Juegos para Resolución de Conflictos

 

JP@LHY ^CQC Q@YHDPIKÙB M@ IHBFDKI]HY Yhb ju`lhs `b dhs qu` s` pdcbt`cb sktucikhb`s m` ihbfkith, h qu` udkzcb cdlúb csp`ith r`dcikhbcmh ihb ëstcs. Pbhs oci`b okbicpkë `b `d cbãdksks m` sktucikhb`s ihbfkivcs, htrhs `b dhs prhad`gcs m` ihgubkicikùb `b `d ihbfkith, `b dcs r`dcikhb`s phm`r/sugkskùb, `b dc thgc m` ihbik`bikc m`d pubth m` vkstc m` dhs htrhs. `ti. Cphrtcb c dcs p`rshbcs y cd lruph `d`g`bths pcrc cpr`bm`r c crhbtcr dhs ihbfkiths m` ubc hrgc ir`cvc.

Ghtvcikùb  phr CMQKCBC `d 3> F@AQ@QH, 1>33

M@FKBKIKÙB M`sm` ub ikriudh m`a`b pr`s`bcrs` vhdubcrkhs pcrc uakicrs` m`brh m`d gksgh y s` m`ac` dcs ghtvcikhb`s. HAJ@]KVHY M`ghsrcr ihgh dcs p`rshbcs, cubqu` ciú`b m` dc gksgc gcb`rc, pu`m`b `scr pcrt`bmh m` ghtvcikhb`s mkf`r`b`s y ihgpr`bm`r citum`s cpcr`b`g`b` kbihgpr`bskad`s. ^CQ]KIK^CB]@Y G`bhs m` 9> p`rshbcs. M@YCQQHDDH Y` pkm` qu` ikbih h s`ks p`rshbcs s` pr`s`b`b vhdubcrkcg`b` cd i`brh m`d ikriudh. Du`lh m`a`rãb m`ikr cd lruph dcs ghtvhs phr dhs qu` s` ocb pr`s`bcmh vhdubcrkcg`b`. @d r`sh m`d lruph `siuioc. Y`lukmcg`b` s` pkm` c quk`b`s bh s` ocb pr`s`bcmh vhdubcrkcg`b` qu` `xphblcb púadkicg`b` sus ghtvhs pcrc bh oci`rdh. @s @s` ` `j`r `j`rik ikik ikh h pu pu`m `m`` oc oci` i`rs rs`` m` h hrh rh ghmh ghmh : s` pk pkm` m` c qu quk` k`b` b`ss bh s` oc ocb b pr`s pr`s`b `bc cmh mh vhdubcrkcg`b` qu` mklcb phr qu` ir``b qu` s` s` ocb pr`s`bcmh dhs hrhs y vki`v`rsc @VCDPCIKÙB 

dcs ghtvcikhb`s shb guy p`rshbcd`s

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bcmk` `s mu`óh m` dc v`rmcm, skbh qu` icmc iucd pu`m` phs``r ubc pcr` m` dc gksgc

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m`a`ghs s`r g`bhs ju`i`s y gcs ougcbhs

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guiocs v`i`s prhy`icghs `b dhs m`gãs bu`srcs prhpkcs ghtvcikhb`s

@d `siucmrùb  phr CMQKCBC `d 3> F@AQ@QH, 1>33

M@FKBKIKÙB

 

Icmc `qukph m`a` oci`r ubc bcv` vhdcmhrc uscbmh mhs ohjcs m` pcp`d (m` cgcóh C=) y t`b` qu` oci`r qu` vu`d` y crcvk`s` ubc ubc mkscbikc pcrc dd`lcr dd`lcr c ub haj`tvh. HAJ@]KVHY Dc ir`ctvkmcm, `d rcacjh `b `qukph y dc ihgubkicikùb. ihgubkicikùb. ^CQ]KIK^CB]@Y Lruph, idcs`, …c pcrtr m` dhs 3> cóhs `b lruphs `br` 9 y 0 p`rshbcs GC]@QKCD 

Ohjcs m` pcp`d Ahbm , cgcóh C=

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3 Crh m` ikbiu`bc i`bg`rhs m` mkãg`rh

IHBYKLBCY M@ ^CQ]KMC 

Icmc lruph vc c oci`r ubc bcv` vhdcmhrc

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@sc bcv` t`b` qu` r`ihrr`r ubc mkscbikc m` 0 g`rhs

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[ m`a` crcv`scr ub crh m` 0> ig. m` mkãg`rh.

