Kasaysayan 1 - UP Diliman

Kasaysayan 1 History  Greek, historía  Knowledge obtained inquiry or investigation o Aristotle observed animals (investigation), and created the history of o Ibn Khladun  Book: Al-Muqaddimah  History is the study of the past  Study of changes/development of the society  It is a social science o Jose Rizal  When studying history, there are the achievements of the people (Filipino)  Shows the historian’s perspective  There should be content Definitions and Characteristics 1) History is a narrative about the past  It is like a story/record of what happened a. History is not equal to the past b. Relevant c. Has 3 elements i. Time – helps in interpretation ii. Place iii. People – always has human involvement; affected d. Has no finality o Open-ended argument o New evidences might arise; you can’t ignore it o New perspectives: ‘each generation writes its own history’ 2)

History is a discipline/branch of knowledge a. Relevant b. It is objective o Sources, evidences, facts c. Highly subjective o Choosing which data/narratives o Interpretation/perspective o Eg. Marcoses from Ilocanos perspective d. Evolving/growing

(Evolving/Growing) a) Pre-20th century  Traditional historiography (practice of writing history)  Focus: political, economic, diplomatic  Methodology: positivism (august comte) – No document, No history  Elite-centric  Thomas Carlyne – “the great men theory” b)

20th century  Nouvelle histoine o Movement that started in France (Annales School)  Focus: Rural History and Women’s History o Social/cultural history o History of mentalities  Method: o Social sciences – linguistics, psychology o New sources – artifacts, oral history methodology o Masses: “history from below”

Historical Models  Flow of history/events 1)

2)

3) 4)

Linear model  There is a definite start and end  Providential (like the bible)  Fatalistic (everything is destined) Cyclical model  History repeats itself  Repetition  Argument: according to the 3 elements, same events will never occur at the same time Spiral model  Intersections are similarities, but time is not the same Chaotic view  History has no pattern  There is no definite start or end

Historical Sources 1) According to form a. Written/published sources – eg. archives b. Non-written – eg. photos, fossils, artifacts i. Archaeological sources 1. Artifacts 2. Fossils ii. Audio-visual sources iii. Oral sources 1. Legends 2. Myths 3. Epics 2) Sources according to importance a. Primary sources  Eye witnesses  Contemporaneous (present during the event. Eg. buildings, interviews  Government records b. Secondary sources  Derived  Interpretation Historical Criticism  Evaluation of sources 1)

2)

External/Surface o Established authenticity a) Physical attributes (eg. if from the 16th century, expect that it is not type-written or on scented paper) b) Provenance (origin of document) c) Originality (reproduced? Tampered?) Internal/Higher Criticism o Content analysis (context – eg. ‘malibog’ meant luxurious before) o Motives of the author o Corroboration (find other documents to support or refute)

Historiography (1) Pre-colonial Chinese  Trade records  Sung, Yuan, Ming Dynasty  Chau Ju-Kua’s Accounts on the Various Barbarians  Wang Ta-Yuan’s Summary Notices on the Barbarians of the Isles  Place Names (Ma-i) o According to William Henry Scott, Mindoro is the richest o Some accounts say Malolos and Bay o Another place name: “Li-han” – Malolos o “Gat sa Li-han” – Malolos was the middle of PH

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o o o Culture o

Pa-lau-yu (Palawan) Pai-pu-yen) (Babuyan Island) Liu-sun (Luzon) – Buddha from India Indianization – George Coedés

