jurnal pestisida

Pesticide

1

Irianto Rizaldi Faturrahman

1

Field of Nuclear Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Nuclear Technology, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract: Pesticides are unusual among environmental pollutants in that they are used deliberately for the purpose of killing some form of life. Ideally pesticides should be highly selective, destroying target organisms while leaving nontarget organisms unharmed. Most of the pesticides in use today are more water soluble and break down faster in the natural environment than the long-lived organochlorine insecticides of the past. About 50 percent of the wells sampled contained one or more pesticides, with the highest detection frequencies in shallow ground water beneath agricultural and urban areas and the lowest frequencies in major aquifers, which generally are deeper. Most pesticides are manufactured compounds that are designed to kill specific pests, such as weeds and insects. Many pesticides have the potential to harm nontarget organisms, especially if the organisms are exposed to high levels or for a long period of time. The application for pesticides are Pesticide Formulation Containing Azadiratchin and Agrochemical Formulation Comprising I-vinyl-2pyrrolidinone co-polymers.

Keywords: Pesticide

Introduction Pesticides

are

unusual

among

are not so selective. In considering the

environmental pollutants in that they

use of pesticides, the benefits must be

are used deliberately for the purpose

weighed against the risk to human

of killing some form of life. Ideally

health and environmental quality.

pesticides should be highly selective,

Among the benefits of pesticides are

destroying target organisms while

control of vector-borne diseases,

leaving

organisms

increased agricultural productivity,

unharmed. In reality, most pesticides

and control of urban pests. A major

nontarget

1

risk is environmental contamination,

ground water to rapid and widespread

especially translocation within the

contamination,

environment where pesticides might

contamination is extremely difficult

enter both food chains and natural

to reverse because of the slow rate of

water

systems.

to

be

ground-water

regard

are

practices that reduce the transport of

persistence in the environment and

pesticides to streams can yield rapid

potential

for

bioaccumulation.

improvements

Pesticides

are

unusual

Ground water, on the other hand, will

considered

in

Factors

ground-water

this

among

flow.

in

water

respond

are used deliberately. The term

practices—sometimes taking many

“agricultural chemicals” has largely

years or even decades to recover.

been

currently used, whereas those found

by

the

term

to

quality.

environmental pollutants in that they

replaced

slowly

Management

changing

“pesticides,” defined as economic

in

poisons, regulated by federal and state

organochlorine insecticides, such as

laws, that are used to control, kill, or

DDT, that were heavily used decades

repel pests. The primary classes of

ago. Most of the pesticides in use

pesticides in use today are fumigants,

today are more water soluble and

fungicides,

and

break down faster in the natural

insecticides with total US production

environment than the long-lived

of 1.2 billion pounds (1997: US

organochlorine insecticides of the

Environmental Protection Agency’s

past. About 50 percent of the wells

latest figures) and production of some

sampled contained one or more

665

wood

pesticides, with the highest detection

preservatives. More than 90 percent

frequencies in shallow ground water

of water and fish samples from all

beneath agricultural and urban areas

streams contained one or, more often,

and the lowest frequencies in major

several pesticides. Pesticides found in

aquifers, which generally are deeper.

water were primarily those that are

Major rivers and streams draining

pesticide use. Although streams and

areas of mixed land use contain

rivers are more vulnerable than

pesticides from both agricultural and

million

herbicides,

pounds

of

fish

and

sediment

are

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urban sources and from both past and

Therefore,

it

is

vital

that

we

present use. In water that comes

understand

and

document

the

mainly from agricultural areas, the

occurrence

and

composition

of

most commonly found pesticides are

common low-level mixtures and

the major herbicides atrazine (and

begin to evaluate their effects.

DEA), metolachlor, cyanazine, and alachlor. In water that comes mainly from urban areas, the most common pesticides are the herbicides simazine and prometon and the insecticides diazinon and carbaryl. Many large rivers with mixed landuse influences

tend

to

concentrations

have

of

lower

pesticides

compared with agricultural and urban streams because of a larger influence of undeveloped land. Some rivers in intensive

agricultural

regions,

however, have concentrations that are similar to

those in

agricultural

streams, although they are less variable over time. Rivers with mixed

Pesticide residue are substances or mixtures of substances in food for man or animals resulting from the use of pesticide including any specified derivatives, such as degradation and conversion

products,

metabolites,

reaction products and impurities considered to be of toxicological significance.

land uses almost always contain detectable pesticides that reflect the diversity

of

sources

present.

Pesticides usually occur in mixtures of several compounds rather than individually,

but

experience

and

most

of

our

research

on

environmental effects is based on exposure to individual compounds.

