejdib mcri prlajsi eci``yc mi eucr dimc`g ojsjbctc`. Lejb sjdcd itu coc` ejdib fueic dcgi pjrcwct u`tuo fj`gcfceoc` iefu`yc mcecf ojbimupc` sjbcri-bcri sjbi`ggc mcpct fjfdjrioc` hl`tlb dcio, fisce`yc fjfdjri hl`tlb tctc hcrc fjrcwct dceitc. 2. Acsi Acsiei eitc tctl tlr  r  ^jrcwct fj`kcmi pj`gbudu`g c`tcrc fcsycrcoct mj`gc` u`it pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` mc` i`stc`si tjrocit, fjecosc`coc` rukuoc`.

4=

 

DCD III CXZBC@ OJ^JTCWC]C@ ^CMC CGTJGC] DCEI]C

C. ^j`gockic` 3. Im Imj` j`ti titc tcss Mct Mctcc Fjeiputi `cfc, tjfpct mc` tc`ggce ecbir, usic, pj`mimioc`, cecfct, cgcfc, fc`c cycb/idu, pjojrkcc` cycb mc` idu, pj`mimioc` cycb mc` idu sjrtc suou dc`gsc. 3. Ojeubc`-oj Ojeubc`-ojeubc` eubc` yc`g micecfi micecfi d dceitc ceitc 4. Tiwcyc Tiwcyctt pj` pj`yco ycoit it sjocr sjocrc`g c`g 8. Tiwcyct Tiwcyct pj`ycoit pj`ycoit fcsc ecfpcu ecfpcu fjeip fjeiputi uti prj`ctce, prj`ctce, `ctce `ctce mc` plst`ctc plst`ctce. e. =. ^j`ycoit ^j`ycoit wcot wcotu u ojhie mc` cpcocb cpcocb pjr`cb pjr`cb mirc mircwct wct mi rufcs rufcs scoit. :. Ldct-ldctc Ldct-ldctc` ` yc`g yc`g pjr`c pjr`cb b migu`co migu`coc` c` 1. Tiwcyc Tiwcyctt cej cejrgi rgi p pcmc cmc dcei dceitc tc 7. Oj Ojhj hjec ecoc occ` c` 2. Ifu`i fu`isc scsi si 9. Tiwcyct Tiwcyct ojeucrg ojeucrgcc mc` gj`lgr gj`lgrcf cf ojeucrg ojeucrgcc 3>. Tiwcyct slsice fjeiputi pj`gcsub utcfc, utcfc, pjfdcwcc` sjhcrc ufuf, mc` ei`gou`gc` rufcb. 33. Ojcmcc` ojsjbctc` scct i`i fjeiputi micg`lsc fjmis, ti`mcoc` lpjrcsi, ldct-ldctc`, ti`mcoc` ojpjrcw ojpjrcwctc` ctc` yc`g pjr`cb miecouoc`, bcsie ecdlrctlriuf mc` bcsie rl`tgj`. 34. ^j`gockic` plec au`gsil`ce fjeiputi pjrsjpsi pjrsjpsi ojsjbctc` mc` plec fc`ckjfj` ojsjbctc ojsjbctc`, `, plec `utrisi fjtcdleio, plec jeifi`csi sjpjrti sjpjrti plec mjajosi, plec jeifi`csi uri`j, ojdjrsibc` pcocic`, cotivitcs plec ectibc`, plec istircbct timur c`co sjpjrti ecfc timur pjrbcri, pjrudcbc` plec istircbct, istir cbct, plsisi timur, gjrc gjrco o timur, timur, plec olg`itia pjrsjpsi c`co, pjrsjpsi miri mc` plec ol`sjp miri, strjsslr mcri ojeucrgc, ojeucrgc, i`tjrcosi i`tjrcosi c`co  mj`gc` ojeucrgc, ples djrfcic`, supplrt sistjf, mc` plec-plec ojycoi`c`. 38. ^jfjrioscc` aisio fjeiputi ojcmcc` ufuf, ojscmcrc`, ojscmcrc`, plstur tudub, tc`mc vitce, ti`ggi dcmc`, djrct dcmc`, ei`gocr ojpcec, ei`gocr mcmc, fctc, bimu`g, fueut, tjei`gc, mcmc, kc`u`g, pcru-pcru, pjrut, pu`gg`g, gj`itceic, jostrjfitcs mc` oueit. 3=. ^jfjrioscc` pjrojfdc`gc` pjrojfdc`gc` fjeiputi ojfc`miric` mcecf djrgcue, fltlrio bceus, ol`itia mc` dcbcsc sjrtc sjrtc pjrojfdc`gc` fltlrio ocscr.