(2) Colonial Period a) Spanish Friars  Says Filipinos are ‘uncivilized’  Juan de Plascencia’s Customs of the Tagalogs  Pedro Chirino’s Events in the PH Islands o The accounts were descriptive o Babaylan hechiceras (witch) o Sacerdotisas del demonios o They brought civilization b) American Statesmen  Philippines, Past & Present by Dean Worcester o Descriptive o Anti-Imperialist League o Anti-Spanish (3) Post-colonial  Prominent Filipino historians  Traditional (50’s – 60’s; very colonial; contributions of Spanish and American) o Gregorio Zaide o Nicolas Zafra o Horacio dela Costa  Nationalist (70’s; highlight Filipino Revolution) o Teodoro Agoncillo’s Lost History  Says PH history starts 1872 o Renato Constantino Geography in the Study of History 1) Place as an element of history  First mass was held is Mazaua according to Antonio Piga Fetta between Limasawa and Butuan 2) Geographic determinism  Environmental/climatic determinism  Culture is heavily influenced by geography  Eg. Ivatan at Batanes wears headdress called Vakul and have stone houses because of typhoons  Eg. 18th century philosopher Charles-Louis Montesquieu  Eg. 19th century Johann Friedrich Blumenbach o 5-race scheme (based on skin color)  White (Caucasian  Black (Ethiopians)  Yellow (Mongoloid)  Red (Indians)  Brown (Malayans) o Degenerative Hypothesis  The farther you are from the origin, the more inferior you are – the blacks are most inferior  Eg. Greg Bankoff o La Indolencia de los Filipinos o Trade winds Philippines  Insular southeast Asia  Archipelagic o 7,100 islands o Multi-ethnic o Took look to establish the Philippines  PH revolution o American colonialism – Navy – Coastline (Military Playground)  Land formations o Volcanoes (Pacific Ring of Fire)  200 volcanoes  20 active

Mountainous (Sierra Madre, Cordilleras, Pataron) o Rivers (Rio Grande de Cagayan) Peopling Process 1) Cultural Perspective  Religion  Zoroastrianism o Ahura Mazda + Angra Mainyu o Son: Gayomartan (first human being) o Masha (came from petchay) + Mashyoi  Sikalak/sikabay  Minokawa (birth that eats the moon/sun if may eclipse)  Bakunawa (serpent) – visayas  Hinduism o Ganesh (shiva + parvati) o Trimurti  Ganesh 2) Evolutionary Perspective  Australopithecus o 4 to 1.5 million years ago o East Africa o Afarensis, Enamensis, Africanus, Robustus, Boisei o Lucy (1974, Ethiopia, discovered by Donald Carl Johanson, afarensis) o

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a)

b)

c)

Homo o o

2.8 million years ago to present East Africa

Homo Habilis  Handy man  Stone tools  500-800 cc. brain cavity  1.3 metes height  Foraging Homo erectus  Upright man  Bipedal  1.7 meters  750-1,3500 cc. brain cavity  Uses fire  Foraging Homo sapiens  Agriculture: plants and animals  250,000 years ago  1350 – 1500 cc. brain cavity

Neolithic Revolution  10,000 B.C.  Fertile Crescent  Agriculture a. Permanent settlements b. Surplus – due to pottery and trading c. Social relationships – population growth d. Life expectancy e. Social stratification f. Labor specialization g. Political/religious leaders Peopling Process in the Philippines (1) Waves of Migration Theory  Henry Otley Beyer, 1947  Artifacts in Novaliches, 1921 a) Each set of artifact belong to a specific group of people b) These groups of people are (1) prehispanic and (2) foreign c) These groups resulted to variation in current Philippine population  300,000 – 250,000 years ago: homo erectus  30,000 – 25,000: Negritos; land bridges  6,000 – 5,000: Indones A and B (boats)

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2,000 ya: Malays, metal implements

(2) Core Population Theory  1960s  Felipe Landa Jocano  “Core Populations” o Formative Phase  50,000 – 2,500 BC  Stone tools (crude)  Agriculture o Incipient Phase  3,000 – 2,500 BS  Stone tools (polished)  Metal implements o Emergent Phase  2,000 BC – 100AD  Trading with South East Asia (3) Austronesian Migration Theory  Language Family (1,200 – 380 million) o South East Asia, Taiwan, Pacific Islands, Madagascar, (rapa nui)  Proto-Austronesians* o Language o Rice-eaters, cocout, taro, banana o Terraces (Apayao) o Pottery o Boat-builders a) Out-of-Taiwan/Mainland Origin Hypothesis  Peter Bellwood Southern China

Indian Ocean

Philippines

Pacific Ocean

Insular South East Asia

b)

Island Origin Hypothesis  Nusantao Maritime Trade/Trading & Communication Network  Nusantao – “Island People”  Wilhelm Solhein II Philippines/ Indonesia (trading) Indian Ocean

Luzon

Pacific Ocean

Taiwan

Prehispanic Philippine Societies 1)

Ilaya –      

2)