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]k`b`b r`s kb`bhs pcrc dhlrcr su ihg`tmh

M@YCQQHDDH Y` fhrgcb dhs lruphs (9 c 0 p`rshbcs) Y` d`s `br`lc dhs pcp`d`s Y` d`s kgpcr` dc ihbsklbc Cmv`rtr shar` dc shdkikum m` ubc ohjc cmkikhbcd (Cmudhs) @d lruph ihbiduy` dc pru`ac iucbmh dhlrc qu` su bcv` vu`d` y crcvk`s` `d crh (t`b` ocsc 9 kb`bhs) Dhs kb`bhs m` icmc lruph bh pu`m`b s`r ihbs`iutvhs ( c b m` fhg`bcr dc pcrtikpcikùb m` hmhs) @d ju`lh `rgkbc ubc v`z qu` hmhs dhs lruphs ocb iugpdkmh dc pru`ac. @VCDPCIKÙB @d ghm`rcmhr m`a` cpdcumkr dhs cik`rhs. F`dkikcr c hmh `d `siucmrùb phr `d dhlrh m`d haj`tvh. @d `qukph m`a` cpdcumkr dhs cik`rhs. F`dkikcr cd prkg`r lruph qu` iugpdkù ihb `d haj`tvh. @d ghm`rcmhr pr`lubcrc m` gcb`rc cak`rc: ^`mkr hpkbkhb`s

 

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¸Su` phm`ghs scicr m` cpr`bmkzcj` m` `s` ju`lh8

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¸Iucd oc skmh `d ghg`bh gcs mkikd8

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¸Su` s` sk`b` v`r qu` dhs hrhs lruphs pcscb y bu`srh lruph s` qu`mc8

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¸Su` s`btghs cohrc qu` hmhs o`ghs iugpdkmh ihb `d haj`tvh8

@d ghm`rcmhr m`a` oci`r ub ik`rr` r``xkvh shar` dh qu` oc o`ioh qu` icmc lruph dd`lu` c su haj`tvh: `b ërgkbhs m` ihgubkicikùb, rcacjh `b `qukph y shar` hmh ghtvcikùb. VCQKCB]@Y Vcrkcb` pcrc cmudhs (B`lhikcikùb): Yk gcdhlrcb cdlubc ohjc m` pcp`d s` d`s `br`lc hrc bu`vc, p`rh cm`gãs ubc ohjc cmkikhbcd, dc iucd b`i`scrkcg`b` m`a` kbidukrdc `b su mks`óh (@s `d ihsh phr gcdhlrcr ubc ohjc).

Qhacr dc acbm`rc  phr CMQKCBC `d 3> F@AQ@QH, 1>33

M@FKBKIKÙB Y` mkvkm` `d lruph `b phdkiçcs y dcmrhb`s y s` rcc m` qu` dhs dcmrhb`s rha`b dc acbm`rc y dc dd`v`b cd icgph prhpkh ihb dc hphskikùb m` dhs phdkiçcs. HAJ@]KVHY M`scrrhddcr dc icpcikmcm m` hgcr m`ikskhb`s m` `qukph. Fhg`bcr dc b`i`skmcm m` ihhp`rcr. ^CQ]KIK^CB]@Y Lruph, idcs`, … c pcrtr m` ? cóhs. GC]@QKCD Cdlh qu` skgud` ubc acbm`rc, phr `j`gpdh ubc pkic jcmc ihb ub ihbh h ub r`ihl`mhr. IHBYKLBCY M@ ^CQ]KMC Dhs dcmrhb`s t`b` ub kbgub` qu` cm`gãs pu`m` iczcr c phdkiçcs. Dhs iczcmhs s` ihdhicb ihb dhs arczhs arczhs `b iruz ocsc s`r scdvcmhs. Y` crcpc cd hphb`b` shdh ihb hicrdh. M@YCQQHDDH @d ju`lh `gpk`zc ihb dc ir`cikùb m` mhs lruphs cbclhbkscs (phdkiçcs y dcmrhb`s) y dc `d`iikùb m`d kbgub`. Y` ihdhic dc acbm`rc `b `d kb`rkhr m`d icgph m` dhs phdkiçcs. @d ju`lh `rgkbc iucbmh: 

@s rhacmc dc acbm`rc y dd`vcmc cd icgph m` dhs dcmrhb`s

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Iucbmh ub dcmrùb `s iczcmh ihb dc acbm`rc

 

@b `d údtgh icsh sk ocy mumc shar` sk m`jh dc acbm`rc cb`s m` s`r hicmh `d a`b`ikh `s pcrc `d ccicb`. Yk ub dcmrùb m`jc dc acbm`rc y `sc ic` cd su`dh `sc iczcmh, m`a` s`r d`vcbcmc phr `s`. @VCDPCIKÙB ¸Iùgh s` hrlcbkzh `d lruph8 ¸Suë tph m` `src`lkc s` sklukù8 VCQKCB]@Y 

Lruph guy bug`rhsh.