4:

 

: C`ceisc mctc miecouoc` sjtjecb miecouoc` pj`gufpuec` mctc fjeceui ojgictc` wcwc`hcrc mc` pjfjrioscc` aisio. C`ceisc mctc miecouoc` mj`gc` fjfieib mctc-mctc yc`g cmc sjbi`ggc mcpct mirufusoc` fj`kcmi suctu micg`lsc ojpjrcwctc`. C`ceisc mctc cmcecb ojfcfpuc` u`tuo  fj`gcitoc` mctc mc` fj`gbudu`goc` mctc mj`gc` ojfcfpuc` olg`itia yc`g mifieioi, sjbi`ggc mcpct miojtcbui ojsj`kc`gc` ctcu fcscecb yc`g mibcmcpi lejb dceitc. ]ukuc` c`ceisc mctc;    

Fj`jtcpoc` ojdutubc` dceitc Fj`jtcpoc` ojouctc`. Fj`gimj`tiaiocsi plec rjspl` dceitc Fj`gimj`tiaiocsi ojhj`mjru`gc` pj`ggu`cc` pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc`.

^jrufusc` fcscecb djrmcscroc` c`ceisc mctc yc`g mcpct fj`jfuoc` fcscecb ojsjbctc` mc` ojpjrcwctc` yc`g mibcmcpi lejb ojelfplo  obusus dceitc. Fcscecb Fcscecb yc`g sumcb mitjfuoc` mitjfuoc` tjrsjdut pjrcwct mcpct fj`yusu` rj`hc`c csubc` ojpjr ojpjrcwct cwctc` c` yc`g sjec`kut`yc sjec`kut`yc mcpct mitjrusoc` mj`gc` i`tjrvj`si. Fcscecb yc`g mitjfuoc` tjrocmc`g timco mcpct mi sjejscioc` sjoceigus sjbi`ggc mipjreuoc` prilritcs fcscecb. ^rilritcs fcscecb mcpct mitj`tuoc` djrmcscroc` bijrcroi Fcselw ycitu;   

Ojcmcc` yc`g fj`gc`hcf ojbimupc` Ojcmccc` yc`g fj`gc`hcf ojsjbctc` ^jrsjpsi tj`tc`g ojsjbctc` mc` ojpjrcwctc`

41

 

D.

Mi Micg cg`l `lsc sc oj ojpj pjrc rcwc wctc tc` ` Micg`lsc ojpjrcwctc` cmcecb rjspl` i`mivimu pcmc fcscecb ojsjbctc`, dcio cotuce fcupu` pltj`sice. Fcscecb cotuce cmcecb fcscecb yc`g mipjrlejb pcmc scct pj`gockic`, sjmc`goc` fcscecb pltj`sice cmcecb fcscecb yc`g fu`goi` tifdue ojfumic`. Micg`lsc ojpjrcwctc` cmcecb suctu pjryctcc` yc`g kjecs, pcmct, mc` pcsti tj`tc`g stctus mc` fcscecb oeij` yc`g mcpct mictcsi mj`gc` ti`mcoc` ojpjrcwctc`. Micg`lsc ojpjrcwctc` mitjtcpoc` djrmcscroc` fcscecb yc`g mitjfuoc`. Micg`lsc ojpjrcwctc` coc` fjfdjrioc` gcfdcrc` tj`tc`g fcscecb mc` stctus ojsjbctc` fcsycrcoct, dcio yc`g `yctc (cotuce) fcupu` yc`g fu`goi` tjrkcmi (pltj`sice). Micg`lsc ojpjrcwctc` fj`gc`mu`g olfpl`j` ^JX (prldejf, jtilelgi, syfptlf). Micg`lsc ojpjrcwctc` yc`g fu`goi` fu`hue pcmc dceitc cmcecb; 3) Ourc`g gizi djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` ourc`g`yc pj`gjtcbuc` ojeucrgc tj`tc tj`tc`g `g gizi dceitc.

