Job Hazard Analysis

Job Safety Analysis Or 

Job Hazard Analysis

Job Safety Analysis Or 

Job Hazard Analysis

Job Safety Analysis Focusing your Safety and Health Efforts  This

course will help you to understand and conduct your own Job Safety Analysis. The aim is to help you identify and correct t he most serious safety issues facing your  particular situation.  This course focuses on employee safety and health, but the general method may be applied to ot her loss prevention efforts (environmental and fire protection, liability, etc.)

Job Safety Analysis What is a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) 

A JSA is a technique of screening job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur.

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It focuses on t he relationship between the worker , the task, the tools and the work environment.

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After identifying hazards, you can take steps to eliminate or reduce t he hazard to an acceptable level. Hazard ± a potential for harm A hazard is associated with a condition or activity t hat, if left uncontrolled , can result in an injury or illness.

Why

conduct a Job Safety Analysis  To

become aware of all t he hazards associated with each position in your organization.  To prevent work related deat hs, injuries, or illness by eliminating or controlling hazards identified.  To ensure all employees have the proper job procedures to ensure their safety.  To ensure all employees have the training, equipment , and supplies to do t heir jobs safely

Hazard

Analysis Benefits

 The hazard analysis:  ± Increases employee hazard recognition and awareness

 ± Standardizes operations based on acceptable safe practices  ± Identifies appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)  ± Allows formal documentation of  employee¶s knowledge of the job requirements.

- Increases productivity

Purpose

of Job Hazard Analysis

 A hazard

analysis is t he evaluation of t he hazards associated with an employee¶s work activity

 A hazard

analysis focuses on ³fixing´ t he system or root causes t hat brought the hazardous condition or unsafe practice into the workplace  ± Provides organized approach for the evaluation of a process  ± Identifies hazards, root causes and corrective actions.

 A hazard

analysis attempts to incorporate ³Safe Behavior´ into t he normal operating procedures.

Hazard

Awareness

 When

conducting a Job Safety Analysis you'll need to take a fresh look at the way things are done at your work place. Just because "We've been doing it this way for 20 years," doesn't mean that a hazard doesn't exist.

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Accepting a risk or hazard is not the same as eliminating or controlling it.

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 You'll need to take a comprehensive look at all possible hazards with an open mind. (We'll suggest a way to rank the hazards later.)

How

do I Conduct a JSA?



Involve your employees in the JSA process.  Identify the job or task to be analyzed.  Break the job or task into key components.  Identify the hazards found in each key component. Use accident history of injuries and ³near misses´.

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Identify ways to eliminate or control these hazards.  Act to eliminate the hazard or implement the controls.  Record the hazards identified and the steps taken to eliminate or control them.  Periodically assess controls to ensure they are working correctly.

Job Hazard Analysis

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Identifying the Job for Analysis 

Any job or task t hat meets any of  the following conditions s hould have a JSA conducted for it. Tasks with a history of injuries, or near 

misses. Catastrophic potential: fire, explosion, chemical release, toxic atmospheres, oxygen deficient atmospheres. Tasks done in new environments

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Identifying the Job for Analysis In addition, any job or task that meets any of the following conditions s hould also have a JSA conducted for it: New people doing the task. Tasks that have changed.

Rarely performed jobs. Any task done under a safety "Work permit" condition (e.g. permit required confined space, hot work permits, Lock Out/Tag Out).

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Identifying Jobs for a JSA 

Look at jobs injuring workers using existing information found in:  Your accident or incident reports Workers'

compensation claims

Conduct walk through observations to identify hazardous jobs or tasks.

Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis Existing Information Sources 

Incident or accident reports will direct you to the jobs that have injured workers in the past. Don¶t forget ³near misses´.

 Workers'

compensation claims will show you jobs that have caused an injury.

Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis Walkalk -through Observations 

Observe workers doing their jobs to identify potential hazards that may lead to an injury, pay attention to the amount of time the worker is exposed to a particular  hazard.

 Talk

with workers to find out w hat they think is the most hazardous part of  their job, ask them if w hat you observed them doing is typical.

Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis Hazard Sources - Walkalk -through Observations Hazards Source List Fall Hazards:

Are workers working at heights?

