Juan Manuel de Rosas

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas

1

Juan Manuel de Rosas Juan Manuel de Rosas

Juan Manuel de Rosas around age 52, c.1845. He is wearing the full dress of a brigadier general. Oil painting by Cayetano Descalzi

17th Governor of Buenos Aires Province In office 7 March 1835 – 3 February 1852

Preceded by

Manuel Vicente Maza

Succeeded by

Vicente López y Planes

13th Governor of Buenos Aires Province In office 6 December 1829 – 5 December 1832

Preceded by

Juan José Viamonte

Succeeded by

Juan Ramón Balcarce

Personal details Born

Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas 30 March 1793 Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

Died

March 14, 1877 (aged 83) Southampton, United Kingdom

Nationality

Argentine

Political party

•

Un Unit itar aria ian n Part Party y (182 (1820 0 – 2 26) 6)

•

Fede Federa rali list st P Par arty ty ((18 1826 26 – 5 52) 2)

Spouse(s)

Encarnación Ezcurra

Children

Juan Bautista Rosas and Manuela Terrero de Rosas

Religion

Catholicism

Signature

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas

2 [1]

Juan Manuel de Rosas (30 March 1793 – 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws",

was a politician,

army officer and caudillo who ruled the Argentine Confederation almost uninterruptedly from 1829 until 1852. He fled from Buenos Aires and lived in exile for 20 years in England, where he died in Southampton in 1877.

Early life Birth Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas was born on 30 March 1793 at his family's town house in Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. [3]

López de Osornio.

[2]

He was the first child of León Ortiz de Rosas and Augustina

León Ortiz was the son of an immigrant from the Spanish Province of Burgos who had an

undistinguished military career and married into a wealthy Creole family. The greatest influence on young Juan Manuel de Rosas was his mother Augustina, a strong-willed and domineering woman who derived these character traits from her father, "a tough warrior of the Indian frontier who had died weapons in hand defending his southern [3]

estate in 1783."

Rosas was schooled at home, as was then common. Later, at age 8, he was enrolled in the finest private school in Buenos Aires. His education was unremarkable, though befitting a son of a wealthy landowner. According to historian John Lynch, it "was supplemented by his own efforts in the years that followed. Rosas was not entirely unread, though the time, the place, and his own bias limited the choice of authors. He appears to have had a [2]

sympathetic, if superficial, acquaintance with minor political thinkers of French absolutism."

In 1806, a British expeditionary force was dispatched to the Río de la Plata. A 13-year-old Rosas served in a force, organized by Viceroy Santiago Liniers to counter the invasion, distributing ammunition to troops. The British were defeated in August 1806. The British returned in 1807, and Rosas was assigned to the Caballería de los Migueletes (Cavalry of the Migueletes), although it is thought that he was barred from active duty during this time due to [2]

illness.

 Estanciero

After the British invasions had been repelled, Rosas departed Buenos Aires with his parents for his family estancia (ranch). His work on the estancia further

shaped his character, grounding him in the Platine region's Hispanic-American social framework. In the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, owners of large landholdings (including the Rosas family) provided food, equipment and protection both for themselves and for families living in areas under their control. Their private defense forces consisted primarily of laborers who were drafted as soldiers. Most of these peons, as such workers were called, were gauchos.

[4]

For the landed aristocracy of Spanish descent, the

Gauchos resting in the pampas. Oil painting by Johann Moritz

illiterate, mixed-race gauchos comprising the majority

Rugendas

of

the

population

were

an

ungovernable

and

untrustworthy sort. They were treated with contempt by landowners, yet tolerated because there was no other labor force available. Rosas got along well with the gauchos under his service, despite his harsh and authoritarian comportment. He dressed liked them, joked with them, took part in their horse-play, shared their habits and paid

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas

them well.

[5]

3

He never allowed them to forget, however, that he was their master, rather than their equal.

[6]

Rosas

was, according to Lynch, "a man of conservative instincts, a creature of the colonial society in which he had been formed, a defender of authority and hierarchy."

[7]

He was, thus, merely a product of his time and not at all unlike the

other great landowners in the Río de la Plata region.

[8]

Rosas gathered a working knowledge of administration and took charge of his family's estancias beginning in 1811. He was married to Encarnación Ezcurra y Arguibel, the daughter of wealthy Buenos Aires parents, in 1813. He soon afterward sought to forge a career for himself, leaving his parent's estate.

[9]

He delved into the production of salted

meat and began acquiring real property. As the years passed he became a estanciero (rancher) in his own right, accumulating land while establishing a successful partnership with his second cousins, the Anchorenas.[10] His hard work and organizational skills in deploying labor were key to his success, rather than the employment of creative approaches to production.

[11]

Rise to power Caudillo The May Revolution of 1810 marked the early stages that would later lead to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata's independence from Spain. Rosas, like many landowners in the countryside, were suspicious of a movement advanced primarily by merchants and bureaucrats in the city of Buenos Aires. Rosas was specially outraged by the execution of Viceroy Santiago Liniers at the hands of the revolutionaries. According to historian John Lynch, "Rosas did not disguise his preference for the colonial order and its guarantee of peace and unity. Rosas, like many of his kind, looked back on the colonial period as a golden age when law ruled and prosperity prevailed."

[12][13] Gauchos hunting feral horses. They served in the private army of  Rosas

When the Congress of Tucumán severed all remaining ties with Spain in July 1816, Rosas and his peers accepted independence as an accomplished fact.

