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JET Manual 10 Acid Storage, Handling, Transportation, and Mixing Version 2.0

JET Manual 10 — Acid Storage, Handling, Transportation, and Mixing Reference: Version: Release Date: EDMS UID: Produced: Owner: Author:

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JET Developm Tr and ansportation, Disposal, 10, JET ent,Manual Acid AcidStorage, 10, EquWS ipment, Acid Tr aining Mixing, Handling & Spills , Acid

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JET Manual 10 / Legal Information

Legal Information Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved. This work contains the confidential and proprietary trade secrets of Schlumberger and may not be copied or stored in an information retrieval system, transferred, used, distributed, translated or retransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in whole or in part, without the express written permission of the copyright owner. Trademarks & Service marks Schlumberger, the Schlumberger logotype, and other words or symbols used to identify the products and services described herein are either trademarks, trade names or service marks of Schlumberger and its licensors, or are the property of their respective owners. These marks may not be copied, imitated or used, in whole or in part, without the express prior written permission of Schlumberger. In addition, covers, page headers, custom graphics, icons, and other design elements may be service marks, trademarks, and/or trade dress of Schlumberger, and may not be copied, imitated, or used, in whole or in part, without the express prior written permission of Schlumberger. A complete list of Schlumberger marks may be viewed at the Schlumberger Oilfield Services Marks page: http://markslist.slb.com Marks of Schlumberger include but may not be limited to CemCADE*, DeepSTIM*, i-District*, i-Handbook*.

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JET Manual 10 / Document Control

Document Control Owner:

WIS T&D, WS T&D

Author:

InTouch-CTS, InTouch-OSP, InTouch-Stimulation, PPC-SET

Reviewer:

Steve Davies

Approver:

InTouch-Stimulation

Contact Information Name: LDAP Alias:

WIS T&D, WS T&D WS-PPC-TechCom

Revision History Version Date

Description

Prepared by

2.0

04-Jun-2013 Revised the manual to include the latest acid storage, handling, transportation, and mixing information. Converted the manual from InDesign to XML format in EDMS.

Author: Deepa Jain (WIS T&D), Muhamad Arifin (InTouch-CTS), Jeff Beckel (InTouch-OSP), Steve Davies (InTouch-Stimulation), Dennis Johnson (PPC-SET), Jocelyn Campitelli (PPC-TechCom)

1.0

31-Jan-2007 First version of the manual.

Author: WS Training & Development

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JET Manual 10 / Regulatory Compliance

Regulatory Compliance Waste management IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR CORRECT DISPOSAL OF THE EQUIPMENT This symbol means that the equipment cannot be discarded in a rubbish-bin. At its end of life, the equipment and/or its components must be treated, following Schlumberger Environmental procedures, in compliance with Schlumberger QHSE Policy and applicable laws and regulations on waste management.

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JET Manual 10 / Foreword

Foreword New releases of this document supersede any other version. The most current version of the document is in www.InTouchSupport.com. If you have a printed copy, check the "Release Date" against the content in InTouch to be sure you have the most current version. This document is OBSOLETE when printed.

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JET Manual 10 / Table of Contents

vi

Table of Contents Regulatory Compliance Foreword

__________________________________________

iv

_________________________________________________________

v

1 1.1 1.2

Introduction ____________________________________________________ Learning Objectives __________________________________________ Safety Warning ______________________________________________

1-1 1-2 1-2

2 2.1 2.2 2.3

Acid Properties and Hazards ___________________________________ Definition of an Acid __________________________________________ Applications _________________________________________________ Acid Properties ______________________________________________

2-1 2-1 2-2 2-2

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

Use of Acids in the Oilfield _____________________________________ Current Oilfield Acid Applications ______________________________ Historical Background ________________________________________ Acid System Selection _______________________________________ Description of Acids Used in the Oilfield _______________________ Acid Additives _______________________________________________

3-1 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-5 3-8

4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

Safety Considerations __________________________________________ 4-1 Safety Standards ____________________________________________ 4-1 Responsibilities ______________________________________________ 4-2 Personal Protective Equipment _______________________________ 4-3 Hazard Communication Documents ___________________________ 4-7 Transportation ______________________________________________ 4-14

5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Acid Supply ____________________________________________________ Acid Supply Packaging _______________________________________ Material Specifications _______________________________________ Procedure to Receive Acid at the District ______________________ Inventory Control ____________________________________________

5-1 5-1 5-3 5-3 5-4

6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

Acid Storage ___________________________________________________ Safety Equipment ___________________________________________ Acid Storage Tanks _________________________________________ Fume Scrubber _____________________________________________ Water Storage ______________________________________________ Acid Mix/Transfer Tank ______________________________________ Liquid Additive System ______________________________________

6-1 6-11 6-18 6-24 6-27 6-28 6-30

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JET Manual 10 / Table of Contents

6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11

vii

Dry Additive System ________________________________________ Pipe Work, Valves, and Fittings ______________________________ Acid Transfer _______________________________________________ Liquid Additive Pumps _______________________________________ Transfer Hoses and Connections ____________________________

6-31 6-31 6-32 6-39 6-40

7 7.1 7.2

Acid Transport Equipment _____________________________________ Mobile Acid Transporter ______________________________________ Acid Transport Tanks _________________________________________

7-1 7-1 7-3

8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4

Acid Tank and Transport Equipment Maintenance ______________ Tank Maintenance ___________________________________________ Trailer and Tractor ___________________________________________ Additional Testing and Inspection _____________________________ Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance ____________________

8-1 8-2 8-7 8-9 8-9

9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6

Acid Mixing Procedures and Calculations ______________________ HCl-Specific Calculations _____________________________________ Acetic Acid __________________________________________________ Mud Acid ____________________________________________________ Clay Acid ____________________________________________________ Other Acids __________________________________________________ AcidMIX Formulator __________________________________________

9-1 9-1 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-5 9-5

10

Operating Requirements and Procedures

_____________________

10-1

Acid Spills and Disposal ______________________________________ Reporting ___________________________________________________ Spill Prevention and Control Plan ____________________________ MSDSs _____________________________________________________ Spill Kits ____________________________________________________ Disposal ____________________________________________________

11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-4 11-5

12

Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements

_____________________

12-1

13

Check Your Understanding

____________________________________

13-1

11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5

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JET Manual 10 / List of Figures

List of Figures 2-1 2-2 2-3 3-1 3-2 3-3 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-11 6-12 6-13 6-14 6-15 6-16 6-17 6-18 6-19 6-20