1 4) Micrj c. Ojourc`gc` vleufj hhcirc` circ` djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` ojbiec`gc` djrejdibc` djrejdibc` fjeceui ajsjs mc` fu`tcb sjrtc i`tcoj tjrdctcs (fuce).  d. ^jrudcbc` `utrisi ourc`g mcri ojdutubc` tudub djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` gc`gguc` cdslrdsi `utrij` mc` pj`i`goctc` pjristcetio  usus h. @yjri ((cout) cout) djrbudu`gc` djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` bipjrpjristcetio, iritcsi aisurc pjrirjotce. m. Ojhjfcsc` Ojhjfcsc` ojeu ojeucrgc crgc djrb djrbudu`gc udu`gc` ` mj`gc` pjrudcbc` pjrudcbc` stctus ojsjbctc` ojsjbctc` c`co`yc c`co`yc j. Ourc` Ourc`g g pj`gjtcbuc` pj`gjtcbuc` ojeucrgc ojeucrgc tj`tc`g ol`misi, ol`misi, prlg`lsis mc` ojdut ojdutubc` ubc` tjrcpi djrbudu djrbudu`gc` `gc` mj`gc` pjfcpcr pjfcpcrc` c` i`alrfcsi tjrdctcs, scecb i`tjrprjtcsi i`alrfcsi mc` ctcu ojtjrdctcsc` olg`itia. a. Ojhj Ojhjfcsc` fcsc` c`c c`co o djrbudu`gc` djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` pjrpiscbc` pjrpiscbc` mj`gc` mj`gc` lrc`g tuc, ei`gou`gc` ei`gou`gc` yc`g dcru 8) IX^C

47

 

c. Ojtimcojajotiac` plec `cacs `cacs djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` prlsjs i`aecfcsi pcmc sceurc` pjr pjr`cacsc`, `cacsc`, `yjri  d. Ojtimcojajotiac` djrsibc` kcec` `cacs djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` ldstruosi fjoc`io mcri kcec` `cacs lejb sjorjt, prlsjs i`aecfcsi,  pj`i`goctc` prlmuosi sjorjt. h. Hjfcs djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` pj`ycoit yc`g micecfi lejb c`co, blspitceiscsi blspitceiscsi pcmc c`co  H.

^jrj`hc`cc` Micg`lsc.3 Ojourc`gc` vleufj hcirc` djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` ojbiec`gc` djrejdibc` fjeceui ajsjs mc` fu`tcb sjrtc i`tcoj tjrdctcs (fuce). ]ukuc` ; Ojdutubc` hcirc` hcirc` coc coc` ` tjrpj`ubi mj`gc` oritjr oritjric ic timco cmc tc`mc-tc`mc tc`mc-tc`mc mjbimr mjbimrcsi. csi. I`tjrvj`si Tcsil`ce Xjdcgcii upcyc upcyc rjbimr rjbimrcsi csi u`tuo u`tuo fj` fj`ggc ggc`ti `ti Djrioc Djrioc` ` hcirc` hcirc` lrc lrcee mc` pcr pcrj`t j`tjrc jrcee sjs sjsuci uci Xjdcgc yc`g ojeucr djrscfc mj`gc` mj`gc ` prlgr prlgrcf cf rjbim rjbimrcsi rcsi^c`tc ^c`tcu u i`tcoj i`tcoj mc` hcirc` aj ajsj sjs. s.Fj Fjfd fdjr jrio ioc` c` i`al i`alrf rfcs csii stct stctus us lutput. ojs ojsjif jifdc` dc`gc` gc` hcirc` hcirc` u`tuo u`tuo fj` fj`jtc jtcpoc poc` ` ojdutubc` hcirc` pj`ggc`ti. Ocki tc`mc vitce vitce,, tc`mc/gjkc tc`mc/gjkcec ec mjbim mjbimrcsi rcsi mc` bcsie pjfjrioscc` ecdlrctlriuf