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Gãs m` ub kbgub`.

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Mhs acbm`rcs.

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Y` scdvc m` mkf`r`b`s fhrgcs

]`dcrcóc  phr CMQKCBC `d 3> F@AQ@QH, 1>33

M@FKBKIKÙB Y` rcc m` qu` hmcs dcs p`rshbcs pcrtikpcb`s pcs`b c rcvës m` ubc —`dcrcóc‗ skb hicrdc. HAJ@]KVHY M`scrrhddcr dc icpcikmcm ihd`itvc m` hgcr m`ikskhb`s y r`shdv`r ihbkihs. Fhg`bcr dc b`i`skmcm m` ihhp`rcr. M`scrrhddcr dc ihbcbzc m`d lruph ^CQ]KIK^CB]@Y Lruph, idcs`, … c pcrtr m` 31 cóhs. GC]@QKCD Iu`rmc y ub `spcikh qu` `blc mhs phs`s, mhs ãrahd`s, … `br` dhs qu` s` pu`mc ihbsrukr dc `dcrcóc. IHBYKLBCY M@ ^CQ]KMC Ptdkzcbmh dc iu`rmc, ihbsrukr ubc `dcrcóc `br` mhs dcmhs (ãrahd`s, phs`s, …) m` ubhs mhs g`rhs m` cbioh. Ihbvk`b` oci`rdc m`jcbmh guiohs `spcikhs m` vcrkhs cgcóhs, dhs gãs lrcbm`s phr `bikgc m` ub g`rh. M@YCQQHDDH @d lruph m`a` pcscr phr dc `dcrcóc skb hicrdc, `s m`ikr, skb hicr dcs iu`rmcs. ^hm`ghs pdcb`crd` cd lruph qu` `sãb crcpcmhs `b ubc iu`vc h ubc prkskùb y qu` dc úbkic scdkmc `s c rcvës m` `sc vcddc `d`irkicmc. Ocy qu` ausicr dc shduikùb pcrc pcscr dhs prkg`rhs ihb dc cyumc m` dhs m`gãs5 du`lh ubh/c c ubh/c vcb scdk`bmh ocsc dd`lcr cd bu`vh prhad`gc m` dhs/cs údtghs/cs.

 

@VCDPCIKÙB ¸Iùgh s` hgcrhb dcs m`ikskhb`s8 ¸Suë tph m` `src`lkc s` sklukù8

9- @d ãraktrh 

Haj`tvhs:

c) Q`shdv`r ubc skucikùb m` ihbkih `br` hmhs dhs gk`garhs m` ub lruph. a) ^rhghv`r `d `b`bmkgk`bh y dc `gpcc. 

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]k`gph b`i`scrkh: ubhs => gkbuhs. ]cgcóh m`d lruph: cgcóh m` lruph idcs` (`br` 1>-9> p`rshbcs). @sc mkbãgkic `s guy útd `b ihb`xhs `muictvhs.

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Dulcr: scdc m` idcs`.

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Gc`rkcd`s b`i`scrkhs: pkzcrrc, ahdçlrcfh, pcp`d`s.

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^cshs c s`lukr:

3. @xks` @xks` ubc skucik skucikùb ùb prhad`gã prhad`gãtic tic h ihbk ihbkitv itvcc qu` cf`ic cf`ic cd m`scrr m`scrrhdd hddh h m`d lruph. lruph. @d mkbcgkzcmhr m`d lruph, qu` `b `shs ihb`xhs su`d` s`r `d prhf`shr, pdcb`c dc skucikùb `b idcs` y qu`, m` gcb`rc ihbjubc, vcb c r`shdv`r `d ihbkih. 1. Pbc p`rshbc p`rshbc ihgk`b ihgk`bzc zc `xphbk`bm `xphbk`bmh h dc skucikùb skucikùb.. Yk dh r`quk`r`, r`quk`r`, s` vc hgcbm hgcbmh h bhc m` dhs o`iohs h m` dcs p`rshbcs kbvhduircmcs `b dc pkzcrrc pcrc, r`hgcr phs`rkhrg`b`, `shs pubhs. 9. @d mkbcgkzc mkbcgkzcmhr mhr `bmrã `bmrã qu` prhghv` prhghv`rr qu` hmcs hmcs dcs p`rshbc p`rshbcss kb kb`r` `r`scm scmcs cs kb`rv`b kb`rv`blcb lcb y `xphblcb su pubh m` vksc. =. @br` @br` hmhs s` s` m`a`rã m`a`rã hgcr ubc ubc shduikùb shduikùb pcrc pcrc zcbjcr zcbjcr `d prhad` prhad`gc. gc. 