Measuring Specific Gravity with a Hydrometer (Read at the Bottom of the Meniscus)_________________________________________________________ 2-3 pH Scale __________________________________________________________ 2-4 pH Meter__________________________________________________________ 2-5 Pumping Acid in the Old Days ______________________________________ 3-2 Limestone_________________________________________________________ 3-4 Sandstone ________________________________________________________ 3-4 Goggles __________________________________________________________ 4-4 Face Shield _______________________________________________________ 4-4 Protective Suit_____________________________________________________ 4-5 Respirator_________________________________________________________ 4-6 Breathing Mask____________________________________________________ 4-6 US Chemical Label for 15% HCI ___________________________________ 4-10 EU Chemical Label for 33% HCI ___________________________________ 4-11 Canadian Chemical Label for 15% HCI_____________________________ 4-12 Fire Diamond NFPA 704 __________________________________________ 4-13 Transport Placards _______________________________________________ 4-14 ADR TREM Card for 15% HCl _____________________________________ 4-15 Commercial Acid Transporter_______________________________________ 5-1 Acid Railcar in Kazakhstan _________________________________________ 5-1 Acid Tote Tank (IBC) _______________________________________________ 5-2 220-Liter Acid Drums ______________________________________________ 5-2 Acid Storage Tanks at a Schlumberger Location _____________________ 6-1 Fume Scrubber with Electric Water Pump ___________________________ 6-2 Acid and Water Storage Tanks______________________________________ 6-2 Wilden Transfer Pumps and Acid Mix Tank __________________________ 6-2 Acid Mixing Tank with Electric Paddle _______________________________ 6-2 Liquid Additive Storage Tanks and Pumps___________________________ 6-2 Acid Loading Area with Loading Arm/Hose __________________________ 6-2 Acid Storage Tanks and Loading Area ______________________________ 6-3 Control Panel for Acid Plant ________________________________________ 6-3 Liquid Additive Storage Tanks and Fume Scrubbers__________________ 6-3 Liquid Additive Storage Totes, Fume Scrubbers and Loading Arm_____ 6-3 20,000 galUS Acid Storage Tanks with Suction and Filler-Up Lines____ 6-4 Rear of Acid Storage Tanks ________________________________________ 6-4 Acid Valve and Suction on Acid Storage Tanks ______________________ 6-4 Restricted Access to Acid Plant_____________________________________ 6-4 General View of Acid Storage Tanks, Water Supply Tank, and Fume Scrubber (with Lagged Point) ________________________________________________ 6-5 Acid Storage Tanks, Piping, and Walkway (Notice Secondary Containment Wall)______________________________________________________________ 6-5 Eye Wash Station (Notice Lagging for Cold Weather) ________________ 6-5 Acid Plant with Acid Railcar to be Offloaded _________________________ 6-5 Acid Bulk Plant Tank _______________________________________________ 6-6

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JET Manual 10 / List of Figures

6-21 6-22 6-23 6-24 6-25 6-26 6-27 6-28 6-29 6-30 6-31 6-32 6-33 6-34 6-35 6-36 6-37 6-38 6-39 6-40 6-41 6-42 6-43 6-44 6-45 6-46 6-47 6-48 6-49 6-50 6-51 6-52 6-53 6-54 6-55 6-56 6-57 6-58 6-59 6-60 6-61 6-62 6-63 6-64 6-65 7-1 7-2

Manifolding Between Acid Tanks____________________________________ 2 x 30,000-galUS Rubber Lined Acid Tanks and Fume Scrubber with Secondary Containment and Warning Signs _________________________ Safety Shower and Equipment at Loading Point _____________________ Acid Transfer Pumps_______________________________________________ Acid Bulk Plant ____________________________________________________ Acid Storage Plant_________________________________________________ Bakersfield, California, Acid Bulk Plant ______________________________ Loading Acid, Villahemosa, Mexico (View 1) _________________________ Loading Acid, Villahemosa, Mexico (View 2) _________________________ Galaxie Stimulation Vessel _________________________________________ BIGORANGE 25 Stimulation Vessel ________________________________ DeepSTIM Stimulation Vessel ______________________________________ DeepSTIM III Stimulation Vessel____________________________________ DeepSTIM Acid Storage __________________________________________ BIGORANGE XVIII (North Sea)____________________________________ BIGORANGE XVIII Liquid Additive Storage and Pumps _____________ BIGORANGE XVIII _______________________________________________ Revetment Area Before the Installation of Acid Tanks _______________ Protective Lining Laid in Acid Tank Area, View 1 ____________________ Protective Lining Laid in Acid Tank Area, View 2 ____________________ Safety Signs on Acid Tank_________________________________________ Safety Shower and Eye Wash Station ______________________________ Typical Mobile Spill Kit ____________________________________________ Spill Kit Contents _________________________________________________ 12,000 galUS HDXLPE Acid Storage Tank _________________________ Schematic of Acid Tank ___________________________________________ 15,000 galUS Rubber-Lined Acid Tank _____________________________ 6,000 galUS Butyl-Lined Acid Tank ________________________________ Acid Fume Scrubber ______________________________________________ Schematic of Acid Fume Scrubber _________________________________ Marsh Pump Used for Fume Scrubber _____________________________ Fume Scrubber Absorption Efficiency ______________________________ Acid Mix Tank ____________________________________________________ Liquid Additive Tank (TuffTank II) __________________________________ Dry Powder Mixer Schematic ______________________________________ Delasco Pump (SUS-239) _________________________________________ Delasco Pump Schematic _________________________________________ Wilden Pump (SUS-271), Example of Chugger Pump _______________ Wilden Pump Schematic __________________________________________ Ramparts Acid Centrifugal Pump __________________________________ March Series-10 Centrifugal Pump_________________________________ Liquid Additive Skid (SUS-533) ____________________________________ 2-in WECO Figure 206 Union______________________________________ Hose for Wilden and Delasco Pumps ______________________________ 4-in Orange Hose Covers on Discharge Lines ______________________ STF-151 Acid Transporter __________________________________________ STF-144 Acid Transporter __________________________________________ Private Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

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6-6 6-6 6-6 6-6 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-8 6-8 6-9 6-9 6-10 6-10 6-10 6-11 6-12 6-13 6-13 6-14 6-15 6-17 6-17 6-19 6-20 6-21 6-21 6-24 6-25 6-26 6-27 6-29 6-30 6-31 6-33 6-34 6-35 6-36 6-37 6-38 6-39 6-41 6-42 6-42 7-1 7-2

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x

JET Manual 10 / List of Figures

7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 9-1 9-2 11-1 11-2 11-3 12-1