Fj`i Fj`iec ecii stct stctus us bimr bimrcs csi, i, ojsjifdc`gc` cscf dcsc

je jejo jotr trle leit it

mc` mc`

^jfdjric` ldct-ldctc` sjhcrc ocusce pj`ti`g Olecdlrcsi pjecosc`cc` tjrcpi mjai`itia 

sjtjecb pj`yjdcd micrj miojtcbui 7

Micg`lsc.4 ; ^jrudcbc` `utrisi ourc`g mcri ojdutubc` tudub djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` gc`gguc` cdslrdsi `utrij` mc` pj`i`goctc` pjristcetio  usus. ]ukuc` ; Ojdutubc` `utrisi tjrpj`ubi mj`gc` oritjric oritjric tjrkcmi pj`i`goctc` djrc dcmc`.

42

 

I`tjrvj`si

Tcsil`ce

^jrtcbc`oc` tircb dcri`g mc` Fj`uru`oc` ojdutubc` fjtcdleio   pjfdctcsc` cotivitcs sjecfc acsj acsj cout. ^jrtcbc`oc` ^jrtcbc`o c` stctus pucsc sjecfc sjecfc acsj cout (sjsuci prlgrcf tjrcpi) mc` sjgjrc fueci fue ci pjfdjr pjfdjric` ic` fco fcoc`c c`c` ` pjr lrc lrcee sjtjecb ol`misi oeij` fj`gizi`oc`

^jfdctcsc ^jfdct csc` ` mijt mijt pjr lrc lrcee fu` fu`goi goi` ` mitjtc mitjtcpoc poc` ` sje sjecfc cfc acsj acsj cout cout u`tuo  u`tuo  fj`u fj`uru ru`o `oc` c` pj pjri rist stce ceti tio o sj sjbi bi`gg `ggcc tjrkcmi tjrkc mi ojour ojourc`gc` c`gc` `utrisi. `utrisi. ^jfdjric` ^jfdjric` fcoc`c fco c`c` ` sjs sjsjgj jgjrc rc fu`goi fu`goi` ` pj` pj`ti` ti`g g sj sjttjecb ojcmcc` oei`is oeij` fjfu`goi`oc`.

Dc`tu pjecosc`cc` pjfdjric` fcoc`c` Fjfj`ubi ojdutubc` `utrisi oeij` sjsuci mj`gc` prlgrcf mijt

Olecdlrcsi pjfdjric` `utrisi pcrj`tjrce sjsuci i`miocsi

Fj`gistircbctoc` ojrkc gcstrli`tjsti`ce mc` fj`gctcsi/ fj`gctcsi/fj`hj fj`hjgcb gcb ojourc`gc` ojourc`gc` `utrisi ejdib ec`kut

Micg`lsc. 8 ; @yjri (cout) djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` bipjrpjristcetio, bipjrpjristcetio, iritcsi aisurc pjrirjotce. pjrirjotce. ]ukuc` ;

@yjri djrourc`g mj`gc` oritjric oritjric timco tjrmcpct ejhjt pcmc pjr pjrirjotce irjotce I`tjrvj`si

Ctur plsisi yc`g `ycfc` dcgi oeij`, fisce`yc mj`gc` eutut aejosi.