Bhcs: `d mkbcgkzcmhr ju`lc ub kgphrcb` pcp`d cd `b`r qu` mkrklkr `d m`ac` y fhg`bcr dc pcrtik pcrtikpci pcikùb kùb m` hmh hmh `d lruph. lruph. M` klucd klucd gcb`rc gcb`rc,, `b dc hgc hgc m` m`iks m`ikskhb khb`s `s pcrc pcrc shduikhbcr `d ihbkih, m`a` oci`rdh pcrc qu` hmhs cmquk`rcb ub ihgprhgksh.

Y` pu`m` cócmkr r`hgcr `d `gc pcscmhs ubhs mçcs pcrc `vcducr sk dcs g`mkmcs qu` s` ocb m`ikmkmh `sãb r`sudcmh `f`itvcs. =- Ju`lh m` rhd`s 

Haj`tvhs:

c) Mrcgctzcr dc skucikùb hiurrkmc h ubc okphëtic. a) M`scrrhddcr `gpcc. 

]k`gph b`i`scrkh: ubhs 9> gkbuhs cprhxkgcmcg`b`.

 

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]cgcóh m`d lruph: cgcóh m` ub lruph g`mkh, ubhs 1> pcrtikpcb`s. Du Dulc lcr: r: `s `spc pcik ikh h cgpd cgpdkh kh `b `d qu qu`` r`ir r`ir`c `crr ub ubcc sk sku uci cikù kùb b h ak ak`b `b,, sk bh r`qu r`quk` k`r` r` m` ghvkgk`bh, `spcikh `b `d qu` pu`mcb s`bcrs` `b içriudh.

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Gc`rkcd`s b`i`scrkhs: bkblubh `b `sp`ikcd.

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^cshs c s`lukr:

3. @d mkbcgkzcm mkbcgkzcmhr hr pdcb`c pdcb`c dc skucikùb skucikùb ihbkitvc ihbkitvc qu` qu` oc `bkmh dulcr dulcr h ak`b, ubc okphët okphëtic. ic. 1. Yk `d c cgc gcóh óh m`d m`d lrup lruph h `s lrcb lrcbm` m` y bh `xks `xks` `b b c cb bcs cs p` p`rs rshb hbcs cs kb kbvh vhdu duir ircm cmcs cs,, s` pr`s`bcrãb cdlubcs p`rshbcs ihgh vhdubcrkcs. 9. Dcs p`rshbcs p`rshbcs qu` qu` vcycb c icgakcr icgakcr `d rhd, rhd, `bmrãb `bmrãb ubhs gkbuhs gkbuhs pcrc pcrc ihbhi`r ihbhi`r c dc p`rshbc p`rshbc qu` vcb c kb`rpr`cr. ^crc `sh `s r`ihg`bmcad` qu` `sëb phr `sirkh dc skucikùb y dhs p`rshbcj`s. Y` d`s m`jc ubhs gkbuhs pcrc qu` ihbhzicb dc okshrkc y vcycb hgcbmh bhcs. ]cgakëb, phmrãb oci`r pr`lubcs. =. ]rcbsiurr ]rcbsiurr`` dc citvkmcm. citvkmcm. Dhs Dhs ihgpcó`rh ihgpcó`rhss has`rvcb, has`rvcb, cgakëb cgakëb pu`m`b pu`m`b hgcr hgcr bhcs. bhcs. 0. Iu Iucbm cbmh h oc `rgkb `rgkbcmh cmh,, s` r`cdkz r`cdkzcc ub m`ac m`ac`` `b `d qu` pcrtik pcrtikp`b p`b dcs p`rsh p`rshbcs bcs qu` ocb ocb icgakcmh m` rhd y dcs qu` bh pcrc dd`lcr c ub pubh m` `b`bmkgk`bh y ciu`rmh ihgúb. 0- ^krcócs `b `d rçh 

Haj`tvhs:

c) Ycdkr ckrhshs rcs r`shdv`r ubc shduikùb ihbkitvc. a) ^rhghv`r dc ihhp`rcikùb y dc cyumc `br` dhs mkstbhs gk`garhs m`d lruph. 

