Jim Crow Passive

BLACK AMERICANS UNDER THE JIM CROW LAWS CORRECTION

 In order to enforce the Jim Crow laws in the South , "Colored Only" and " for White Only" signs were put up. Here are some of the signs that used to be found in the deep South Africa during the Jim Crow Laws era. How did these signs affect “Afro-American” people living in the South ? With the help of the documents you have read, write down a caption under each sign.

 - Under Jim Crow they were expected / were required to wait in separate waiting rooms reserved for Black or colored people. 

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Black people were forced to use separate restaurant entrance

doors . - Some restaurants were segregated. Black people were told that they could not eat in the same restaurants as white people.

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Black people were forced / compelled to sit at the back of a

bus. - They were prohibited

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to sit in the front .

Black people were forbidden by law to drink from the white

water fountains. - They were forbidden from /banned from drinking from the same water fountain as white people or from using the same restrooms. - They were deprived of the right to use clean water fountains. -They were not allowed to use public water fountains which had been build for whites.

Black people were forced to use separate amenities or water fountains from those used by white people. 

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- They were forbidden to share the same showers as white people.

- They were required to / expected/ supposed to use colored showers. / It was not allowed for Blacks to use showers reserved for whites.

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Black people were denied access to restrooms for white

people. - Black people were denied the right to use the same restrooms as white people. -They were compelled to use separate restrooms. - Black people were deprived of the right to use the same restrooms as white people as they were believed to have diseases.

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Black or colored people were compelled to attend Black theaters.

- They were not allowed to see a play in a white theater. Black people were forced to use separate amenities or water fountains from those used by white people.

The right to demonstrate was granted to Blacks and was not punished in some southern states. 

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- They were denied the right to be taught like white people. - In the southern states black children and white children were not allowed to attend the same schools. That is why in some southern states black people were fighting for school desegregation. Non - violent marches were organized to denounce segregation in schools.

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Considering what you have just learnt and taking the documents provided into account , write your own definition of “ Segregation ” in the form of an essay written in the passive form so as to describe the “hopeless” situation of Black and Coloured people when segregation was in practice in the deep South. (250 words)

 You will make use of Passive Forms in order to put forward the people who were

affected by those unfair laws. / you will express obligation /necessity /prohibition … in the past

 used to + BV (passé révolu) / would + BV to emphasize the idea that the Jim

Crow Laws are no longer in practice today. ELEMENTS DE CORRECTION :  Segregated = to be set apart from others Segregation = the practice or policy of creating “separate but equal” facilities within the same society for the use of a minority group

Jim Crow was a character ( a crippled African slave

called Jim Cuff or Jim Crow) in an old song (1828) who was revived by a white comedian called Daddy Rice. The song and dance was done in blackface by Thomas Darmouth.

Rice used the character to make fun of black people and the way that they spoke. The term Jim Crow came to be used as an insult against black people. The expression to jump jim crow came to mean “ act like a stereotype stage caricature of a black person” Many people believed that Blacks would be treated equally after the Civil War, but they weren't. Although Black people had been granted the right to vote by the Constitution , they were kept from voting by racist Southerners for one hundred years after the Civil War. Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws which stopped Blacks from getting almost all of their rights, were created in southern states. Although slavery had been abolished and the Reconstruction of the South was well under way, it was believed that blacks were inferior .Slavery, though outlawed, was merely (=simplement) replaced with racial discrimination and injustice. It is often said that The Jim Crow laws were a consequence of white fear. Jim Crow was the practice of discriminating against black people, through a set of laws which were passed in the Southern states, after black people had earned their freedom from slavery. From the 1880s to the 1960s, segregation laws were enforced in many American states. In order to prevent black Americans from being equal, the southern states passed a series of laws known as Jim Crow laws which discriminated against blacks and made sure that they were segregated (treated unequally) from whites. In 1881, Tennessee passed the first Jim Crow law, which segregated train cars. By 1915, every Southern state had passed laws that created two separate societies , one black and one white . As a result colored people were kept apart from the White world. These laws were discriminatory and racist laws which were meant to enforce racial segregation in the southern states in the aftermath of the Civil war. Under Jim Crow Black people were discriminated against. Blacks were treated unfairly as whites thought colored people were different and should be treated as second-class citizens. As a consequence, one hundred years after the Civil War, Blacks had to sit separately from Whites. Black and white

