K34 3 Tumac - Visegrad

 

Umelgajlstlďka Nifiratlvba Xipuhjlka Gucmsjavlga

MUBM^BA CIMJMŤKA KAXVA

17144 444

VYOAĊ za jlst

^LŤICXAF K 56-5

Himcraf 1.

 

XIFAKELMBL MFHMX  Floltrlgivlă Oljmraf Fracab Fraclă Utivab Karaoata Huflolr Titrmvlă Hmrls Ulkmšik  ^ijlolr Ťuvaďkl Fmhra ^isijlbmvlă

Lzfagi Uavizbl cimjmškl zavmf, Himcraf. Ťtaopabm u tlraŲu mf >44 prlogiraka Ťtaopa BLCXM ‒Trlvrifbl pricjif", Himcraf, Oaršaja Hlrguzmva 5‖9.

 

KAXVY L VYOAĊ LWXAFLJL7

XM ‒CIMLBſIBGIXLBC" UAXAGI^M MMYX LBUVLVYV WA CIMJMCLGY ‖ LJLFſA L XM CIMJMŤKL LBUVLVYV HIMCXAF 1  ..8>  UIFLOIBVBI NAELGI (G).......................................................................................................................8> XmŲbael l sljlelmzbl cjlbel...........................................................................................................................8> Mnlmjltskl oijabŲ........................................................................................................................................8>

 HAWLĊBI L YJVXAHAWLĊBI YJVXAHAWLĊBI UVIBI................................................................................... UVIBI............................................................................................ .........83  83  UTLJLVL (θθah)...........................................................................................................................................83 FLGAHAWL, FMJIXLVL L MNLVUKL CAHXL..............................................................................................83 FLGAHAWL (θθ)..........................................................................................................................................80 FMJIXLVL (θ)...........................................................................................................................................8< MNLVUKL CAHXL (οθ)................................................................................................................................8<  BIXAUĊJABGIB CAHXM-FLGAHAWBL KMOTJIKU (οθθ).............. (οθθ).............................. ............................... ......................... ................ .......... ....8< 8< TIXLFMVLV-CAHXMLFBL KYOYJAVL..................................................................................................8< Cahrl (ο).....................................................................................................................................................8< Nijfspat-pirlfmtltl (ου)...............................................................................................................................54 Kuoujatbl `arehurcltl l jirzmjltl (υ)...........................................................................................................54 VIKVMBLVUKL YJVXAOANLVL L AUMELXABL OIVAOMXNLVL.........................................................51 Tirlfmtltl (υ)...............................................................................................................................................51 Kmbtaktbm oitaomrnlsabi stibi.................................................................................................................58

CMXBGA KXIFA............................................................................................................................58 EIBMOAB (K 81).......................................................................................................................................55 EIBMOAB-VYXMB (K 81,8)....... )................. .................... ................... ................... .................... .................... ................... ................... .................... .................................55 .......................55 )................ .................... ................... ................... .................... .................... .................... ................... ................... .................... .................... .....................................56 ...........................56 UIBMB (K 85)......

VIXELGAX.......................................................................................................................................56  HLGIJM HXFM HXFM ‖ JATMXEL L JATMXM^LVL JATMXM^LVL KXIĊBGAEL KXIĊBGAEL (O 11,8,8 )...............................................  )..................................... ...........59 .59  XMCAVLĊKM-KYKA^LĊKL  XMCAVLĊKMKYKA^LĊKL HAUIB.................................................................................... HAUIB.............................................................................................. ...........59 .59 KMBCJMOIXAVL L CJLBI (1O8,5)..........................................................................................................59 JATMXEL UA YCJGIO (8O8,5).................................................................................................................59

UGI^IXUKM‖HIXKM^LĎL‖ſIVLĎL‖MUM^M...........................................................................59 CJLBI L JATMXEL (1O8,5)...... )............... ................... .................... .................... ................... ................... .................... .................... .................... ....................................5> ..........................5> KXIĊBGAEL L JATMXEL UA YCJGIO ( 8O8,5)....... )................ ................... .................... .................... ................... ................... .................................5> .......................5>

 K^AXVAX.....................................................................................  K^AXVAX ...................................................5>  .....5>  HLCAX ................................................................................................................................... ( l )................................................................................................................................................5> MXCABMCIBM-HAXUKL UIFLOIBVL (h)............................................................................................5> VIXAUBL UIFLOIBVL (t)........................................................................................................................5>

 

FIJY^LGAJBM-TXMJY^LGAJBL WAUVMXL (fpr).................................................................................5> FIJY^LGAJBL WAUVMXL (f )..................................................................................................................5> TXMJY^LGAJBL WAUVMXL (pr)...............................................................................................................53 TJA^LBUKI JITIWI (pr).......................................................................................................................53 AJY^LGYO (a)..........................................................................................................................................53

VIKVMBLKA......................................................................................................................................50  WMBA TXAĊA‖FXLBA‖J TXAĊA‖FXLBA‖JLO LO (A)..................................................................................................50 (A)..................................................................................................50 GIFLBLEA KMTAĊA (a)...........................................................................................................................50 GIFLBLEA YUVLTXAĊI (h)......................................................................................................................5< GIFLBLEA OIĔIĔI (e)...........................................................................................................................5< GIFLBLEA ).................................................................................................5< GIFLBLEA UVXOLEA‖MXA@M^M XAKLVBLEA‖ĊYHXLĎL (f(i)..................................................................................................5< GIFLBLEA BIWYKA (n)............................................................................................................................61

 WMBA VAXA‖UGIOIĎ VAXA‖UGIOIĎ (H).......................................................................... (H)..................................................................................................... ..................................61 .......61 GIFLBLEA GIFLBLEA GIFLBLEA GIFLBLEA

TXLHLFMJA (c)......................................................................................................................61 VAXA‖W^LGIWFA (`)..........................................................................................................61 WJM^X@‖UVMJAE (l).........................................................................................................61 UGIOIĊ‖FI^IVAK (g).......................................................................................................68

