Jessica Sellitto Extended Essay 2014 History

Jessica Sellitto Extended Essay History Mentor: Ms. Napoli 2014 IB Candidate Nu!er: 1"#$01#% &ord Count: #'""(

)o *+at extent did t+e e,,orts o, t+e Blac- o*er Mo/eent underine or daae t+e e,,orts o,  r. Martin Martin ut+er 3in' Jr. to ac+ie/e racial euality5

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Abstract

)+is extended essay deals *it+ t+e ro*t+ o, t+e Ci/il 6i+ts Mo/eent durin t+e 1"%07s and 1"807s in t+e 9nited States. It ,ocuses speci,ically on t+e contrastin approac+es o, r. Martin Martin ut+er 3in Jr.' and Sto-ely Caric+ael. Martin ut+er 3in *as a proponen t o, a  passi/e resistant approac+ to o!tainin euality *+ereas Caric+ael7s Caric+ael7s Blac- ant+ers too- a ore radical approac+. )o *+at extent did t+e e,,orts o, t+e Blac- o*er Mo/eent underine or daae t+e e,,orts o, r. Martin Martin ut+er 3in' Jr. to ac+ie/e racial euality5

)+e scope o, t+is essay is !ot+ a +istorical snaps+ot o, *+at +as led to t+e Ci/il 6i+ts Mo/eent' as *ell as exaples o, successes and ,ailures o, t+e tie.  coparison o, !ot+ approac+es *ill also !e exained. )o ans*er t+is researc+ uestion' sources suc+ as !iorap+ies' ,irst person narrati/es' +istories and ;ournal articles are used.

)+is in/estiation leads to t+e conclusion t+at t+e e,,orts o, t+e Blac- ant+er Mo/eent did in ,act underine t+e ,or*ard proress o, Martin ut+er 3in and +is ,ollo*ers. lt+ou+ t+e Blac- ant+ers ac+ie/ed soe inor successes' t+eir radical and o,ten /iolent approac+es alienated ainstrea erica. )+e deands o, t+e Blac- ant+ers counteracted t+e ,or*ard otion o, 3in7s peace,ul euality o/eent and created a neati/e iae o, t+e Ci/il 6i+ts Mo/eent ,or *+ite erica.

&ord Count: 218

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Table Table of Contents

Introduction- Page 4

History of the Unfair Treatment- Page 5

Beginning of the Civil ights !ovement- Page "

#r$ !artin %uther &ing' (r$ and His !ovement- Page )

ise of the Blac* Panthers- Page ++

Analysis- Page +,

Conclusion-Page +)

Bibliograhy- Page +.

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Introduction

 o/eent is a continuous' collecti/e e,,ort to !rin a!out ,undaental social' political and econoic re,or. It is a colla!orati/e rat+er t+an indi/idualistic endea/or. No atter +o* any roups are in/ol/ed' t+ere is al*ays a coon o!;ecti/e. It is also o,ten a product o, *+at +as +appened +istorically !e,ore it. It is soeties di/erent in t+at t+e et+odolo y o, /arious sta-e+olders di,,er' e/en *it+ coon oals. )+en' t+ree years a,ter t+e Supree CourtGs Brown CourtGs Brown v. v. Board of Education decision' Education decision' a ,ederal court ordered ittle 6oc-' r-ansas' to coply. o/ernor r/al .

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#r$ !artin %uther &ing' (r$ and His !ovement

In;ustices suc+ as t+ese enerated a desire aon !lac-s to protest' pic-et' and e/en diso!ey t+e la* in a peace,ul anner' to ,i+t ,or reater ri+ts. n ad/ocate o, t+e non/iolent'  peace,ul o/eent *as r. Martin Martin ut+er 3in' Jr.' Jr.' *+o *as !orn in 1"2" in tlanta' eoria. eoria. ,ter years o, excellin in sc+ool' Martin ut+er 3in Jr. cae under t+e in,luence o, t+eoloian 6ein+old Nie!!u+r' a classate o, +is ,at+erGs at More+ouse Collee. Nie!!u+r !ecae a entor  to Martin' c+allenin +is li!eral /ie*s o, t+eoloy. =Biorap+y.co' =Biorap+y.co' 2014> Soon' r. 3in7s leaders+ip *ould !e put to t+e test in a ost pu!lic anner ,or t+e ,irst tie in +is li,etie.