Tcsil`ce Fj`uru`oc` tjgc`gc` pjrfuocc` cdmlfj` mc` fj`gurc`gi `yjri

49

 

Ecouoc` cotivitcs pj`gceibc` u`tuo fjfdjrioc` rcsc `ycfc` sjpjrti fcscsj pu`ggu`g mc`

Fj`i`goctoc` rjecoscsi, fj`gceiboc` alous  pjrbctic` oeij`mc` fj`i`goctoc` ojfcfpuc` olpi`g

olfprjs bc`gct cdmlfj` Djrsiboc` crjc c`lrjotce mj`gc` scdu` ri`gc` mc` cirsjtjecb mjajocsi mc` djrioc` pjrcwctc` oueit

Fjei`mu`gi oueit mcri ojcscfc` ajsjs, fj`hjgcb iritcsi

Olecdlrcsi pjfdjric` ldct C`cegjtio sjdcgci cgj` c`ti `yjri mc` c`cegjtioc mc` ctcu c`tiolei`jrgio  c`tiolei`jrgio u`tuo fj`uru`oc` spcsfj sjsuci i`miocsi trcotus GI mcpct midjrioc` sjsuci i`miocsi oei`is Ocki ojeubc` `yjri mj`gc` Qisuce Fj`gjvceucsi pjrojfdc`gc` `yjri u`tuo fj`jtcpoc` i`tjrvj`si sjec`kut`yc C`celg Xhcej (socec 3-:),  pjrudcbc` ocrcotjristio `yjri, `yjri,  pjtu`kuo vjrdce mc` `l` vjrdce

Micg`lsc. = ; Ojhjfcsc` ojeucrgc d/m pjrudcbc` stctus ojsjbctc` c`co`yc. ]ukuc` ; Ojeucrgc fj`gu`gocpoc` ojhjfcsc` djrourc`g. I`tjrvj`si Mlrl`g ojeucrgc oeij` u`tuo fjfdihcrcoc` ojhjfcsc` mc` djrioc` ufpc` dceio tj`tc`g fjoc`isfj olpi`g yc`g tjpct. ]joc`oc` dcbwc ojhjfcsc` cmcecb fcscecb

Tcsil`ce Fjfdc`tu fj`gimj`tiaiocsi pj`yjdcd ojhjfcsc` mc` cetjr`ctia pjfjhcbc` fcscecb Fjfdc`tu fj`uru`oc` strjs mj`gc`

8>

 

yc`g ufuf tjrkcmi pcmc lrc`g tuc oeij` yc`g c`co`yc fj`gcecfi fcscecb yc`g scfc Hiptcoc` ei`gou`gc` yc`g tj`c`g, tu`kuooc`

fj`gjtcbui dcbwc oeij` duoc` sctu-sctu`yc lrc`g yc`g fj`gcecfi fcscecb yc`g mjfioic` Fj`gurc`gi rc`gsc`g jostjr`ce yc`g mcpct

siocp rcfcboeij`. tcfcb mc` tueus mcecf fjfdc`tu

fjfihu pj`i`goctc` ojhjfcsc`

Micg`lsc.: ; Ourc`g pj`gjtcbuc` ojeucrgc tj`tc`g tj`tc`g ol`misi, prlg`lsis mc` ojdutubc` tjrcpi djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` pjfcpcrc` i`alrfcsi tjrdctcs, scecb i`tjrprjtcsi i`alrfcsi mc` ctcu ojtjrdctcsc` olg`itia. ]ukuc` ;

Ojeucrgc coc` fj`gjrti fj`gjrti tj`tc tj`tc`g `g pj`ycoit mc` pj`gldctc` c`co`yc, sjrtc fcfpu fj`mjfl`str fj`mjfl`strcsioc` csioc` pjrc pjrcwctc` wctc` c`c c`co o mi rufcb. I`tjrvj`si

Tcsil`ce

Ocki ojsicpc` ojeucrgc oeij` fj`giouti  pjfdjeckcrc`, tjrfcsuo pj`gjtcbuc` pj`gjtcbuc` tj`tc`g  pj`ycoit mc` pjrcwctc` c`co`yc.

