Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina.PDF

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Acta mcd-hist Adriat 2008;6(1);41-54

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UDK:61(497.6)(091) 614-05(497.6=411.16)

THE CONTRIBUTION OF JEWISH HEALTH PROFESSIONALS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OE HEALTH CARE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DOPRINOS ZDRAVSTVENIH RADNIKA ZIDOVSKOG PODRIJETLA RAZVOJU ZDRAVSTVENE DJELATNOSTI U BOSNII HERCEGOVINI Ajnija Omanic^ Zana Dodig-Karaman^, Mevlida Serdarevic^, Mario SUMMARY

jews first came to Bosniii and Herzegovina in the !6th century after having been exiled from Spain. They ivere successful in several trades in their new surroundings. Many Jewish families gave more than one doctor or pharmacist. Dr Goldberger and his son Dr Aleksajidur Goklberger were skilled surgeom; Dr Isak Samokovlija's daughter Rikica was a paediatrician and a university professor; Dr Sigmund Kaunitz and his sons Oskar and Pavle, conducted the autopsy on the Archduke Franz Perdinarui, heir to the imperial throne, and his wife Sophie. jews have traditioruiUy regarded health cidture as an important issue; their religiim iiicludes medical arú other precepts, for \\eallhy living, from personal and household hygiene to ritual ablutions and bathing. Viey were the first to make meàcinal preparaticms and to sell them in thir shops, kmmin iis attar slu)ps. Vie Museum of Sarajevo now treasures the invauory of cme such centuries-old attar shop, belonging to the Papo family.

' University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of .social medicine and history of mcndicine. Sarajevo, BH. ^ Museiini of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, BH. ' Jewish Museum of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Sarajevo, BH. Address for fom'sfxnwfeiici;; Prof. Dr. Ajnija Omanic. Federaini ravod za zaStitii zdravlja. UI. Maräala Tita 9, BH 71000 Sarajevo. Medicinski fakuket Sarajevo, Cekalusa 90. l:-mail: ajnijaomanici^'hotmail.com

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Thanks to their medical skills, Jews even treated the Pashas of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Dr Nisim Zak treated Sijavos Pasha, and Dr hak Salom WCLS Omer Pasha Latas's physician. Bosnia and Herzegovina owes a lot to the krwivledge and dedication of health-care uíorícers of the Jewish origin. Sarajevo, Mostar, Zenica, Focfa, and Trehinje have named streets after these humdnists, wfio founded inany imtitutions, and started new disciplines to address the burning health issitós in B&H, and a number of wiwm kid down their lives to defend ñ&H.

Key words: history of medicine, 16th-20th centuries, physicians, pharmacists, Jews, Bosnia and Herzegovina

THE JEWS OF BOSNIA

Jews first came to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the early 16'" century after having been exiled in 1492 during the reign of Ferdinand I and Isabella of Castile. They brought along their customs, language, and elegies that, sung on the Bosnian mountain slopes, invoked the golden age of Cordoba and the aromatic banks of the calm River Tajo (Elazar S, oral tradition). They also brought along medical and other books written in Hebrew, Latin, and oriental languages [1]. About 300,000 jews left Spain for an uncertain future, of whom about 100,000 ended up in the Ottoman Empire. Under the rule of the first sultans and later at the height of the Ottoman Empire, attitudes towards Jews were liberal. Some sultans even engaged them as their personal physicians or diplomats. With time, they spread throughout the empire, and some settled in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first, young settlers came alone, and were later joined by their families; some of the descendants of these early pioneers are still living there. Though few in number, Jews made an immense contribution to the humanist, cultural, and economic development of the multinational community of Bosnia and Herzegovina. They brought along the achievements of the rich and developed Spanish culture and civilization, and their own millennium- old heritage. Sepbardic Jews brought the Spanish language variant known as Ladino that they used among themselves. Much later, during the AustroHungarian rule, a considerable number of educated professional Ashkenazi Jews camefi-omthe north to settle in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 42

JEWS IN MEDICINE IN THE OTTOMAN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