 WMBA ^LŤICXAFA ^LŤICXAFA (E )........................................................................................................... ).................................................................................................................68 ......68 GIFLBLEA GIFLBLEA GIFLBLEA GIFLBLEA GIFLBLEA GIFLBLEA GIFLBLEA

HXĊLCM^M‖ KAMŤVLEI‖OIXIOLŤJGI (k)..................................................................68 KJAŤBLK‖FXLBUKM‖HGIJAGEL (1)...............................................................................68 ^AXFA‖^L@XA (o)............................................................................................................65 HMUABUKI GACMFLBI (b ).................................................................................................65 WHMXLŤVI‖CMJIŤ (m ).......................................................................................................65 ſITA‖JYKA‖GACMŤVLEA‖JGYVM TMJGI (p).............................................................65 GAUIBLEA‖HMXLKA‖TAŤLĎ KYJA (r )..........................................................................65

 WMBA ^AXFLŤVA ^AXFLŤVA (F).................................................................................................................. (F).....................................................................................................................65 ...65  BIMCIBL HAUIBL HAUIBL (I).......................................................................................................... (I)................................................................................................................... .........66 66 TXICJIF OLBIXAJBL@ OLBIXAJBL@ ULXM^LBA............................................................................................. ULXM^LBA.............................................................................................69 69  OLBIXAJBI  OLBIXAJ BI ULXM^LBI Y VXLGAUKLO VXLGAUKLO UIFLOIBVLOA.............................................................69 UIFLOIBVLOA.............................................................69  OLBIXAJBI  OLBIXAJ BI ULXM^LBI ^IWABI ^IWABI WA GYXUKL MNLMJLVUKL MNLMJLVUKL KMOTJIKU.......................... KMOTJIKU.................................69 .......69  OLBIXAJBI  OLBIXAJ BI ULXM^LBI ^IWABI ^IWABI WA CMXBGMKXIFBI CMXBGMKXIFBI UIFLOIBVI..................... UIFLOIBVI.............................. ...............6>  ......6>   OLBIXAJBI  OLBIXAJ BI ULXM^LBI Y BIMCIBLO HAUIBLOA..................... HAUIBLOA................................................................. ..............................................63  ..63  MUVAJI OLBIXAJBI OLBIXAJBI ULXM^LBI........................................................................................ ULXM^LBI................................................................................................. .........63  63  LUVMXLGA UV^AXABGA VIXIBA.............................................................................. VIXIBA........................................................................................... ..................... ........60 60 JLVIXAVYXA....................................................................................................................................94

 

Y^MF

Viribska l jahmratmrlgska lspltlvabga vizaba za lzrafu MCK jlst ^lšicraf mhavjgiba su za fim jlsta ba tirltmrlgl UX Urhlgi mf 1 4,6 5,9< 4,6< 4,5> 4,81 >,11 1,6> 0,>3 6,9< 4,>1 4,10 , 3, 0 ‖ A. Kabjlă l  l  V. Xaea

Ajtiraelg Ajtira elgaa pja pjaclm clmkja kjasa sa oab oablni lnistu stugi gi si u stv stvara arabgu bgu olbira olbiraja ja cjlba, cjlba, pri priblt bltaa l kajelt kajeltaa ljl ajhltlzaelgl, fmk auclt prijazl u `lfrmjlskub, `jmrlt, mpaelt l riđi urajlt. Msbmvba oasa abfizlta gi olkrmkrlstajba, riđi `mjmkrlstajba a kaf gi `lpmkrlstajba zaouăiba  gi l tiškm si lfibtlnlkugi. Lzcrađiba gi mf olkrmjlta nijfspata uz kmgi fmjazi iplfmt, `jmrlt, jiukmk jiu kmksbi sbi,, sijafm sijafmblt blt,, kva kvare re l ake akeism ismrbl rbl oit oitajl ajlďbl ďbl olb olbira irajl. jl. Oab Oabfmj fmjii su lzcrađ lzcrađibi ibi mf sijafmblta, riđi kvarea l kajelta, a lzuzitbm ritkm gavjga si l puopijlt. Abfizltl su vimoa ugifbaďibmc sastava l bagďišăi su aucltskl. Utiba sa jahrafmrmo l vlši nibmkrlstaja auclta prijazi u abfizlt-hazajti ljl hazajti. Y abfizltsklo tijloa ritkm si gavjgagu kiratmnlrl, kvare-kiratmnlrl, abfizlt-kiratmnlrl l tunmvl. Kiratmnlrl l kvare-kiratmnmrl su kmbstatmvabl u ritklo uzmreloa lz stuhmva sblojgibl` u abfizl abf izltlo tloa. a. Nib Nibmkr mkrlst lstajl ajl su pri prifst fstavj avjgib gibll ajh ajhltm ltmo, o, auc aucltmo ltmo l rit ritkm km kvarem kvaremo. o. Ajh Ajhlt lt gi lflmomrnab, lflmom rnab, prlzoat prlzoatlďab lďab l pjmďa pjmďast, st, u vlfu prmstl` ljl hjlŲb hjlŲbgibl` gibl` l ritkm sviŲl` zrba. Msbmvb Msbmvbaa oasa gi olkrm fm krlptmkrlstajba a lzcrađiba gi mf olkrmjlta nijfspata, `jmrlta, oitajlďbl` olbiraja l kvarea. @lpmkrlstajbm-pmrnlrskl varlgititl safrŲi l prmoibjglvu kmjlďlbu stakja. Oabfmji su ďišăi kmf `lpmkrlstajbl` tlpmva. Lspubgibi su sijafmbltmo, pmfriđibm kvaremo l kajeltmo. Y abfizlt-kiratmrlnski stibi su uvrštibl abfizltl kmf kmgl` gi lzvršiba bipmtpuba ajhltlzaelga. Tmstmgi svl prijazl mf oajm ajhltlzlrabmc abfizlba fm stabga cfi si mvag sastmgak gavjga kam rijlkt u ajhltskmg msbmvl. Mvakvl tlpmvl stiba u abfizltsklo tijloa omcu prifstavjgatl fmkaz fa su kiratmnlrl pmstajl ajhltlzaelgmo abfizlta. Ua abfizltloa si oistlolďbm gavjgagu l tunmvl. Utruktura lo gi psaoltska a tikstura oaslvba. Y krlptmkrlstajbmo eioibtu olbirajbl fitrltus gi prifstavjgib abfizlbmo, riđi jahrafmrmo l 88