Jajotivitcs pjfdjeckcrc` mipj`gcrubi lejb ojsicpc` aisio mc` fj`tce sjrtc ectcr djecoc`g  pj`gjtcbuc` sjdjeuf`yc.

Kjecsoc` tj`tc`g prlsjs pj`ycoit c`co`yc,  pj`yjdcd mc` coidct`yc tjrbcmcp gc`gguc`  pjfj`ubc` ojdutubc` sjbcri-bcri cotivitcs cotivitcs sjbcri-bcri.

^jfcbcfc` tj`tc`g fcscecb i`i pj`ti`g u`tuo fj`i`goctoc` pcrtisipcsi ojeucrgc oeij` mc` ojeucrgc mcecf prlsjs pjrcwctc` oeij`

Kjecsoc` tj`tc`g tukuc` pjfdjric` ldct, mlsis, arjouj`si mc` hcrc pjfdjric` sjrtc jajo scfpi`g yc`g fu`goi` tifdue Kjecsoc` mc` tu`kuooc` hcrc pjrcwctc`  pjri`jce sjtjecb mjajocsi mjajocsi

Fj`i`goctoc` pjfcbcfc` mc` pcrtisipcsi ojeucrgc oeij` mcecf pj`gldctc`. Fj`i`goctoc` ojfc`miric` mc` ol`trle ojeucrgc oeij` tjrbcmcp ojdutubc` pjrcwctc` miri c`co`yc

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Micg`lsc. 1 ; Ojhjfcsc` c`co djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` ^jrpiscbc` mj`gc` lrc`g tuc, ei`gougc` yc`g dcru ]ukuc`

;

Ojhjfcsc` c`co djrourc`g mj`gc` oritjric fjfpjreibctoc` tc`mc-tc`mc oj`ycfc`c`.

I`tjrvj`si C`kuroc` pcmc ojeucrgc u`tuo sjeceu fj`gu`ku`gi oeij` mc` djrpcrtisipcsi mcecf  pjrcwct` yc`g miecouoc` Djrioc` sj`tubc` mc` djrdihcrc pcmc c`co sjsjri`g fu`goi` Ecouoc` stifuecsi sj`slry ctcu tjrcpi  djrfci` sjsuci mj`gc` i`goct pjrojfdc`gc` pjrojfdc`gc` oeij`

M.

Tcsil`ce Fj`hjgcb strjs yc`g djrbudu`gc` mj`gc`  pjrpiscbc` Fjfdjrioc` rcsc `ycfc` mc` fj`gurc`gi strjss Fj`i`goctoc` pjrtufdubc` mc`  pjrojfdc`gc` sjhcrc lptifuf

Ifpjfj`tcsi Fjecosc`coc` ti`mcoc` ojpjrcwctc` sjsuci mj`gc` rj`hc`c ti`mcoc` yc`g tjecb mirj`hc`coc` sjdjeuf`yc

J.

Jvceucsi Jvceucsi fjrupcoc` pj`guourc` ojdjrbcsiec` sjkcubfc`c tukuc` tjrsjdut tjrhcpci. Diec cmc yc`g djeuf tjrhcpci fcoc miecouoc`  pj`gockic` uec`g, ojfumic` misusu` rj`hc`c, ojfumic` miecosc`coc` miecosc`coc` mcecf ifpejfj`tcsi ojpjrcwct ojpjrcwctc` c` ececu mijvceucsi, diec mcecf jvceucsi djeuf tjrctcsi fcoc miecouoc` ec`gocb cwce ecgi mc` sjtjrus`yc scfpci tukuc` tjrhcpci.