According to Dr Glück, Jews worked with Turkish physicians as assistants, learning the secrets of the trade. Bosnian Jews also learned medical skills from their forebears, and from many treatises in Spanish, Latin, and oriental languages. They passed on this knowledge to their descendants and beirs. Jews were highly successful in their new environment, not only in medicine, pharmacy and dentistry, but also in other branches of the economy, writing, banking and so on. Jews traditionally regarded health care as an important issue; their religion includes many medical and other precepts ranging from perstmal and general hygiene to rirual ablutions and bathing. They were the first to make and sell medicinal preparations either at home, where they also had their private surgeries, or in the so called attar shops, or again in wholesale pharmacies where they sold not only medicines, but also herbs, spices, and cosmetics. The apothecaries could identify every drug and medicinal

Petar Tijesic: Attai i l u . p

Petar Tijesic: Alarsku Ijckarria

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plant by its appearance and smell, and knew for which ailments to use them. They would maintain a register of medicines, instructions how to make them and for which ailment to use them, preserving thus their trade secrets. These records would he handed down from father to son. Much of their raw material came from Dubrovnik, Venice and Istanbul. The recipes were written in Spanish, in cursive Hebrew, and the names of some drugs were written in Italian and Turkish. The drugs came in a variety of forms: oils, ointments, salves and unguents, syrups, powders, tir pills. In 1938, all attar shops were closed down. The last two were run by tbe brothers Avram and Rafael Papo. One was destroyed during the persecution of the Jews by the Nazis, and the other was handed over to the Croatian Medical Association for its museum collection. The last owner was Jakov Papo, who had a work permit for the shop dating hack to the Ottoman period. According to the local sources, Jozef Haim and Samuel Sumbul practiced medicine in Sarajevo in the late lS^"^ and early 19^'^ century. Samuel Sumbul's elder son was an apothecary, and the younger opted for medical

Inside the Papo family attar shop Unutrainjost atarske radnje obitelji Papo 44

practice. Josef Haim sent bis son Isak to Padua, wbere be graduated in medicine. Back in Sarajevo, he established avery successful medical practice. He gained recognition for his expertise and skill in caring for people, and the Turkish authorities in Sarajevo proposed him to represent Bosnian Jews in the Provincial Council. According to the local sources, Dr Isak Salom, who was Omer Pasha Latas's personal physician, was the first physician in Bosnia and Herzegovina trained in Europe. Samuel and Avram Atijas are referred to as semi-skilled physicians (so called hecim, from the Turkish /le/cim/Arahic hakim, a physician). Avram was very popular with people, and was granted a licence to practise hy the Austro-Hungarian authorities. Samuel in turn, was not a licensed physician, hut was allowed to continue the practice. Until the late lS^'^ century, Jewish physicians and hecims were mainly based in Sarajevo, but later they also settled in Banja Luka, Travnik, and Tesnaj. Isak Papo is known to have practised medicine in Banja Luka, and passed on his medical and pharmaceutical skills to his son-in-law Kalmi Altarac, wiio succeeded him in the practice. Rafael and Dr Nisim Zak graduated from the medical school of Istanbul and worked in the Military Hospital of Sarajevo. Dr Nisim Zak also treated Sijavos Pasha 12,3]. QUALIFIED JEWISH HEALTH-CARE WORKERS AND THEIR ACTIVITIES IN BOSNL\ AND HERZEGOVINA

God and Mother Nature bestowed good health, longevity, and intelligence on these people, enabling them to work and to create to the very end of their lives for the welfare of their people and the community to which they belonged. They were well-liked by the people, who gave rhem nicknames as a sign of affection [4,5]. In the B-SiH Academy t)f Sciences and Arts, Jakob Gaon was known as nas Jasa (our Jasa), pharmacologist Samuel Elazar was called Sami, partisan nurse Hanika Altarac was known as Nurse Vuje, and so on. Most Jewish health-care workers were not only highly skilled professionals, but also founded certain medical disciplines, and were active in cultural and public circles. Dr Isak Samokovlija was an outstanding medical practitioner and health-care educator who was appointed head of the health-care education department of the Ministry of Health of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1946. He was also the first editor of the healthcare perio45