Indian agriculture has been under stress quite for long time. Decline in public investment, poor extension net work, lack of marketing facilities, erratic input supply and others have all collectively contributed for decline or stagnant in Indian agriculture. Increasing use of synthetic inputs and

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non-judicial use of natural resources

insects. Many pesticides have the

including land and water have also

potential

added the problem only to become

organisms, especially if the organisms

worse. Now, there has been consistent

are exposed to high levels or for a

attempt to either reduce the chemical

long period of time. The top 15

inputs or stop its use in agriculture for

pesticide compounds found in water

promoting

agriculture

are among those with the highest

system. During the early years of

current use. They include five of the

political

most

sustainable

independence

the

to

heavily and

harm

nontarget

used

agricultural

one

degradation

productivity of major crops in India

herbicides

was very low. The first five year plan

product, five herbicides that are

gave more attention to medium and

extensively used in urban areas, and

major irrigation projects to enhance

four of the most commonly used

the irrigated area for improving

insecticides.

agriculture sector. This has yielded some what desirable results. Coupled

The pesticide compounds found most

with economic planning initiatives

often in fish and bed sediment are

both

central

related to three major groups of

governments have taken serious note

insecticides that were heavily used in

of the frequent famines and started

the

strengthening the agriculture sector.

compounds related to DDT and

The cultivated area centered on nearly

dieldrin were widely used in both

the

union

and

1960s.

Organochlorine

60 million ha. and productivity was low during the early days of political independence.

Uses

Most pesticides are manufactured compounds that are designed to kill specific pests, such as weeds and

Images 1 Pesticide Detection

agricultural and urban areas, and

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chlordane was mainly used in urban

atrazine.

Studies

show

that

areas.

breakdown products of metolachlor, alachlor, and cyanazine are much

The occurrence of pesticides in

more commonly found in ground

streams and ground water follows

water than are the parent

broad patterns in land use and

compounds. Compared to herbicides,

associated pesticide use. The patterns

currently used insecticides were less

are complex, however, and differ

frequently found in most agricultural

between streams and ground water

streams.

because of the wide range of use

agricultural

practices and processes that govern

areas with particularly high use of

the movement of pesticides in the

specific insecticides, such as diazinon

hydrologic environment. Herbicides

in the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, had

are the most common type of

among the highest concentrations

pesticide found in streams and ground

measured. Insecticides were rarely

water within agricultural areas. The

detected

most

agricultural areas. The less frequent

common

herbicides

in

But

in

some

ground

water

agricultural streams were atrazine and

occurrence

its

insecticides in streams compared

breakdown

product

of

streams

currently

in

in

used

deethylatrazine (DEA), metolachlor,

with herbicides, and their infrequent

cyanazine, alachlor, and EPTC. All 5

occurrence in ground water, result

of the parent compounds rank in the

from their relatively low application

top 10 in national use. One of the most

rates and rapid breakdown in the

striking results for

environment.

shallow ground water in agricultural

In

areas, compared with streams, is the

insecticides,

low rate of detection for several

insecticides of the past still persist in

highuse

than

agricultural streams because of their

atrazine. This is probably because

extreme resistance to breakdown in

these herbicides break down faster in

the environment. DDT was the most

the natural environment compared to

commonly detected organochlorine

herbicides

other

contrast

to the

currently

used

organochlorine

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group—found in almost every fish

storage stable neem oil emulsion

sample— followed by dieldrin and

Which contains a desired amount Aza

chlordane.

dirachtin to be an effective pesticide and also combine these With the extracts of custard apple to exploit the

Application

pesticidal properties of custard apple There are many applications about

in the immature fruit stage, seed

Pesticide, Such as:

stage as Well as in the leaves and thereby producing a totally natural

PESTICIDE

FORMULATION

and

effective

herbal

pesticide

CONTAINING AZADIRACHTIN.

containing the characteristics of neem

In addition, the invention also aims at

and

extracting the constituents of custard

preparation

apple from immature fruits andleaves

Which bene?t more number of target

as Well as from mature seeds using

pests in the process of pest control.

the desired solvents and dousing it

As per the invention, neem oil as Well

into a neem seed kernel extract in the

as Azadirachtin are simultaneously

course of the preparation of neem oil

extracted from the neem seeds and the

emulsion

Without

extracts of custard apple Annona

affecting the pesticidal properties of

Squmosa and Annona Reticulata from

the limanoids of neem leading to a

their immature fruits, seeds and

botanical pesticide, a combination of

leaves,

extracted

separately

neem and custard apple Whereby the

doused

in

preparation

pesticidal potency of neem as Well as

appropriate time as described in the

of custard apple are exploited for the

process of the preparation of neem oil

bene of controlling pests Which

emulsion

posses mere susceptibility to

invention has been described and

either neem or custard apple and

illustrated With

hence more order of pests can be

preferences

controlled through combination. The

foregoing paras,

first object of the invention is to form

therein may be done by those skilled

concentrate

custard

apple of

the

based

and

leading

neutral

pesticide

pesticides.