1,000 galUS Acid Transport Tank (SSS-111) ________________________ 2,000 galUS Acid Transport Tank (SSS-121) ________________________ Containerized Acid Transport Tank__________________________________ Top Hatch of SSS-111 Acid Tank with Safety Devices ________________ Crack in Weld on Bottom Suction of a Transport Trailer ______________ Blister in Rubber Lining Wrongly Used to Transport Solvents _________ Check the Tractor _________________________________________________ Prejob Check of Trailer_____________________________________________ AcidMIX Formulator Input Screen 1 _________________________________ AcidMIX Formulator Input Screen 2 _________________________________ Acid Spill_________________________________________________________ Acid Spill from 55-galUS Drums ___________________________________ Acid Spill Exercise in Kazakhstan __________________________________ Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements __________________________

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7-4 7-4 7-5 7-6 8-3 8-6 8-8 8-8 9-6 9-6 11-1 11-1 11-3 12-2

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xi

JET Manual 10 / List of Tables

xi

List of Tables 3-1 4-1 8-1 8-2 8-3 9-1 9-2 11-1 11-2

Properties of Common Acids Used by Schlumberger_________________ Approved PPE for Handling Different Acid Types ____________________ Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance Checklist, Page 1 _______ Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance Checklist, Page 2 _______ Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance Checklist, Page 3 _______ Acetic Acid Preparation ____________________________________________ AcidMIX Formulator Calculation Output _____________________________ Spill Response Measures on MSDS for 15% HCl ___________________ Disposal Considerations for 15% HCl from MSDS __________________

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3-5 4-3 8-10 8-11 8-12 9-3 9-7 11-4 11-5

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1-i

JET Manual 10 / Introduction

1 1.1 1.2

1-i

Introduction Learning Objectives ____________________________________________ Safety Warning _________________________________________________

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1-2 1-2

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1-1

JET Manual 10 / Introduction

1

1-1

Introduction JET 10, Acid Equipment, Storage, JETMixing, Manual Acid Handling, Spills 10, WS andAcid Training Disposal, Trans & portation, Development, Acid Acid

This job execution training (JET) manual introduces the storage, handling, mixing, and transportation of the acids used by Schlumberger Well Services (WS) and Well Intervention Services (WIS) in matrix and acid-fracturing treatments and other acid-pumping services provided to clients. This manual discusses how acid mixing and storage systems work, describes the major components used, reviews their proper operation, and addresses important safety and maintenance issues. Note Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is by far the most common acid used by Schlumberger, and unless otherwise stated, will be the acid of reference throughout this JET manual. Other acids used are hydrofluoric acid (HF), acetic acid (CH3CO2H), formic acid (HCO2H), or mixtures of acids. Because Schlumberger has locations all over the world, acid storage tanks and related equipment, transfer pumps, and transport tankers are procured from a variety of sources. For this reason, operating and maintenance procedures are different depending on the location. However, some basic facts do not change. It is important for the equipment operator (EO) to understand and do the following: • Handle acid and acid materials with extreme caution. They are hazardous products. • Ensure that the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) are available and wear the correct PPE at all times. • Be up to date on the required safety training and certification in standards and procedures. This applies to all personnel. • Review all material safety data sheets (MSDSs) for all materials before handling. • Perform a risk assessment before any operation.

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1-2

JET Manual 10 / Introduction

1-2

• Ensure that all equipment associated with the handling, storage, transport, transfer, mixing, and pumping of any acid or acid materials are well maintained and in good operating condition. In addition, ensure that the Standard Equipment Maintenance (STEM) program is well documented and followed. • Document all procedures for the operation of any equipment and processes relating to the storage, handling, mixing, transportation, and pumping of acids. All personnel must be competent.

Note The EO has a significant impact both on the HSE performance and the profitability of the operation through the application of best practices related to the storage, handling, and transportation of acids.

1.1

Learning Objectives Upon completion of this manual, you will be able to • describe the safe working practices required when working with acids • explain the principles of acid storage • identify the various types of bulk storage tanks, transfer pumps, fume scrubbers and transport tanks. • describe the operational guidelines for district acid plants and acid plant equipment on location • describe maintenance and procedures for acid storage and transport tanks.

1.2

Safety Warning Proper supervision is required during hands-on training. Request assistance from your supervisor if you are unfamiliar with or uncomfortable with the proper operation of any equipment or chemical. All personnel involved with the operation of acid equipment and transfer units must understand the dangers involved when dealing with the materials and equipment, along with all applicable Schlumberger, WS, and WIS safety standards. Follow proper procedures before working with equipment, acids, and acid additives, e.g., job safety analyses (JSAs) and Hazards Assessment and Risk Controls (HARCs).

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JET Manual 10 / Acid Properties and Hazards

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2

2-i

Acid Properties and Hazards Definition of an Acid ___________________________________________ Applications ___________________________________________________ Acid Properties ________________________________________________ Hydrochloric Acid Strength ___________________________________ pH Scale ____________________________________________________

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2-1 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-4

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2-1

JET Manual 10 / Acid Properties and Hazards

2

2-1

Acid Properties and Hazards JET 10, Acid Equipment, Storage, JETMixing, Manual Acid Handling, Spills 10, WS andAcid Training Disposal, Trans & portation, Development, Acid Acid

This section describes the properties and dangers of acids.

2.1

Definition of an Acid An acid is any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, contributes hydrogen ions (H+) to a solution, resulting in a pH of less than seven. For example: HCl in water ionizes to hydrogen and chloride ions: HCl → H+ + ClHence an aqueous solution of HCl is acidic. The word acid comes from the Latin acidus meaning sour. Acids have the following chemical and physical properties: • reactivity: Acids react with metals, oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates to form salts and other products. • electrical conductivity: Acids are electrolytes. • touch: Acids produce a stinging feeling, particularly strong acids.

Acids are hazardous materials capable of doing harm. The handling, storage, transportation, and mixing of all acids must be done with extreme care.

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2-2

JET Manual 10 / Acid Properties and Hazards

2.2

2-2

Applications The wide range of properties of acids makes them very useful in many different industrial applications. Acids are used in the steel processing, water treatment, paper, leather, brewing, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, chemical manufacturing (production of inorganic salts, pesticides, catalysts, and plastics), metal extraction and producing, and food-producing industries. In the oilfield, hydrochloric acid (HCl), organic acids (e.g., acetic, formic, and citric acid) and hydrofluoric acids are used for a variety of purposes. Their properties, reactivity, and reactions with various compounds is controlled with additives. The demand for acids in the oil and gas industry is increasing worldwide. In 1999, the demand for hydrochloric acid (also known as muriatic acid) in the US exceeded 6,500,000 metric tons. One percent of this demand was for use in oil well stimulation. According to the Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH), in 2009, 12% of all North American HCl demand was for use in oil well stimulation. According to IHS, in 2012, US contribution to world consumption of HCl stands at around 24% HCl, obtained from about 80 suppliers around the world.