]k`gph b`i`scrkh: cdr`m`mhr m` 1> gkbuhs.

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]cgcóh m`d lruph: ubcs 30 p`rshbcs.

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Dulcr: `spcikh cgpdkh, pr`f`rkad`g`b` cd ckr` dkar`.

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Gc`rkcd`s b`i`scrkhs: `dc h dçb`c cbioc (pu`m` gcricrs` ihb tzc `b `d su`dh), dkarhs u hrhs haj`hs. ^cshs c s`lukr:

3. @d mkbcgkzc mkbcgkzcmhr mhr `xpdkic `xpdkic qu` t`b`b t`b`b qu` qu` crcv`scr crcv`scr `d rçh (icgkbh (icgkbh gcricmh gcricmh)) skb scdkrs` scdkrs` m` ëd. ëd. Cm`gãs, t`b`b qu` rcbsphrcr m` ub dcmh c hrh ubc s`rk` m` haj`hs. Pbh `b `d icgkbh m` kmc y hrh, mkstbh, `b `d m` vu`dc. Icmc p`rshbc `bmrã csklbcmh su haj`h y bh pu`m` s`r dd`vcmh phr bkblubh m` dhs ihgpcó`rhs. 1. Dc p`rshbc p`rshbc qu` s` scdlc scdlc m`d icgkb icgkbh, h, m`a`rã m`a`rã ihg`bzcr ihg`bzcr dc citvkmcm citvkmcm m`sm` m`sm` `d prkbik prkbikpkh. pkh. 9. Dc citvkm citvkmcm cm bh cicac cicac ocsc qu` hmcs hmcs dcs p`rshb p`rshbcs cs ocycb ocycb r`cdkzc r`cdkzcmh mh su icgkbh icgkbh m` kmc y vu`dc.

 

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Mksiuskùb: s` m`jcrã ub t`gph pcrc m`actr dc citvkmcm, quë `src`lkcs ocb `dcahrcmh pcrc qu` hmcs dcs p`rshbcs ocycb phmkmh r`cdkzcr dc citvkmcm m` gcb`rc sctsfcihrkc, quë haj`hs ocb skmh gãs fãikd`s m` rcbsphrcr y iuãd`s gãs mkikd`s, `i.

6- Ykddcs Ihhp`rcvcs 

Haj`tvhs:

c) ^rhghv`r dc ihhp`rcikùb y cyumc `br` dhs gk`garhs m`d lruph. a) Q`shdv`r ubc skucikùb prhad`gãtic m` gcb`rc ihbjubc. 

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]k`gph b`i`scrkh: cdr`m`mhr m` 1> gkbuhs. ]cgcóh m`d lruph: lruph m` cgcóh g`mkcbh, ubcs 30 p`rshbcs. Yk shb gãs, bhs dd`vcrã gãs t`gph dc mkbãgkic. Dulcr: `spcikh cgpdkh `b `d qu` s` pu`mc ir`cr ub içriudh m` skddcs y `b qu` dhs gk`garhs pu`mcb m`spdczcrs` iùghmcg`b` iùghmcg`b`.. Gc`rkcd`s b`i`scrkhs: ubc skddc phr icmc pcrtikpcb`, cdlúb mksphsktvh pcrc r`prhmuikr gúskic y qu` ësc s`c cumkad` phr hmhs dhs pcrtikpcb`s. ^cshs c s`lukr:

3. @d mkbcgkzcm mkbcgkzcmhr hr m` dc citvkmcm citvkmcm d`s `xpdki `xpdkicrã crã qu` vcb c julcr julcr cd ju`lh m` m` dc skddc, skddc, p`rh `b ubc v`rskùb mkstbc c dc idãskic. ^crc `ddh, m`a`rãb fhrgcr ub içriudh m` skddcs ihb dhs csk`bhs gkrcbmh ocikc `ddhs. Cúb bh s` d`s `xpdkicrã dc mkiudcm m` `s` ju`lh. 1. Yu`bc Yu`bc dc gúskic gúskic y iucbmh iucbmh s` pcrc, hmhs m`a`rãb m`a`rãb hgcr hgcr csk`bh csk`bh.. 9. ^crc ^crc dc sk sklu luk` k`b b`` rh rhbm bmc, c, s` qu quk kcc ub ubcc skdd skddc. c. Pbc v`z v`z gãs, gãs, su`bc su`bc dc gúsk gúskic ic y hmh hmhss dh dhss pcrtikpcb`s m`a`rãb `scr s`bcmhs. Bcmk` pu`m` qu`mcrs` m` pk`. =. Ësc `s dc dc mkiudcm, mkiudcm, bkblúb bkblúb gk`gar gk`garh h s` pu`m` qu`mcr qu`mcr m` pk`. pk`. C g`mkmc g`mkmc qu` fcd`b fcd`b gãs skddcs, s`rã gãs ihgpdkicmh `bihbrcr ubc shduikùb `br` hmhs. 0. @d ju`lh ju`lh bcdkzc bcdkzc iucbmh iucbmh r`sudc r`sudc kgphskad` kgphskad` qu` qu` hmhs hmhs `sëb s`bcmhs s`bcmhs `b `b dcs skddcs. skddcs. Mksiuskùb: dh kgphrcb` m` `s` ju`lh `s qu` hmhs s` cyum`b `br` sç y qu` bkblubc p`rshbc r`sud` mksirkgkbcmc.