Confined Space Entry:

Do workers have to enter a confined space?

Excavations, Holes or Floor Openings:

Can workers fall into or through?

Moving Equipment:

Is there machinery, forklifts, etc. in the area?

Pinch points:

Do moving parts in machinery create pinch points? Can workers get caught in machinery or belts & pulleys, chains & sprockets, etc?

Chemicals:

Do workers use solvents, acids, bases, pesticides, consumer products, etc.?

Crushing hazards:

Can workers get crushed (under or between) objects?

Dusts:

Does the process create or are workers exposed to dusts (wood dust, grinding dusts, etc.)?

Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis Hazard Sources - Walkalk -through Observations Hazards Source List ±con¶t Electrical Hazards:

What is the condition of your extension cords, wiring, service panels, etc.?

Lighting Levels:

Is there enough light to do the work?

Stored Energy Hazards (Electrical, mechanical, pressure):

Can stored energy be released by the work? (Lock-out/Tag-out)

Falling or dropping objects:

Are people working overhead?

Motor vehicles or traffic:

Do workers have to drive or work in traffic as part of the job?

Sharp objects:

Do workers use knives, razors, etc.?

Slip, trip or fall hazards:

What is the condition of the walking/ working surfaces, housekeeping, etc.?

Physical layout of work place:

Does the layout or process flow create a hazard?

Ladder or Scaffold use:

Are ladders or scaffolds used in the work?

Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis Hazard Sources - Walkalk -through Observations Hazards Source List ±con¶t Weather:

Can the weather create hazards?

Fire/Explosion:

Is there a potential for a fire or explosion?

Access and Egress:

Can workers safely get to their work areas? Can they safely evacuate in the case of an emergency?

Process Flow:

Does the flow of product through the process create a hazard?

Location of co-workers or other workers in the area:

Does the work pose a hazard to them, or does their work pose a hazard to the job being analyzed?

Human factor issues:

Is the training adequate? Are the workers  fatigued? How fit are the workers, etc.?

Material Moving or Handling:

Do workers have to lift or carry heavy objects?

Repetitive Motion :

Does the job require repetitive motion (typing, etc.)?

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Involving Workers and Managers in the JSA 

Once you have identified jobs needing a JSA, then its time to start conducting t he JSA's.

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Involving employees and area managers in the JSA process allows them to bring t heir  insights on the job to the process. They can help to identify hazards and they will have ownership of the JSA and may more readily accept the findings and hazard controls selected.

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis 

Once the job is identified, you must break it into key components or subtasks and then identify and list all t he hazards associated with each subtask. What

can go wrong?

What

are the consequences?

How could a problem happen? How likely is it t hat the hazard will occur?

 The

following screens will help you break down a job, and identify and rank hazards.

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Break Identified Job into KEY Components  Too

much detail makes the Job Safety Analysis cumbersome.



Too Much Detail Get

ladder from storage.

Get new light Carry

bulb from storage.

ladder and light bulb to light needing changing.

Place

ladder under light to be changed. Ensure light switch is in the off position. Climb ladder. Remove

light cover. Twist light bulb in a counter clock-wise direction until it is fr ee of the socket. Remove

old light bulb.

Remove

new light bulb from package.

Insert Turn

new light bulb into socket.

in a clock-wise direction until tightened.

Replace Cover. Descend ladder. Place

old light bulb in trash.

Carry

ladder back to storage.

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Break Identified Job into KEY Components  Too

little detail may omit hazards.

 Too

Little Detail

Get a ladder and new lig ht bulb. Change bulb. Put ladder away and throw out old lig ht bulb.

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Break Identified Job into KEY Components  The

correct amount of detail breaks the job into components that make sense in terms of the overall job.

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Right Amount of Detail Get ladder and new lig ht bulb. Place ladder under lig ht to be changed. Use ladder , change bulb. Put tools and supplies away.

 When

evaluating a task, such as "changing a light bulb" remember that you do not want too much detail, or too little detail, keep your focus on obtaining the right amount of detail.  Generally limit the number of components to 10 or less.