 

ajhltmo, zatlo aucltmo, kvaremo, kajeltmo l oitajlďblo olbirajloa. Utibska kmopmbibta gi mf abfizlta. Wbatbm su ďišăl abfizltskl mf kiratmnlrskl` varlgitita. Krlstajbl fmolblragu baf jltmkrlstajblo l vimoa ritklo jltmvltrmnlrsklo varlgititloa. FLGAHAWL (θθ) L UTLJLVL (θθah) Kragbgi ritkm u gucmzapafbmo fiju jlsta, zapafbm mf Frlbi, u mkvlru trlgaskl` giflblea fmjazi oaja tija spljlta l flgahaza.  BIXAŤĊJABGIBL UXIFBG  BIXAŤĊJABGIBL UXIFBGLL VXLGAU (V8)  Ba Varl l Wvlgizfl lzfvmgiba gi fihija sukeislga oaslvbl`, riđi l habkmvltm-sjmgivltl` kriďbgaka supsprufbi l sprufbi naelgi. Mva karhmbatba giflblea lzcrađiba gi mf olkrmsparlta,  hlmolkrlta, lbtrahlmsparlta, hlmsparuflta hlmsparuflta l hlmsparlta.  Ba sivirmlstmďbmo mhmfu mnlmjltskmc pmgasa pjltkmomrskl karhmbatbl sifloibtl pmďijl su si tajmŲltl pmďitkmo srifbgic trlgasa. Vakva sifloibtaelga kmbtlbulrabm tragi fm kraga cmrbgic trlgasaa (bis trlgas (bislcurab lcurab gi rit). Y takvm takvmo o stuhu mfvmgi mfvmgibb gi cmrbg cmrbgll trlgas trlgas,, fmk si ablzlgskl ablzlgskl l jaflbs jaflbskl kl fim stuha blsu omcjl rašďjabltl. Y bag bagblŲ blŲlo lo fij fijmv mvloa loa stu stuha ha mfr mfriđi iđiba ba gi nmr nmraol aolbln blnirs irska ka as asmel melgae gaelga lga abl ablzlgs zlgski ki starms starmstl7 tl7  Oiabfrmsplra flbarlea, flbarlea, Fumstmolba ajta, Aimjlsaeeus fubblbctmbl l fr. Cmrbgl, zbatbm fihjgl fim stuha prlpafa jaflbskmo katu prioa fitirolblsablo ajcaoa l spmb clgaoa7 Viutjmpmrijja `ireujia, Haďlbija mrflbata, Haeeabija njmrlnmrols, Jaflbija pmrata, Nmjlea Nmj leatib tibaa eau eautle tlea, a, Ery Eryptm ptmemi emijla jla zlt zlttij tijll l Emj Emjmsp mspmbc mbcla la eitibu eitibujata jata.. Nmsljb Nmsljbll saf safrŲa rŲagg ďis ďistm tm  prifstavjgagu l tlpskl sprufbl sprufbl mrcablzol7 `lfrmzml, hrlmzml, kmr kmrajl, ajl, krlbmlfl l giŲivl. Fihjglba srifbgmtrlgaski karhmbatbi giflblei gi mkm 1.444 o.

UXIFBGL-CMXBGL VXLGAU (V8,5)  Ba zapafbmg pmjmvlbl pmfruďga jlsta lzfvmgibi su trl jltmnaelgajbi giflblei stvarabi u pirlmfu srifbgl-cmrbgl trlgas7 1) oaslvbl l habkmvltl kriďbgael l fmjmoltl 8) sjmgivltl kriďbgael sa rmŲbaeloa l 5) oaslvbl sprufbl kriďbgael OAUL^BL L HABKM^LVL KXIĊBGAEL L FMJMOLVL Ua mhi str strabi abi Frlbi Frlbi guc gucmza mzapaf pafbm bm mf ^lš ^lšicr icrafa afa (B (Bzue zuel,l, Kru Krušr šrvlea vlea)) razvlg razvlgiba iba gi fms fmsta ta `itirmciba giflblea. TritiŲbm su tu oaslvbl l habkmvltl kriďbgael l fmjmoltl, ajl si ritkm sriău l lzfabel vujkabmcibmc jaflblka (kmrltm Frlbi, Gahjablea). Kriďbgael su pritiŲbm olkrmsparltl l  hlmsparltl, riđi lbtraolkrltl. Mvl sifloibtl su u tiktmbskmo mfbmsu sa virnibsklo virnibsklo kjastltloa a l saoa giflblea gi lbtibzlvbm tiktmblzmvaba. Ċistm su jltmjmški prmoibi a pajimbtmjmška fmkuoibtaelga gi mskufba, pa gi eija giflblea stavjgiba u srifbgl-cmrbgl trlgas ba msbmvu olkrmpajimbtmjmškl` pmfataka sa oajmc hrmga taďaka. Y blŲlo fijmvloa giflblei kmbstatmvaba  gi asmelgaelga nmraolblnira sa sa Oiabfrmsplra  Oiabfrmsplra flbarlea pa flbarlea  pa hl tag fim stuha prlpafam ablzlku. Y  habkmvltmo fiju giflblei bajazi si sjahm mďuvabi `ajmhlgi (jaflblk=) fmk su u bagcmrbgio fiju stuha mfriđ mfriđibi ibi prikrlsta prikrlstajlsab jlsabii lbvm lbvmjutlbi jutlbi l Cajia Cajiabijja bijja pabtl pabtleai eai kmga ukazugi ba cmrbgl trlgas. UJMGI^LVL KXIĊBGAEL UA XMſBAELOA Y frlbskm-praďabskm-jloskmo pmfruďgu l ba lstmďblo paflbaoa Ugioiăa prikm ablzlgski  giflblei jiŲi sjmgivltl kriďbgael sa oucjaoa, oucjaoa, lzfruŲiblo smďlvloa l pjmďaoa rmŲbaea. rmŲbaea. Kriďbgael su prifstavjgibl flsolkrltloa l olkrmsparltloa, a pmfriđibm si gavjgagu olkrltl l  hlmolkrltl. 85

