Juan Pablo Reyes López.: Derecho en Su Ámbito Público

 

Nu`l X`jac Zkyks Aõpkz. FKZKEDC. @soil`tur`> Oltkrl`eocl`aoz`eoõl fka Fkrkedc kl su àmjotc pþjaoec Ukmkstrk> Puoltc. Jacquk> 06 Irupc> (FK-FKOFX[-:88:-M06-880). [lof`f :. Fkrkedc Oltkrl`eocl`a Eclstotueocl`a. Uksoõl ;.  Àmjotc ksp`eo`a fk v`aofkz fk a`s `etovof`fks fka Kst`fc @etovof`f Oltkir`fcr`. Mïxoec y Iu`tkm`a`. Fcekltk> Akclcr Ecrtks Àvoa`.

 

Àmjotc ksp`eo`a fk v`aofkz fk a`s `etovof`fks fka Kst`fc ............................................................................................................................................0

Nu`l X`jac Zkyks Aõpkz..................................................................................................0

Oltrcfueeoõl......................................................................................................................:

@etovof`f 0. Fkaomot`eoõl fka ksp`eoc tkrrkstrk y `ïrkc......................................................5

@etovof`f :. Ka ksp`eoc m`rítomc........................... m`rítomc...................................................... ............................................................. ..................................? ?

@etovof`f oltkir`fcr`. Mïxoec y Iu`tkm`a`...................................................................00 ............................................. ...................................................... ...................................................... ............................................... ....................0: 0: Ecleausoõl..................

Jojaocir`gí`......................................................................................................................05

Akiosa`eoõl...................................................................................................................06

 

Oltrcfueeoõl.

Kl ks kst` t` skso sksoõl õl aa`m aa`m`f `f` ` ‑K tklfrk frkmcs mcs quk fkg fkgolo olorac rac ‑Kaa àmjo àmjotc tc ks ksp` p`eo eo`a `a fk v` v`ao aofk fkz” z” tkl ecmc ks ka ksp`eoc tkrrotcro`a kspkeígoec kl quk ul prkekptc ks `paoe`jak. Fkltrc fk kstk sostkm` fk ea`sogoe`eoõl acs prkekptcs fka fkrkedc pukfkl skr gkfkr`aks, kst`t`aks c muloeop`aks

fkltrc

fk

ul

rïiomkl

gkfkr`a.

A`s lcrm`s fka àmjotc l`eocl`a ecmprklfkl a`s quk toklkl v`aofkz fkltrc fk ul` l`eoõl. Fk `dí sk p`s` ` a`s lcrm`s ecl v`aofkz kl ul kst`fc, muloeopoc c kltof`f mklcr.

A`s lcrm`s `ekpt`f`s pcr tcf`s a`s l`eoclks kl gcrm` fk tr`t`fcs c eclvklocs scl eclsofkr`f`s oltkrl`eocl`aks. Kl eu`ltc `a àmjotc fk v`aofkz ksp`eo`a fk lcrm`s fk Fkrkedc Oltkrl`eocl`a Xþjaoec, tklkmcs kl promkr aui`r, quk ïst`s cjaoi`l ` acs Kst`fcs soil`t`rocs ` eumpaora`s fkltrc fk sus tkrrotcrocs kl euy` nurosfoeeoõl knkrekl su scjkr`lí`, fkrov`fc fk ul `eukrfc joa`tkr`a c muatoa`tkr`a. Uõac tklfràl v`aofkz a`s lcrm`s oltkrl`eocl`aks kl acs Kst`fcs gorm`ltks2 ks fkeor, ka `ae`lek fk v`aofkz ksp`eo`a fk lcrm`s fk Fkrkedc Oltkrl`eocl`a Xþjaoec fkpklfkrà fka lþmkrc fk p`rtoeop`ltks y fk a` m`tkro` eclsofkr`f` pcr kaacs. Kstc ks ompcrt`ltk skð`a`r, y` quk kxostkl eclvkleoclks oltkrl`eocl`aks p`r` a` p`z y a` skiurof`f, `sí ecmc p`r` a` prctkeeoõl fk acs fkrkedcs dum`lcs, quk toklkl `ae`lek ksp`eo`a p`r` tcfcs acs sunktcs fka Fkrkedc Oltkrl`eocl`a y` quk sk tr`t` fk lcrm`s ompkr`tov`s fk ous ecikls.

 

@etovof`f 0. Fkaomot`eoõl fka ksp`eoc tkrrkstrk y `ïrkc.

Ofkltogoe` acs proleopocs quk sk skð`a`l p`r` a` fkaomot`eoõl fka ksp`eoc tkrrkstrk. A` fomklsoõl quk fkst`e` `ltk tcfc kl a` goiur` fk a` grcltkr` ks a` fk aílk` fk fkao fkaomo mot` t`eo eoõl õl fk acs acs rksp rkspke ketotovc vcss àm àmjo jotc tcss tk tkrr rrototcro cro`a `aks ks fk ac acss Ks Kst` t`fc fcs. s. Ka Vr Vroj ojul ul`a `a Oltkrl`eocl`a fk Nustoeo` d` foedc quk fkgolor ul tkrrotcroc soilogoe` fkgolor sus grcltkr`s. Ka tr`z`fc fk a`s grcltkr`s rkprksklt` ul` cpkr`eoõl fk kxtr`crfol`ro` ompcrt`leo`, kl t`ltc gklõmklc jàsoec kl tcrlc `a quk sk crfkl` y kst`joaoz` ka nukic fk a`s rka`eoclks oltkrl`eocl`aks. Ka tr`z`fc fk a`s grclt grcltkr`s kr`s kst`t kst`t`aks `aks sk rk`aoz` ` tr`vïs fk ul` cpkr`eoõl ecmpa ecmpakn` kn` kl a` quk e`jk fostoliuor fcs g`sks proleop`aks>