dical Zivot i zdravlje {Ufe and Health), and treated healthcare topics in his literary work. Only a few years after Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen puhlished his research on X rays in Europe, on 8 November 1895. in Wiirzhurg, Dr Prajndlsherger demonstrated an X-ray machine made by Reineger, Gehbert and Schall, purchased by the Provincial Government in Sarajevo for? the Provincial Hospital of Sarajevo. Dr Pavle Kaunic, son of Dr Sigmund Kaunic, and his brother Oskar Kaunic, were members of the medical team conducting the autopsy on the heir to the imperial throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wife Sophie. In 1913 Dr Pavle Kaunic was appointed assistant of the forensic department of the Provincial Hospital in Sarajevo. During World War I, he worked as a hygienist and bacteriologist. After the war, he returned to his position in the Sarajevo hospital. He was appointed head of the Epidemiology Institute in Sarajevo in 1925, and was the head of the Public Health Authority in Sarajevo from 1929. As these and other examples show, many Jewish families produced several doctors, pharmacists, and dentists {Dr Isak Samokovlija and his daughter. Professor Rikica Samokovlija Najdanovic; Dr Adolf Goldberger and his son Dr Aleksandar Goldherger; Dr Pavel Stern and his son Dr Milan átern, a psychiatrist). Academician Dr Ernest Grin was a prominent scientist who began his wt)rk in Bosnia and Herzegovina by seeking to eradicate endemic syphilis ftom the rural areas of the Gazin frontier region and Foca. Following World War II, he worked for the Ministry of Public Health of the People's Repuhlic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where he was engaged in reorganizing the health care service in Bosnia and Herzegovina and setting up a programme for teams of field workers to combat numerous and mainly infectious diseases that were rampant in many isolated mountain regions, causing the death of the young and old alike. In 1946 he hecame the head of the Gentral Dermatológica! and Venereal Dispensary, sending out hundreds of field teams to comhat syphilis and ftingal diseases all over Bosnia and Herzegovina, He passed on his experience to others as a World Health Organization expert working in Thailand, Sudan, Indonesia, Nigeria, Tunis, Egypt, Iraq, and Syria. His experience in eradicating syphilis and fungal diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina brought world-wide scientific and professional fame to both Academician Grin and his country. His 46

Pharmacist Samuel Elazar in his student days Mr. Ph. Samuel Elazar kao student

research contributions "Epidemiology and Control of Endemic Syphilis" and "Human and Animal Dermatophytes" are of national and international renown. His working methodology and the experience he gained combating endemic syphilis and fungal diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina were recommended by the World Health Organization. His lectures were accompanied by photographs taken in the field in order to give his students a taste of burning public health issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina Academician Jakoh Gaon was known for eradicating typhus and lice infestations in an outbreak affecting more than 40,000 people in eastern Bosnia. When he ran out of the glass slides needed for microscopy, he had more slides made from old window glass. In combating the ignorance about the disease in eastern Bosnia, Gaon was assisted by local teachers. As a sign of gratitude for the help he gave a married couple of teachers a subscription to the periodical Zivot i zdravlje.

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Pharmacist Samuel Elazar in his pharmacy Mr. Ph. Samuel Elazar u Ijekami

Academician Pavao Stem studied P substance to shed light on some neuromuscular diseases. He is regarded one o( the most eminent histamine researchers at home and abroad. Samuel Elazar, who had a master's degree in pharmacy, was not only a skilled practical worker, but also a prominent historian of medicine and pharmacy in Btisnia and Herzegovina. He was one of the founders of the Jewish Museum in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1969, and the first to write a study on establishing a healthcare museum in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He proposed the old Turkisb military hospital in Sarajevo for this purpose, but, sadly, it was destroyed during the 1992-1995 war. He wrote the only bibliography of the works of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and related fields published in Bosnia and Herzegovina up to 1895, a history of the development of pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a Bosnian Romance, now being translated into French. He bad a keen interest in the study of the cultural heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in particular of oriental manuscripts and folk medicine, and worked on their translation with several orientalists.

