Julius Rivaldo Sitorus - Makalah

 

BNCNENO

 

ZFKGFKNENK BF\HK DVDVP

@H\V\VK IEFO =  KNBN

= MVEHV\ THQNE@I \HPITV\ \HPITV\

 KHB

= 64:4::4

BNPCVE

= PFENNO CVTHCVEVB

@I\FK

= @r. XVKHNTPI BV@MH\V\NPXI, B.Z`

ZFK@H@HCNK PFCKHC BF\HK ANCVEPN\ PFCKHC VKHQFT\HPN\ KFGFTH BF@NK 4:4>

 

CNPN ZFKGNKPNT

Zumh `nk \yucur snyn ulnpcnk cfpn`n Puonk Xnkg Bnon Fsn, `hbnkn ntns lhktn `nk cnshoKyn, sfrtn pfrehk`ukgnk-Kyn sfeneu pfkuehs bnsho `hdfrhcnk cfsfbpntnk uktuc bfkyfefsnhcnk tugnskyn ynhtu bfbdunt bncneno ynkg dfrsnkgcut pnut ynhtu bfkgfknh Zfkgfknenk Bfshk Dudut.  Zfkuehs bfkyn`nrh sfpfkuokyn dnown `nenb pfkuehsnk bncneno hkh pfkuehs bnsho  mnuo `nrh cfsfbpurknnk dnhc `nrh sfgh pfkuehsnk, pfkgguknnk pfkgguknnk dnonsn / cnehbnt, sfrtn hsh `nrh  pfkmfensnk pfbdnonsnk, iefo sfdnd htu pfkuehs bfkgonrnpcnk bfkgonrnpcnk crhthc `nk snrnk ynkg dfrshant bfbdnkguk `fbh bfklnpnh pfrdnhcnk uktuc cfsfbpurknnk `h bnsn ncnk `ntnkg. Ncohr cntn pfkuehs dfronrnp sfbign tugns bncneno ynkg `hsusuk iefo pfkuehs `npnt bfbdfrhcnk anf`no dngh chtn sfbun pfbdnln, dnhc dngh pfkuehs bnupuk pfbdnln `nk npndhen tfr`npnt dnkync cfsnenonk pfkuehs bioik bnna sfdfsnr-dfsnrkyn. \fchnk `nk tfrhbn cnsho.

Bf`nk, @fsfbdfr 4:4>

Zfkuehs

 

@NAPNT H\H CNPN ZFKGNKPNT ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... h @NAPNT H\H ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ......................................... ................... hh ENPNT DFENCNKG ......................... ............................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................ .. > DND H ZFK@NOVEVNK ........................................................ .............................................................................. ................................. ........... 4 >.  TN\HIKNEH\N\H ZFKPHKGKXN BNCNENO ........................................ ........................................ 4 4.  TVBV\NK BN\NENO ......................................... ............................................................... .................................... .............. 4 :

 

ENPNT DFENCNKG

Bfshk dudut n`neno bfshk ynkg `h dunt `nrh eignb, guknkyn uktuc bfkynynt, gfrncnk utnbnkyn n`neno dfrputnr. @h dh`nkg hk`ustrh, cfdfrn`nnk bfshk dudut snkgnt dfrpfrnk, tfrutnbn `nenb hk`ustry pfbfshknk. Bhsnekyn `nenb hk`ustrh itibitha,bfshk dudut dfrpfrnk `nenb pfbduntnk cibpikfkcibpikfk cfk`nrnnk sfpfrth bur , dnut , ri`n ghgh,piris , tribie `nk enhk sfdngnhkyn. Zfkgguknnk bfshk dudut mugn `npnt `houdukgcnk `fkgnk bfshk enhk sfpfrth bfshk dir (`rheehkg bflohkf), bfshk gfrhk`n (grhk`hkg bflohkf), bfshk arnhs (bheehkg bflohkf), bfshk scrnp (sonphkg bfshk), bfshk gfrgnmh (snwhkg bflohkf) `nk bfshk-bfshk enhkkyn. Bfehont dfghtu pfkthkgkyn bfshk dudut `nenb hk`ustrh pfbfshknk bfbdunt onrgn bfshk hkh snkgnt bnone. Bncn `nrh htu, uktuc bfkgnpehcnshcnk bfshk dudut hkh cf `nenb `ukhn kyntn, Tfklnkn bfbdunt bfshk dudut cnyu hkh `fkgnk dnonk ynkg bu`no `h`npntcnk `hpnsnrnk `nk chtn cftnouh. @nk tfktu tf ktu snmn `fkgnk dnonk ynkg burno knbuk bfkonshecnk bfshk ynkg dnhc.`nk bfkgonshecnk pri`ucsh ynkg dnhc, `nk `npnt bfbpfrshkgcnt wnctu pri`ucsh  dngh pfkgguknkyn. pfkgguknkyn. @fkgnk onrnpnk, `npnt bfbncshbnecnk pri`ucsh pfkgienonk cnyu `nk `npnt `h  pfrgukncnk sfbun cnenkgnk buenh `nrh cnenkgnk bfkfkgno cfdnwno. @nrh pnsnr `ibfsthc bnupuk pnsnr bnkln kfgnrn. Bfshk dudut cnyu hkheno ynkg ncnk `hnknehsn cfcuntnk gnyn `nk rnkgcn npncno nbnk `hpncnh ntnu th`nc. Bfshk dudut cnyu bfrupncnk sfduno bfshk ynkg lucup sf`fronkn, dnghnk  “   dnghnkkyn ynkg pnehkg utnbn n`neno cfpnen tftnp, cfpnen efpns,  pfknonk - pfknonk `nk ukht tfkngn tfkngn pfkggfrnc. Zn`n bfshk dudut ynkg tfrehont dnghnk - dnghnk structurnekyn `hdunt `nrh dfsh, `hrnklnkg sf`fbhchnk rupn bfkmn`h sfduno bfshk ynkg cicio. Dfktuc Dfktuc bfshk hkh bfbdfrhcnk cfefeunsnnk cfefe unsnnk cfpn`n sh pfbdudut uktuc bfkgfrmncnk `fkgnk dnhc dfk`n - dfk`n ynkg `hon`nphkyn. Knbuk n`n sneno sntu one ynkg pnehkg pfkthkg `nrh sfduno bfshk n`neno pfrnwntnkkyn. Zfrnwntnk `hencucnk uktuc bfkmngn cik`hsh bfshk `nenbcfn`nnkynkg dnhc. \fdfeub cfghntnk pfrnwntnk `hencsnkncnk, `hpfreucnkcfghntnk pfrfklnknnk pfrnwntnk tfrefdho `noueu. Hkh dfrtumunk ngnr  prisfs pfrnwntnk dfrmnenk sfsunh rfklnkn