people were separated in all public places. Jim Crow laws strictly enforced public racial segregation in almost every aspect of Southern life. In order to enforce racial segregation and racial hate , signs were put up to separate facilities saying "whites only" and "coloured" or "Negroes" and Signs reading "Colored Only" or "White Only" could be seen everywhere ( parks, toilets, waiting rooms, theatres, and water fountains for example. ) Blacks used to be treated unequally at school, at work, and almost everywhere they tried to go. Under Jim Crow, there used to be separate restrooms, neighborhoods, hotels, and restaurants for black people and white people. Jim Crow laws segregated railways and streetcars, public waiting rooms, restaurants, boarding houses, theaters, public parks, libraries and cemeteries. Separate schools, hospitals and other public institutions, generally of inferior quality, were designated for blacks . Black people could not / were not allowed to eat in the same restaurants, drink out of the same water fountains, watch movies in the same theaters, play in the same parks, or go to the same schools as whites. Blacks had to / were expected to sit in the back of buses and give up their seats to whites when instructed to do so. Blacks could not /were not allowed to nurse whites in hospitals. During the American segregation Black people used to sit in different sections in buses. They were compelled to drink in segregated bars.. At the time when the Jim Crow laws were in practice, black people would use separate phone booths and bathrooms, and in some cases, were deprived of their right to vote. Blacks were excluded from all newspapers and from trading. Colored people could not buy houses in the same neighborhoods as whites. Economic and educational opportunities for black Americans were greatly restricted. In addition to laws, there were certain unwritten social expectations. For example, a black man was not to shake hands with a white man and he could not make eye-contact with a white woman or else he would be accused of highly inappropriate sexual advances. When speaking, blacks were expected to address whites as "Mr.," "Sir," or "Ma'am." If blacks violated Jim Crow rules, they could expect brutal punishment, such as whippings or even death. Many blacks were killed (often lynched) for attempting to exercise their right to vote, for being members of political organizations and for attending school for speaking out for equality.

Don’t forget to learn about the brave men and women who fought to end discrimination and who helped to outlaw racial discrimination . = Civil rights activists who fought for desegregation. Homer Plessy One man named Homer Plessy tried to end segregation on trains. He had gotten on a "white car" when he wasn't supposed to. After going through several courts, his case, Plessy v. Ferguson, finally reached the Supreme Court and he was found guilty of breaking the law. This court decision was very important because it made it legal to separate Blacks and Whites in almost every way possible. Rosa Parks Rosa Parks worked to end segregation on buses. She played a role by refusing to move from her seat when the bus driver asked her to move to the back of the bus. The police were called and she was arrested. This helped start the Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped end segregation in the South. Park’s stand triggered not only a boycott of the bus system, but also sit-ins and protest marches . Martin Luther King, Jr. Another person who fought for desegregation was Martin Luther King, Jr. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott that Rosa Parks helped start. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave many speeches and led many marches to help end segregation. He thought you should fight for equal rights peacefully, and gave his life helping people do that. Jesse Jackson Jesse Jackson also played a role in the fight against segregation. He became the leader of Operation Breadbasket, a peaceful group that worked for more job opportunities for Blacks. Later he went on to become the most successful black man to run for President of the United States. Malcolm X Malcolm X is another leader who fought for desegregation. Unlike Martin Luther King, Jr. and Jesse Jackson, Malcolm X thought you should fight for equal rights "by any means necessary," even with violence. Marcus Garvey Marcus Garvey was another person who fought for equal rights. He wanted Blacks to go back to Africa, even if they were born in America. He thought this was the best way for Blacks to keep from being treated badly by white people. President John F. Kennedy

President Kennedy helped fight segregation from the White House. He helped pass laws saying that it was illegal for Blacks to be segregated in theaters, restaurants, restrooms, trains, buses, and schools. He also helped the Little Rock Nine become the first black students in an all-white high school. Many famous leaders helped fight for equal education for all people. Linda Brown, Mary McLeod Bethune, and Ruby Bridges all helped black students get a good education. The Little Rock Nine was a group of black students who couldn't get into a high school because the Governor of Arkansas wouldn't let them. Although they were attacked for standing up for what they believed in, they fought the governor and won!