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Jewish healthcare workers were expert professionals and scientists. In a WW2 German offensive, Hanika Altarac, known as Partisan Nurse Vuja, amputated a gangrene-infected leg using a needle and razor blade, saving the injured man's life. Generally speaking, all known Jewish healthcare workers were eminent professionals, scientists, managers, and World War II combatants. They held responsible positions, in particular General Moni Levi, wbo made a major scientific and professional contribution to publications on partisan warfare. As a mark of appreciation and in memory of prominent Jewisb bealthcare, cultural, and public workers in Bosnia and Herzegovina, many healthcare institutions and streets bear their names. The health centre in Gorazde has been named after Dr Isak Samokovljia, the Pharmacology Institute of the Sarajevo University Medical Schoi)! after Academician Pavel Stem, and there are streets named after Dr Isidor Papo, Dr Goldberg, and i>thers in Foca, Mostar, Trebinje, and Zenica. CONCLUSION

Jewish healthcare workers in Bi\sni;i and Herzegovina bad a very positive impact on the organization of healthcare activities dealing with a range of infectious and non-infectious diseases in the times of emergency and war. Highly-qualified and semi-qualified healthcare workers were active in these fields, passing on their knowledge to their descendants and heirs. They held leading positions in many eminent healthcare institutions, beaded field teams, and achieved considerable success in eradicaring infectitius diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is no doubt that for centuries, particularly during the Ottoman period, Jews acted as a link between Bosnia and the rest of the world, from Italy to Holland and far beyond. They occupied a prominent place as an urban element in economic life and development at all times, from the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian time to the two Yugoslavia's and tbe present day. Jews in Bt^snia and Herzegovina played an important role in providing the first academically qualified people in various fields: economics, law, medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and every aspect of health care They also played a major role in the sciences and arts, from founding the first cultural and artistic societies to their outstanding contribution to the development of progressive thinking in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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ANNEX JEWISH HEALTH-CARE WORKERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA (This list has been compiled from data from the proceedings of the 2"^ Jewish Historical museum, Belgrade, ¡973, and data from other available sources, and should not he regarded as conclusive) OTTOMAN PERIOD FOLK DOCTORS

Ljekar Salamon, son of Mojsi Moro Mogu, son of Isak Jozef Hajima Salom Samuel Sumbul Samuel Atias Avram Atias

FIRST QUALIFIED DOCTOR IN BOSNIA

Dr. Isak Jozefa Salom

Papo Avram, his son Santo and grandson Albert Isak Papo-Papic and his pupil Kalmi Altarac "Kalamiko" Isak Atias and his son Albert AUSTRO'HUNGARIAN PERIOD Dr Jakov Trojlih (Treulich) Dr Snajder (Schneider) Dr Rihard Poiak Pollak) Dr Henrih Levenstajn (Lewenstein) Dr Ignjat Pordes Dr Bernhard Cauderer (Zauderer) Dr Henrih Makijevic Dr Ferdinand Cajsler Dr Leopold Glik (Glück) Dr Aleksandar Grinhut (Grunhut) Dr Isidor Baum Dr Jakob Zajdenfeld (Seidenfeld) Dr Geza Kobler Dr Rudolf Fiser (Fischer) 50

Dr Elijas Majer Dr Moric Lefkovic (Lefkowitz) Dr Moric Seles (Szöllos) Dr Leo senfeld (Schonfeld) Dr Jozef Kac (Katz) Dr Isidor Najman (Neumann) Rohert Bramer, MPh. (Brammer) Lujo Hirijman, MPh. (Hirschmann) Ernest Finci, MPh. Aleksandar Susman, MPh. (Sismann) Mihajlo Finkelstajn, MPh. (Finkelstein) O^^' ^^Js- ^Ph. (Weiss)

MODERN TIMES DOCTORS

Dr Uri Adler Dr Aleksander Band Dr Samuel Kampos Dr Jakob Konforti Dr Samuel Baruh Dr Salamon Konforti Dr Ernest First Dr Rifka Levi Dr Hans First Dr Rudolf Levi Dr Aieksandar Dr Miler Andrija Friedman Dr Jozef Gaon Dr Mordehaj Papo Dr Jozef Grinherg Dr M Leon Parie Dr Aleksandar Hercog Dr Sara Pinto Dr Alfred Hirsl Dr Jozef Salom Dr Isak Izrael Dr Sion Samika Dr Izak I Sima Dr Adolf Sternberg Dr Isak Alfandari Dr Izidor Levi Dr Kalmija Jakov Altarac Dr Salamon Moni Levi Dr Albert Atias Dr Ltira J. Nahmijas Dr Moric Branko Atias Dr Elazar Ovadia Dr Samuel Baruh "Kici" Dr Izidor Papo