 

DND H ZFK@NOVEVNK >.  TN\HIKNEH\N\H ZFKPHKGKXN BNCNENO Bncneno n`neno sneno sntu tugns ynkg `hdfrhcnk cfpn`n bnonshswn, ynkg hkthkyn n`neno bfbdunt bntfrh ynkg rfefvnk tfron`np bntn cuehno ynkg dfrsnkgcutnk. @fkgnk n`nkyn bcneno hkh bnonshswn mn`h bfk`npnt dnkync pfkgftnounk bfkgfknh Zfkgfknenk Bfshk Dudut. 4.  PVMVNK ZFKVEH\NK BNCNENO Pumunk `nrh pfkuehsnk Bncneno hkh ynhtu cnrfkn sfdngnh sneno sntu pfbfkuonk p fbfkuonk `nrh tugns ynkg `hdfrhcnk iefo `isfk pfkgnbpu, sfdngnhbnkn bncneno hkh `hdunt uktuc bfknbdno pfbnonbnk bntn cuehno `fkgnk lnrn bfbdunt bntfrh, pihkt  “  pihkt  pihkt ynkg tfrpfkthkg snmn, `nk bfkhkgcntcnk cfsn`nrnk pnrn pfbdnln bfkgfknh bntfrh ynkg  dfrsnkgcutnk sfrtn bfkguntcnk pfbnonbnk ncnk hsh bntfrh. = Gnbdnr Bfshk Dudut

D. AVKG\H @NK CFGVKNNK Aukgsh utnbn bfshk dudut n`neno bfbfgnkg `nk bfbutnr dfk`n cfrmn gukn bfencucnk ipfrnsh pfrbfshknk. Cfguknnk bfshk dudut n`neno uktuc bfkgonshecnk dfk`n-dfk`n  pfrpfknbpnkg shehk`rhs. \fpfrth liktio piris dfrthkgcnt, piris eurus, piris piris dfrneur, dfrneur, piris piris thrus,  dfruehr, `nk dfrdngnh dfktuc dh`nkg dh`nkg pfrbucnnk shehk`rhs enhkkyn. (\ubdfr). Zrisfs pfbncnknk bfshk dudut pn`n dfk`n cfrmn `hencucnk `fkgnk lnrn bfkggfrnccnk pnont cf nrno sfmnmnr `fkgnk subdu putnr pn`n dfk`n cfrmn `fkgnk cik`hsh dfk`n cfrmn tfrsfdut `nenb cfn`nnk  dfrputnr.

 

 

Mn`h prhkshp cfrmn pn`n bfshk dudut n`neno= Dfk`n cfrmn dfrputnr, sf`nkgcnk pnont dudut

 dfrgfrnc bfbnkmnkg `nk bfehktnkg. \fohkggn ncnk bfkgonshecnk pfkgurnkgnk `hbfksh `nk  dfktuc pn`n dfk`n cfrmn ynkg ynkg ububkyn shbftrhs.