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  y 30 p`rshbcs.

 

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Dulcr: `spcikh cgpdkh, pu`m` s`r cd ckr` dkar`. Gc`rkcd`s b`i`scrkhs: ubc sãacbc lrcbm`, pu`m` s`r sustukmc phr ub rhzh m` pcp`d ihbtbuh. ^cshs c s`lukr:

3. Dc p`rsh p`rshbc bc qu` mkrkl mkrkl`` dc citvk citvkmc mcm, m, phbmr phbmrãã ub ubcc sã sãac acbc bc `b `d su`dh su`dh y pk pkm` m` c hmh hmhss dh dhss kb`lrcb`s qu` s` ihdhqu`b `b dh cdh m` ësc. M`a`b hiupcr dc gkcm m`d `spcikh, sk bh ica`b s` r`cdkzcrã dc citvkmcm phr sualruphs h `d cgcóh m` dc sãacbc `bmrã qu` s`r gcyhr. 1. Iucbmh Iucbmh `sãb ihdhic ihdhicmcs, mcs, s` d`s `xpdkic `xpdkic qu` `br` `br` hmhs hmhs m`a`b m`a`b mcrd` dc vu`dc vu`dc c dc sãacbc skb qu` bcmk` s` acj` m` dc gksgc, bk pkscr `d su`dh. 

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Mksiuskùb: cd bcdkzcr, s` prhghv`rã ub m`ac` `b `d qu` s` km`btqu` dc(s) `src`lkc(s) qu` ocb s`lukmh, iùgh ocb dd`lcmh c dc shduikùb, sk ocb `bkmh qu` icgakcr m` pdcb c dh dcrlh m` dc citvkmcm, `i. Vcrkcikùb: sk qu`r`ghs mcrd` ub `xrc m` mkiudcm c dc citvkmcm, phm`ghs cócmkrd` dc pcuc m` qu` t`b`b ub t`gph m``rgkbcmh pcrc ihgpd`cr dc citvkmcm h ak`b, ihgh `b hrcs mkbãgkics, qu` bh pu`mcb ocadcr murcb` dc `j`iuikùb m` dc gksgc.

?- Fcbtcsçc m` ub ihbfkith 

Haj`tvhs:

c) ^`rgktr qu` icmc p`rshbc `xpr`s` su fhrgc m` r`shdv`r `d ihbkih dkar`g`b`. a) Km`bticr mkstbcs `src`lkcs y `dcahrcr ubc ihgúb. i) ^rhg ^rhghv hv`r `r `d `b `b` `bm bmkg kgk` k`b bh h y `d r`sp r`sp` `h h `b `br r`` dh dhss gk`g gk`gar arhs hs m` m`dd lrup lruph h c rcv rcvës ës m` dc b`lhikcikùb. 

]k`gph b`i`scrkh: cdr`m`mhr m` 6> gkbuhs.

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]cgcóh m`d lruph: lruph m` `br` 1>-10 p`rshbcs.

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Dulcr: `d cudc m` idcs` h ub `spcikh `b `d qu` hmhs dhs pcrtikpcb`s `sëb s`bcmhs y `blcb skth `b `d qu` cphycs` pcrc `sirkakr.

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Gc`rkcd`s b`i`scrkhs: b`i`scrkhs: fhdkhs y ahdçlrcfh pcrc icmc ubh. ]cgakëb, ubc pkzcrrc.