[12]

With independence came a breakup of the territories which had

formed the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires and the other provinces clashed over the power to be turned over to the central government versus the amount of autonomy to be preserved by provincial governments. The Unitarian Party supported Buenos Aires preponderance while the Federalist Party defended provincial autonomy. A decade of strife over the issue destroyed the ties between capital and provinces, with new republics being declared throughout the country. Efforts by the Buenos Aires government to quash these independent states were met by determined local resistance.

[14]

In 1820 Rosas and his gauchos, all dressed in red which gave them the

nickname "Colorados del Monte" ("Reds of the Mount"), enlisted in the army of Buenos Aires as the Fifth Regiment [15]

of Militia. They repulsed invading provincial armies, saving Buenos Aires.

At the end of the conflict, Rosas returned to his estancias and remained there. He acquired prestige, was given the rank of cavalry colonel and was awarded further landholdings by the government.

[16][17]

These additions, together

with his successful business and fresh property acquisitions, greatly boosted his wealth. By 1830, he was the 10th largest landowner in the province of Buenos Aires (in which the city of the same name was located), owning 300,000 [18][19]

head of cattle and 420,000 acres (170,000 ha) of land. With his newly gained influence, military background, vast landholdings and a private army of gauchos loyal only to him, Rosas became the quintessential caudillo, as

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas

4

provincial warlords in the region were known.

[20]

Governor of Buenos Aires National unity crumbled under the weight of a continuous round of  civil wars, rebellions and coups. The Unitarian —Federalist struggle brought perennial instability while caudillos fought for power, laying waste to the countryside. By 1826, Rosas had built a power base, consisting of relatives, friends and clients, and joined [21][22] the Federalist Party. He remained a stalwart advocate of his native province of Buenos Aires, and political ideology was of  little concern to him.

[21][23]

In 1820, Rosas fought alongside the

Unitarians because he saw the Federalist invasion as a menace to Buenos Aires. When the Unitarians sought to appease the Federalists by proposing to grant the other provinces a share in the customs revenues flowing through Buenos Aires, Rosas saw this as a threat to his province's interests.

[21]

In 1827, four provinces

led by Federalist caudillos rebelled against the Unitarian government. Rosas was the driving force behind the Federalist take-over of Buenos Aires and the election of Manuel Dorrego as provincial governor.

[21]

Rosas at age 36, 1829

Rosas was awarded with the post of 

commandant general of the rural militias of the province of  Buenos Aires on 14 July, which increased his influence and power.

[21]

In December 1828, the Unitarian Juan Lavalle seized and executed Dorrego.

[24]

With Dorrego gone, Rosas filled the

vacant Federalist leadership and rebelled against the Unitarians. He allied with Estanislao López, caudillo and ruler [25][26]

of Santa Fe Province, and they defeated Lavalle at the Battle of Márquez Bridge in April 1829.

When Rosas

entered the city of Buenos Aires in November of that year, he was hailed both as a victorious military leader and head of the Federalists.

[25]

Rosas was considered a handsome man,

hair and "piercing blue eyes".

[30]

[27][28]

 1.77 meters (5 ft 10 in) tall,

[29]

with blond

 Charles Darwin, who met him during his circumnavigation aboard HMS  Beagle,

considered Rosas "a man of extraordinary character".

[31]

An Englishman said that in "appearance Rosas resembles

an English gentleman farmer  — —his manners are courteous without being refined. He is affable and agreeable in conversation, which however nearly always turns on himself, but his tone is pleasant and agreeable enough. His memory is stupendous: and his accuracy in all points of detail never failing."

[32]

On 6 December 1829, the House of Representatives of Buenos Aires elected Rosas governor and granted him  faculdades extraordinarias (extraordinary powers)  — —in other words, "unbridled dictatorial powers".

marked the beginning of his regime, described by historians as a dictatorship.

[34]

[33]

This act

He saw himself as a benevolent

despot, saying: "For me the ideal of good government would be paternal autocracy, intelligent, disinterested and infatigable... I have always admired the autocratic dictators who have been the first servants of their people. That is my great title: I have always sought to serve the country." his enemies.

[36]

[35][13]

He silenced his critics with censorship and banished

Rosas believed that these measures were necessary, as he later recalled: "When I took over the

government I found the government in anarchy, divided into warring factions, reduced to pure chaos, a hell in [37]

miniature..."

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas

5

Desert Campaign The early administration of Rosas was preoccupied with pressing matters. He had inherited a government saddled by severe deficits, large public debts and currency devaluation.

[38]

A great drought that began in

December 1828, which would last until April 1832, greatly impacted the economy.

[39]

The Unitarians were

still at large, controlling several provinces which had banded together in the Unitarian League. The capture of José María Paz, the main Unitarian leader, in March 1831 resulted in an end to the Unitarian —Federalist civil war and the collapse of the Unitarian League. Rosas was content, for the moment, with granting

Rosas (center, mounted on a dark horse) leading the war against

recognition of provincial autonomy in the Federal

Indians in the Desert Campaign, 1833

Pact.

[40][41]

In an effort to alleviate the government's [42]

financial issues, he improved revenue collection (while not raising taxes) and curtailed expenditures.

By the end of his first fi rst term, Rosas was generally credited with having staved off political and financial instability.

[40]

He still faced increased opposition in the House of Representatives, however. All of the House members were Federalists, as Rosas had restored the legislature that was seated under Dorrego, and which had subsequently been [43]

dissolved by Lavalle. A liberal Federalist faction, which accepted dictatorship as a temporary necessity, called for [44] the adoption of a Constitution. Rosas was unwilling to govern constrained by a constitutional framework and only grudgingly relinquished his dictatorial powers. His term of office ended soon after, on 5 December 1832.