 

Y lstmo pmfruďgu oistlolďbm gi u mkvlru mvi giflblei lzfvmgiba jaflbska giflblea sa tlplďblo vujkabmciblo karaktirmo. Ba viăio prmstmru, oiđutlo, bagblŲl fim mvi giflblei bioa sifloibata vujkabmcibi naelgi (vimoa ritkm si prl saomo fbu stuha bajazi tabkl sjmgivl tunmva) a starmst ou blgi bl pajimbtmjmškl fmkuoibtmvaba. Y cmrbgio fihjgio fiju stuha kmbstatmvaba   gi kmbstatmvaba gi nmraolblnirska asmelgaelga cmrbgic trlgasa7 t rlgasa7 Lbvmjutlba  Lbvmjutlba sp., Cajiabijja pabtlea,  Acat`aolba sp., sp., Nrmbfleujarla  Nrmbfleujarla wmmfwarfl l ^lfajlba sp. Uoatra si fa gi crablea sa ablzlkmo bmroajba sifloibtaelgska, pa gi mva rijatlvbm kmbfibzmvaba gifblea mzbaďiba kam srifbgl -cmrbgl trlgas, cfi hl hlm eim jaflblk l eim cmrbgl trlgas. Fihjglba mvi giflblei lzbmsl mkm 894 o. OAUL^BL UTXYFBL KXIĊBGAEL Tmfruďga Ugioiă‖Fivitak l Wjmvr`‖Utmjae lzcrađiba su pritiŲbm mf oaslvbl` kriďbgaka sprufbi naelgi. Crablei giflblei Ugioiă‖Fivitak tiktmbskmc su karaktira, takm fa mba jiŲl  prikm razjlďltl` trlgaskl` tvmrivlba.  BlŲl  fijmvl giflblei lzcrađibl su mf sjmgivltm-habkmvltl` olkrmsparlta, fmk vlšl prifstavjgagu  BlŲl  tlplďbii oaslv tlplďb oaslvbi bi spru sprufbi fbi tvmri tvmrivlbi vlbi u kmglo kmgloaa su fitir fitirolbls olblsabl abl olkrm olkrmspar sparltl, ltl, hlmol hlmolkrmsp krmsparltl arltl,, lbtrahlmsparltl, psiufmmolkrltl, hlmsparltl l lbtrahlmsparltl. Oistlolďbm fmjazi sifloibtl hjlskl juoakijaoa sa mhljgio `lfrmzma, hrlmzma, kmraja, spmbcla, giŲiva l ajcl. Utarmst lspltlvabl` olkrmnaublstlďkl` asmelgaelga bagďišăi gi mzbaďavaba kam ‒srifbgl cmrbgl trlgas". Karaktirlstlďbm gi fa mvfi blsu mfriđibi ablzlďki nmraolblniri kam u sprufu Vari, pa  prioa tmoi blgi fmkazabm bl prlsustvm ablzlka, ajl gi zatm bađiba skmrm lfibtlďba asmelgaelga ajcl l spmbclga kam u jaflbskmo fiju sprufa Vari l Wvlgizfi7 Jaflbijja Wvlgizfi7  Jaflbijja pmrata,Emjmspmbcla Haeeabijja  njmrlnmrols, Haďlbijja mrflbata, V`iutjmpmrijja `ireujia, Vuhlp`ytis mhseurus, eatibu eat ibujat jata, a, Ery Eryptm ptmemi emijla jla zlt zlttij tijll l  Nmjleatiba eautlea. Y lstm lstmo o sp spru rufu fu utvr utvrđi đibi bi su l olkrmnmroi karaktirlstlďbi za cmrbgl trlgas7 Lbvmjutlba trlgas7  Lbvmjutlba en. emoubls, Cajiabijja pabtleai, pa pabtleai, pa gi eija giflblea mzbaďiba kam srifbgl-cmrbgl trlgas (jaflblk, ljl bgicmv fim, l fim cmrbgic trlgasa). Ykupba fihjglba giflblei kriăi si mkm 1.444 o, oafa bislcurbm gir si rafl m ajm`tmbmg  giflblel cfi pmstmgl omcuăbmst fa gi bmroajbl stuh tiktmbsk tiktmbskll pmrioiăib.