2.3

Acid Properties Acid has specific properties that are important to understand to be able to handle it safely.

2.3.1

Hydrochloric Acid Strength Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water. The strength of the acid depends on how much hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in a given quantity of water. Maximum concentration of commercial grade HCl is about 36% by weight. This is then diluted to lower concentrations (in the 5 to 28% HCl range) by the addition of water.

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2-3

JET Manual 10 / Acid Properties and Hazards

2-3

For Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC), the following tests are required for acid strength: 1. Specific gravity test by hydrometer (Specific Gravity Method) 2. Acid content test by titration with Sodium Hydroxide (Titration Method) 3. Chloride content test by titration with Silver Nitrate (Chloride Content) These three laboratory tests are required to determine hydrochloric acid concentration in acid concentrate. All three tests confirm the strength of the acid, while the third test also verifies that the acid is HCl and only HCl. The most common method of measuring the concentration of dissolved gas is by determining the specific gravity of the acid solution. The lower the specific gravity is, the lower the concentration of acid is. The specific gravity reading is then converted into a percentage HCl by weight. A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity (and thus the strength) of HCl solutions. A sample of the HCl is placed in a graduated cylinder so that it floats freely (refer to Figure 2-1). Any floating oil must be removed from the surface of the acid and the hydrometer must be cleaned. The point on the hydrometer scale at the surface of the liquid indicates the specific gravity.

Figure 2-1: Measuring Specific Gravity with a Hydrometer (Read at the Bottom of the Meniscus)

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2-4

JET Manual 10 / Acid Properties and Hazards

2-4

Acid strength is also measured using the Baume scale, where 1.0 Baume units = 1.0069 specific gravity. The specific gravity is affected by temperature; therefore, it is also necessary to measure the temperature of the acid at the same time. Corrections are then made to convert the readings back to the reference temperature of 60 degF (16 degC). Refer to Section 3 of the Matrix Materials Manual (MMM), InTouch content ID# 4013354, for more information about hydrochloric acid. Refer to the Key Service Quality Testing Requirements Matrix, InTouch content ID# 3051128, for more information about the QA/QC tests to check acid strength.

2.3.2

pH Scale The pH scale (Figure 2-2) is a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A change of one pH unit means a 10x change in the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. For example, a change from pH 5 to pH 2 means an increase in acidity of 1,000x.

Figure 2-2: pH Scale

Water is a neutral liquid with a pH of 7 (green). Acidic solutions have a pH of less than 7, and the lower the number, the stronger the acid. The opposite of an acid is a base. Base or alkaline solutions have a pH of over 7. The higher the pH, the stronger the alkali. Testing the pH helps to quickly identify fluids and to check if an acid has been neutralized. The pH of a fluid can be measured using • red litmus paper: the paper turns red when touched by an acid. • chemical indicators: color changes in chemicals, such as cobalt chloride, Congo red, methyl orange, phenolphthalein, and turmeric, are used to measure different ranges of pH.

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JET Manual 10 / Acid Properties and Hazards

• electronic pH meter (Figure 2-3): a probe containing an acidic aqueous solution encased in a special glass membrane allows the migration of hydrogen ions (H+). If the water has a pH different from that of the solution within the probe, an electric potential results that registers on the meter.

Figure 2-3: pH Meter

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2-5

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JET Manual 10 / Use of Acids in the Oilfield

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.4.7 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.5.7 3.5.8

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Use of Acids in the Oilfield Current Oilfield Acid Applications ______________________________ Historical Background _________________________________________ Acid System Selection _________________________________________ Description of Acids Used in the Oilfield _______________________ Hydrochloric Acid ____________________________________________ Hydrofluoric Acid _____________________________________________ Mud Acid ____________________________________________________ Clay Acid ____________________________________________________ Acetic Acid __________________________________________________ Formic Acid _________________________________________________ Other Acid Systems __________________________________________ Acid Additives _________________________________________________ Inhibitors and Inhibitor Aids ___________________________________ Surfactants __________________________________________________ Foaming Agents ____________________________________________ Mutual Solvents _____________________________________________ Antisludge Agents ___________________________________________ Nonemulsifying Agents ______________________________________ Iron-Control Agents _________________________________________ Specialty Additives __________________________________________

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3-1 3-2 3-3 3-5 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-8 3-8 3-8 3-8 3-9 3-9 3-10 3-10 3-10 3-11 3-11 3-11

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Use of Acids in the Oilfield JET 10, Acid Equipment, Storage, JETMixing, Manual Acid Handling, Spills 10, WS andAcid Training Disposal, Trans & portation, Development, Acid Acid

The choice of different acids used in the oil industry is based on • their reactivity with different reservoir rocks and damage type • by-products formed when they react • properties of the reservoir, reservoir fluids, and well tubulars.

3.1

Current Oilfield Acid Applications Acids are used in the oilfield to • stimulate wells to improve well production – wellbore cleanup: The wellbore is filled, washed, and allowed to soak with acid to remove inorganic and organic deposits from the tubulars and the formation face. – acid fracturing: Acid is injected into low-permeability carbonate formations at pressures greater than the formation fracturing pressure. – matrix acidizing: Acid is injected radially into the matrix structure of the formation below the fracturing pressure. The acid reacts with rock and plugging materials, removing damage and restoring permeability to the near-wellbore reservoir rock. • remove scale and buildup of compounds on the inner walls of pipes used in oil and gas wells • clean perforations before fracturing treatments • provide reactive environment during perforation operations to enhance perforation clean up • help free stuck pipe • provide miscellaneous other uses.

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3-2

Historical Background The use of acids in oil wells began over 100 years ago (Figure 3-1).

Figure 3-1: Pumping Acid in the Old Days

The following significant dates and events mark the development of well stimulation. 1895: Ohio Oil Company used hydrochloric acid to acidize wells. It was reported that oil wells increased production three times and gas wells four times. March 1896: A patent for using hydrochloric acid (HCl) for acidizing limestone was issued to Herman Frasch, a chief chemist with Standard Oil Company. Unfortunately, the use of corrosion inhibitors was not considered and the acid severely corroded the well casing. The technique declined in popularity and was dormant for about 30 years. 1931: Dr. John Grebe of the Dow Chemical Company discovered that arsenic inhibited the action of HCl on metal. The Gypsy Oil Company performed a number of well treatments in sandstone formations, in which inhibited HCl was used in an attempt to remove “gyp” deposits (calcium sulfate). The treatment results were mostly unimpressive, and no patents were filed on the process.