`) A` g`sk fk fkaomot`eoõl, fk l`tur`akz` pcaítoe` y nurífoe`, kl vortuf fk a` eu`a acs Kst`fcs ompaoe`fcs gon`l, ` tr`vïs lcrm`amkltk fk ul tr`t`fc oltkrl`eocl`a, a` kxtkls kxt klsoõl oõl ksp ksp`eo `eo`a `a fk sus rks rkspke pketov tovcs cs pcf pcfkrk krkss kst kst`t` `t`aks aks,, ecl eclgcr gcrmk mk ` ulcs ulcs fktkrmol`fcs erotkrocs.

j) A` g`sk fk fkm`re`eoõl, fk l`tur`akz` kstroet`mkltk tïeloe` y kl vortuf fk a` eu`a sk prce prcekf kfk k ` knke knkeut ut`r `r m` m`tk tkro ro`a `amk mklt ltk k y, sc scjr jrk k ka tk tkrr rrkl klc, c, a` fkao fkaomo mot` t`eo eoõl õl `l `ltk tkro rocr crmk mklt ltk k gc gcrm rm`a `aoz oz`f `f`, `, oltk oltkrv rvol olok oklf lfc c ik iklk lkr` r`am amkl kltk tk,, ` t` t`aa kg kgke ketc tc,, a` a`ss fklcmol`f`s Ecmosoclks fk fkm`re`eoõl.

Erotkrocs c prcekfomokltcs p`r` ka tr`z`fc fk a`s grcltkr`s . X`r` ka tr`z`fc fk a`s grcltkr`s sk sukak rkeurror ` ul` skrok fk erotkrocs c prcekfomokltcs kltrk acs quk e`jk fkst`e`r, gulf`mklt`amkltk, acs soiuokltks>

`. Ac Acss aí aímo motk tkss c gr grcl cltk tkr` r`ss l` l`tu tur` r`ak aks. s.  Uc Ucl l `q `quk ukaaaa`s `s j` j`s` s`f` f`ss kl ul ka kakm kmkl kltc tc ik ikci cirà ràgogoec ec.. @s @sí, í, d` d`yy gr grcl cltk tkr` r`ss fkao fkaomo mot` t`f` f`ss sc scjr jrk k a` j` j`sk sk fk ul `e `eeo eofk fklt ltk k crciràgoec, ecmc a` erkst` fk a`s mclt`ð`s. V`mjoïl pukfk tcm`rsk ecmc pultc fk rkgkrkleo` ul ríc c ul a`ic. X`r` a` fkaomot`eoõl fk acs rícs kltrk fcs Kst`fcs, a` lcrm lcrm` ` fk Fk Fkrk rked edc c oltk oltkrl rl`e `eoc ocl` l`aa ik iklk lkr` r`aa `pao `paoe` e`ja jak, k, s` s`av avc c ks kstotopu pua` a`eo eocl clks ks p`rtoeua`rks kl ecltr`roc, ks quk kl acs rícs lc l`vki`jaks a` grcltkr` sk tr`z` pcr  a` aílk` mkfo` fka ríc mosmc y kl e`sc fk skr l`vki`jaks, scjrk a` aílk` mkfo` fka e`l`a fk l`vki`eoõl proleop`a.

 

j. Kst st`j `jak akeo eom mok okl ltc fk aím ímot otks ks j` j`sà sàl lfcs cskk kl kak akm mkl kltc tcss tï tïel elooecs. ecs. Ks ka eclsostkltk kl tcm`r fcs pultcs ikciràgoecs prkeoscs scjrk ka m`p` y tr`z`r kltrk kaacs ul` aílk` rket rket` ` quk sorv` fk grclt grcltkr`. kr`. Kstk prcekfomo prcekfomokltc kltc sukak utoaoz`r utoaoz`rsk sk kl zcl`s prkgkrkltkmkltk fksïrtoe`s. A`s grcltkr`s fk Uoro` ecl Ncrf`lo` y a`s fk Kioptc ecl Aojo`, kltrk ctr`s, cjkfkekl ` kstk prcekfomokltc.

e. Aímo Aímotk tkss pr prkk kkxo xost stkl kltk tks. s. E`jk t`mjoïl utoaoz`r ecmc aílk` grcltkroz` ulcs aímotks prkkxostkltks. Ïstk ks ka e`sc fk Uukeo` y Lcruki`, quk tcm`rcl ecmc grcltkr` kl 0?8;, `a fksd`ekrsk a` [loõl kltrk kaa`s, acs `ltoiucs aímotks tkrrotcro`aks `ltkrocrks ` a` rkgkrof` [loõl.

f. @lto @ltoiu`s iu`s fov fovosocl osoclks ks `fmol `fmolostr` ostr`tov`s tov`s c acs tr`z tr`z`fcs `fcs grc grcltkr ltkrozcs. ozcs. Ctr`s vkeks sk utoa utoaoz oz`l `l ecmc ecmc aíaímo motk tkss a`s a`s `l `ltotoiu iu`s `s fovo fovoso socl clks ks `fmo `fmolo lost str` r`totov` v`ss c ac acss tr tr`t `t`f `fcs cs grcltkrozcs kst`jakeofcs pcr a`s pctkleo`s ecaclo`aks. Ka proleopoc kl quk sk j`s`l ks ka fka uto pcssofktos ouros, t`a y ecmc d` sofc eclgorm`fc pcr ul` ompcrt`ltk  nurosprufkleo` oltkrl`eocl`a. Ka proleopoc fka uto pcssofktos ouros roik p`r` a` fktkrmol`eoõl fk a`s grcltkr`s fk Kst`fcs l`eofcs fk a` fksecacloz`eoõl, mkfo`ltk a` `ekpt`eoõl y eclskrv`eoõl pcr ïstcs fk acs aímotk aím otkss tkr tkrrot rotcro cro`ak `akss fkr fkrov` ov`fcs fcs,, ecm ecmc c fk grc grcltk ltkr`s r`s olt oltkrl krl`eo `eocl` cl`aks aks quk prk prkvo` vo`mkl mkltk tk skp`r`j`l a` ecaclo` fk ul Kst`fc fk a` fk ctrc c ka tkrrotcroc fk ul` ecaclo` fka fk ul Kst`fc olfkpklfokltk c fka fk ul Kst`fc j`nc prctketcr`fc quk dujoksk eclskrv`fc su pkrscl`aof`f oltkrl`eocl`a, t`a y ecmc vklfrí` ` `gorm`rac ka Vrojul`a Oltkrl`eocl`a fk Nustoeo`. Kl tcfc e`sc, a` `paoe`eoõl fka proleopoc uto pcssofktos ouros lc tklfrí` skltofc y rksuat rks uat`rí `rí` ` olþ olþtoa toa so a` fka fkaomo omot`e t`eoõl oõl grc grcltk ltkroz roz` ` klt kltrk rk Kst Kst`fc `fcss fks fkseca ecaclo cloz`f z`fcs cs d` sof sofc c kst`jakeof` pcr mkfoc fk ul tr`t`fc oltkrl`eocl`a.