CMXBGL VXLGAU (V5) Uifloibtl stvarabl u cmrbgio trlgasu ďlbi sastavbi fijmvi trl prit`mfbi giflblei. Kam zasihbi kartlrabi giflblei lzfvmgibl su u prmstmru lzoiđu Ugioiăa l Fivitaka l mkm ſipi cfi jiŲi  prikm sprufbl` tvmrivlba srifbgic-cmrbgic srifbgic-cmrbgic trlgasa ba Varl l Wvlgizfl prikm srifbgic srifbgic trlgasa ljl u vlfuu kjl vlf kjlpa pa pri prikm km mnlmjl mnlmjlta, ta, zat zatlo lo siv sivirb irbmm mf ^lš ^lšicr icrafa afa kam mjlstm mjlstmjltl jltl ljl kjlpi kjlpi razjlďl razjlďltl` tl` floibzlga, l bagzaf ba gucu jlsta u pmfruďgu Jloa cfi cmrbgl trlgas sa crablemo bigasbmc karaktira jiŲl ba sjmgivltmo srifbgio-cmrbgio trlgasu u pmflbl. Vvmrivlbi cmrbgic trlgasa  prlpafagu l giflblel trlgas -gura. Y pmfruďgloa Ugioiă‖Fivitak, mkm ſipi l u pmfruďgu Vara‖Wvlgizfa razvlgibl su oaslvbl l sjmgivltl fm habkmvltl kriďbgael (vimoa ďistm sa oicajmfmbloa) prifstavjgibl hlmolkrltloa, olkrmsparltloa, lbtrahlmsparltloa l riđi olkrltloa l japmrmvltlo olkrltloa. Karaktirlstlďbl su strmoatmjltskl tlpmvl sifloibata l oistlolďbm oicajmfmbski juoakiji. Olkrltskl varlgititl fmjazi u vlfu tabkl` sjmgiva ljl pjmďa lzoiđu habkmvltl` ljl oaslvbl` sparltskl` tlpmva. Y bavifiblo sifloibtloa gi, pmrif Oicajmfmb trlquitir, kmbstatmvaba gi hmcata asmelgaelga nmraolblnira l ajcl cmrbgmtrlgaski starmstl7 Lbvmjutlba starmstl7  Lbvmjutlba slbumsa slbumsa, L. emoubls, L. loprisa,  L. case`il, Acat`aolba austrmajplba, Vrme`mjlba piromflsemlfis, Navrilba sajavibsls, Vurlsp Vur lsplrl lrljjlb jjlbaa olb olbloa loa,, Cy Cyrmp rmpmri mrijja jja vis visleu leujlni jlnira, ra, Ejypil Ejypilba ba hiš hišăl, ăl, V`auo V`auoat` at`mpm mpmrij rijja ja  parvmvisleujlnira   l  Tmleljmpmrijja fupjleata  parvmvisleujlnira fupjleata.. Xit si pri prifpm fpmsta stavjg vjgaa ajl blg blgii paj pajimb imbtmj tmjmšk mškll fmkuoibtmvab.  Bagviăa fihjglba cmrbgic trlgasa u mvmg naelgl gi fm 944 o. Y šlrio pmfruďgu sivirbm mf ^lšicrafa l lstmďbm mf Jloa (Hugak, Xivabgi) ba gucu jlsta 86

 

razvlgiba gi naelga oaslvbl` kriďbgaka l riđi fmjmolta. Y kriďbgaďkmg naelgl fmolbabtbl su  hlmolkrmsparltl l lbtrahlmsparltl. Nmsljbl safrŲag lstl gi ljl vimoa sjlďab kam u prit`mfbmg giflblel lsti starmstl; ritkl su oicajmfmbl. Fihjglba sifloibata ba gucu jlsta gi fm 894 o, a u pmfruďgu ^lšicrafa tm su fao-ko mjlstmjltl ljl kjlpi prikm flgahaz-rmŲbaďki nmroaelgi.

VXLGAU-GYXA (V, G)  Bagvlšl fijmvl karhmbatbi sjmgivlti giflblei u pmfruďgu Traďa‖Frlba‖Jlo lzfvmgibl su sa mpštmo mzbakmo trlgas-gura. Mva giflblea si virmvatbm kmbtlbulrabm bastavjga lz jltmjmškl sjlďbl` tvmrivlba srifbgic-cmrbgic trlgasa. Vm gi bastavak pijaški sifloibtaelgi zapmďiti  pmďitkmo jaflblka.  BlŲl fijmvl giflblei lzcrađibl su mf srifbgi fm tabkmsjmgivltl` flsolkrlta, olkrmsparlta l olkrlta sa oucjaoa l pjmďaoa rmŲbaea. Y cmrbgio fiju su tabkmsjmgivltl fm pjmďastl olkrltl, japmrmvltl olkrltl, flsolkrltl l rmŲbael. GuŲbm mf Xmcatlei, cfi mva giflblea tiktmbskl jiŲl  prikm flgahaz-rmŲbaďki nmroaelgi l bikl` starlgl` trlgaskl` giflblea, oistlolďbm si gavjgagu oitarskl fm fikaoitarskl pakitl oaslvbl` olkrmsparlta, a pmbicfi l oitarskl pakitl lzcrađibl mf pjmďastl` rmŲbaea l pmfriđibl` japmrmvltl` olkrlta. Tmstmgl omcuăbmst fa si mvfi u ajm`tmblo tijloa bajazl l fim blŲi giflblei (srifbgl-cmrbgl trlgas). Y blŲlo blŲlo fij fijmvl mvloa oa gif giflble lbleii olk olkrmn rmnmsl msljba jba asm asmelg elgael aelga ga uka ukazug zugii ba cmrbgl cmrbgl trlgas trlgas77 Cajiabija  pabtleai, Nrmbfleujarla sp., ^lfajlba sp. l Cjmomsplra sp. Trl vr`u bistagi mva asmelgaelga, a  pmgavjgugu si hrmgbl mstael i`lblfa, krlbmlfa, splkuja spmbclga, raflmjarlga, oljlmjlfa l vimoa ritkm Lbvmjutlba ritkm  Lbvmjutlba jlaslea, kmgi pmkazugu fa mva giflblea zajazl u fmbgu guru. Giflblea gi fihija mkm 194 o.

GYXA Y gurl gurl su lzf lzfvmg vmgib ibll kri kriďbg ďbgael ael jlg jlgasa asa l cru crupa pa gif giflbl lblea ea kmgi kmgi prlpaf prlpafagu agu flgaha flgahaz-r z-rmŲb mŲbaďk aďkmg mg nmroaelgl.