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February 1932: The first use of an inhibited acid on a limestone formation was by Dow Chemical Company, which siphoned 500 galUS of HCl containing 2 galUS of an arsenic inhibitor through a garden hose into a well owned by the Pure Oil Company. The acid was then displaced with an oil flush and the previously dead well began producing 16 bbl/d. November 1932: Dow Well Service Group was renamed Dowell in November 1932 to provide acidizing services. 1933: A patent for the use of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in sandstone formations was issued to J. R. Wilson of the Standard Oil Company. Wilson’s patent suggested in-situ generation of HF in HCl by using sodium fluoride (NaF). It was not known that NaF, in the presence of HCl, produces the insoluble compound Na3SiF6. 1933: Halliburton Services performed the first treatment using HF blended with HCl in a 1,500-ft well. The results were disappointing due to possible plugging effect on the well permeability, and as a result, Halliburton discontinued the use of HF blends until the 1950s. 1935: Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co. started providing a commercial acidizing service in Kansas. 1940: Schlumberger accomplished the first commercially successful use of mixtures of HCl and HF in the Gulf Coast area by using mud acid. The HF was generated in a solution of HCl by using ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2). Mud acid dissolved the drilling mud deposited as a filter cake during the drilling process. 1949: Halliburton performed the first hydraulic fracturing treatment. The first treatments were probably performed with acid, although they were not recognized as such at the time. Wells in tight carbonate formations usually will not accept acid until a critical pressure is reached. Once this pressure is reached, acid can easily be injected at high rates. It was later recognized that these wells had been hydraulically fractured.

3.3

Acid System Selection The two main acid systems used in the oil industry are designed to treat either carbonate (limestone, dolomite, and oolite) or sandstone (silica, quartz, feldspar, clay) reservoirs. For the two formation types, the following acids used are • Carbonates (e.g., limestone; refer to Figure 3-2): HCl is the most common acid used in carbonate acidizing because of its low cost, availability, and soluble reaction products. Organic acids, such as acetic and formic acids, are Private Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

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used for high-temperature applications, because of their low corrosiveness, ease of inhibition, and retarded reaction characteristics. Blends of HCl with either formic or acetic acids are also used because of cost efficiency and the reduced corrosivity provided by the organic acids.

Figure 3-2: Limestone

• Sandstones: Sandstone formations (refer to Figure 3-3 for an example) are typically treated with a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and HF, commonly called mud acid. The acid and other fluids used in sandstone formations depend on the mineralogy of the rock as well as on the damage type. Other acids used in sandstone formations include lower concentrations of HCl and HF with fluoboric acid (HBF4) added. These mixtures are called clay acids and are designed specifically for acidizing sensitive sandstone formations and providing stabilization of clays and other fines.

Figure 3-3: Sandstone

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Description of Acids Used in the Oilfield Table 3-1 lists the properties of common acids used by Schlumberger in the oilfield. Table 3-1: Properties of Common Acids Used by Schlumberger Chemical Product Name Code

Form

SG at 60 degF

Flash Point (degF)

pH

H005

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 5%

Colorless liquid

1.025

> 200

≍0

H075

Hydrochloric acid 7.5%

Liquid

1.037

> 200

≍0

H010

Hydrochloric acid 10%

Liquid

1.050

> 200

≍0

H015

Hydrochloric acid 15%

Colorless-light yellow liquid

1.075

> 200

≍0

H020

Hydrochloric acid 20%

Liquid

1.100

> 200

≍0

H028

Hydrochloric acid 28%

Colorless-light yellow liquid

1.140

> 200

≍0

H036

Hydrochloric acid 36%

Colorless-light yellow liquid

1.18

> 200

≍0

H152

HCl/HF acid 25/20

Colorless to yellow liquid

1.20

> 200

≍0

H200

Hydrofluoric (HF) acid 20%

Colorless liquid

1.20

> 200

4.1 at 20% (wt)

H700

Hydrofluoric acid 70%

Used by Schlumberger vendor to prepare 20% HF in our storage tanks

Y001

Intensifier Y1 ammonium bifluoride

White crystals

H948

Dilute mud acid

Colorless liquid

1.50

> 200

2 at 0.5% (wt)

> 200

≍0

Any solution with up to 7.5% HCl and 1.5% HF H949

Regular mud acid

Colorless liquid

1.10

> 200

≍0

Colorless liquid

1.10

> 200

≍0

Any solution with 7.6% to 12% HCl and 1.6 to 3.0% HF H950

Super mud acid Any solution with 12.1% to 16% HCl and 3.1% to 6% HF

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Chemical Product Name Code

Form

SG at 60 degF

Flash Point (degF)

pH

Y006

White granular powder

1.40

> 200

5.1 at

Intensifier Y6

1% (wt) H813

Full strength clay acid

Colorless liquid

1.1

> 200

≍1

Colorless liquid

1.1

> 200

≍0

Colorless liquid

1.1

> 200

200

≍ 0.1

7.8% HBF4 + 0.6% HF + 0.3% HCl H814

Full strength clay acid LT 7.8% HBF4 + 0.6% HF + 5.5% HCl

H913

Half-strength clay acid 4.1% HBF4 + 0.3% HF + 0.15% HCl

H914

Half-strength clay acid 4.0% HBF4 + 0.3% HF + 2.9% HCl

L400

Glacial acetic acid (100% acetic acid)

Colorless liquid

1.05

109

1.0 at 70% (wt)

L401

Acetic acid solution

Colorless liquid

1.00 to 1.05

90

1.0

L036

Formic acid

Colorless liquid

1.20

64 degC (147 degF)

2.2

Additives, such as inhibitor, iron stabilizers, surfactants, demulsifying agents, and mutual solvents can be added as required depending on the fluid design for the particular job.

Concentrated HF is dangerous to handle. Schlumberger employees are NOT permitted to handle HF concentrations greater than 20% by weight. Higher concentrations must be transported and mixed by vendors.

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JET Manual 10 / Use of Acids in the Oilfield

3.4.1

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Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water. The strength of the acid depends on how much hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in a given quantity of water. The maximum concentration of commercial grade HCl is about 36% by weight. Concentrations of HCl up to 28% by weight are generally used in oilfield treatments. In Well Services (WS) and Well Intervention Services (WIS), the chemical code for hydrochloric acid includes H005, H015, and H028, with the last three digits representing the concentration of HCl in percent (for example, H028 is 28% hydrochloric acid).

3.4.2

Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is the second most frequently used acid in the oilfield and is always used with another acid, usually HCl. The most common form of HF is mud acid (refer to Section 3.4.3). HF reacts with and dissolves all materials that are soluble in HCl. HF also reacts with, dissolves, or partially dissolves bentonite, naturally occurring formation clays, and other siliceous materials.