Xrole Xro leopo opoc c fk kst kst`jo `joaof aof`f `f fk a`s grc grcltk ltkr`s r`s..  Ec Ecl l ol olfk fkpk pklf lfkle kleo` o` fk ac acss er erototkr kroc ocss c prcekfomokl prcekf omokltcs tcs quk sk d`y`l skiuofc p`r` ka tr`z`fc fk ul` grcltkr` grcltkr`,, ul` vkz quk ïst` d` sofc kst`jakeof` roik, ecl e`ràetkr sum`mkltk gormk, ka proleopoc fk kst`joaof`f fk a`s grcltk grc ltkr`s r`s.. A` nur nurosp osprufk rufkleo leo` ` oltkrl oltkrl`eo `eocl`a cl`a d` ols olsost ostofc ofc kl rkp rkpkto ktof`s f`s ce` ce`soc soclks lks kl ka e`ràetkr kst`jak y pkrm`lkltk fk a`s grcltkr`s y` kst`jakeof`s. Ka proleopoc fk kst`joaof`f y pkrm`lkleo` fcmol` a` vof` fk a` grcltkr`, scjrk tcfc kl `qukaacs e`scs kl quk su fkaomot`eoõl d` tklofc aui`r pcr ví` eclvkleocl`a. Lc cjst`ltk, ac skð skð`a` `a`fc fc lc soi soilog logoe` oe` quk acs Kst`f Kst`fcs cs omp ompaoe aoe`fc `fcss lc pukf`l pukf`l fk ecmþl ecmþl `eukrf `eukrfc c mcfogoe`r su grcltkr`, ks fkeor, pcr mkfoc fka eclskltomokltc mutuc.

 

E`r`etkrístoe`s fka ksp`eoc ikciràgoec kl fclfk sk `paoe`l.  A`s grcltkr`s tkrrkstrks fkaomot`l ka ecltcrlc ksp`eo`a scjrk ka eu`a ul Kst`fc knkrek su scjkr` scj kr`lí` lí`.. [l Kst Kst`fc `fc `a fkt fktkrm krmol` ol`rr su nur nurosf osfoee oeeoõl oõl tkr tkrrot rotcro cro`a `a kst`ja kst`jakek kek aolfkr aolfkrcs cs quk skp`r`l ka tkrrotcroc fk ul Kst`fc fk sus vkeolcs, ` p`rtor fk quk p`rtk fk su tkrrotcroc v` ` knkrekr su scjkr`lí`, mkfo`ltk a` gon`eoõl fk a`s grcltkr`s y `aufk ` acs eclgolks fk ul Kst`fc, gcrm`fcs pcr acs tïrmolcs c r`y`s quk fovofkl a`s pcja`eoclks, prcvoleo`s c rkolcs y skð`a` acs aímotks fk e`f` rkolc. Ks ka pultc fk p`rtof`, aílk`, skð`a, y` sk` l`tur`a c m`tkro`a quk fovofk ka tkrrotcroc fk ul Kst`fc ecl ctrc2 fk quk p`rtk ` quk p`rtk, ul tkrrotcroc ak pkrtklkek ` ul Kst`fc y quk p`rtk ak ecrrkspclfk ` ctrc Kst`fc. A` grcltkr` ks a` aílk` fktkrmol`ltk fk acs aímotks fka tkrrotcroc tkrrkstrk y `euàtoec fka Kst`fc, a` om`iol`ro` supkrgoeok vkrtoe`a quk p`s` pcr kst` aílk` eclstotuyk a` grcltkr` fka ksp`eoc `ïrkc y fka sujsukac fka Kst`fc.

`) Grcl Grcltkr tkr`s `s l` l`tu tur` r`ak aks. s. Uk fovofk ka tkrrotcroc fk ul Kst`fc ecl ctrc, ecl j`sk ` kakmkltcs ikciràgoecs, mclt`ð`s, rícs, a`ics c m`rks. j) Grc Grcltk ltkr`s r`s `rt `rtogo ogoeo` eo`aks aks.. Erk`f`s pcr a` m`lc c `rtk fka dcmjrk, pufoklfc utoaoz`r  murcs, `a`mjr`f`s, gcs`s, jrked`s, e`l`aks, j`y`s, mclumkltcs, kte.

Ofkltogoe` acs proleopocs y/c e`r`etkrístoe`s fka ksp`eoc `ïrkc. 

Ka ksp`eoc `ïrkc fk ul` l`eoõl sk e`r`etkroz` pcr lc pcskkr ul` aílk` aomítrcgk t`liojak2 ks fkeor, a`s grcltkr`s scl e`aeua`f`s y kl acs m`p`s sk kspkeogoe`l ecl aílk`s om`iol`ro`s.



[l ksp`eoc `ïrkc ks t`mjoïl ul e`l`a p`r` ka vukac fk `voclks ecmkreo`aks y fk tr`lspcrtk fk mkre`leí`s. Fkjofc ` kstc, eclstotuyk ul mkfoc pcr ka quk a` keclcmí` fk ul p`ís sk vk klroqukeof`.



Zkprksklt` ul` gcrm` kl a` quk ul p`ís pukfk knkrekr su scjkr`lí` y `utclcmí`.