Ilawud Ilaya: mountains/interiors Ilawud: coastal villages Eg: Illocos/Cordillera – Butuan City Because of the river systems, they had trading relations “Ibayo” before meant like another country or place you have to travel to These are called “hydraulic civilizations” according to Karl August Witfogel

Barangay (balangay/balanghai)  Smallest socio-political unit  Luzon/Visayas  Later, the name was changed to “barrio” but Ferninand Marcos revived calling it “barangay” in the 1970’s  Composed of 30 to 100 families  Each barangay is independent in terms of: o Governance

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o Rules (Battasan) o Territory/resources Socially stratified (based on wealth – but is mobile, aka you can move up or down)

Social Stratification 1) Uring Namumuno  Luzon: “Maginoo”  Visayas: “Kadatoan”  Has political/economic power  Gat, ginoo, dayang (girl)  Datu (political/economic) o Rajah (coastal) o Lakan (Tagalog) o Pinion (founder) o Pangulo (if its an alliance, pangulo is the more powerful one)  How do they make alliances? o Kasi-kasi (blood compact) o Intermarriages  DATU o Can be acquired if:  Inherited  Has wealth  Has followers  Physically fit  Has military skills  Has administrative skills o His role encompasses:  Protecting his territory and his constituents  Creation/revision of laws  Judge (hukon)  Legitimizes agreements/contracts  Peace and order o In return, he gets TAXES (buhis/ handug)  The Datu also has helpers o Bagani (soldiers) o Atubong sa Datu (assistant) o Paragahin (treasurer) o Bilanggo (sheriff/jail ward) o Umalohokan/Paratawag (announces)  The two rulers of Mactan: o Datu Zula o Lapu Lapu 2)

Uring Malaya  Luzon: “Maharlika”  Visayas: “Timawa”  Debtless, pays taxes, and can freely relocate when they don’t like the datu  The Uring Malaya consists of: a) Bagani – soldiers b) Panday i. Panday-bakal (weapons) ii. Panday-guinto (accessories) iii. Panday-anluwage (carpentry) c) Babaylan  Medicine, healing, spirituality  Always a girl  “baylan/baglan”  Also called Katalonan  Bayug/Bayugin are boys, but they are perceived as girls  Ritual: “Pag-aanito” o Anito/diwata (devatta) o Benevolent gods you can request to o Guibang-guibang – fates  Bacalag-boats (ginugulong to make stronger)

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3)

Ritual: Pag-aanito (offerings) o Pagbabalilig – baboy o Pagtalibog – manok o Pagkayag – rice o Paghuaqq – tao

Uring Katuwang  Luzon: Alipin  Visayas: Oripun  Being an uring Katuwang can be acquired if: o With debts (that can’t be paid) o Inherited o Punishment (murder, theft, for assaulting women) o Slave-raiding  Socially mobile o Eg. when you finish your term o Pagtitimawa (giving freedom) o Intermarriages)  Types of Uring Katuwang: o Alipin:  Saguiguilid (no property)  Namamahay (with property) o Oripun:  Ayuey: serves 3 out of 4 days  Tomaranpac: 1 out of 4 days  Tumatabang: “on call”

Other Concepts: Binukot  Epic chanting  History of their group

Luzon

Seas Agricultur e Food

Visayas

Bathala/Gugurang/K abunian Magwayen

Makaptan

Lakapati

Lalahon

Lakambini

Makabosog

Darkness

Aman Sinaya

Saragnayan – followed by “Aswangs” Wife: Magmalintong Yawa Sinagmaling Diwata Dalikmata

Eyes Fences

Lakambakod

Sun

Hanan

Moon

Mayari

Stars

Tala

Physical Appearance and Customs (based on the accounts of the Spanish) 1) 2)

Aswang  Inherently malevolent  Feeds on: o Human liver o Filth o Corpses  Types: o Tiktik – mahaba dila, can fly o Patianac – mom that died during childbirth o Tigbalang – tall, hairy person with small feet and eats only males

Tatoo Gold 

3)

4)

5)

Anito/Diwata  Deities/benevolent; wrathful  Anthropomorphic (humanlike attributes)  Closely related to nature o Deities for sun, wind, etc.  Our ancestors that died (eg. Manunggul Jar)