3.4.3

Mud Acid Mud acid is a mixture of inhibited HCl and HF. It is used primarily to restore permeability to damaged sandstones. There are three main classifications: • dilute mud acid — any solution containing up to and including 7.5% HCl and 1.5% HF • regular mud acid — any solution containing 7.6 to 12.0% HCl and 1.6 to 3.0% HF • super mud acid — any solution containing 12.1 to 16% HCl and 3.1 to 6% HF..

3.4.4

Clay Acid Clay acid is a mixture of HCl, intensifier Y001 (ammonium bifluoride), and intensifier Y006, which contains boron. Clay acids slowly release HF from the hydrolysis of HBF. There are four clay acid formulations: • full strength clay acid, used for 130 to 300 degF [54 to 149 degC] • full strength clay acid LT, used for 100 to 130 degF [38 to 54 degC]

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• half-strength clay acid • half-strength clay acid LT.

3.4.5

Acetic Acid Acetic acid (CH3CO2H) can be prepared using either glacial acetic acid (using stabilizing agent L400, 100% acetic acid) or a low freezing point acetic acid solution (using stabilizing agent L401). The big advantage of acetic acid is that concentrations of up to 12% acetic acid can be adequately inhibited from causing steel corrosion at temperatures up to 350 degF for extended periods of time. In most cases, acetic acid is used in conjunction with HCl.

3.4.6

Formic Acid Formic acid (HCO2H) is a mixture of 9% L036 and water. It is much stronger than acetic acid, but it is also more difficult to inhibit. It can be used at temperatures as high as 400 degF [204 degC].

3.4.7

Other Acid Systems There are many other acid systems that are mixtures of the acids discussed in the previous sections with alcohols, oils, gelling agents, and surfactants. Other acids, such as citric acid, are used in some industrial cleaning applications. For details, refer to the Matrix Materials Manual (MMM), InTouch content ID# 4013354.

3.5

Acid Additives Acid solutions are mixed with one or more additives to allow them to be used effectively in oilfield applications. Schlumberger stimulation acids always contain water, concentrated acid, and a corrosion inhibitor. Note Clean, rust-free tanks must be used when preparing all acid mixtures. Other additives commonly used include • a nonemulsifier Private Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

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• a surfactant to reduce surface tension, suspend fines, or create foam • a mutual solvent • an iron ion stabilizer • an acid diverter.

Note All the additives used in a specific acid solution must be compatible with the carrier fluid, with each other, and with the formation and reaction products. Compatibility tests must be performed in a laboratory. 3.5.1

Inhibitors and Inhibitor Aids An acid corrosion inhibitor is added to acid to decrease the destructive reaction of acid with metals. The inhibitor eliminates more than 99% of the metal losses that would occur if the inhibitor were not present. Inhibitor type and concentration depends on the acid system and the temperature. Inhibitor aids are used to extend the performance range of acid inhibitors. Corrosion testing is performed to determine the concentrations of inhibitor and inhibitor aid required to give the desired protection time. Inhibitor examples include A261, A262, A270, and A272. The most common inhibitor aid is A201.

Inhibitors and inhibitor aids are hazardous materials. Extreme care should be taken when handling these products (refer to the MSDSs). For more details, refer to the Corrosion Inhibitor Reference Page (InTouch content ID# 3300767).

3.5.2

Surfactants A surfactant is a chemical that alters liquid-liquid or gas-liquid interfacial properties. Surfactants reduce the interfacial tension and change the contact angle at the interface between liquid and solid. Surfactants are used to

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• reduce surface or interfacial tension and capillary force • control or change rock wettability • prevent or break water blocks and emulsions • disperse and suspend fines. Common surfactants include F78, F103, and F105.

3.5.3

Foaming Agents Foams are used in stimulation treatments as a diverter and to improve cleanup. To ensure that the foam is stable (that is, that the gas is well dispersed in the liquid), a foaming agent is added. Foaming agents are surfactants. Antifoams and alcohol tend to neutralize the actions of these foaming agents. Common foaming agents include F78, F100, F105, and F107.

3.5.4

Mutual Solvents Mutual solvents are multifunctional, nonionic agents soluble in oil, water, acid, and brines. The mutual solvents act as wetting agents, nonemulsifiers and surface/interfacial tension reducers. They dissolve oil on the rock surface and off fines generated during acidizing, leaving them water wet. Water-wet fines do not tend to stabilize emulsions. Mutual solvents are used in large quantities of 5% to 80% solutions. They tend to penetrate deep into the formation, aid in the injection of the treating fluid into the rock matrix, and help clean up the treatment quicker. U66 and U100 are common mutual solvents.

3.5.5

Antisludge Agents Acid sludges are precipitates comprising asphaltenes, resins, asphaltogenic acids, and/or other high-molecular hydrocarbons. These sludges are formed when acid contacts the crude oil. Antisludge additives stabilize the colloidal asphaltic materials found in crudes and prevent the formation of sludge. W60 and W54 are common antisludge agents.

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3-11

Nonemulsifying Agents Most crudes contain emulsifying agents capable of generating very stable emulsions downhole, resulting in formation damage. When a treating fluid comes in contact with crude oil, varying degrees of emulsion takes place. Nonemulsifiers are added to the treating fluid. They help prevent the formation of emulsions and also break existing emulsions. W53 and W54 are common nonemulsifying agents.

3.5.7

Iron-Control Agents When iron is dissolved during matrix treatments, iron precipitation and formation damage may occur. Iron precipitation can be prevented by adding complexing agents and reducing agents. Common iron control agents include L1, L41, U42, and L58.

3.5.8

Specialty Additives Specialty additives can be added to the acid or pre- and postflushes to help improve the effectiveness of a stimulation treatment. These include • clay stabilizers • alcohols • antifoam agents • formation cleaners • emulsifiers • scale inhibitors • bactericides. For more information about these and all of the other additives, refer to the Matrix Materials Manual (MMM), InTouch content ID# 4013354 or the Acidizing_Additives.htm TBT found in the Well Services SWBT IT Modules, Matrix Acidizing, InTouch content ID# 4135038.