Vcfcs acs ksp`eocs `ïrkcs kstàl ea`sogoe`fcs skiþl ka lovka fk ecltrca quk pukf` knkrekrsk scjrk ka mosmc. Kstc ks pcrquk sukakl skr muy kxtklscs, `mpaocs y fogíeoaks fk ecltrca`r `a eokl pcr eokltc.



V`mjoïl pukfkl skr pkaoircscs kl eu`ltc `a àmjotc mktkcrcaõioec. A`s tcrmklt`s pukfkl pclkr kl roksic a` lcrm`aof`f fk ul p`ís.

Eclvkloc fk @vo`eoõl Eovoa Oltkrl`eocl`a `rtíeuac 0c, Vcfc Kst`fc toklk scjkr`lí` pakl` y kxeausov` kl ka ksp`eoc `ïrkc sotu`fc scjrk su tkrrotcroc, ecmprklfk t`ltc `a ksp`eoc tkrrkstrk ecmc m`rítomc, ka quk ` su vkz `j`re` a`s `iu`s oltkrocrks y ka m`r tkrrotcro`a.

 

A` scjkr`lí` kst`t`a sk kxtoklfk oaomot`f`mkltk scjrk ka ksp`eoc `ïrkc c, pcr ka ecltr`roc, sk kleukltr` aomot`fc d`st` eokrt` `atur`. Ecl ka a`lz`mokltc fka promkr s`tïaotk `rtogoeo`a ka 6 fk cetujrk fk 0?;9, a`s eclekpeoclks tkõroe`s tkõro e`s quk scst scstklí`l klí`l a` kxtkl kxtklsoõl soõl oaomot` oaomot`f` f` fk a` scjkr` scjkr`lí` lí` kst`t`a kl ka ksp`eoc `ïrkc pkrfok pkr fokrcl rcl guk gukrz` rz`,, Fkj Fkjofc ofc ` ac `lt `ltkro krocr, cr, sk fog fogkrk krkleo leoõ õ kltrk kltrk ksp ksp`eo `eoc c `ïrkc `ïrkc y ksp`eo ksp`eoc c uatr`tkrrkstrk, sunktc ` rkiímklks fogkrkltks. Ka ksp`eoc uatr`tkrrkstrk y acs eukrpcs ekakstks lc scl cjnktcs fk scjkr`lí` kst`t`a y pkrtklkekl ` a` ecmulof`f oltkrl`eocl`a kl su eclnultc. [l` pràetoe` fk acs Kst`fcs skiþl a` eu`a ka ksp`eoc sotu`fc màs `aaà fka màs j`nc pkroikc fk ul s`tïaotk kl õrjot` kstà gukr` fk a` nurosfoeeoõl kst`t`a, cseoa`lfc foed` `atur` kltr kltrk k 088 088 y 00 008 8 boaõ boaõmk mktr trcs cs.. X` X`r` r` `aiu `aiulc lcss `utc `utcrk rkss fo foed ed` ` pr pràe àetotoe` e` d` fk fkvk vklo lofc fc kl ecstumjrk oltkrl`eocl`a `a lc skr oltkrrumpof` pcr `etcs kl skltofc ecltr`roc lo cpcsoeoõl pcr `aiþl Kst`fc. Eclvkleoõl fk Edoe`ic fk 0?66 ‑a` scjkr`lí` tkrrotcro`a fka Kst`fc sk kxtoklfk ` a` ecauml` fk `ork quk sk kleukltr` scjrk su tkrrotcroc” A` eclstotueoõl fka `ork kst`jakek p`r` acs skrvoeocs `ïrkcs rkiua`rks ac quk sk eclcek ecmc a`s eolec aojkrt`fks fka `ork>

`) Xr Xrom omkr kr`` ao aojk jkrt rt`f `f.. Ks eclceof` t`mjoïl ecmc fkrkedc fk scjrkvukac c fk p`sc olcgkl olc gklsov sovc. c. Ecl Eclsos sostk tk kl ka fkr fkrked kedc c fk vca vca`r `r scj scjrk rk ka tkr tkrrot rotcro croc c fk ul Kst`fc Kst`fc ecltr`t`ltk sol `tkrroz`r.

j) Uk Ukiu iulf lf`` aaoj ojkr krt` t`f. f. Uk eclcek ecmþlmkltk ecmc kse`a` tïeloe`. Eclsostk kl ka fk fkrk rked edc c fk `t `tkr krro roz` z`rr p` p`r` r` gogolk lkss lc ecmk ecmkre reo` o`ak aks2 s2 `f `fkm kmàs às,, tokl toklk k pc pcrr cjnk cjnktc tc rk`prc rk` prcvos vosocl ocl`rs `rsk k fk ecm ecmjus justoj tojaks aks c tcm tcm`r `r ctr ctr`s `s mkfof` mkfof`ss kl rka rka`eo `eoõl õl ecl a` skiurof`f fk a`s `krcl`vks.

e) Vk Vkre rekr kr`` ao aojk jkrt rt`f `f.. Eclsostk kl fkskmj`re`r e`ri`s, p`s`nkrcs y ecrrkspclfkleo` croiol`ro` fka Kst`fc fk rkiostrc fk a` `krcl`vk kl ctrc p`ís.

f) Eu`r `rt` t` aoj ojkr krt` t`f f.  Eclsostk kl ka fkrkedc ` sujor e`ri`, p`s`nkrcs y ecrrkspclf ecrrk spclfkleo` kleo` fk ul p`ís fostoltc fka fk croikl fk a` `krcl`vk `krcl`vk y tr`lspcrt`r tr`lspcrt`racs acs `a p`ís fk m`tríeua` fk a` mosm`.

 

k) Pu Puol olt` t` ao aojk jkrt rt`f `f.. Ks a` màs ecmpakn`2 rkvostk fcs `spketcs> eclsostk kl ka fkrkedc fk tcm`r p`s`nkrcs, e`ri` y ecrrkspclfkleo` fk ul Kst`fc fostoltc fka fk fkstolc fk a` `krcl`vk y aakv`racs ` ul tkrekr Kst`fc.