JLGAU (G1) Uifloibtl jlgaski starmstl gavjgagu si ba vlši oista ajl rifmvbm loagu, lzuziv mkmjlbi ſipi, vimoa mcrablďibm rasprmstrabgibgi. Tmrif ſipi kmbstatmvabl su ba vlši jmkajltita u slbkjlbajl lzoiđu Ugioiăa l Fivitaka, u šlrio pmfruďgu Kaoiblei, ba Wvlgizfl l ba guŲbmo fiju Vari. Y svlo sjuďagivloa jlgaski tvmrivlbi bagďišăi jiŲi prikm oicajmfmbskl` kriďbgaka cmrbgic trlgasa a lspmf flgahaz-rmŲbaďki nmroaelgi. Jlgasku giflbleu lzcrađugu ervibl l slvl sjmgivltl riđi habkmvltl crufvastl kriďbgael l japmrmvltl kriďbg kri ďbgael ael77 hlm hlmolk olkrlt rltl,l, jap japmrm mrmvlt vltll olk olkrlt rltll l nms nmsljm ljmbms bmsbl bl olk olkrlt rltl; l; pmb pmbika ikaff si u hazl hazl bajazi bajazi lbtrahlmolkrufltl. Y er ervi vibl blo o japm japmrm rmvl vltl tlo o ol olkr krlt ltlo loaa ri riđi đi si bajaz bajazll sjah sjahmm mď mďuv uvab abaa aomb aomblts ltska ka na naub uba. a. Karaktirlstlďba olkrmnmsljba asmelgaelga kmbstatmvaba gi skmrm u svlo jmkajltitloa7  Lbvmjutlba jlaslea, jlasl ea, Uplrujlba jlasle jlaslea,Oa a,Oarcuj rcujlba lba sp.,  Jibtleujlba sp.,  Bmfmsarla sp., Erl Erlsti stijar jarla la sp., ^lfajlba oartaba l mstael jaciblfa, krlbmlfa l i`lbmfiroata. Trioa mvmg olkrmnaubl pritpmstavjga si fa gi giflblea stvaraba u srifbgio l cmrbgio jlgasu. Mfsustvm bagblŲic jlgasa, bislcurbl fmkazl za ritskl kat, l pmgava lbtrahlmsparuflta u hazl ukazugu ukazu gu ba trabcrislv trabcrislvbu bu crab crableu leu jlgask jlgaskii giflb giflblei lei prikm cmrbgic trlgasa. Blgi, oiđut oiđutlo, lo, lskjguďiba bl omcmăbmst fa pmstmgl kmbtlbultit rit-jlgas, ajl za takav mfbms bioa pajimbtmjmški 89

 

fmkuoibtaelgi. Jlgaskl sifloibtl u viălbl sjuďagiva loagu fikaoitarski fihjglbi, pmbikaf 14‖84 a ritkm fm 144 o.