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JET Manual 10 / Safety Considerations

4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2

Safety Considerations Safety Standards _______________________________________________ 4-1 Responsibilities ________________________________________________ 4-2 Personal Protective Equipment _________________________________ 4-3 Eye and Face Protection _____________________________________ 4-4 Hand Protection _____________________________________________ 4-5 Skin and Body Protection _____________________________________ 4-5 Respiratory Protection ________________________________________ 4-6 Treating HF Acid Exposure ___________________________________ 4-7 Hazard Communication Documents ____________________________ 4-7 Material Safety Data Sheets __________________________________ 4-8 Chemical Labels _____________________________________________ 4-8 Dangerous Goods Warning ___________________________________ 4-9 Transportation ________________________________________________ 4-14 Hazardous Materials Transportation Placards _________________ 4-14 EU TREM Cards ____________________________________________ 4-14

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Safety Considerations JET 10, Acid Equipment, Storage, JETMixing, Manual Acid Handling, Spills 10, WS andAcid Training Disposal, Trans & portation, Development, Acid Acid

Acids and acid additives are hazardous materials, because they can cause injury, a health hazard, or damage to property and equipment. To minimize the risks while working with acids and acid additives, appropriate precautions should be taken. For example, water should never be added to the concentrated acid, because the solution could boil and splash into your face or on your body. Always add acid to water.

4.1

Safety Standards Personnel involved in handling and using any acid or acid additive must review and be certified in the following standards: • Schlumberger QHSE Standard S008 (Environment), InTouch content ID# 3605373: details the requirements and procedures designed to protect the environment, prevent pollution, minimize environmental impact, and comply with environmental laws and regulatory requirements. • Schlumberger QHSE Standard S003 (Personal Protective Equipment), InTouch content ID# 3260259. • Well Services (WS) QHSE Std 04: Equipment, InTouch content ID# 3313678. • WS QHSE Std 05: Wellsite Operations, InTouch content ID# 3313681, and the technology-based training (TBT) at InTouch content ID# 3318425. • WS QHSE Std 12: Permit to Work, InTouch content ID# 3313688, because the tanks used to store acids and acid chemicals are considered confined spaces and personnel must meet all the confined space requirements before entering them. • WS QHSE Std 17: Storage and Handling of Oxidizers, InTouch content ID# 3313693, and the TBT at InTouch content ID# 3334298. • WS QHSE Std 18: Chemical Product Management, InTouch content ID# 3313694, details specific rules and procedures that must be followed at all locations at which hazardous materials are handled and used in operations; also refer to the TBT at InTouch content ID# 3348663.

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4-2

Responsibilities Management is responsible for • complying with these standards; supplying the necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) • providing the training for personnel • applying for exemptions when compliance is not possible. Job supervisors are responsible for • ensuring that all Schlumberger employees and contractors at the work site comply with these standards • recognizing the risks associated with the operation and reducing these risks to the greatest extent possible • ensuring that all Schlumberger personnel on site are competent to drive and/or operate their assigned equipment • taking the appropriate action, up to and including terminating the job, if unacceptable risks exist. All employees are responsible for complying with these standards and recognizing and reducing (to the extent possible), the risks associated with the operation.

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4-3

Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be worn while working as mandated in Schlumberger QHSE Standard S003 (Personal Protective Equipment), InTouch content ID# 3260259. When handling acids and acid additives, any additional PPE required is listed in the MSDS for each product (visit http://slb-chemicals.slb.com/Msds.cfm). Refer to Table 4-1 for a list of the approved PPE for each type of acid. Table 4-1: Approved PPE for Handling Different Acid Types Hand Protection Gloves (Impervious)

acids (HCl)

Respirator

Protection

Acid

Hydrochloric

Eye & Face

Butyl

Neoprene

Nitrile

X

X

X

Hydrofluoric

X

acids (HF)

X

PVC

Protection

Viton X

X

X

Tightly-fitting

NIOSH-approved

Chemical-resistant

safety

respirator with

suit, boots.

goggles.

organic vapor/acid

Face shield.

gas protection (color-coded

Acetic acid

yellow).

X

(L400, L401) Formic acid

X

(L036) Mud acids (HCl + HF)

X

X

X

X

X

X

Clay acids (HBF4 + HF + HCl) Y001 intensifier

X

NIOSH-approved respirator with

Y006 intensifier

dust and mist X

Skin & Body

protection (3M 8210).

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Eye and Face Protection Wear close-fitting chemical splash goggles (indirect-vented chemical goggles) at a minimum. Where splash hazard to face is present, also wear a full-length transparent face shield (refer to Figure 4-1 and Figure 4-2). Protection should meet ANSI standard Z87.1 - 1989 or European Standard 166. Note Do NOT wear contact lenses; they could contribute to severe eye damage.

Figure 4-1: Goggles

Figure 4-2: Face Shield

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4-5

Hand Protection Impervious gloves (Butyl, Neoprene, Nitrile, PVC, or Viton®) must be worn (refer to Table 4-1).

4.3.3

Skin and Body Protection You must wear a chemical-resistant apron and chemical-resistant boots, such as neoprene or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (refer to Figure 4-3). Ensure that all potentially affected body parts are covered, using such precautions as taping sleeves and pant legs to gloves and boots and buttoning clothing to the neck.

Figure 4-3: Protective Suit

Note A safety shower and eyewash station should be located in the immediate work area.

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4-6

Respiratory Protection When exposure levels could exceed 5 ppm, a NIOSH-approved air-purifying respirator with an acid-gas cartridge (color-coded yellow) in combination with a high-efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) is recommended (refer to Figure 4-4). When exposure levels could exceed 50 ppm, a self-contained breathing apparatus with a full face piece is recommended (refer to Figure 4-5).

Figure 4-4: Respirator

Figure 4-5: Breathing Mask

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Treating HF Acid Exposure Hydrofluoric acid (HF) will cause excruciatingly painful, deep-seated skin burns that are slow to heal. The effects of dilute solutions ( 10,000 liters.

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Spill Prevention and Control Plan SLB QHSE Standard S008 (Environment), InTouch content ID# 3605373, states: “All sites shall establish and maintain a written Spill Prevention and Control Plan if hazardous substances are used or stored on the site, or if required by environmental laws and regulatory requirements. The SPC Plan shall address pollution prevention by identifying potential spill scenarios and developing procedures to prevent and control them.” A spill prevention and control plan helps protect the environment in two ways: • It provides the procedures to prevent oil and chemical spills and waste releases. • Should a spill or release occur, it describes the protocols to minimize any harmful effects, including notification of appropriate government agencies as required by regulations. All personnel involved with the handling of acids must be knowledgeable of the location’s spill response control plan and know what their responsibilities are in the event of an incident. Some personnel will require special training in handling spills and also take part in spill response drills (refer to Figure 11-3 showing a drill in Kazakhstan).

Figure 11-3: Acid Spill Exercise in Kazakhstan

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MSDSs The MSDS for each product provides details of actions required if a spill occurs. Table 11-1 shows details from the MSDS of 15% HCl for the “Accidental Release Measures” required. Table 11-1: Spill Response Measures on MSDS for 15% HCl Main physical hazards

Corrosive to metals.