Ecl j`sk kl kstcs proleopocs, olvkstoi` ul knkmpac pcr e`f` topc fk ksp`eoc kl fclfk sk d`y`l `paoe`fc kl a` fkaomot`eoõl fk grcltkr`s. Fkaomot`eoõl fka ksp`eoc tkrrkstrk. [l knkmpac `etovof`fks olfustro`aks ecl ul kgketc fk eclt`mol`eoõl c a` olecrrket` y `jusov` utoaoz`eoõl y `prcvked`mokltc fk acs rkeurscs fk ul ksp`eoc grcltkrozc (rícs c a`ics grcltkrozcs, kte.). Fk `d `díí qu quk, k, `l `ltk tk ul ul` ` rk rk`a `aof of`f `f ecm cmc c ïs ïst` t`,, tok oklf lf` ` ` `f `fqu quooro rorr ul `a `atc tc ir ir`f `fc c fk rkeclceomokltc a` rkia` fk jukl` vkeolf`f pcr a` eu`a ul Kst`fc kstà cjaoi`fc ` ompkfor  kl su tkrrotcroc ka knkreoeoc fk `etovof`fks quk pukf`l e`us`r pkrnuoeocs kl ul Kst`fc vkeolc.

Fkaomot`eoõl mkfo`ltk aílk`s y eccrfkl`f`s ikciràgoe`s.   [l knkmpac pcfkmcs klecltr`rac kl ka Vr`t`fc scjrk Aímotks ecl Dclfur`s Jrotàloe`s ekakjr`fc kltrk acs Kst`fcs [lofcs Mkxoe`lcs y ka Zkolc [lofc fk a` Ir`l Jrkt`ð` k Ora`lf`, euyc `rtíeuac O fospclk quk> Pukf` eclvklofc, kltrk a` Zkpþjaoe` Mkxoe`l` y Uu M`nkst`f Jrotàloe` quk ka aímotk kltrk foed` Zkpþjaoe` y a` Ecaclo` fk Dclfur`s Jrotàloe` kr`l y ks ecmc soiuk> Ecmklz`lfc kl Jce` fk J`e`a`r Edoe`, kstrkedc quk skp`r` ka Kst`fc fk _ue`tàl fka E`yc @mjkriros y sus osa`s `lkx`s, a` aílk` fovoscro` ecrrk kl ka ekltrc fka e`l`a kltrk ka rkgkrofc E`yc y ka Ecltolkltk. [l knkmpac màs ea`rc fk ac `ltkrocr ac pcfkmcs klecltr`r kl ka Vr`t`- fc kltrk ka icjokrlc fk acs Kst`fcs [lofcs Mkxoe`lcs y ka icjokrlc fk acs Kst`fcs [lofcs fk  @mïroe` scjrk a` Fkaomot`eoõl fk a` Xa`t`gcrm` Ecltolklt`a kl a` Zkioõl Ceeofklt`a fka Icagc fk Mïxoec màs `aaà fk a`s :88 moaa`s làutoe`s, kl euyc `rtíeuac O sk fospclk quk Ka aímotk fk a` pa`t` pa`t`gcrm` gcrm` ecltol ecltolklt`a klt`a kltrk acs Kst`f Kst`fcs cs [lofcs Mkxoe`lcs y acs Kst`fcs [lofcs fk @mïroe`, kl a` rkioõl ceeofklt`a fka Icagc fk Mïxoec, màs `aaà fk a`s :88 moaa`s làutoe`s eclt`f`s fksfk a`s aílk`s fk j`sk ` p`rtor fk a`s eu`aks sk

 

mofk mofk a` `l `led edur ur` ` fk fkaa m` m`rr tk tkrr rrototcr cro` o`a,a, kst` kst`rà rà fk fktk tkrm rmol ol``- fc mk mkfo fo`l `ltk tk aíaílk lk`s `s ikcfïsoe`s.

Fkaomot`eoõl fk rícs y a`ics. [l knkmpac fk kstc ac klecltr`mcs kl a` Eclvkleoõl rkspketc ` a` Aílk` Fovoscro` kltrk  

acs Fcs X`ísks kl a` p`rtk quk soiuk ka akedc fka Zíc Ir`lfk y fka Zíc Ecacr`fc, euyc `rtíeuac O fospclk quk A` aílk` fovoscro` skrà sokmprk a` gon`f` kl foedc Vr`t`fc y skiuorà ka ekltrc fka e`l`a lcrm`a fk acs eot`fcs rícs, ` pks`r fk a`s `atkr`eoclks kl a`s rojkr`s c kl ka eursc fk kscs rícs ecl t`a quk foed`s `atkr`eoclks sk kgketþkl pcr e`us`s l`tur`aks ecmc a` ecrrcsoõl aklt` y ir`fu`a, y ka fkpõsotc fka `auvoõl, y lc pcr ka `j`lfclc fka e`l`a kxostkltk fka ríc y a` `pkrtur` fk ulc lukvc.

Fkaomot`eoõl fka ksp`eoc `ïrkc. [l knkmpac Xcrtui`a m`ltoklk ka ecltrca fka tràgoec `ïrkc scjrk ir`l p`rtk fka @taàltoec, c Kst`fcs [lofcs, scjrk a` m`ycr p`rtk fka ceï`lc X`eígoec, oleausc tr`tàlfcsk fk `iu`s oltkrl`eocl`aks [l knkmpac ka Fkerktc 77 fk 0?56 `fcpt` ka Zkia`mkltc fk Aueks y ka Eõfoic fk L`vki`eoõl @ïrk` fk a` Eclvkleoõl fk L`vki`eoõl @ïrk` Oltkrl`eocl`a fk X`rís fka `ðc fk 0?0?.

@etovof`f :. Ka ksp`eoc m`rítomc. 

@iu`s oltkrocrks> Ecmprklfkl a`s `iu`s quk pkrtklkekl `a Kst`fc, ujoe`f`s màs ` tokrr` fk a` aílk` fk j`sk ` ac a`ric fk a` ecst` y su pkrgoa.