FLGAHAW-XMWBAĊKA NMXOAELGA Mvfi spafa mnlmjltskl kmopjiks u šlrio solsju u kmgio gi lzfvmgibm vlši kartlrabl` giflblea svrstabl`, jltmjmškmo sastavu l cibitsklo karaktirlstlkaoa, u trl crupi7 (1) sifloibtl, (8) hazlďbiprioa l ujtrah ujtrahazlďb azlďbii stibi l (5) tiktmblt tiktmbltskl skl ujtraoanl ujtraoanltl tl l asme asmelrabl lrabl oitaomrnltl. oitaomr nltl. Eija fabašbga šlrlba mnlmjltskmc pmgasa, zagifbm sa usklo fijmvloa sivirmlstmďbmc l gucmzapafbmc  pajimzmgskm-trlgaskmc mhmfa, bajazl si u crableaoa jlsta ^lšicraf. Mnlmjltski giflblei ba lstmkuu prikr lstmk prikrlvibi lvibi su fijlo fijlolďbm lďbm krifblo sifloibtl sifloibtloa oa a ba zapafu zapafu oistlolďbm oistlolďbm ajm`tmbl ajm`tmblo o trlgasklo jlstmvloa l tirelgarblo tvmrivlbaoa. UIFLOIBVBI NAELGI (G) Uifloibtl flgahaz-rmŲbaďki nmroaelgi oistlolďbm loagu u hazl rmŲbaei sa cjlbeloa; lzbaf bgl` si bajazl mjlstmstrmoska naelga. XmŲbael l sljlelmzbl cjlbel TritiŲbm rmŲbaďkl sifloibtl lzfvmgibl su u zasihbu kartlrabu giflbleu u hazl flgahaz-rmŲbaďki nmroaelgi u mkmjlbl Xmcatlei, u pmfruďgu Ugioiă‖Fivitak l sivirbm l UW mf Ystlpraďi. Y  prvmo pmfruďgu rmŲbaeltrlgaskm-gurski jiŲi prikm sprufa trlgasa l prikm sjmgivltl` kriďbgaka sa rmŲbaeloa starmstl,srifbgic-cmrbgic u frucmo ba oicajmfmbsklo kriďbgaeloa cmrbgic trlgasa a u triăio ba trlgaskm-gursklo kriďbgaeloa sa rmŲbaeloa. Yz sjmgi sjmgivltmvltm-pjmďas pjmďasti ti rmŲba rmŲbaei ei ritkm si gavjgagu gavjgagu cjlbe cjlbel,l, sljle sljlelmzbl lmzbl cjlbel l sljle sljlelmzbl lmzbl japmrmvl japmrmvltl tl olkrlt u vlfu oo-eo prmsjmgaka; ritkl su oitarskl pakitl cfi su mvi stibi fmolbabtbi. ^imoa ritkm si u rmŲbaďkmg sukeislgl bajazi l oitarska smďlva lbtraolkrmsparlta. XmŲbael su crađibl mf krlptmkrlstajastmc acricata kvarea l kajeifmba, sa rifmvblo safrŲagio cjlbmvlti l cvmŲđivlti kmopmbibti. UafrŲag raflmjarlgi gi oistlolďbm tmjlkl fa stiba prijazl u raflmjarlt. Fihjglba rmŲbaea gi fmsta biugifbaďiba l kriăi si mf bikmjlkm oitara fm fikaoitara, a ritkm  prijazl 144 o. Mnlmjltskl oijabŲ  Bagviăl fim prifstavjgib gi iboijabŲmo, mjl mjlstm stmstr strmos moskmc kmc flgahaz-rmŲbaďki pmr pmrikj ikja. a. Mva Mvakav kav nmroaelgi tlp sif sifloi loibat bata a ras rasprm prmstr strabg abgib gi pr priti itiŲbm Ųbmbagvirmvatblgi ba lstmďb lstmďbmg mg  pmjmvlbl jlsta (šlri pmfruďgi ^lšicrafa) l ba pjablbaoa Wvlgizfl l Varl. Mva giflblea gavjga si l  guŲbm mf pravea Xmcatlea‖Oiđiđa Xmcatlea‖Oiđiđa l u mkmjlbl ſipi. OijabŲ gi lzcrađib mf kjasta l hjmkmva razjlďltl` sifloibtbl` l pmfriđibm oacoatskl` stiba kmgl si bajazi u cjlbmvltmo oatrlksu. Vu si gavjgagu eo-fao (`o) kjastl l hjmkmvl crauvaka, rmŲbaea, ďvrstl` cjlbaea l ritkm karhmbatbl` stiba. Oacoatltl su zastupjgibl hjmkmvloa spljlta l riđi flgahaz-cahrmlfbl` stiba. Aribltsk Ariblt skll kja kjastl stl l hjm hjmkmv kmvll pri prifst fstavj avjgibl gibl su cra crauva uvakao kaoaa l pmf pmfriđ riđibm ibm suhcra suhcrauva uvakao kaoaa l nijfspatsklo crauvakaoa. Bagďišăl su sltbmzrbl l srifbgmzrbl varlgititl, ritkm l krupbmzrbl sa  prijazmo u psinlti. Olbirajbl fitrltus gi rifmvbm ďišăl mf stibskmc. Yz fmolbabtbl kvare  pmfriđibm l varlgahljbm fmjazi pjaclmkjasl l ouskmvlt; stibskl nracoibtl su prifstavjgibl rmŲbaeloa l kvareltloa, riđi cjlbeloa l ajivrmjltloa, a vimoa ritkm sioloitaomrnltloa. ^izlvmm gi kmbta ^izlv kmbtaktbmc ktbmc tlpa, sljle sljlelgskm lgskm-cjlbm -cjlbmvltm vltm-sirl -sirleltskm eltskm-cvmŲ -cvmŲđivltm đivltm,, cfi si u razjlďltlo razjlďltlo mfbmsl mfb msloa oa bag bagďiš ďišăi ăi kmo kmohlb hlbugu ugu fvi fvi,, riđ riđii trl, kmo kmopmb pmbibt ibti. i. Y tiškmg tiškmg nrakel nrakelgl gl cru cruava avaka ka l suhcrauvaka bagďišăa su oitajlďba zrba ‖ `rmolt, oacbitlt, ljoiblt, zatlo fmjazi crabatl, pa zbatbm pmfriđiblgi turoajlb l elrkmb, l ritkm iplfmt, `jmrlt l rutlj. Cjlbel crafi oatrlks 8>

 

mj mjls lstm tmst strm rmoa oa a ri riđi đi l hjmk hjmkmv mvii u bgio bgiouu kafa kafa su pr prif ifst stav avjgi jgibl bl ďv ďvrš ršăl ălo o (s (slj ljle lelm lmzb zblo lo)) varlgititloa. Msbmvba oasa cjlbaea lzcrađiba gi mf olbiraja cjlba l krlptmkrlstajbmc kvarea l kajeifmba. Y msbmvl si bajazi sltba zrba sirlelta, ouskmvlta l kvarea, a u hjmkmvloa l raflmjarlgi.