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Sub -task  Questions to Ask about each Sub This

following list of questions is intended to help focus your effort at identifying and controlling hazards.  While the list is comprehensive, it is not complete, and you'll need to think about the sub-tasks and the particular hazards they present.  Questions to ask « Does the layout of the location or process create hazards, (e.g. pedestrian/fork-lift traffic)? Is there adequate access and egress to and from the work area? Are workers exposed to temperature extremes? Is the lighting adequate? Is the work done outdoors? Can the weather create a hazard?

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Questions to Ask about each SubSub -task  task ±Con¶t ± Con¶t Does the task require entering a confined space? Is the work done at heights (from a ladder , roof top, etc.)? Do the tools or equipment create a hazard? Is there excessive noise or vibration? Can any part of the worker's body or clothing be caught in the equipment? Is the tool or equipment appropriate for the task (strength, size, power , etc.)? Are chemicals used? Does the worker come into direct contact with the chemicals?

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Questions to Ask about each SubSub -task  task ±Con¶t ± Con¶t Are the chemicals released into the air (gas, mists, vapors, etc.)? Are workers exposed to electrical hazards? Are there excavations, holes, or floor openings in the work area? Are the workers exposed to stored energy hazards such as; line pressure, electricity, steam, or falling objects? Does the process start and stop automatically? Are robotics used in the process? Can human factor issues (training, fitness, fatigue, etc.) create a hazard? Is there risk of injury from material handling such as lifting, carrying, pushing or pulling)? Is there risk of repetitive motion injury?

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis R anking Hazardous Tasks 

Once you've identified t he jobs that have the potential to or are in fact injuring workers, you'll need to rank these tasks and start addressing t he most serious first.  One method for ranking tasks considers the probability of the hazard causing injury, along with an estimate of the severity of the resulting injury. These are not necessarily precise predictions of  w hen and how severe an injury may be, they are an estimate of the outcome and the likelihood of  the injury occurring. The next three slides presents this method for   ranking hazardous tasks.

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis A Method to Prioritize Hazardous Tasks 

Consider the severity of an injury if  something were to go wrong while doing a task.

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Look at the four categories under  "Severity³. Severity ± Catastrophic, may cause death 3 ± Critical, may cause serious injury or illness 2 ± Marginal, may cause minor injury or illness 1 ± Negligible, will not cause injury or illness 4

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis A Method to Prioritize Hazardous Tasks 

Next think about how often the worker  is exposed to the hazard using the categories found in t he "Probability" table. Probability ± Frequently, likely to occur frequently 4 ± Probable, will occur several times 3 ± Occasional, likely to occur  2 ± Remote, unlikely but possible 1 ± Improbable, so unlikely it can be assumed that it will not occur  5

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis A Method to Prioritize Hazardous Tasks 

Multiply the "Severity" rank by the "Probability" rank.

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Organize the hazardous tasks by their  score from highest to lowest, address the highest scored tasks first.

 This

method can help you decide w hich is more important, an infrequent job that has the potential to kill a worker , or  a frequent job t hat is injuring workers.

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis JSA Sample Form

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Eliminating or Controlling Hazards 

Now that you've identified t he job and evaluated its sub-tasks and t heir  hazards, you need to identify ways to eliminate or control these hazards. Ä

The best method to protect workers is to eliminate t he hazard at the source. ³Transfer the Risk´

Ä

If elimination is not possible , control the hazard at its source with engineering controls or limit exposures using administrative controls.

Ä

If engineering or administrative controls are not enough to reduce the exposure to an acceptable level, personal protective equipment must be used.

Ä

Personal protective equipment is also used w hile engineering controls are being installed.

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Eliminating Hazards  Totally

eliminate the hazard or process ± mostly unrealistic

CONTROL METHOD HIERARCHY 

Engineering Controls - changing the process or  re-engineering to eliminate or minimize the hazards. The most effective control measure The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can be circumvented, the better 

Isolate the hazard ± enclose a hazardous machine Substitution - substituting a toxic c hemical with one having a lower toxicity

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Eliminating Hazards 

Administrative Controls ± Tighten up procedures and safe work practices including use of  hazardous materials

Alarms, signs and warnings Training Exposure limitations ± time limits on hazardous duties Buddy system

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Personal Protective Equipment ± is acceptable as temporary control method Respirators Hearing protection Eye protection Hardhats Protective clothing including s hoes