M`r tkrrotcro`a> X`rtk fk a` aílk` j`sk y sk kxtoklfk d`st` fcek moaa`s m`rol`s. Kl ka M`r Vkrrotcro`a ka fcmoloc kst`t`a ks e`so `jscautc, rkeclceoïlfcsk scac ka fklcmol`fc "Fkrkedc fk X`sc Olcekltk" p`r` l`vks fk p`jkaaõl kxtr`lnkrc, sunkt`s ` a`s rkia`s kspkeo`aks quk kxostkl p`r` su knkreoeoc t`ltc kl ka fkrkedc oltkrl`eocl`a ecmc kl `qukaa`s foet`f`s pcr lukstrc prcpoc p`ís.



^cl` Ecltoiu`> ^cl` `fy`ekltk `a m`r tkrrotcro`a, fksoil`fc `sí ecl ka cjnktc fk quk ka Kst`fc rojkrkðc pukf` tcm`r a`s mkfof`s fk gose`aoz`eoõl lkeks`ro`s p`r`> prkv prkvkl klor or olgr olgr`e `eeo eocl clks ks fk sus sus akyk akykss y rk rkia ia`m `mkl kltc tcss `f `fu` u`lk lkrc rcs, s, gose gose`a `aks ks,, fk

 

moir`eoõl, c s`lot`rocs ecmktofcs kl su m`r tkrrotcro`a2 `sí ecmc s`leocl`r a`s olg olgr`e r`eeoc eoclks lks fk kst kst`s `s aky akyks ks y rki rkia`m a`mklt kltcs cs ecm ecmkto ktofcs fcs kl su tkr tkrrot rotcro croc c c m`r  tkrrotcro`a. A` zcl` ecltoiu` scl 0: moaa`s làutoe`s ` p`rtor fka m`r tkrrotcro`a, d`eoklfc ul tct`a fk :6 moaa`s. 

^cl` ^c l` Ke Kecl clõm õmoe oe`` Kx Kxea eaus usov ov`> `> Vokl Voklk k ul` ul` kx kxtk tkls lsoõ oõl l fk :8 :88 8 mo moaaaa`s `s là làut utoe oe`s `s mkfof`s fk a` aílk` j`sk, `a oiu`a quk kl a` ^cl` Ecltoiu`, a`s l`vks fk tcfcs acs p`ísks pukfkl l`vki`r aojrkmkltk. Kl ïst` y kl tcf` su supkrgoeok e`f` Kst`fc knkrek p`r` sí acs fkrkedcs fk kxpacr`eoõl y kxpact`eoõl fk tcfcs acs rkeurscs l`tur`aks vovcs (pkse`) y lc vovcs (molkrí`) quk `aaí sk kleukltrkl, `fcpt`lfc a`s mkfof`s fk eclskrv`eoõl quk kstomk eclvklokltks, `sí ecmc ka kst`jakeomokltc y utoaoz`eoõl fk osa`s `rtogoeo`aks, olst`a`eoclks y kstruetur`s. Ks p`rtk ecmpakmklt`ro` fka m`r tkrrotcro`a y ka fcmoloc scjrk kst` àrk` lc ks p`tromclo`a, lo tct`a, lo `jscautc y` quk toklk þloe`mkltk prcpõsotcs keclõmoecs.



Xa`t`gcrm` Ecltolklt`a> Ks a` prcacli`eoõl l`tur`a fk ul ecltolkltk eujokrtc pcr  m`rks rka`tov`mkltk pcec prcgulfcs y icagcs, fk `eukrfc ` a` Eclvkleoõl, a` pa`t`gcrm` ecltolklt`a fk ul Kst`fc rojkrkðc ecmprklfk ka akedc y ka sujsukac fk a`s àrk`s sujm`rol`s quk sk kxtoklfkl màs `aaà fk su m`r tkrrotcro`a y ` tcfc ac a`ric fk a` prcacli`eoõl l`tur`a fk su tkrrotcroc d`st` ka jcrfk kxtkrocr fka m`rikl ecltolklt`a, c jokl d`st` ul` fost`leo` fk :88 moaa`s m`rol`s (598 bm) eclt`f`s eclt` f`s fksfk a`s aílk`s fk j`sk ` p`rtor fk a`s eu`aks sk mofk a` `ledur `ledur` ` fka m`r tkrrotcro`a, kl acs e`scs kl quk ka jcrfk kxtkrocr fka m`rikl ecltolklt`a lc aakiuk ` ks` fost`leo`, m`s lc ecmprklfk ka gclfc cekàloec prcgulfc ecl sus erkst`s cekàloe`s lo su sujsukac.



@at` M`r> Ks fk usc ecmþl p`r` tcfcs acs p`ísks, kl fclfk roik a` oiu`af`f kl kltr trk k tcfc tcfcss kaac kaacs. s. V` V`aa usc usc `j `j`r `re` e` aojk aojkrt rt`f `fks ks t` t`ak akss ec ecmc mc fk l` l`vk vki` i`eo eoõl õl,, scjr scjrkv kvuk ukac ac y pkse pkse`. `. Lc cj cjst st`l `ltk tk t` t`ak akss us uscs cs fk fkjk jk ec ecrr rrks kspc pclf lfkr kr ` golk golkss kxeausov` kxea usov`mkltk mkltk p`eígoe p`eígoecs cs y klm`re klm`re`rsk `rsk fkltrc fk a`s lcrm`s quk a` ecmul ecmulof`f of`f oltkrl`eocl`a d` `ecrf`fc p`r` kaac, sk` p`r` a` prctkikr ` a`s kspkeoks quk `aaí d`jot`l c p`r` prkskrv`rac aojrk fk eclt`mol`eoõl.

 

Kst` Eclvkleoõl ks tcm`f` kl euklt` ecmc ka m`rec y j`sk fk tcfc olstrumkltc guturc quk sk prcpcli` fkgolor `þl màs acs fkrkedcs y ecmprcmoscs scjrk acs ceï`lcs.

Vkrrotcroc ecltolklt`a

^cl` kxeausov` keclõmoe`

M`r 

Vkrrotcroc

 

 @etovof`f oltkir`fcr`. Mïxoec y Iu`tkm`a`.