Dr Jozefa Berta Bergman Dr Rafael Papo Dr Roza Fertig Dr Roza Papo Dr Leon J. Finci Dr David Pinto Dr Jonas Fi^bah Dr Leon Pinto Dr Mario Grajf Dr Mario J. Romano Dr Ernest J. Grin Dr Fisi Rozencvajg Dr Simon Griner Dr Hinko Sale Dr Eduard Han Dr Mentó D. Salom Dr Ezra E. Kajon Dr Rafael B. Salom Dr Jakov L. Kauf Dr Laura M. Sprung Dr Pavle Kaunic Dr Fridrih Stajnberg Dr Gustav Keler Dr Gertruda A. Stern Dr Jozef Konforti Dr Miroslav Svarc Dr Hajim Bukus Levi Dr Mojsije Milan Zon Dr Jozef Salom Dr Isak Samokovlija Dr Isak Izrael Dr Ziga Bauer Dr Rafael Papo

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PHARMACISTS

Altarac Mordehaj, MPK. Sado Kunorti, MPh. Vera Ast-Kun, MPh. Isidor Levi senior, MPh. Sigmund Beker , MPh. Isidor Levi junior , MPh. Blanka Danon, MPh. Santo Papo, MPh. JozefM. Elazar, MPh. Sua Salom, MPb. Leopold Joki, MPh. Aleksandar Susman , MPh. Aron Kabiljo, MPh. Maks Vajntraub, MPh. Olga Kampos, MPh. Ida Vajs-Sajden , MPh. Mirjana Eerera, MPh. Josip Smikler, MPh. Milan B. Ajzenstajn, MPh. Artur Kraus, MPh.

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Rahela Albahari, MPh. Zlata PapO'Pajic, MPh. Dragica Belic-Sporcic, MPh. Lea D. Pinto-Remeni, MPh. Lujza J. Bergman, MPh. Mira Salom-Papo, MPb. Alfred Bramer , MPh. Emil-Mika Starver, MPh. Emest Bramer , MPh. Sigfrid-Fric Susman , MPh. Nunca Cackez, MPh. Velimir Svecenski, MPh. Bruno Einkel^tajn , MPh. Bela Stajner, MPh. Ljudevit Eiser , MPh. Oto Vajs, MPh. Vukica Kajon-Rikov, MPh. Jakov Sumbul -first graduate pharmacist in BíH.

DOCTORS AND PHARMACISTS NOT LISTED ABOVE

{Details obtained through the good offices of Mrs Dragica Levi and Mr.

Danilo Nikolic of the Jewish Community of Sarajevo)

Dr. Jakob Gaon Samuel Elazar, MPh. Dr Ivo Herlinger Dr Jozcf Konfbrte Dr Avram Pinto Dr Albert Musafija Dr Adolf Goidbcrgcr Dr Vilijam Vagman Dr Marija Vagner Dr Regina Atijas Dr Avram Aibahari Dr Lonika Finci Dr Tibor Salamon Dr Pavie Stem Dr Milan Stem Dr Sigmund Kaunitc Dr Leopold Kaufer Dr Avram Banih Dr Mario Levi Dr Drago Stekl Dr Flora Ilcs-Musafija

Dr Rozika Svarc Dr Aleksandar Goidbcrgcr Dr Romano Samuel Dr Vili Vagman Dr Branko Samek Dr Milan Goldner Dr Rikica Samokovlija-Najdanovic Dr Gcrtruda Stem Dr Jakob Altarac Dr Svagcr Dr Stajnbcrg Dr Rener Dr Rozcncvajg Dr Ginzberg Mr Zak Mandilovic Mihajlo Abinu, MPh. Dr Milivoj Stezingcr Dr Stefan Goldman Dr Egon Rajner ( The last three names were added after the exhibition)

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REFERENCES (.) 1.