Heavens

Mangkukulam a) Hukluban  Matanda  Most powerful  Can kill through eyes b) Mangisalat  Uses potions  Lumay: love potions  Buringot: opposite of lumay c) Mambabarang – uses insects d) Matatanggal  Can split his body into half  Has no wings but can fly  Hold his head when he flies

1) 2)

3)

Pagpupusad is the act of putting gold in their teeth Tugbuk/Sakra  Piercing as the genitals of men  For the pleasure of women  Alipins are professional de-virginizers Nganga  Nginunguyan na leaf + bunga of a plant  Pangpatibay ng jaws and teeth  Act of affection when guys give it to girl after they chew it Alak  Tuba (coconut)  Tapuy (rice wine)  Basi (sugar cane) Pre-Hispanic Philippine Societies Illaya – Ilawud Barangay  Seen by the Spanish at Luzon and Visayas  In Mindanao, it’s counterpart is the “Kampong” Sultanato (Mindanao)  Based on religion (Islam)  SULTAN: government o He is chosen o Must be a descendant of Muhammad  SHARIA: Islamic laws o The laws of the country are the same as the laws of the religion  The Sultanato is a state religion o The population are all Muslims

Islam 

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There are 1.8 billion adherents (it is the 2nd largest religion) o Sunni – Abu Bakr is the 1st caliph o Shia – Ali is the 1st caliph (Muhammad’s cousin) Birthplace: MECCA UMMAH: the people MOSQUE: the church “S-L-M” most of their words have roots in these letters o Refers to people o Common translation: submission to one god Monotheistic to ALLAH It is an ABRAHAMIC religion It is a young religion: started 610 AD, Muhammad was the last prophet o He was visited by the angel JIBRIL QUR’AN o Verbatim of Allah’s words o Written in Arahic 622 AD is “year 0” in their calendar, HIJRI

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From Hijra, they migrated to Medina (Yahtrib) JIHAD – holy war o Literal translation: struggle o Killing of non-believers o Struggle to practice religion a) External Jihad b) Internal Jihad – against yourself/ changing self to be better/ to become closer to Allah

5 Pilars of Islam (al-Arkan al-Islam) 1) SHAHDA  “two testimonials”  When you convert to Islam and before you pray  There is no god but Allah  Muhammad is the messenger 2)

SALAT/SALAH a) Five (5)       b)

c)

d)

3)

SAUM      

4)

5)

ZAKAT  

times a day Fajr (before sunrise) Zuhr (noon 11-1) Asr (afternoon 3-4) Maghrib (dusk 5-7pm) Isha (night 7pm) Moses told Muhammad to bargain from 50x a day to 5x a day Faced to Mecca  Where al-Masjid al-Haram is found (biggest mosque)  Kaaba is the 1st mosque, believed to be established by Abraham and Ishmael o Inside the Kaaba is the blackstone o It was said to be thrown by Allah to signify where the 1st mosque should be built o The blackstone became black because it can absorb sins Ablution  Wudu: partial cleaning  Ghusl: full cleaning (eg. period of women, after sex)  Uses water  Tayamum: uses sand Sutrah  

“warning” Objects put in front of them, signifying not to pass in front of them when they are praying

Fasting/Puasa Ramadan: 9th month of the Islamic calendar Hijri During the day, they aren’t allowed to put anything inside their mouth They are not allowed to indulge in anything pleasurable for 1 month so that they can become closer to Allah Eid al-Fitr is the last day, and is a celebration Children 7 years old or younger are exempted, also the aged and pregnant women

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Pilgrimage Once in your life, go to Mecca Dhu al-Hijjah (12th month/last month) “Stoning of the devil” – denouncing of evil

“Hajji” is affixed to a male’s name once he has done Hajj, while for females “Hajjah” is affixed o Others change their entire name Umrah is when you go to Mecca NOT on the 12th month