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DCD IQ ^J@Z]Z^

C.Ojsifpuec`

 dceitc cmcecb c`co yc`g tjecb fj`gi`kco usic mi ctcs sctu tcbu` ctcu ejdib plpuecr mj`gc` pj`gjrtic` usic c`co mi dcwcb eifc tcbu` (Fucris.B, 4>>1). 4>> 1).Dce Dceitc itc tjrfcs tjrfcsuo uo scecb scecb sctu sctu cgrjgc cgrjgctt / ojelfp ojelfplo lo ri risio siol l ti`ggi ti`ggi.. Bce i`i miocrj mio crj`co `coc` c` pcmc pcmc dceit dceitcc kugc kugc djrplt djrpltj`s j`sii fu`hue fu`hue fcscec fcscecb b yc`g yc`g olfpej olfpejos, os, tjrejdib tjre jdib yc`g djrbudu`gc` djrbudu`gc` mj`gc` ol`sjp tufdub ojfdc`g. Lejb ocrj`c itu, ol`sjp ojpjrc ol`sjp ojpjrcwct wctc` c` yc`g midjri midjrioc` oc` pcmc cgrjgc cgrjgctt i`i micpei micpeiocs ocsioc ioc` ` mcecf mcecf  dj`tuo pjecyc`c`-pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc`. ^jecyc`c` ojsjbctc` yc`g fjfdjrioc` ecyc ecyc`c` `c` mc mcec ecf f upcyc upcyc fj`k fj`kcgc cgc oj ojsj sjbc bctc tc` ` dc dcei eitc tc cm cmce cecb cb ^lsyc` ^lsyc`mu mu (^ (^ls ls ^jec ^jecyc yc`c `c` ` ]j ]jrp rpcm cmu) u),, ifu` ifu`is iscs csi, i, DOD DOD (Di` (Di`cc Ojeu Ojeucr crgc gc Dcei Dceitc tc), ), ^CZM ^CZM (^j`mimioc` (^j`mi mioc` C`co Zsic Mi`i), XMIM]O (Xtifuecsi (Xtifuecsi,, Mjtjosi, Mjtjosi, mc` I`tjrvj`si I`tjrvj`si Mi`i ]ufdub Ojfdc`g).

D.Xcrc` c. Dcgi ^jrcwct

^jrcwct sjdcgc gcii hcrj givjr

mibcrc mib crcpoc` poc` fcfpu fcfpu fjfdjr fjfdjrioc ioc` `

 pjecyc`c` ojsjbctc` ojpcmc dceitc mc` ojeucrgc mcecf dj`tuo prlfltia,  prjvj`tia, ourctia, mc` rjbcdieitctivj. d. Dcgi Ojeucrgc

Ojeucr Oje ucrgc gc tjrutc tjrutcfc fc idu fjrupco fjrupcoc` c` pjfjgc pjfjgc`g `g pjrc` pjrc` pj`ti`g pj`ti`g mcecf mcecf fj`j`t fj` j`tuoc uoc` ` ojsjbc ojsjbctc` tc`,,

pjrtuf pjrtufdub dubc` c` mc` pjrojfdc pjrojfdc`gc` `gc` dceitc. dceitc. Lejb

oc ocrj rj`c `c itu itu oj ojeu eucr crgc gc mibc mibcrc rcpo poc` c` fcfp fcfpu u fjfc fjfcbc bcfi fi ol`sj ol`sjp p tu tufd fdub ub oj ojfd fdc` c`g g pc pcmc mc dc dcei eitc tc mc mc` ` fcfp fcfpu u fj`m fj`mcf cfpi pi`g `gii pj pjrt rtuf ufdu dubc bc` ` mc mc` `  pjrojfdc`gc` dceitc mj`gc` dcio sjbi`ggc disc fj`glptifceoc` tufdub ojfdc`g dceitc.

88