Protié M, Haim Salom 1. J. Prvi diplomirani lekar bosanski Jevrejin. ¡The first Bosnian Jewish doctor of medicine. In Serfjían I Med arh 1956;10(2):119-25.

2.

Samuel R Jevrejski hecimi i atari u Bosni za tursko« Joba. [Jewish heäms and attars in the Ottoman Btisnia. In Bosnian]. Med arh 1947;]:93-8.

3.

Fabijanic R. Pojava attara i njihova djelatnost u Sarajcvu u turskom periodu. ¡Attars and their trade in the Ottoman Sarajevo. In Bosnian]. Zbomik radova sa simpozija Atari i njihov doprinos razvoju farmacije u BiH. Sarajevo: Avicena, Biblioteka naucni i struíni radovi, 1999., pp. 7-22.

3.

Iz attarskog duéana Sarajevske porodice Papo. [From the attar shop of the Sarajevan family Papo, in Bosrüan] Sarajevo: Muzej Sarajeva, 1999., pp 1-58.

4.

Muzej Jevreja BiH. Izlozba jevreji - medicinski radnici u Bosni i Hercegovini, Sarajevo, Muzej Sarajeva, novembar 2006. ¡Jewish Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Exhibition Jews: Healthcare Professionals in Bosnia and Herzcfjovina, Sarajevo. Museum of Sarajevo, November 2iX)6.)

5.

Duricic A, Samuel E. Preg[ed Istorije farmacije Btisne i Hercegtwine. |A bistorical review of pbarmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Bosnian] Sarajevo: Centralni higijenski zavi>d, 1958.

SAZETAK

Zidovi su u Bosnu i Hercegovinu dosli u XVI. stoljecu nakon Sto su pod pritiskom morali napustiti Spanjolsku. U novoj sredini djelovali su uspjesno u brojnim djelatnostima. MiKjge od zidovskih ohitelji iznjedrile su vise Ujeinika i Ijekamika, kmnije i drugih profila zdravstvenih radnika. Dr. Goldberger i rijegm' sin dr. Aleksandar Goldherger bili su vTsni kkurzi; dr. ¡sak Samokovlija i njegova kci Rikica, profesorica pedijatrije, dr Sigmund Kaunitz i njegovi sinovi Oskar i Pavle, od kojih je potonji bio clan Ijeènickog tima pri aulopsiji prestohruisljcdnika Ferdinanda i njegove supruge Sofije. Zidovi su tradicionalno pridavali zjiacenje zdravstvenoj kulturi, a uporiSte rudaze u vjeri koja propisuje medidmke i druge mjere za zdrav zivot pocevsi od odrzavanja /ligijaie tijela, kuce i okuàiice do ritualnog pranja i kupanja. Prvi su poäeli praviti pomoáia Ijekoviui sredstva i prodavati ih u svojim t:;v. atarskim rudnjama. Inventar takve atarske radnje ohiielji Papo, koja se stoljecmui rudazilii na istorne mjestu, kao raritel nalazi se u Muzeju Sarajeva. Zaiwaijujuci vjestinav\a lijecenja Ziäovisu lijec'à í uslolicei^e pase u ÍÍOSTU i Hercegovtrû. Tako je dr. Nisirn Zak Ujeéio Sijavos pcdu, a dr. ¡sak Salum je bio lijeáúk Omer Pase Lauisa. Znanjem i poirtvovanoscu mnogí zdravstveni radnici iidovskog podrijetla zaduzili su bosarukohercegovaâht javnost, gradove i pojedince u svim oblastiina íivotd. V Sarajevu, Mostaru, Zenici, Foci i Trebinju i drugim mjestimti ulice nose imeiui tih humanih Ijudi koji su bili osnivaö brojnih ustanova, zaietnici disciplina koje su bile potrehne u rjeSavanju vodece patohgije u populaciji Bosne i Hercegovine, a ne mali broj njih poloiio je zivot u obrani Bosne i Hercegovine. Kljucne riieci: povijest medicine, XVI. - XX. stoljece, lijeénici, Ijekamici, Íidovi, Bosna i ¡-¡ercegovina

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