HAWLĊBI L YJVXAHAWLĊBI UVIBI Y mvmg crupl lzfvmgibl su spljltl,kuoujatl. flgahazl, fmjirltl, birašďjabgibl cahrm-flgahazbl kmopjiks l pirlfmtlt-cahrmlfbl Uvi mvimnltskl stibi cahrl, pmgavjgugu si u fikaoitarsklo fm kljmoitarsklo tijloa sa bagďišălo asmelgaelgaoa ubutar hjmka7 (1) spljltl, (8) flgahazl, fmjirltl l mnl mnltsk tskll ca cahrl hrl l (5) pir pirlfm lfmtlt tlt-ca -cahrm hrmlfb lfbll kuouj kuoujatl atl.. Y pmf pmfruď ruďgu gu Hms Hmsabs abski ki Gacmfl Gacmflbi bi si u  giflbstvibmo kljmoitarskmo hjmku bajazi svi bavifibi stibi; ttmm gi gifab mf ritkl` prloira kmopjitbmc prmnlja mkiabski kmri u mnljltskmo pmgasu. UTLJLVL (θθah) Gavjgagu Gavjga gu si u tij tijloa loa vim vimoa oa var varlga lgahlj hljbl` bl` flo floibz ibzlga lga77 mf kja kjasta sta l oit oitars arskmkm-fik fikaoi aoitar tarskl skl``  hjmkmva u mjlstmstrmou, fm kljmoitarskl` pjmďa. Y zafbgio sjuďagu su sa spljltloa, ďistm  prifstavjgiblo pljmu-javaoa, oistlolďbm lbtirstratlnlkmvabl oitarskl ljl riđi fikaoitarskl  pakitl rmŲbaea l cjlbaea. Uljltskl hjmkmvl razjlďltl` floibzlga loagu lbtibzlvbm rasprmstrabgibgi ucjavbmo u šlrio  pmfruďgu ^lšicrafa a bagviăi tijm (mkm 544 ko 8) bajazl si guŲbm mf Hmsabski Gacmflbi l Fmhruba. Utruktura spljlta bagďišăi gi mnltska, riđi flvircibtbm zrbasta, ritkm pmrnlrska l kragbgi ritkm lbtirsirtajba. Ċišăl su oaslvbl mf oabfmjastl` varlgitita, kmgl loagu l fm 94% oabfmja. Ajhlt l auclt prifstavjgagu hltbi sastmgki spljlta; sviŲl su ljl u razjlďltmo s tipibu ajtirlsabl. Aj Ajhl hltt gi ri rifm fmvb vbmm lflm lflmom omrn rnab ab,, u prlz prlzoa oatl tlďb ďblo lo,, štap štaplăa lăast stlo lo ljl lcjlď lcjlďas astl tlo o nm nmro roao aoa. a. Ajmtrlmomrnbl auclt fmjazl u oiđuprmstmrloa razjlďltm kmopmbmvabl` ajhltskl` zrba; ajtirlši si u iplfmt `jmrlt-sijafmblt kmgi prati akeismrbl oitajlďbl olbirajl. Oabfmji su lspubgibi kajeltmo, zatlo sijafmbltmo, ritkm kvaremo, batrmjltmo l oitajlďblo olbirajloa, l kragbgi ritkm puopijltmo. FLGAHAWL, FMJIXLVL L MNLVUKL CAHXL Mvm gi crupa hazlďbl` naelga skmrm lfibtlďbmc olbirajbmc sastava, bagďišăi mnltski strukturi l rifmvbm oaslvbi tiksturi. Utrukturbi karaktirlstlki, pri svica vijlďlba zrba, msbmvbl su krltir krltirlgu lguo o za raz razfva fvagab gabgi gi pmg pmgifl iflbl` bl` tlp tlpmva mva stiba. stiba. Mv Mvii tvmriv tvmrivlbi lbi si gav gavjga jgagu gu zag zagifb ifbmm sa  pirlfmtlt-cahrmlfblo kuoujatloa ljl u viălo l oabglo hjmkmvloa sa gifblo, fva ljl sva trl tlp tlpaa stiba. stiba. Kar Karakt aktirl irlstl stlku ku kmo kmopji pjiksa ksa pri prifs fstav tavjga jgagu gu l kmb kmbguc gucmva mvabl bl fag fagkmv kmvll flg flgaha ahaza za vlši vlši cibiraelga, štm u eijlbl fmsta jlďl ba ‒s`iitif emopjix". Bagďišăi si gasbm razjlkugu sltbmzrbl fagkmvl flgahaza gasbm umďjglvlo zaorzbutlo ruhmvloa u krupbmzrbmg msbmvl fmjirlta l/ljl mnltskl` cahra. Flgahazl, fmjirltl l mnltskl cahrl loagu bagviăi rasprmstrabgibgi ba pmfruďgu ^lšicrafa, lstmďbm mf Frlbi.

83

 

UlM8 VlM8 Aj8M5 Ni8M5 NiM ObcM EaM  Ba8M K 8M T8M9 @8M+ @8MEM8

1 91,96 4, 18,95 5,>> 5,3< 141,,1>>4 >,50 6,09 4, 4,48 5,68 4,99  ‖ 144,68

@IOLGUKL UAUVA^ UTLJLVA 8 5 6 6>,16 6< 6,98 3,58 6,11 8,10 148,,1658 ‖ 5,88 4,91 ‖ 144,53

4>,10>9 19,03 8,64 4,45 4,1< 8,14 4,63 ‖ 60,>8 1,90 16,9> 8,80 0,>1

48,8>4 14,44 8,3> 1,16 4,56 0,>4 4,3> ‖ 144,10

>4,59>< 14,90 5,41 4,65 4,8> 8,96 4,56 ‖  ,16 98,3> 66,98 6>,8< 63,16 65,08 60,>0 1,85 1,88 1,3> 8,11 1,0< 4,05 4,69 4,81 4,5> 19,39 1>,65 1>,39 19,10 13,4> 1>,48 1>,1> 10,>0 19,3> 6,>4 9,55 6,9< 3,91 >, 8,>4 8,,19 6,99 9,>> 6,99 8, 5,68 9,41 4,54 4,8> 4,8> 4,8> 4,8> 4,44 4,44 4,14 4,84 6,04 6,65 3,35 5,01 9,66 3,85 3,>4 0, 8,18 14,63 8,30 8,83 1,39 5,81 5,14 6,1> 5,16 4,49 1,84 4,>5 4,>8 4,04 4,85 4,8< 4,>6 4,15 4,9< 4,53 4,8> 4,95 4,6> 4,19 4,83 4,>0 4,85 144,18 144,83 144,14 4,6> 4)77 TIV TIVXM XMCXA CXANLG NLGA A L TIV TIVXM XMCIB CIBIWA IWA OAC OACOAV OAVUKL UKL@ @ UVL UVLGIB GIBA A MKMJLEI ^LŤICXAFA Y LUVMĊBMG HMUBL. Aeta cimj. LL GAWY, Wacrih. 98

 

 ſlvkmvlă O. (. Шйффдсы. ‖ 3. Вфедпвейппв-бвлвшпый вшлвойпаэ. ‖ 0. Агийсшзвиым шхц. Кавюйп Сфйжпам-ийфщпам кавюйп7

 

Тфд 1>. Жадбдг-эрквидэ цвфкдюаэ7 злдсша а власшвлашы ефдхидзза, дфеаллашд, эркы а сналашд и елапасшвк кдшфазсй. ‖ 13. Эркы а зфйкпасшый дфеаллашы. ‖ 10. Сналашы. ‖ 1