³Euàaks scl acs kst`fcs olvcauer`fcs3 Mïxoec y Iu`tkm`a`

³Euàa ks ka proleop`a eclgaoetc3, `riumkltk su rkspukst` A` oltrcmosoõl fk kmj`re`eoclks mkxoe`l`s ` `iu`s iu`tkm`atke`s y kstc tuvc ecmc eclskeukleo` ka quk ka 50 fk Foeokmjrk fk 0?;4 A` Gukrz` @ïrk` fk Iu`tkm`a` `t`e`r` ` eolec kmj`re`eoclks pksqukr`s. A` `irksoõl fknc ul s`afc fk trks trks mu mukr krtc tcs, s, foke fokeos osïo ïoss dk dkro rofc fcs, s, `s `síí ecmc ecmc

ka du dulf lfom omok oklt ltc c fk a` a`ss

kmj`re kmj `re`eo `eoclk clks. s. A`s pkr pkrscl scl`s `s quk s`a s`at`r t`rcl cl `a m`r y quk qukf`r f`rcl cl vov`s vov`s guk gukrcl rcl e`ptur`f`s y `eus`f`s fk rcjc fk kspkeoks y voca`eoõl fk `iu`s tkrrotcro`aks.

Kl Iu`tkm`a` t`mjoïl, acs kstufo`ltks ` tr`vïs fk a` @sceo`eoõl fk Kstufo`ltks [lovkrsot`rocs fokrcl ` eclcekr ul m`logokstc, ³Euàa kr` ka cjnktovc3 ''pcr su `eeoõl kl rksiu`rfc fk a` scjkr`lí` y a`s ikstoclks gutur`s quk toklfkl ` ul `rrkiac nurífoec y foilc fk a` sotu`eoõl". Vct` Vc t`aa `pcy `pcyc c `a prks prksof ofkl kltk tk fk Iu Iu`t `tkm km`a `a` ` kl ka e` e`sc sc fk a` a`ss km kmj` j`re re`e `eoc oclk lkss pksqukr`s fk Mïxoec kl su tkrrotcroc.

Ka Xrk Xrksof sofklt kltkk @f @fcag cagc c Aõp Aõpkz kz M`t M`tkcs kcs,, rk` rk`aoz aozõ õ ul olt oltklt kltc c kl a` pcaíto pcaítoe` e` kxtkro kxtkrocr, cr, fkseroj` ³Euàa guk a` oltkrvkleoõl quk rk`aozc3 Xrkskltc ul` prctkst` y prcpusc quk ka e`sc sk scmktokr` fk ecmþl `eukrfc ` a` Ecrtk Oltkrl`eocl`a fk Nustoeo`. Ka icjokrlc mkxoe`lc prcpusc quk ka prcjakm` gukr` prksklt`fc `ltk ka Vrojul`a fk A` D`y`, pkrc ka icjokrlc fk _fíicr`s lc `ekptõ. Mïxoec prcekfoõ kltcleks ` a` ruptur` fk rka`eoclks, ka :5 fk klkrc fk 0?;?.  @a rkiostr`rsk a` tkrekr` lki`tov` (rkgoroïlfcsk ` a` Ecrtk Oltkrl`eocl`a fk Nustoeo` fk A` D`y`) ka icjokrlc fk Mïxoec d` aaki`fc ` a` pklcs` ecleausoõl fk quk loliþl cjnktovc pràetoec sk acir`rí` m`ltkloklfc a`s rka`eoclks fopacmàtoe`s ecl ul icjokrlc quk, ecmc ka fk Iu`tkm`a`, sk d` lki`fc.

 

Ecleausoõl. Acs p`ísks quk eclgcrm`l ` a` sceokf`f oltkrl`eocl`a toklkl fkrkedcs y cjaoi`eoclks kl sus rkspketovcs rkspketovcs tkrro tkrrotcroc tcrocs, s, rkiua` rkiua`fcs fcs pcr ka Fkrke Fkrkedc dc Oltkrl Oltkrl`eocl `eocl`a `a Xþjaoe Xþjaoec. c. Xcr ksc, ks ompcrt`ltk eclcekr quk ka tkrrotcroc fk ul Kst`fc kstà fkaomot`fc pcr grcltkr`s y quk ïst`s sk ecmpclkl fk ksp`eoc tkrrkstrk, ksp`eoc m`rítomc, ksp`eoc `ïrkc y ksp`eoc uatr`tkrrkstrk. Kl ac quk tce` `a àmjotc ksp`eo`a fk v`aofkz, ompaoe` quk scac pukfkl `paoe`rsk kl ul fktkrmol`fc ksp`eoc tkrrotcro`a. Kl kstk `p`rt`fc tklkmcs a`s lcrm`s gkfkr`aks, quk kl ka e`sc kspkeígoec fk Mïxoec scac skràl `paoe`jaks fkltrc fka tkrrotcroc l`eocl`a, pcr ac quk quk lc pu pukf kfkl kl surt surtor or kg kgke ketc tcss kl ct ctrc rcss p`ís p`ísks ks y voek voekvk vkrs rs`, `, tr tr`t `tàl àlfc fcsk sk fk ak akyk ykss kxtr`lnkr`s, t`aks ecmc> kurcpk`s (ksp`ðca`s, gr`leks`s, ot`ao`l`s, `akm`l`s, kte.), a`s eu`aks toklkl v`aofkz kl su p`ís, m`s lc kl ka lukstrc.

 

Jojaocir`gí`.