[40]

While the government in Buenos Aires was distracted with other matters, ranchers had begun moving into territories in the south that were occupied by indigenous peoples. The resulting uncontrolled land grab and conflict with native peoples necessitated a government response.

[45]

Rosas steadfastly endorsed policies which supported this expansion.

During his governorship he had granted gr anted lands in the south to war veterans and to ranchers seeking alternative pasture lands during the drought.

[46]

Although the south was regarded as a virtual desert at the time, it possessed great

potential and resources for agricultural development, particularly for ranching operations.

[46]

The government gave

Rosas the command of an army with the directive to subdue the Indian tribes in the coveted territory. Rosas was generous with those Indians who submitted, rewarding them with animals and goods. Although he personally disliked killing Indians, Rosas relentlessly hunted down those who refused to yield.

[47]

The Desert Campaign lasted

from 1833 until 1834, and Rosas successfully subjugated the entire region. The conquest of the south by Rosas opened up many additional possibilities for yet further territorial expansion, and he correctly predicted: "The fine territories, which extend from the Andes to the coast and down to the Magellan Straits are now wide open for our [48]

children."

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas

6

Second governorship Absolute power While Rosas was away on the Desert Campaign in October 1833, a group of Rosistas (Rosas' supporters) laid siege to Buenos Aires. Inside the city, Rosas' wife, Encarnación, assembled a contingent of associates to aid the besiegers. The Revolution of the Restorers, as the  Rosista coup came to be known, forced the provincial governor Juan Ramón Balcarce to resign. In quick succession, Balcarce was followed by two others who presided over weak and ineffective governments. The  Rosismo (Rosism) had become a powerful faction within the Federalist Party, and it pressured other factions to accept a return of Rosas, endowed with dictatorial powers, as the only way to restore stability.

[49]

The House of 

Representatives yielded, and on 7 March 1835, Rosas was reelected governor and invested with the suma del poder público (sum of public power).

[50][51]

A plebscite was held to determine whether or not the citizens of  Buenos Aires city approved of Rosas' reelection and his assumption of dictatorial powers. The result was predictable: [52] 99,9% voted "yes". Under Rosas, the election process had been

Profile view of Rosas at age 42, 1835

reduced to a farce. Since 1829, he had installed loyal associates as justices of the peace, powerful officeholders with administrative and judicial functions who were also charged with tax collection, leading militia and presiding over [53]

elections.

Through the exclusion of voters and intimidation of the opposition, the justices of the peace delivered

any result Rosas favored.

[54][55]

Half of the members of the House of Representatives faced reelection each year, and

the opposition quickly vanished due to election-rigging. The legislature became a docile instrument of the will of  Rosas. The legislature was stripped of any control over finances and input into legislation brought before it for approval and its rubber stamp was retained largely to provide a democratic veneer and ostensible backing for the governor's dictates.

[56][55]

In a country where where most of  the  the population was illiterate and uneducated, Rosas argued that rigged elections were the only form compatible with stability.

[57]

The governor acquired absolute power over the province with the assent and [58][59]

support of most estancieros and businessmen —people who shared his views. However, the estancia formed the power base on which Rosas relied. Lynch said that there "was a great deal of group cohesion and solidarity among the landed class. Rosas himself was the center of a vast kinship group based on land. He was surrounded by a closely knit economic and political network linking deputies, law officers, officials, and military who were also [60]

landowners and related among themselves or with Rosas."

Totalitarian regime Rosas' authority authority and influence influence spread far beyond the House of Representatives. His cabinet was composed of powerless figures, and Rosas noted: "Do not imagine that my Ministers are any thing but my Secretaries. I put them in their offices to listen and report, and nothing more."

[61]

He also exercised tight control over the bureaucracy. His

supporters were rewarded with positions within the state apparatus, and anyone he deemed a threat was purged.

[62][63]

Opposition newspapers were burned in public squares.

[64]

Rosas created an elaborate cult of

personality. According to Lynch, the "populace was relentlessly indoctrinated by a regime that controlled all the means of communication. Rosas was built into a great figure, a one-man government, a protector and father of the

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas [65][66]

people"

7

His portraits were carried in street demonstrations and placed on church altars to be venerated.

[67]

 Rosismo was no longer a mere faction within the Federalist ranks; it had become a political movement. As early as

1829, Rosas confided that he was not a true Federalist: "I tell you I am not a Federalist, and I have never belonged to [39]

that party."

During his governorship, he still claimed to have favored Federalism against Unitarianism, although

in practice Federalism had by that time been subsumed under the  Rosismo movement and Unitarianism into the [65]

anti-Rosismo term.

The Argentine governor established a totalitarian regime, in which the government sought so ught to dictate every aspect of  public and private life. It was mandated that the slogan "Death to the Savage Unitarians" be inscribed at the head of  all official documents.[68] Anyone on the state payroll  — —from military officers, priests, to civil servants and teachers —was obliged to wear a red badge with the inscription "Federation of Death".

[69]

Every male was supposed

to have a "federal look", i.e., to sport a large mustache and sideburns. Many resorted to wearing false mustaches.

[70]

The red color  — —symbol of both the Federalist Party and of  Rosismo —became omnipresent in the province of Buenos Aires. Soldiers wore red chiripás (blankets worn as trousers), caps and jackets, and their horses sported red [70]

accouterments.