Other hazards

Gives off hydrogen by reaction with

Personal precautions

Avoid contact with eyes. Do not get on skin or clothing. Wash thoroughly after handling. Ensure adequate ventilation. Refer also to Section 8: Acid Tank and Transport Equipment Maintenance.

Methods for cleaning up

Dam up. Neutralize with lime milk or soda and flush with plenty of water. Flush residual with plenty of water.

Environmental precautions

11.4

No information available.

Spill Kits Each acid storage and mixing facility must have a spill kit. Refer to Section 6.1.6: Spill Kit for more information. All personnel must be trained in the use of the spill kit. Note When materials from the spill kit are used, they must be replaced as soon as possible.

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Disposal Disposal of acid waste from spills or from empty and used acid or acid material containers and drums must also be performed according to proper procedure. Disposal requirements are detailed in the MSDS sheet. Refer to Table 11-2, which shows an example of the “Disposal Considerations” from the MSDS sheet for 15% HCl. Table 11-2: Disposal Considerations for 15% HCl from MSDS Waste from residues

Dispose of by injection or other acceptable method in accordance with local regulations.

Contaminated packaging

If reusable containers are used, send them back to the product supplier, after the required rinsing. Triple rinse, crush and ship to sanitary landfill unless prohibited by local regulations.

EPA RCRA hazardous waste code

D002

Empty totes and drums should be returned to the location unless they have become the property of the client. Empty drums should be triple-cleaned and sent to an approved drum reconditioner if permitted by regulations. If reconditioning is not an option, empty drums should be sent to an approved sanitary landfill for disposal.

Note Check with your location manager or QHSE manager for proper disposal procedures and regulations at your location.

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JET Manual 10 / Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements

12

Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements

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Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements JET 10, Acid Equipment, Storage, JETMixing, Manual Acid Handling, Spills 10, WS andAcid Training Disposal, Trans & portation, Development, Acid Acid

The Key Service Quality Requirements (KSQR) list a set of specific requirements that must be implemented on every job to help prevent Service Quality failures in Service Delivery. All requirements specified in the KSQR are critical and compliance is mandatory as per WS QHSE Std 01: Service Delivery, InTouch content ID# 4348728. The following figure shows the Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements (KSQR). These requirements are periodically reviewed and updated. Refer to InTouch content ID# 4147783 for the latest Matrix KSQR.

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JET Manual 10 / Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements

Figure 12-1: Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements

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13-i JET Manual 10 / Check Your Understanding

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Check Your Understanding

Private

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Check Your Understanding JET 10, Acid Equipment, Storage, JETMixing, Manual Acid Handling, Spills 10, WS andAcid Training Disposal, Trans & portation, Development, Acid Acid

1. What is the pH of 28% hydrochloric acid? a. 7 b. ≥ 12 c. 9 – 10 d. ≍ 0 e. 2 – 3 2. Which three types of safety gloves should you wear when mixing mud acid (12% HCl + 3% HF)? a. cotton b. butyl c. neoprene d. PVC e. leather f. nitrile 3. What four items would you find in an acid bulk plant? a. surge tank b. Wilden pump c. water storage tank d. spill kit e. weigh-batch blender f. fume scrubber 4. What is the name of the Web-based program that can be used to determine acid system load-out requirements? a. i-District* b. AcidBLEND calculator c. AcidMIX Formulator d. i-Handbook* e. CemCADE* Private Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

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5. What is a TREM card? a. trailer repair and equipment maintenance card b. transport emergency card c. trailer emergency clutch d. transport equipment maintenance 6. What safety standard should you know and follow when handling dangerous goods? a. SLB QHSE Standard S008 b. WS QHSE Std 18 c. SLB QHSE Standard S003 d. WS QHSE Std 17 e. all of the above 7. Which safety standard should be followed for inspecting and testing requirements for acid tanks? a. WS QHSE Std 04, Guideline 02 b. WS QHSE Std 09 c. WS QHSE Std 11 d. WS QHSE Std 22 8. What volume of 34% HCl would you require to mix 10,000 gallons of 28% HCl? a. 10,000 galUS b. 5,527 galUS c. 8,022 galUS d. 4,050 galUS e. none of the above 9. Where would you find details of what actions are required if an acid spill occurs in the acid bulk plant? a. product label b. load-out list c. MSDS d. invoice e. TREM card

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10. What is the order of mixing if you have to prepare 15,000 gallons of 15% HCl with 20 galUS/1,000 galUS A262 + 3 galUS/1,000 galUS W54? a. ___ Add concentrated acid b. ___ Add inhibitor c. ___ Add water d. ___ Add demulsifier 11. Which WS safety standard should you know and follow if you must inspect the inside of a 12,000-galUS acid tank? a. WS QHSE Std 5 b. WS QHSE Std 20 c. WS QHSE Std 25 12. What is the capacity of the STF-143 acid transporter? a. 5,000 galUS b. 6,000 galUS c. 8,000 galUS d. 7,500 galUS e. none of the above 13. If a vehicle accident occurs and spill from an acid transporter taking 5,000 galUS of acid to a location, which of the following information must the driver provide? a. place or location of incident b. time of incident c. damage incurred d. police and fire brigade informed e. type of spill f. all of the above 14. If you have to neutralize a small acid spill in your location, what two products could you use? a. cement b. soda ash c. calcium chloride d. caustic soda

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15. How often should the revetment of an acid storage plant be hydrotested? a. every 6 months b. every 12 months c. every 24 months d. not required 16. An acid spill has occurred in your acid bulk plant. You estimate that 200 L of acid has been lost. How should you report the spill in QUEST? a. No need to report incident b. RIR – light incident c. RIR – serious incident d. RIR – catastrophic incident 17. What three fluids can you store in a rubber-lined storage tank? a. 20% HCl b. water c. xylene d. inhibited acid e. diesel f. 7.5% HCl 18. What is the standard union for use in low pressure acid transfer and liquid additive hoses? a. Camlock mild steel b. WECO Figure 1502 c. Camlock brass d. WECO Figure 206 e. all of the above 19. What is the mixing order when preparing 5,000 gallons of mixing HF acid with Y001 ammonium bifluoride? a. ___ Add corrosion inhibitor b. ___ Add 2/3 water volume c. ___ Add Y001 d. ___ Add 1/3 water volume e. ___ Add concentrated HCl acid

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20. You have to set up an acid storage plant that will be home to the following tanks: 1 15,000-galUS acid storage tank 2 6,000-galUS acid storage tank 1 6,000-galUS water storage tank 4 300-galUS chemical tote tank

A concrete slab measuring 12 m x 12 m has been built. How high should the surrounding wall be? a. 25 in b. 12 in c. 39 in d. 29 in e. no wall required

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