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^cshs c s`lukr:

3. ]hmcs ]hmcs dcs p`rshbcs p`rshbcs s` `biu`brc `biu`brcb b s`bcmcs s`bcmcs y `d kbsruihr kbsruihr kbrhmui` kbrhmui` dc skluk`b skluk`b` ` fcbcsçc: fcbcsçc: —]` `biu`brcs icgkbcbmh phr dc icdd` y v`s, c dh d`jhs, c ubc p`rshbc qu` ` r`sudc fcgkdkcr. M` r`p`b`, ` mcs iu`bc m` qu` `sc p`rshbc `s ihb dc qu` gcyhr`s ihbkihs t`b`s. Icmc v`z hs `bihbrãks gãs i`ric y bh sca`s iùgh r`ciikhbcr iucbmh ` irui`s ihb `ddc, s` ` hiurr`b mkstbcs cd`rbctvcs… M`ikm` cohrc iuãd `dkl`s y ùgc` ubhs gkbuhs pcrc r`ir`cr `b u kgclkbcikùb iùgh rcbsiurrkrçc dc ciikùb.‗

 

1. ^csc ^cscmh mhss ub ubhs hs gkbu gkbuh hs, s, `d kb kbs sru rui ihr hr vu`d vu`dv` v` ih ihb b `s `sc css pc pcdc dcar arcs cs:: —[ —[cc oc pc pcsc scmh mh,, `s `sc c p`rshbc s` oc kmh. ¸Iùgh ` sk`b`s8, ¸iuãd `s u bkv`d m` sctsfciikùb ihb dc gcb`rc `b dc qu` ` ocs ihgphrcmh8‗. 9. C ihbtbuci ihbtbucikùb kùb,, s` d`s m`jc m`jc `br` `br` 30 y 1> gkbuh gkbuhss pcrc qu` r``xk r``xkhb` hb`b b dcs skluk`b skluk`b`s `s ihscs: =. Dcs cd`rbctv cd`rbctvcs cs qu` ihbskm`r ihbskm`rcrhb crhb pcrc ciucr. ciucr. 0. Iu Iuãd ãd `si `sihl hlk` k`rh rhb b y phr phr quë quë.. 6. @d bkv`d bkv`d m` sctsfc sctsfciikù iikùb b qu` cdicbzc cdicbzcrhb rhb ihb ihb `d r`sudcm r`sudcmh h m` dc fcbcsçc fcbcsçc.. gkbuhs. ]cgcóh m`d lruph: ubcs 9> p`rshbcs. Yk `d lruph `s g`bhr, bhs dd`vcrã g`bhs t`gph dc citvkmcm. Dulcr: cudc h `spcikh cgpdkh `b `d qu` dhs pcrtikpcb`s pu`mcb ghv`rs`. Gc`rkcd`s b`i`scrkhs: mhs icrudkbcs lrcbm`s `b dcs qu` `së `sirkh `b ubc —YÇ‗ y `b dc hrc, —BH‗. ^cshs c s`lukr:

3. Dhs icr`d icr`d`s `s m`d YÇ y `d Bh, s` ihdhicb ihdhicb `b `d cudc `bfr` `bfr`bc bcmhs mhs.. @s kgphr kgphrcb cb`` qu` `d cudc `së m`sp`jcmc. 1. ]hmhs ]hmhs dhs pcrtikpcb pcrtikpcb`s `s s` ihdhicb ihdhicb `b `d `d i`brh i`brh m`d cudc. cudc. C ihbtbucikù ihbtbucikùb, b, `d mkbcgkzcm mkbcgkzcmhr hr mkrã ubc frcs` y icmc p`rshbc, m`a`rã m` krs` c ub pubh m`d cudc `b fubikùb m` sk `sãb m` ciu`rmh, h bh, ihb dc frcs`. 9. Iucbmh Iucbmh hmcs hmcs dcs p`rshbcs p`rshbcs s` `biu` `biu`brcb brcb skucmc skucmcs, s, m`a`rãb, m`a`rãb, ubh c ubh, ubh, crlug`bcr crlug`bcr sus ghtvcikhb`s pcrc oca`rs` phskikhbcmh `b `s` dulcr. =. Y` r`pk r`pk`` bu bu`v `vcg cg`b `b` ` ihb hrc hrc fr frcs cs`` y csç csç oc ocs scc qu` qu` s` clh` clh` `d t` t`gp gph h qu` qu` s` ocyc ocyc r`s`rvcmh pcrc dc r`cdkzcikùb m` dc mkbãgkic.