Islam in the Philippines  1280 o Tuan Mashaika brought Islam to the Philippines  He was a trader  Only introduced it, but no conversion was involved  1380 o Karim ul-Makdum o Actual conversion occurred  1405 o Sharif ul-Hashim (descendant of Muhammad)  Later changed his name to “Sayyid Abu Bkr”  Married Paramisuli (bayang Dayang) o He established the 1st sultanate in Sulu o (1) SULU (Sultanate)  Palawan, Tawi-tawi, Sabah  Very powerful – they practiced pangangayaw, or slave-raiding – to the Christians and went as far as Apari (Cagayan)  1500 o Sultanate of (2) Maguindanao was established  Sultan Kudarat (1600s) o By Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuwan  Sultanate of (3) Lanao was the 3rd in the country o Confederacy of Lanao o Composed of 13 sultans o Some don’t consider Lanao as a sultanate because there was no proof they have tarsila  Tarsila – proof that you’re a descendant of Muhammad o “Kampong” – equivalent of barangay  There are no Sultanato in Luzon/Visayas  Before the Spanish came, we were in the process of Islamization o Islamization (1280)  Hispanization (1521/1565)  There was a smooth introduction of Islam because: a) 100 years of Introduction b) Ideals of Islam: o Peace o Notion of ‘Ummah’ – equality c) Women from nobility (intermarriages) o Eg. Sayyid Abu Bakr married Paramisuli     

Alms giving/charity Give portions of income (2.5%) to the less fortunate (other Muslims)

HAJJ    

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Age of Discovery and Exploration Took place between the 15th and 18th century Distinct because of maritime travel (seas) Increase in geographical knowledge (eg. how to get around) National endeavor; o No longer exclusive to merchants o Government funded Colonialism was rampant especially with the Europeans

Factors Leading to the Age of Discovery and Exploration 1) Mercantilism/ Bullionism  Gold and silver as a basis of wealth  Since the amount of gold is constant, you have to get from other countries/places through means of: o Trading – export o New territories  Getting gold from other countries

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Believed most of the gold goes to China when they thought that gold is depleting in Europe

2)

Search for Spices  Used to preserve food (salt, black pepper, nutmeg, ginger)  They had to search outside of Europe because they do not cultivate the spices  They believed it comes from Afria/Asia  Spice Islands: Moluccas  Italy had monopoly over the spices o Because trade passes through the silk road o The British, Spanish, Portuguese had to pay high prices just to buy spices from Italy

3)

Silk road  Traditional route between Asia and Europe o Passes through Constantinople, Aleppo, Damascus, Samarqand, Baghdad, Persia, India, China  1453: Fall of Constantinople (Roman Empire, Byzantine) o They were defeated by the Ottoman empire (Anatolia: Turkey) o The order of the Ottoman was to close the Silk Road, and increase the tariff if they want to pass o Because of this, the Europeans used maritime travel to search for the spices/ get to Asia Roman Catholicism  Spain and Portuguese Travel/Accounts  Marco Polo (1279 – 1291) to China during the Yuan Dynasty o He met Kublai Khan o Described China as full of gold  People got scared because they believed the world was flat, and you’ll fall at one point cruising the Atlantic Ocean Renaissance Period  Literally means “rebirth/revival”  Revival of classical culture of the Greco-Romans  Secularizing the handling of knowledge (separate from religion)  Inventions  became instrumental for navigation (eg. compass)  1450: movable printing press o Johannes Gutenberg o Cartography o Making maps Emergence of Banking Families  Eg. Medici Family, Fugger family (German)  Emerged when there was a need to keep gold in a safe place  They invest gold to earn more o They invested in expeditions o Fugger invested in Magellan’s expedition, came out richer despite having only 1 out of 5 ships come back because of the amount of spices they were able to return

4) 5)

6)

7)

Spain/Portugal  Iberian Peninsula  Faces the Atlantic Ocean, thus, had the opportunity to explore the seas/improve naval forces  711 – 1492 o They underwent Reconquista  By the Moors (Muslim)  “Moorish Spain”

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1492: Fall of Granada (last strong Muslim hold in Europe

Portugal  Their Reconquista ended 1294 (already independent)  1430 o Started explorations o Prince Henry the Navigator established a maritime school (Sagres Point)  1488 o Reached the Cape of Good Hope (southern most tip of Africa) in an expedition led by Bartolomeu Diaz to get to Asia  1498 o They reached Calicut, India in an expedition led by Vasco de Gama  1500 o Reached Brazil, Rio de Janero in an expedition led by Pedro Alvares Cabral  1510 o Established Goa, India as a Portuguese enclave in an expedition led by Alfonso de Albuquerque  1511 o Reached Malacca led by Albuquerque Spain  