Civilians were also to wear the color. A red waistcoat, red badge and red hat band were required

for men, while women wore ribbons in that color and children donned school uniforms based upon  Rosismo paradigms. Building exteriors and interiors were also decorated in red.

[71]

Clergy of the Catholic Church in Buenos Aires willingly backed Rosas and his regime . who refused to acquiesce, were expelled from the country.

[73][63]

[72]

The Jesuits, the only ones

The lower social strata in Buenos Aires, which

formed the vast majority of its populace, experienced no improvement in the conditions under which they lived. When Rosas slashed expenditures, he cut resources from education, social services, general welfare and public works.[74] None of the lands confiscated from Indians and Unitarians were turned over to rural workers (including [75]

gauchos).

Neither did blacks see any improvement in their lot. Rosas owned slaves and even helped revive slave

trade, prior to its eventual ban.

[76]

Even though he had done little to nothing to promote their interests, he remained

highly popular among blacks and gauchos.

[77]

Rosas did not hold prejudice along racial lines. He employed blacks,

patronized their festivities and attended their candombles.

[78]

The gauchos admired his strong leadership and

willingness to fraternize with them (though only to a certain point).

[5]

State terrorism Purges, banishments and censorship were not the only measures Rosas brought to bear against the opposition and anyone else he deemed a threat. He resorted to what historians have considered state terrorism.

[79]

Terror was a tool used to intimidate dissident

voices, to shore up support among his own partisans and to exterminate his foes.

[80][81]

His targets were denounced as having

ties (real or invented) to Unitarians. Those victimized included members of his own government and party who were suspected of  being insufficiently loyal. If actual opponents were not at hand, the regime was capable of finding other quarry who could be punished in order to serve as cautionary examples. A climate of fear was created to underpin unquestioning conformity to the leader's [82]

dictates.

A judiciary branch still existed in Buenos Aires. Rosas removed any independence the courts might have exercised, either by controlling appointments to judgeships, or by circumventing their

An anti-Rosas drawing published in a newspaper in either 1841 or 1842

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas

8

authority entirely. He would sit in judgement over cases on his own; issuing fines, sentencing to service in the army, imprisoning or condemning to death.

[83][84]

Terrorism was orchestrated rather than a product of popular zeal, was

targeted for effect rather than indiscriminate. Anarchic demonstrations, vigilantism and disorderliness were antithetical to a regime touting a law and order agenda, and the exercise of terror was firmly in the hands of Rosas. Not even subordinates who carried out his government's oppressive policies had any authority to enforce them as they saw fit or any discretion as to whom would be persecuted. The state's terror was exercised intermittently, systematically and with focus to enforce the regime's will.

[85][81]

Foreign residents were exempted from abuses, as

were people who were too poor or inconsequential to make effective examples. Victims were selected for their usefulness as tools of intimidation.[81] State terrorism was carried out by the  Mazorca, which was an armed parapolice unit of the Sociedad Popular   Restauradora political organization. The Sociedad Popular Restauradora and the  Mazorca were creations of Rosas,

who retained tight control over both.

[80][86]

The tactics of the mazorqueros included neighborhood sweeps in which

houses would be searched and occupants intimidated. Others who fell into their power were arrested, tortured and killed.

[87]

Executions were generally by shooting, lance-thrusting or throat-slitting.

and cutting out tongues were also used. until 1852.

[90]

[89]

[88]

Castration, scalping of beards

Modern estimates report around 2,000 people were executed from 1829

Terrorism was also used on the battlefield: "Armies were exterminated; prisioners were rarely taken

or, if taken, were then killed; fugitives were hunted down, their throats cut, their heads exhibited."

[82]

Apogee and downfall Rebellions and foreign threat Ruler of Argentina When Rosas was elected governor for the first time in 1829 had no power outside the limits of the province of Buenos Aires. There was no national government nor a national parliament. The former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata had given rise to the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, which by the 1830s had been increasingly known as the Argentine Confederation, or simply, Argentina.

Rosas in gaucho attire, 1842. Oil painting by Raymond Monvoisin

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas

9

Platine War

Later years

Rosas around age 57, c.1850

Legacy Serious attempts to review Rosas' reputation began in the 1880s with the publication of scholarly works by Adolfo Saldías and Ernesto Quesada but revisionism would only flourish under the  Nacionalismo

(Nationalism)

in

the

early

20th

century.

 Nacionalismo was a political movement that appeared in

Argentina in the 1920s and reached its apex in the 1930s. It was the Argentine equivalent of the authoritarian ideologies that arose during the same period, such as Nazism, Fascism and Integralism. Argentine Nationalism was an authoritarian,

[91]

  anti-Semitic,

[92]

racist[93] and misogynistic political movement with support for [94] racially-based pseudo-scientific theories such as eugenics. The  Revisionismo (Revisionism) was the historiographical wing of 

Argentine  Nacionalismo.

[95]

The

main

goal

of

Argentine

 Nacionalismo was to establish a national dictatorship. For the  Nacionalismo movement, Rosas and his regime were apotheosized

as paragons of governmental virtue.

[96]

  Revisionismo served as a

useful tool, as the revisionists' main purpose within the  Nacionalismo agenda was to rehabilitate Rosas' image.

[97]

Equestrian statue of Rosas in Buenos Aires

Despite a decades-long struggle, the  Revisionismo failed to be taken seriously. According to Michal Goebel, the revisionists had a "lack of interest in scholarly standards" and were known for "their institutional marginality in the intellectual field".