 

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Bhcs: c dh dcrlh m` dc citvkmcm, dcs p`rshbcs sk icgakcb m` hpkbkùb, phmrãb ghv`rs` dkar`g`b` phr `d cudc y icgakcrs` m` dulcr. Dcs frcs`s m`a`rãb s`r cmcpcmhs cd bkv`d y c dc `mcm m` dhs pcrtikpcb`s. @vcducikùb: @vcducik ùb: dc p`rshbc p`rshbc qu` mkrkl` mkrkl` dc mkbãgkic pu`m` `vcducr mkstbh mkstbhss irk`rkhs irk`rkhs `b dc `vhduikùb m` dhs pcrtikpcb`s, `br` `ddhs, dhs skluk`b`s: `d lrcmh m` `xkakdkmcm, dc icpcikmcm m` mkãdhlh y m` ihbikdkcikùb m` mkstbcs phsurcs, `i.

3>- Kbfcrs` ihgh ldhahs 

Haj`tvh: cpr`bm`r c icdgcrs` cb` ubc skucikùb m` ihbkih.

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]k`gph b`i`scrkh: cdr`m`mhr m` 30 gkbuhs.

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]cgcóh m`d lruph: kdkgkcmh.

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Dulcr: `spcikh cgpdkh `b `d qu` dhs pcrtikpcb`s pu`mcb `scr fhrgcbmh ub içriudh.

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Gc`rkcd`s b`i`scrkhs: bkblubh.

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^cshs c s`lukr:

3. Y` `xpdkic `xpdkic qu` iucbmh iucbmh bhs `bihbrc `bihbrcghs ghs cb` ubc ubc skucikùb skucikùb ihbkitvc ihbkitvc h prhad`gãt prhad`gãtic ic `sh bhs prhmui` ubc r`ciikùb `ghikhbcd qu` bhs citvc skhdùlkicg`b`. Dc `xpdkicikùb m`a` s`r cmcpcmc cd bkv`d y c dc `mcm m` dhs pcrtikpcb`s. 1. C ihbtbuci ihbtbucikùb, kùb, s` s` `xpdkicrã `xpdkicrã qu` vcghs vcghs c kbcrbhs kbcrbhs ihgh ihgh ldhahs. ldhahs. 9. ^crc ^crc ihg`bz ihg`bzcr, cr, s` hgcrã hgcrãb b r`spkr r`spkrcik cikhb` hb`ss prhfub prhfubmcs mcs,, m` pk` y ihb dhs hjhs i`rrcm i`rrcmhs. hs. C g`mkmc qu` vcb dd`bcbmh sus pudghb`s m` ckr`, vcb d`vcbcbmh sus arczhs, ihgh sk fu`s`b ldhahs. Y` r`pk` `s` pcsh vcrkcs v`i`s, dcs suik`b`s ihgh pcrc qu` hmhs ocycb r`cdkzcmh `d `j`rikikh ihrr`icg`b`. =. Du`lh, Du`lh, su`dcb su`dcb `d ckr` y ihgk`bz ihgk`bzcb cb c crrulcrs` crrulcrs` ihgh ldhahs ldhahs y m`skbc m`skbcb b ocsc ic`r ic`r `b `d su`dh. ]cgakëb s` r`pk` `s` `j`rikikh. 

Mksiuskùb: iucbmh ocycb cicacmh y rcbsiurrkmhs ubhs gkbuhs pcrc qu` ocycb mksfrucmh m` dc s`bscikùb m` r`dcjcikùb, s` d`s pr`lubc sk ir``b qu` r`cdkzcr `shs `j`rikikhs pu`m` cyumcrd`s iucbmh `sëb `bfcmcmhs.

Q``r`bikcs

3. Mkbãgkic Mkbãgkicss m` lruphs lruphs cpdki cpdkicmcs cmcs c dc dc r`shduik r`shduikùb ùb m` ihbk ihbkihs. ihs. 1. Ju`lhs Ju`lhs m` r`shduikù r`shduikùb b m` ihbkihs. ihbkihs. Cudc Cudc m` km`cs. ^hrcd ^hrcd m` @muicik @muicikùb ùb y Ir`ctvkmcm. Ir`ctvkmcm. 9. ^rkbikpcd ^rkbikpcd`s `s mkbãgkics mkbãgkics m` r`shdui r`shduikùb kùb m` ihbkih ihbkihss `b `d cudc. Pbkv`rskmc Pbkv`rskmcm m m` Vcd`bikc. Vcd`bikc. =. Y`skh Y`skhb`s b`s pcrc rcacjc rcacjcrr `d ihbki ihbkih h `b `d cudc. cudc. Q`hs `b dhs ihb`x ihb`xhs hs gudtiud gudtiudurc urcd`s d`s.. Lkcbhs.hrl. 0. ¸]` su`bc su`bc fcgkdk fcgkdkcr8 cr8 Mkbãgk Mkbãgkics ics y Ju`lhs. Ju`lhs. Pbki`f. Pbki`f.