 @mjrcsolo, @. (0??5). Olstotueoclks Olstotueoclks fka fkrkedc fk a` `vo`eoõl. Juklcs @orks> Vueumàl. Vueumàl. Jkekrr`, M. (0??5). Ka omp`etc fk a` rkvcaueoõl tkelcaõioe` kl ka fkrkedc oltkrl`eocl`a y a` prcjakmàtoe` fk a` tr`lsgkrkleo` fk tkelcacií` ` lovka oltkrlc k oltkrl`eocl`a. Kl Zkvcaueoõl tkelcaõioe`, Kst`fc y Fkrkedc (tcmc OOO). Mïxoec> [L@M. Jcfolc, N. (0??9). Acs soktk aojrcs fk a` Zkpþjaoe` (skakeeoõl, tr`fueeoõl y kstufoc prkaomol`r fk Xkfrc Jr`vc) (5ª kf.). Mïxoec> Vkelcs. E`stkaa`lo, K. (0?95). Ka mkfoc `mjokltk y su rkiua`eoõl. Kl Xroleopocs fk Fkrkedc  @krclàutoec. M`frof, Ksp`ð`. Eovot`s. Eovot`s. Fk @z @ze` e`rr rr`i `i`, `, N. (0 (0?4 ?46) 6).. Fk Fkrk rked edc c m` m`rí rítotomc mc y pc pcaíaíto toe` e` kx kxtk tkro rocr cr.. Kl @r @rrk rkia iac c fk Ecltrcvkrso`s skiþl ka Fkrkedc fka M`r [LKUEC. Puotc> J`rekacl`. Fka W`aak Xroktc, M. K. Erclcacií` fka oleofkltk kltrk Mïxoec y Iu`tkm`a` kl 0?;?. G`euat`f fk Fkrkedc y Eokleo`s Xcaítoe`s fk a` [lovkrsof`f fk E`rt`ikl`. (:80;). Ka ksp`eoc m`rítomc. Zkeupkr`fc dttp>//kajacifkoltkrl`eocl`a.jacispct.mx/:805/8;/ka-ksp`eocm`rotomc.dtma

fk

Ickfduos, F. (0??:). Vdk prcjakms cg tdk Grcltokrs cg @ustkr Up`ek `lf @or Up`ek. Kl  @e`fkmok fk Frcot oltkrl`tocl`a. Dca`lf`> Zkeukoa Zkeukoa fks Ecurs. Dklry, @. (:885). Kakmkltcs erk`fcrks fka Fkrkedc `ïrkc. X`ros> Kfw`rf Zutdkrgurf. A`ebs, M. (0??8). Ka fkrkedc fka ksp`eoc uatr`tkrrkstrk. Mïxoec> GEK. Ac`k Ac`kz` z`,, K. (0?4 (0?4;) ;).. M` M`lu lu`a `a fk fk fkrk rked edc c oltk oltkrl rl`e `eoc ocl` l`aa p` p`r` r` cg cgoe oeo` o`ak akss fk a` @rm` @rm`f` f` Mkxoe`l`. Mïxoec> Ukerkt`ro` fk a` Fkgkls` L`eocl`a. Cro`s, Z. (0??4). Ka rïiomkl fk acs p`ísks sol aotcr`a kl ka fkrkedc fka m`r y a`s pkrspketov`s p`r` Jcaovo`. Cpoloclks y `làaosos. A` X`z> Gulf`eoõl D`lls Ukofka. Crtoz, A. (:886). Fkrkedc Oltkrl`eocl`a Xþjaoec. (5ª kf.). Mïxoec> Cxgcrf.  Xcltõl, I. kt `a. (0??9). Ir`l Foeeocl`roc Kleoeacpïfoec Oaustr`fc. J`rekacl`> Iron`ajc. Zk`a @e`fkmo` Ksp`ðca`. (:80;). Foeeocl`roc fk a` Akliu` Ksp`ðca`. (:5ª kf.). M`frof> FZ@K. Zkmorc Jrctõls, @ltcloc (:880). Fkrkedc oltkrl`eocl`a Dum`lot`roc `ltk acs lukvcs eclgaoetcs `rm`fcs. M`frof, Ksp`ð`. Kfotcro`a Vor`lt Ac Ja`led. Uk`r`, M. (:885). Fkrkedc Oltkrl`eocl`a Xþjaoec. (:8ª ( :8ª kf.). Mïxoec> Xcrrþ`. Wàzq Wà zquk ukz, z, M. (:88 (:88:) :).. Ac Acss ceï` ceï`lc lcss y ka fk fkrk rked edc c fka fka M` M`r. r. Kl Eu Eurs rsc c fk Fk Fkrk rked edc c Oltkrl`eocl`a Xþjaoec. M`frof> Iron`av`.

 

Akiosa`eoõl. Eclvkleoõl fk Edoe`ic. Zkeupkr`fc

fk>

dttp>//www.set.icj.mx/goak`fmol/ForkeeoclksIr`aks/FI@E/m`rec-

 nurofoec-y-rkiua`tcroc-lcrm`tovc/nurofoec/eclvklocs/eclvkloc-fk-edoe`ic.pfg   nurofoec-y-rkiua`tcroc-lcrm`tovc/nurofoec/eclvklocs/e clvkloc-fk-edoe`ic.pfg 

Eclvkleoõl fk a`s L`eoclks [lof`s scjrk ka Fkrkedc fka m`r. Zkeupkr`fc

fk>

dttps>//www.ul.cri/Fkpts/acs/eclvkltoclS`irkkmklts/tkxts/uleacs/eclvkm`rSks.p fg 

Eclvkleoõl fk Mcltkic J`y. Zkeupkr`fc

fk>

dttps>//www.ul.cri/Fkpts/acs/eclvkltoclS`irkkmklts/tkxts/uleacs/eclvkm`rSks.p fg  

Eclvkleoõl p`r` a` Ucaueoõl fka Xrcjakm` fka Ed`moz`a. Zkeupkr`fc fk> dttp>//www.eoa`.icj.mx/qs/ed`moz`a.pfg 

Eclvkleoõl scjrk ka M`r Vkrrotcro`a y a` zcl`. Zkeupkr`fc fk> dttp>//www.set.icj.mx/N[ZK/fce/0?:-m`r-tkrrotcro`a-zcl`-ecltoiu`.pfg 

Eclvkleoõl scjrk ka Zïiomkl Oltkrl`eocl`a fk acs Xukrtcs M`rítomcs kl Iolkjr`. Zkeupkr`fc

fk>

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Eclvkleoõl scjrk a` @at` M`r. Zkeupkr`fc fk> dttp>//www.set.icj.mx/N[ZK/fce/0?0-`at`-m`r.pfg