[98]

They also never succeeded in changing mainstream views regarding Rosas. William Spence

Robertson said in 1930: "Among the enigmatical personages of the 'Age of Dictators' in South America none played a more spectacular role than the Argentine dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas, whose gigantic and ominous figure

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas

10

bestrode the Plata River for more than twenty years. So despotic was his power that Argentine writers have [99]

themselves styled this age of their history as 'The Tyranny of Rosas'."

More than thirty years later, in 1961,

William Dusenberry said: "Rosas is a negative memory in Argentina. He left behind him the black legend of  Argentine history —a legend which Argentines in general wish to forget. There is no monument to him [at that time] in the entire nation; no park, plaza, or street bears his name."

[100]

Endnotes [1] The full title was "Restorer of the Laws and Institutions of the Province of Buenos Aires". It was given to Rosas by the House of  Representatives of Buenos Aires on 18 December 1829.(Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 1842, p. 3) After the Desert Campaign (1833 – 34) 34) he was called the "Conqueror of the desert" (Conquistado ( Conquistadorr del desierto).(Lynch desierto).(Lynch 2001, p. 19) As his dictatorship became more repressive, Rosas became known as the "Tiger of Palermo", after his main residence in Palermo, then located outside the town of Buenos Aires.(Lynch 1981, p. 9) [2] [2] Ly Lync nch h 200 2001, 1, p. 2. 2. [3] [3] Ly Lync nch h 200 2001, 1, p. 1. 1. [4] Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham described them as "herdsmen, who lived on horseback... In their great plains, roamed over by enormous herds of cattle, and countless horses in semi-feral state, each Gaucho lived in his own reed-built rancho rancho [ranch]  [ranch] daubed with mud to make its weathertight often without another neighbor nearer than a league away. His wife and children and possibly two or three other herdsmen, usually unmarried, to help him in the management of the cattle, made up his society. Generally he had some cattle of his own, and possibly a flock of sheep; but the great herds belonged to some proprietor who perhaps lived two or three leagues away."(Graham 1933, pp. 121 – 122) 122) [5] Lyn Lynch ch 2 2001, 001, pp. 45 – 46. 46. [6] Lyn Lynch ch 2 2001, 001, p. 46. 46. [7] Lyn Lynch ch 2 2001, 001, p. 40. 40. [8] Lyn Lynch ch 2 2001, 001, pp. 38 – 39. [9] An anecdote circulated in which Rosas supposedly related how he left his parents' house with no belongings, determined to start a new life, never to return. The story says that he went so far as to change the spelling of his surname at that point. Rosas denied the version of events contained in this tale.(Lynch 1981, p. 14) Although he was left a portion of his father's estate, he assigned this to his mother. He did not reclaim the inheritance upon his mother's death, and instead split it between her maid, his siblings and charities.(Lynch 1981, p. 14) [10] Lynch [10] Lynch 20 2001, 01, pp pp.. 2, 8, 2 26. 6. [11] Lynch [11] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 28. 28. [12] Lynch [12] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 3. 3. [13] Shumay [13] Shumay 1993, 1993, p. 11 119. 9. [1 [14] [14] 4] See: See: •

,

•

,

•

.

[1 [15] [15] 5] See: See: •

,

• •

, .

[16] Lynch [16] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 9. 9. [17] Szu Szuchm chman an & Brown Brown 1994, pp pp.. 214 – 215. 215. [18] Lynch Lynch 2 2001, 001, pp. 26 – 2 27. 7. [19] Bet [19] Bethel helll 1993, 1993, p. 24. [20] Lynch Lynch 20 2001, 01, pp pp.. 1, 8, 1 13, 3, 43 – 44. 44. [21] Lynch [21] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 10. 10. [22] Bet Bethel helll 1993, 1993, pp pp.. 19 – 20. 20. [23] Bet [23] Bethel helll 1993, 1993, pp. 20 20,, 22. [2 [24] [24] 4] See: See: •

,

•

,

•

.

[25] Lynch [25] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 12. 12. [26] Rock [26] Rock 19 1987, 87, p. 103. 103. [27] Shumay [27] Shumay 1993, 1993, p. 11 117. 7. [28] Gei [28] Geisle slerr 2005, 2005, p. 155. 155.

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas

[29] Lynch [29] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 1 125. 25. [3 [30] [30] 0] See: See: •

,

•

,

•

,

•

,

•

.

[31] Charles Darwin wrote in his journal in 1833: "He is a man of extraordinary character, and has a most predominant influence in the country, which it seems that he will use to its prosperity and advancement." Later, in 1845, he added a note to his assertion: "This prophecy has turned out entirely and miserably wrong."(Darwin 2008, p. 79) [32] Lynch [32] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 86. 86. [3 [33] [33] 3] See: See: •

,

•

,

•

,

•

.

[3 [34] [34] 4] See: See: •

,

•

,

•

,

•

,

•

,

•

,

•

,

•

,

•

,

•

,

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,

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[35] Lynch [35] Lynch 20 2001, 01, pp pp.. 75, 1 163. 63. [3 [36] [36] 6] See: See: •

,

•

,

•

.