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Ended the Reconquista later than the Portuguese 1492 o Reached the New World (Americas) in an expedition led by Christopher Columbus, who initially thought it was India. This caused chaos with Portugal 1493 o Pope Alexander VI released the papal bull (Inter Caetera, which means “among other things”) o 100 leagues West of Azores was the proposed border, but the Portuguese did not agree (even though it was in their favor) because Pope Alexander VI was Spanish 1494 o Treaty of Tordesillas o New border was 370 leagues, West of Cape Verde o Because of this, Spain can no longer claim Moluccas because it’s in Portugal’s side 1517 o Ferdinand Magellan is a Portuguese navigator working for the Spanish crown  He was with the exploration to Goa and Malacca of the Portuguese, so he is already familiar with their routes o The Spanish Kingdom gave him funds (Carlos I)  Consisted of 250 crew/fleet – Armada de Molucca  Trinidad, San Antonio, Santiago, Victoria, Concepcion o His expedition under the Spanish crown left Seville on August 10, 1519 o Magellan believed that you can reach Asia by going West, this idea does not break the Treaty of Tordesillas 1520, April 1 o There was an uprising led by Juan de Cartagena because he did not like Magellan’s leadership o He was punished by means of marooning (left in a island with only water and gun) because he did not follow the King’s order 1520, November 1 o Estrecho de Todos los Santos (Straight of Magellan) o The ship Santiago got lost and San Antonio went back to Spain 1520, November 1521

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1521, o o o

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1521, o o

Mar Pacifico Passage across the Pacific Ocean, where they went months without seeing land; the crew got hungry, and there were accounts of the crew eating leather March 6 The expedition reached Guam (the Marianas) It was labeled “Las Islas Landrones,” which means thief Chamoros (the people) welcomed them, but went to the boat to get items. The crew let this happen because they wanted to get food and resources from the Island March 17 The expedition reached Samar/Leyte (Suluan) (Suluhan/Homonhon) The Spanish named it “Las Islas de San Lazaro”

o o 

1542 o o

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1564 o o o o

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1521, March 31 o Easter Sunday o The First mass in the Philippines was led by Fr. Pedro Valderrama at Limasawa (Mazaua) o This is where they met Rajah Kolambu 1521, April 7 o B o The ships transferred to Cebu, where they met Rajah Humabon, whose wife was Hara Humamay o Magellan promised Rajah Humabon that he’ll be the most powerful Rajah  That he will be able to collect taxes from other barangays  He was able to collect from Mactan under Datu Zula  But Lapu-Lapu refused to pay taxes to Rajah Humabon 1521, April 27 o First recorded battle (Battle of Mactan) o According to Antonio Pigafetta, 60 Spanish fought vs 1,500 natives: left 11 on board while 49 fought o Sebastian Elcano took over Magellan after he died during the battle 1521, May 2 o There were 3 ships left: Trinidd, Victoria, and Concepcion o They left Cebu and burned Concepcion o Trinidad and Victoria went to Moluccas  Trinidad followed the Pacific Ocean Route  Victoria followed the Portugese route: “Carreira de India” 1522, September 22 o Arrival of Victoria at Seville with 18 people o What the expedition achieved:  Proved that the world is spherical  Spain renewed claims to Moluccas  Philippines became part of their agenda: colonization 1525 o Garcia Jofre de Loaisa led an expedition which got caught by the Portuguese (with Andres de Urdaneta) which was not able to return o Since the expedition of Urdaneta was not yet able to return, Spain launched another expedition led by Alvaro de Saavedra Céron, which also got caught 1526 o Spain launched another expedition headed by Sebastian Cabot 1529