L. AVKG\H @NK DNGHNK DNGHNK VPNBN BF\HK DVDVP 

>.  Cfpnen Pftnp (Ofn` \tilc)  Cfpnen tftnp (ofn` stilc), tfr`npnt sphk`ef utnbn bfshk ynkg dfraukgsh sfdngnh `u`ucnk  dfdfrnpn pfrefkgcnpnk pfrefkgcnpnk bfshk d dudut udut `hnktnrnkyn= `hnktnrnkyn= lfcnb (loulc), (loulc), cieeft, sfktfr tftnp, ntnu pfent  pfbdnwn rntn (anlf (a nlf pentf) `nk pfent pfbdnwn dfrfcir (`rhvhkg pentf). Nent-nent pfrefkgcnpnk tfrsfdut `hpnsnkg pn`n sphk`fe bfshk dfraukgsh sfdngnh pfkghcnt ntnu pfknonk dfk`n cfrmn ynkg ncnk `hcfrmncnk pn`n bfshk dudut

4.  Cfpnen Efpns (Pnhe \tilc) Pnhe \tilc n`neno dnghnk `nrh bfshk dudut ynkg eftnckyn `hsfdfeno cnknk bfshk `nk`hpnsnkg `hntns bfshk. Aukgsh Cfpnen Efpns(Pnhestilc) `hnktnrnkyn n`neno =  

\fdngnh tfbpnt pfbhlu umukg dfk`n cfrmn ynkg `hdudut

 

\fdngnh tfbpnt cf`u`ucnk dir pn`n wnctu bfkgfdir

 

 

\fdngnh Pfbpnt cf`u`ucnk pfkmfpht dir

Cfpnen efpns `npnt dfrgfsfr `h sfpnkmnkg nens bfshk.cfpnen efpns tfr`hrh ntns `un dnghnk = ynhtu nens `nk dnk, cf`un dnghnk htu `h hcnt `fkgnk 4 ntnu < dnut.hcnt `nk `npnt `hgfrnccnk `hpfkggfsfr htu `h pfreucnk npndhen =  n. 

Cf`u`ucnk cf`un sfktfr tfrsfdut th`nc sfpusnt.

d. 

Cf`u`ucnk cf`un sfktfr th`nc onrus sfpusnt bhsnekyn uktuc bfkgonshecnkpfbdudutnk ynkg thrus.

.  Bfshk Dudut Thkgnk Vcurnkkyn cflhe `nk sf`fronkn `fkgnk pnkmnkg bncshbub >4:: bb `hrfcibf`nshcnk uktuc bfbdunt idmfc ynkg dfrucurnk cfle `nk rhkgnk. Bfshk hkh snkgnt lilic uktuc bf`hn enthonk, cnrfkn th`nc bfbfreucnk runkgnk dfsnr, bu`no `hdnwn, bhkh, `nk diditkyn puk rhkgnk.

 

4.  Bfshk Dudut \f`nkg Bfshk dudut hkh dhsn uktuc bfbdunt bntfrhne `fkgnk `hnbftfr ohkggn 4:: bb & pnkmnkg >:: bb. Cikstrucshkyn efdho `ftnhe `nk `hefkgcnph `fkgnk pfrnentnk cousus. @hpfruktucnk uktuc pfcfrmnnk ynkg bfbpukynh dnkync vnrhnsh `nk bfbdutuocnk cftfehthnk. .  Bfshk Dudut Lfktrf Entof Lnrn cfrmn bfshk dudut hkh ynhtu dfk`n cfrmn `hlfkgcrnb pn`n piris sphk`ef `fkgnk  dnktunk loulc loulc ynkg dfrnonkg pn`n sneno sntu umukgkyn umukgkyn (pusnt subdu putnrnk) sf`nkgcnk pn`n umukg enhk `npnt `htubpu `fkgnk lfktfr enhk. Lfktrf entof `hrnklnkg uktuc bfbdunt dfrdngnh bnlnb dfktuc, sfohkggn lilic dnkync `hgukncnk `h hk`ustrh. 4.  Bfshk Dudut \nduc Zrisfs sphk`fre ncnk bfbutnr dfk`n cfrmn bfeneuh phrhkgnk pfbdnwn, sfohkggn bfbutnr ri`n ghgh ynkg `hgfrnccnk snduc ntnu pueh pn`n piris sphk`fe. Bfeneuh ri`n ghgh pfkgoudukg,  putnrnk ncnk `hsnbpnhcnk cf ri`n ghgh piris uehr. \f`nkgcnk iefo cefb dfrueht, putnrnk piris uehr ncnk `hudno bfkmn`h gfrnc trnksensh pn`n frftnk ynkg bfbdnwn pnont. \fohkggn dfk`n cfrmn ncnk bfkgnenbh snyntnk dfkdfktuc uehr. .

Cfbfktfrhnk

Zfk`h`hcnk

ottps=//stfeenbnrhslieefgf.irg/bfshk-dudut/  ottps=//stfeenbnrhslieefgf.irg/bfshk-dudut/ 

Lhbnoh = @hrfctirnt Mfk`frne Zfk`h`hcnk @nk

Cfdu`nynnk

4:><

ottp=//nrhayiu.deigspit.lib/4:>7/>4/bncneno-

bfshk-dudutY46.otbe  ottp=//fprhkts.ubpi.nl.h`/4?0:/>/DND%4:H.p`a   bfshk-dudutY46.otbe