[37] Lynch [37] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 1 164. 64. [38] Lynch [38] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 22. 22. [39] Lynch [39] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 15. 15. [40] Lynch [40] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 16. 16. [41] Rock [41] Rock 19 1987, 87, p. 105. 105. [42] Lynch [42] Lynch 20 2001, 01, pp pp.. 16, 2 22. 2. [43] Lynch Lynch 1 1981, 981, pp. 42 – 4 43. 3. [44] Lynch Lynch 19 1981, 81, pp pp.. 49, 1 159 59 – 160, 160, 300. [45] Lynch [45] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 17. 17. [46] Lynch [46] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 18. 18. [47] Lynch Lynch 20 2001, 01, p pp. p. 6, 18 – 20. 20. [48] Lynch [48] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 20. 20. [49] Lynch Lynch 1 1981, 981, pp. 160 – 162. 162. [50] Lynch [50] Lynch 1 1981, 981, p. 1 162. 62. [51] Rock [51] Rock 19 1987, 87, p. 106. 106. [52] Lynch [52] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 90. 90. [53] Lynch [53] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 51. 51. [54] Lynch Lynch 2 2001, 001, pp. 49 – 5 50. 0. [55] Bet [55] Bethel helll 1993, 1993, p. 26. [56] Lynch [56] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 81. 81.

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[57] Lynch [57] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 50. 50. [58] Lynch Lynch 2 2001, 001, pp. 38 – 40, 40, 78. [59] Shumay [59] Shumay 1993, 1993, p. 11 118. 8. [60] Lynch [60] Lynch 1 1981, 981, p. 38. 38. [61] Lynch [61] Lynch 1 1981, 981, p. 1 175. 75. [62] Lynch [62] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 82. 82. [63] Bet [63] Bethel helll 1993, 1993, p. 27. [64] Lynch [64] Lynch 198 1981, 1, pp. 1 180, 80, 184. 184. [65] Lynch [65] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 77. 77. [66] Shumay Shumay 1993, 1993, pp. 1 118 18 – 120. 120. [6 [67] [67] 7] See: See: •

,

•

,

•

.

[68] Lynch [68] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 83. 83. [6 [69] [69] 9] See: See: •

,

•

,

•

.

[70] Lynch [70] Lynch 1 1981, 981, p. 1 179. 79. [7 [71] [71] 1] See: See: •

,

•

,

•

.

[7 [72] [72] 2] See: See: •

,

•

,

•

,

•

.

[73] Lynch [73] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 85. 85. [74] Lynch [74] Lynch 20 2001, 01, pp pp.. 22, 9 91. 1. [75] Lynch [75] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 49. 49. [76] Lynch Lynch 2 2001, 001, pp. 53 – 5 54. 4. [77] Lynch Lynch 2 2001, 001, pp. 76 – 7 77. 7. [78] Lynch Lynch 2 2001, 001, pp. 55 – 5 56. 6. [7 [79] [79] 9] See: See: •

,

•

,

•

,

•

,

•

,

•

,

•

.

[80] Bet [80] Bethel helll 1993, 1993, p. 29. [81] Lynch [81] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 96. 96. [82] Lynch [82] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 97. 97. [83] Lynch [83] Lynch 20 2001, 01, pp pp.. 81, 9 97. 7. [84] Bet Bethel helll 1993, 1993, pp pp.. 26 – 27. 27. [85] Bet [85] Bethel helll 1993, 1993, p. 30. [86] Lynch [86] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 1 102. 02. [87] Lynch [87] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 1 101. 01. [88] Lynch [88] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 99. 99. [89] Lynch [89] Lynch 1 1981, 981, p. 2 214. 14. [90] Lynch [90] Lynch 2 2001, 001, p. 1 118. 18. [9 [91] [91] 1] See: See: • . [9 [92] [92] 2] See: See:

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Juan Manuel de Rosas

•

.

[93] Rock [93] Rock 1995 1995,, pp. 1 103, 03, 106. 106. [94] Rock [94] Rock 19 1995, 95, p. 103. 103. [9 [95] [95] 5] See: See: •

.

[9 [96] [96] 6] See: See: •

.

[9 [97] [97] 7] See: See: •

.

[98] Goebel Goebel 2 2011, 011, p pp. p. 56 56,, 115 – 116. [99] Roberts [99] Robertson on 1930, 1930, p. 12 125. 5. [100] Dus [100] Dusenb enberry erry 1961, 1961, p. 5 514. 14.

Footnotes References Bibliography • Be Beth thel ell, l, L Les esli liee (1 (199 993) 3).. Argentina since independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43376-2. • Ca Cast stro ro,, Do Dona nald ld S S.. (2 (200 001) 1).. The Afro-Argentine in Argentine Culture: El Negro Del Acordeón. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-7389-0. • Ch Cham amos osa, a, Osca Oscarr (201 (2010) 0).. The Argentine Folklore Movement: Sugar Elites, Criollo Workers, and the Politics of  Cultural Nationalism, 1900-1955. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2847-9.

• Clayton, Clayton, La Lawrenc wrencee A.; A.; Con Conniff, niff, Micha Michael el L. (2005) (2005).. A History of Modern Latin America (2 ed.). Belmont, California: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center. ISBN 0-534-62158-9. • Crow, Crow, Joh John n Arms Armstro trong ng (1980) (1980).. The Epic of Latin America (3 ed.). Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03776-6. • Darw Darwin in,, Char Charle less (2 (200 008) 8).. The Voyage of the Beagle. New York: Cosimo. ISBN 978-1-60520-565-6. • Dusenberry, Dusenberry, William William (Nov (November ember 1961). 1961). "Juan Ma Manuel nuel de Rosa Rosass as Viewed by Con Contempo temporary rary Ameri American can Diplomats". Hispanic American Historical Review Review (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press) 41 (4). • Deutsch, Deutsch, S Sandra andra McGe McGee; e; Do Dolkart, lkart, Ronal Ronald d H. (1993). (1993). The Argentine Right: Its History and Intellectual Origins, 1910 to the Present . Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. ISBN 0-8420-2418-2.