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1565, o o o o

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1571 o o

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Treaty of Zaragoza moved the border to 297.5 leagues, East of Moluccas Spain noticed that Portugal is not utilizing the Philippines (because there was no gold in the Philippines) Spain launched an expedition led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos They named the archipelago “Las Islas Phelipinas” Launched the Miguel Lopez de Legazpi expedition, he was the 1st governor general He asked help from Andres de Urdaneta, who at that time was already an Agustinian Friar They reached the Philippines on February 13, 1565 (Samar/Leyte) Before they were able to reached land, the natives were already attacking them (this happened because the Portuguese apparently burned villages before the Spanish arrived, hence, and the natives cannot tell them apart) They transferred to Bohol, where Rajah Sikatuna talked to them Transferred to Cebu because some natives were already converted to Christianity at the time  Rajah Tupas  Their welcoming was also hostile, but the Spanish fought with Cebu, and burned the houses of Cebuanos  Because of this, the natives went and fled to the mountains February 27 Established Villa San Miguel (Cebu) 40 years after the 1st expedition, they were able to find a statue of the Sto. Nino Because of this, they renamed Cebu to Ciudad del Sanissimo Nombre de Jesus They kidnapped a native girl who was a relative of Rajah Tupas, dressed her well in order to make Rajah Tupas believe that they are good/mean no harm Expedition led by Martin de Goiti Went to Manila (“Insigne y Siempre Leal de Ciudad de Manila”) because:  It is far from the Muslims (Sulanates)  Pasig River provides easy access to the interiors of the city  It is near China, so they are able to get gold Manila only referred to Intramuros; The suburbs (other parts of “Manila”) were called Arrabales The Spanish Introduced:  Calle (roads)  Palacio de Governador (where they governor stayed)  Ayuntamiento (city hall)  Churches – eg. San Agustin  Panderia – Fernandez dela Puebla (pan de sal)  Botica – pharmacy (19th century), established by Jacobo Zobel – Trinidad Ayala  Schools  Colegio de Maximo de San Ignasius (Jesuit - boys)  Santa Ponteciana (Franciscan – girls)  UST (Dominican – 1611)  Collegio de San Juan de Letran (Dominican – 1620)

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o

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Arrabales (suburbs)  Tondo – “Pescadores” – fishers  Sampaloc – “Lavanderos” – many esteros  Paco – “Dilao” – Foreign population: Japanese/Chinese  Binondo – Christianized Chinese  Parian – Chinos Infieles (Chinese nonbelievers  Divisoria was the road that divided Binondo and Parian Manila was made the capital because:  It is a protected harbor  They made naval bases at Sangley point in Cavite and on Corregidor  No naval bases were established in Bataan due to resistance

2)

3)

a)

Reduccíon System  Reduccir – to limit/to reduce  Resettlement policy to reducciones  1582 – Fr. Juan de Plasencia endorsed the idea to the Philippines (to the Synod of Manila)  Philippine priests rejected violence and was antislavery  Purpose: a) Conversion b) Efficient system for taxation (people are condensed in one area)  Padron: list of tax payers, also used as a record of the people inside the reducciones c) Used for surveillance  Later, people intentionally went down from the mountains and moved to reducciones because og the Plaza Complex which had schools, commercial establishments, a marketplace, hospital, and government offices  Church o Had a bell tower which was very important o Alerts people if there are Muslims (slaveraiding o That’s why it needs to be near a port (so they can see incoming Muslims  “Bajo el son de la campana” o When you’re inside the reducciones o ‘taga-loob’ o Means that you are under the sound of the bell  When you are outside the reducciones: o ‘taga-labas’ o Vagamundos o Tulisanes o Remontados o Indocumentados Social Pyramid a) Peninsulares – Spanish born in Spain b) Insulares – Spanish born in colonies c) Principalia/Principales – native aristocrats  Gobernadorcillo  Cabeza de Barangay  Called “Don’ and ‘Doña’ d) Indio – natives e) Chinos Infieles – Chinese non-believers f) Mestizos: 19th century, half Filipino half Spanish Political System

Centralized government

King of     

b)

1573 o

Philip II released a decree on how to establish new settlements Requirements in order to establish new settlements  Must be near a port  Near a forested area (wood used to building structures) 1)

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c)

d)

e)

f)

Spain El Rey In charge of the Spanish empire Concerned with appointing people to positions o Political/Religious Eg. “Real Patron” is one who helped establish churches Patronato Real (Royal patronage)

Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias  In charge of the colonies  Council of the Indies  Established 1524  Changed name to “Ministerio de Ultramar” o Minister of the colonies, 1863  Role: formulation of laws o The laws were called: Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias Viceroy de Mexico  Nueva España (Mexico)  For some time, the Philippines was under Mexico’s judiciary (1565-1821)  All affairs of the Philippines passed through Mexico Governador Y Capitan General (PH)  Highest position within the PH  Appointed by the king  The only requirement was being a peninsulares  His position is: o Administrative o Military o Economic  Boletas are tickets that are needed to join the Galleon Trade  These are handle by the governor general  He maintains/manages monopoly stores called Estancos o Judicial  Supreme Court (Real Audiencia)  He is the “Oidor” or the judge o Ecclesiastic  Called “visceral patron” because he has the power to recommend friars  Salary: 40,000 Mexican Pesos  Function: Cumplase – can reject the implementation of laws  They tend to be corrupt, thus, the king implemented: i. Residencia – he arrives 6 months after the end of the term of the governor general to inspect; but gov. generals hide/return items to Spain before they arrive ii. Visita – can arrive anytime Alcalde Mayor  Governs alcaldia  These are pacified provinces (no resistant)  Civil governor Corregidor  Governs Corregimientos  Unpacified provinces  Needs military intervention  Military governors

Alcalde Mayor and Corregidor have similar roles:  Role: o Taxation o Peace and order o Serve as a judge at the tribunal  Compensation: 2,000 pesos  To avoid corruption, they were given a privilege o Indulto de Comercio, which allows them to join the Galleon Trade  Appointed by the king  Must be a peninsulares and a lawyer g) h)

i)

Gobernadorcillo  Handles towns: Pueblos Alcalde Ordinario  Handles cities: Ciudad  Elected by Spanish residents Cabeza de Barangay  Handled villages: barrio The role of the 3:  Must be a principalia: o Has to be wealthy, because if the people they govern cannot pay their taxes, they have to shoulder it o Used to me Uring Namumuno  Compensation: 2.5 pesos to 20 pesos  They are exempted from paying taxes  Requirements: o Wealthy o At least 25 years old o Fluent in Spanish o Never been imprisoned  Emilio Aguinaldo was a gobernadorcillo  To be a gobernadorcillo, you need to be a Cabeza de Barangay for 4 years

Taxation  Payment of tributo  Goals of taxation: 1) Replenish the royal treasury 2) Maintenance of the colonies 3) Sustain military campaigns (since the Philippine is not fully pacified) 4) Help the church Encomienda System  Implemented in the Philippines 1570s by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi  Permit to collect taxes from certain areas  It is not a land grant, it is only the right to collect taxes from them  ENCOMENDERO: o Role: Tax collector, defense against outsiders, helps the church o Annually, the encomendero must collect 8 reales/1 Mexican Peso per family  1589: 10 reales  19th century: 15 reales o Additional ½ real is collected for military expenses  Luzon: Vinta (navy)

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 Visayas: Falua  Mindanao: Donativo de Zamboanga ENCOMIENDA o Place (land), which does not follow political geography such as the pueblos and provineces o Usually based on population ¼ of the tax goes to the encomendero

Types of Encomienda 1) Encomienda dela Corona  Crown; Realenga  In theory, the encomendero is the King of Spain; however, the actual collector is the gobernadorcillo or the cabeza de barangay  All the money goes to the Royal Treasury and the ¼ rule does not apply  Requirements for an area to be Encomienda de Corona: o Place must be agricultural o Has a port (easy transportation of goods) o Had a big population 2)

Encomienda de Particulares  Private  In theory, the encomendero is chosen by the king, usually a former government official and a peninsulares or insulares (Spanish)  However, in history, there have been 2 Filipino encomendero for Particulares: o Francisco Liwag and Juan de Macapagal  The actual collectors are soldiers who uses force  Encomenderos can be passed onto 2 generations, however, this is not often followed, and reaches up to 4 generations  1721: if you exhaust 2 generations, it will be turned into a REALENGA  The money collected from Particulares is used for the maintenance of the colony

3)

Ecclesiastical Encomienda  The encomendero are religious orders and their institutions  This is an offshoot of the Encomienda de Particulares o When they no longer have successors, they give it to the church  PINEDA (Modern-day Pasay) was an Ecclesiastical Encomienda  The tax collected is used to help the church

Bandala System  Enforced sale of goods from natives to the government  The government buys the goods from natives  This is handled by the encomendero o He dictates the products (usually products that the place doesn’t cultivate, so they are forced to buy them outside) o And the price (pays low)

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Viewed as a form of taxation