ranges much

a

in

and at

The

the

variation

6

in the art Without departing from the

The uptake of pesticide of plants,

sport and scope of the invention

which can be achieved either by

claims.In addition, in this invention

seed treatment, foliar treatment or soil

the pesticidal potency of custard apple

treatment, which is the simultaneous

from the immature fruits, mature

or sequential application of seeds and

seeds and leaves of Annona Squmosa

respective formulation (e.g. granule

and Annona Reticulata are also

formulations), leads to plants, which

exploited through its addition With

are much longer resistant towards

neem, resulting in “neem annona”

pests than plants treated with non-

combination pesticide preparation.

systemic

The tender fruits of custard apple

pesticides which provide plant health

(Annona

effects it is desirable to increase their

Squmosa

and

Annona

pesticides.

Also

for

Reticulata—either individually or in

uptake in the plant. The term "plant

combination),

health"

mature

seeds

and

describes

for

example,

leaves Were crushed and ground to a

advantageous properties such as

dough and to the biomass dough the

improved

vapours of different solvents are made

including, but not limited to better

to

emergence, increased crop yields,

condense, percolate and the

crop

infusion is collected Which contains

more

the constituents that exists in the

content, more favourable aminoacid

different parts of the plants i.e.,

and/or

Annona

Annona

developed root system (improved root

Reticulata and these constituents are

growth), tillering increase, increase in

known are proven to have pesticidal

plant height, bigger leafblade, less

properties.

dead basal leaves, stronger tillers,

Squmosa

and

favourable

characteristics

oil

protein

composition,

and/or

more

greener leaf colour, pigment content, AGROCHEMICAL

photosynthetic activity, less fertilizers

FORMULATIONS COMPRISING I-

needed, less seeds needed, more

VINYL-2-PYRROLIDINONE CO-

productive tillers, earlier flowering,

POLYMERS

early grain maturity, less plant verse

Systemic

pesticide

provides the farmer lots of benefit:

7

(lodging), increased shoot growth,

2011; Gwary, et al., 2012)comprising

enhanced plant vigor, increased plant

at least one pesticide and co-polymer

stand or early germination; or a

comprising

combination of at least two or more of

a)

the aforementioned effects or any

pyrrolidinone; and b) at least one

other advantages familiar to a person

comonomer chosen from the group of

skilled in the art. Many pesticides,

laurylacrylate

however, do not show satisfactory

ofneodecanoic acid in polymerized

systemicity.

the

form. The tenn "at least one pesticide"

systemic

within the meaning of the invention

Furthermore,

systemicity

of

already

pesticides

leave

wt

and

%

l-vinyl-2

vinyl

ester

for

states that one or more compounds

improvement. It is therefore an object

can be selected from the group

of the present invention to improve

consisting of fungicides, insecticides,

the

pesticides,

nematicides, herbicide and/or safener

preferably of pesticides with low or

or growth regulator, preferably from

no systemicity. Numerous polymers

the group consisting of fungicides,

that are simply usefull as solubilizers

insecticides or nematicides, most

are known in the art. For example,

preferably from the group consisting

PCT/EP2006/064993

of fungicides. Also mixtures of

systemicity

copolymers

room

60-99

of

discloses

based

on

N-

vinylcaprolactam and their use as

pesticides of two or more the aforementioned classes can be used.

solubilizers. However, whether any of these polymers is suitable for the above-mentioned purpose is

not

disclosed in prior art. The present invention

therefore

formulations (Mullins,

(Hodgson, et

(Ramarethinam,

al.,

provides 2004) 1974) 2005)

(Ramarethinam, 2005; Dieckmann, et

References Dieckmann, Y. et al., 2015. AGROCHEMICAL FORMULATIONS COMPRISING 1VINYL-2-PYRROLIDINONE COPOLYMERS. United States, Patent No. US 9,006,142 B2. Gwary, O. M., Hati, S. S., Dimari, G. A. & Ogugbuaja, V. O., 2012. Pesticide Residues in Bean Samples from Northeastern Nigeria. ARPN

al., 2015; Tholkappian & Rajendran,

8

Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 2, pp. 79-84. Hodgson, E., 2004. A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. 3rd ed. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Mullins, W., Wentz, D. A. & Patterson, G., 1974. Pesticide. s.l.:s.n. Ramarethinam, S., 2005. PESTICIDE FORMULATION CONTAINING AZADIRACHTIN (NOT LESS THAN 300 PPM) AND SALANIN IN A FORMULATED PRODUCT WITH NEEM OIL. United States, Patent No. US 6,855,351 B2. Tholkappian, C. & Rajendran, S., 2011. Pesticide Application and its Adverse Impact on Health: Evidences from Kerala. International Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 1, pp. 56-59.

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