• Edwar Edwards ds,, To Todd dd L. (20 (2008 08). ). Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook . Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-986-3. • Geisle Geisler, r, Mic Michae haell E. E. (20 (2005) 05).. National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting Contesting The National Narrative. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. ISBN 1-58465-436-8. • Goeb Goebel el,, Mi Mich chae aell (2 (201 011) 1).. Argentina's Partisan Past: Nationalism and the Politics of History. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-8463-1238-0. • Graham Graham,, Robert Robert Bont Bontine ine Cu Cunni nningh nghame ame (19 (1933) 33).. Portrait of a dictator . London: William Heinemann. • Hook Hooker er,, Te Terry rry D. (200 (2008) 8).. The Paraguayan War . Nottingham: Foundry Books. ISBN 1-901543-15-3. • John Johnso son, n, L Lym yman an L L.. (200 (2004) 4).. Death, Dismemberment, And Memory: Memory: Body Politics In Latin America. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-3200-5. • Kraay, Kraay, Hend Hendrik; rik; W Whig higham ham,, Thomas Thomas (20 (2004) 04).. I die with my country: perspectives perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864– 1870 1870. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. ISBN 978-0-8032-2762-0.

• Leuc Leucha hars rs,, Ch Chris ris (200 (2002) 2).. To the bitter end: Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32365-8. • Lewi Lewis, s, D Dan anie iell K. (20 (2003 03). ). The History of Argentina. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6254-5.

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• Lewi Lewis, s, Paul Paul H. (200 (2006) 6).. Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Dictators, Despots, And Tyrants. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-3739-0. • Lovem Loveman an,, B Bri rian an (199 (1999) 9).. For la Patria: Politics and the Armed Forces Forces in Latin America. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. ISBN 0-8420-2772-6. • Lync Lynch, h, JJoh ohn n (1 (198 981) 1).. Argentine dictator: Juan Manuel De Rosas, Rosas, 1829– 1852 1852. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-1982-1129-5. • Lync Lynch, h, JJoh ohn n (2 (200 001) 1).. Argentine Caudillo: Juan Manuel de Rosas (2 ed.). Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. ISBN 0-8420-2897-8. • Mead Meade, e, Ter Teres esaa A. (201 (2010) 0).. In the Shadow of the State: Intellectuals and and the Quest for National Identity in Twentieth-century Spanish America. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2050-0.

• Mi Mill ller er,, Nic Nicol olaa (19 (1999 99). ). In the Shadow of the State: Intellectuals and the Quest Quest for National Identity in Twentieth-century Spanish America. London: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-738-2.

• Náll Nállim im,, Jor Jorge ge (201 (2012) 2).. Transformations and Crisis of Liberalism in Argentina, 1930-1955 . Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-6203-8. • Re Rein in,, Móni Mónica ca E Est stii (199 (1998). 8). Politics and Education in Argentina: 1946-1962. New York: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0209-1. • Robertson, Robertson, William William Spenc Spencee (May 1930). "F "Foreign oreign Est Estimate imatess of the Argentin Argentinee Dictator, Dictator, Juan Manuel Manuel de Rosas". Rosas". The Hispanic American Historical Review 10 (2) (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press).

• Ro Rock ck,, Davi David d (198 (1987) 7).. Argentina, 1516 –  –1987: 1   987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsín. Los Angeles: University of  California Press. ISBN 0-520-06178-0. • Ro Rock ck,, Davi David d (199 (1995) 5).. Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its Its History and Its Impact . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20352-6. • Ro Rotk tker er,, Susa Susana na (200 (2002) 2).. Captive Women: Oblivion and Memory in Argentina. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4029-7. • Whig Whigha ham, m, Thom Thomas as L L.. (2002 (2002). ). The Paraguayan War: Causes and early conduct  1. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-4786-4. • Sala de Representa Representantes ntes d dee la Pr Provinci ovinciaa de B Buenos uenos Aires (1842). (1842). Rasgos de la vida publica de S. E. el sr. sr. brigadier  general d. Juan Manuel de Rosas (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Imprenta del Estado.

• Sh Shum umay ay,, Ni Nico cola lass (199 (1993) 3).. The Invention of Argentina. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08284-2. • Szuchman, Szuchman, Mark D.; Brown, Brown, Jonathan Jonathan Charl Charles es (1 (1994). 994). Revolution and Restoration: The Rearrangement Rearrangement of Power  in Argentina, 1776 – – 1860 1   860. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-4228-X.

External links Political offices Preceded by Juan José Viamonte

Governor of Buenos Aires Province (Head of State of  Argentina) 1829 – 1832 1832

 Succeeded by Juan Ramón Balcarce

Preceded by Manuel Vicente Maza

Governor of Buenos Aires Province (Head of State of  Argentina) 1835 – 1852 1852

 Succeeded by Vicente López y Planes

 

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors Juan Manuel de Rosas  Rosas  Source: https://en.wikip https://en.wikipedia.org/w/inde edia.org/w/index.php?oldid=593379 x.php?oldid=593379075 075 Contributors: 543526zz, ALE!, Ackees, Againme, Aleg, Alexf, Alma Pater, AnonMoos, Archenzo, Arjayay, Astynax, AxelBoldt, Aymatth2, Bakersville, Bender235, Betacommand, Binabik80, Binksternet, Boovis, Brilbastono, Bswarts, Byblios, Calliopejen1, Calmer Waters, Cambalach Cambalachero, ero, Camkohl, Chicheley, Chillpill0307, Chorrol07, Chowbok, Chris the speller, Connormah, Cristiano Tomás, Daemonic Kangaroo, DagosNavy, Dave souza, Desjman91, DonaldMWright, Drpickem, EagerToddler39, Elphion, EoGuy, Erri4a, G.-M. Cupertino, Gaba p, Gallienus53, Garner, Gbawden, Gil Gamesh, Gimboid13, Good Olfactory, Gustavobernhardt, Hgilbert, Hmains, I dream of horses, IANVS, Iohannes Animosus, Iridescent, Irishguy9221, Jason Quinn, Jgcooper, Jizz, John of Reading, Joseph Solis in Australia, Juqi, Kahastok, Khazar2, King of the North East, Kingstowngalway, Knoterification, Koavf, Kokothegorilla3, Kyrahowe, L-Cain, Langus-TxT, Lecen, LilHelpa, Lucasliso, MacTire02, Marianocecowski, Marianocecowski, MarshalN20, Monegasque, Mtiedemann, NameIsRon, Natuur12, Naufana, Neo139, Niceguyedc, Nicke L, Noctilucent9, Nograpes, Pablo-flores, Piano non troppo, Pol098, Popsracer, Queenmomcat, R45, Rcallen7, Redrose64, Rfts, Sam Hocevar, Santiagodelcarril, Secretlondon, Secretlondon, Sesel, SpiceMan, Sunquanliangxi Sunquanliangxiuhao, uhao, Suturno, Tassedethe, Tbhotch, Thismightbezach, Tmol42, Toddst1, Tommy2010, Tomtheman5, Toussaint, Tuxedo junction, Vfp15, Viajero, Vzbs34, Waacstats, Wahkeenah, Wee Curry Monster, Wwheaton, Ypacaraí, 120 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Juan Manuel de Rosas by Descalzi oval.png  oval.png  Source: https://en.wikip https://en.wikipedia.org/w/inde edia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi x.php?title=File:Juan_Manue le:Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_by_ l_de_Rosas_by_Descalzi_ova Descalzi_oval.png l.png License: Public Domain  Contributors: Begoon, Cambalach Cambalachero, ero, Centpacrr, Fallschirmjäger, INeverCry, Lecen File:Firma del Brigadier General Don Juan Manuel de Rosas-(transparent).png  Rosas-(transparent).png   Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index .php?title=File:Firma_del_B le:Firma_del_Brigadier_Genera rigadier_General_Don_Juan_Manue l_Don_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas-(tran l_de_Rosas-(transparent).png sparent).png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Firma_del_Brigadier_General_Don Firma_del_Briga dier_General_Don_Juan_Manuel_de _Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas.jpg: _Rosas.jpg: Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793 - 1877) derivative work: Kevjonesin File:Gauchos resting in the pampas by Rugendas.jpg  Rugendas.jpg  Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/inde https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F x.php?title=File:Gauchos_res ile:Gauchos_resting_in_the_pam ting_in_the_pampas_by_Rugendas pas_by_Rugendas.jpg .jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lecen File:Gauchos and feral horses by Rugendas.jpg  Rugendas.jpg  Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/inde https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F x.php?title=File:Gauchos_a ile:Gauchos_and_feral_horses_by_ nd_feral_horses_by_Rugendas.jpg Rugendas.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lecen File:Juan Manuel de Rosas 1829.jpg  1829.jpg  Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi .php?title=File:Juan_Manue le:Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas_1829 l_de_Rosas_1829.jpg .jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: ALE!, Lecen, Natuur12 File:Primer Conquista del Desierto.jpg  Desierto.jpg  Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/inde https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F x.php?title=File:Primer_Co ile:Primer_Conquista_del_Desi nquista_del_Desierto.jpg erto.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Calixto Tagliabúe (1797-1850) File:Rosas por Molino.png  Molino.png  Source: https://en.wikipe https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index dia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi .php?title=File:Rosas_por_Mol le:Rosas_por_Molino.png ino.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Fernando García del Molino (1813-1899) File:Rosas y Calaveras.jpg  Calaveras.jpg  Source: https://en.wikipe https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index dia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi .php?title=File:Rosas_y_Ca le:Rosas_y_Calaveras.jpg laveras.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Antonio Somellera (1812 – 1889) File:Raymond Monvoisin - Retrato de Juan Manuel de Rosas.jpg  Rosas.jpg  Source: https://en.wikipe https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index dia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi .php?title=File:Raymond_Mon le:Raymond_Monvoisin_-_Retrato_d voisin_-_Retrato_de_Juan_Manue e_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas.jpg l_de_Rosas.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dornicke, Lecen   License https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F x.php?title=File:Rosas_2_re ile:Rosas_2_retouch.jpg touch.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Rosas_2.jpg: Fernando García del Molino File:Rosas 2 retouch.jpg  retouch.jpg  Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/inde (1813 – 1899) 1899) (attributed) derivative work: Begoon File:Estatua a Rosas en Palermo.JPG  Palermo.JPG   Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/inde https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F x.php?title=File:Estatua_a ile:Estatua_a_Rosas_en_Pa _Rosas_en_Palermo.JPG lermo.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Thialfi

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