,ter 6osa ar-s *as arrested ,or /iolatin t+e Montoery City Code ,or re,usin to i/e up +er seat' local e!ers o, t+e NC c+apter et *it+ Martin ut+er 3in Jr. and ot+er local ci/il ri+ts leaders to plan a city*ide !us !oycott. 3in7s support dre* uc+ attention to t+e cause and rallied any supporters outside o, t+e Montoery area. 3in7s  proinence in t+e Ci/il 6i+ts Mo/eent ained t+e respect o, any political leaders' and a/e +i t+e potential po*er to inspire a;or c+ane =Martin ut+er 3in' Jr. and t+e lo!al ' 2014>. )+rou+ non/iolent resistance' t+e Sout+ern C+ristian eaders+ip Con,erence =SCC> *as esta!lis+ed in 1"%?' to orani@e protest roups in t+e Sout+. )+e SCC !rou+t /isi!ility to t+e ci/il ri+ts strule and  pa/ed t+e *ay ,or t+e passae o, t+e Ci/il 6i+ts ct ct o, 1"84 and t+e otin otin 6i+ts ct ct o, 1"8%. ,rican ericans in sout+ern to*ns *ere not only +arassed' terrori@ed and assaulted *+en t+ey tried to reister to /ote' !ut *ere su!;ect to rando  literacy tests and poll taxes. Ci/il ri+ts acti/ists *ere et *it+ stron resistance to t+eir capain *+en ci/il ri+ts *or-ers *ere attac-ed !y *+ite police o,cers on a arc+ ,ro Sela to Montoery. resident Jo+nson soon

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introduced t+e otin otin 6i+ts ct o, 1"8%' *+ic+ a!olis+ed literacy tests and poll p oll taxes desined to arinali@e !lac- /oters' and a/e t+e o/ernent t+e aut+ority to ta-e o/er /oter reistration in counties *it+ a pattern o, discriination and exclusion. =Martin ut+er 3in' Jr. and t+e lo!al 3in also

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launc+ed non$/iolent anti$sereation protests in Birin+a' la!aa in 1"8#. )+e deterination and +eart o, t+e deonstrators' paired *it+ t+e /iolent response ,ro police c+ie, Euene Connor and +is en' +elped pressure Birin+aGs !usinesses to desereate t+eir stores. )+is success' +i+ly due to 3inGs leaders+ip' *as one o, t+e ost pi/otal ac+ie/eents o, t+e ,irst +al, o, t+e Ci/il 6i+ts Mo/eent. ,ter t+ese ac+ie/eents' 3in ser/ed as one o, t+e ain orani@ers o, t+e Marc+ on &as+inton &as+inton ,or Jo!s and .

 In 3in7s in,aous  etter ,ro Birin+a Jail' +e ex plains *+y passi/e resistance is crucial to ain euality and +e +i+li+ts t+e steps o, non/iolent capains. In t+is letter' 3in states +o* actually' *e *+o enae in non/iolent direct action are not t+e creators o, tension. &e erely !rin to t+e sur,ace t+e +idden + idden tension t+at is already ali/e. &e !rin it out in t+e open' *+ere it can !e seen and dealt *it+. =li$inar' =li$inar' +..' 2012> 3in truly !elie/ed in non/iolent resistance and ne/er once strayed ,ro it in order to ac+ie/e racial euality. His non/iolent et+ods +ad a a;ority o, positi/e ains a nd ac+ie/eents ,or !lac-s and t+e Ci/il 6i+ts Mo/eent. 3in and +is ,ollo*ers *ere a!le to ac+ie/e ;udicial and leislati/e /ictories aainst discriination in pu!lic accoodations and /otin. )+ey also +ad considera!le success in ,i+tin ;o! and +ousin discriination. )+eir actions e/en created ne* opportunities ,or iddle$class !lac-s' teac+ers' la*yers' doctors' and ot+er pro,essionals *+o *ere portrayed as role odels ,or t+e !lac- counity =irinia Historical Society' Society' 201#>. ne /isi!le de/elopent in 1"%?' stated in an earlier pararap+' also encouraed ad/ocates o, ci/il ri+ts. )+e passae o, a Ci/il 6i+ts ct created a Ci/il 6i+ts i/ision t+at *as aut+ori@ed to in/estiate racial pro!les and ,acilitate solutions. lso' in early 1"8#' *+en Euene Connor' t+e Birin+a police c+ie,' ordered +is en to attac- deonstrators and unleas+ /icious dos

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on t+e resisters' tele/ision captured t+ese stri-in scenes o, assaults. s a result' any s+oc-ed nort+erners !ecae a*are o, t+e predicaent o, o , ,rican ,rican ericans in t+e Sout+. )+e /iolence o,  *+ites in Birin+a ,orced t+e erican people to consider serious ,ederal action prootin ci/il ri+ts =atterson' 2008>. &it+ t+e +elp o, r. Martin ut+er 3in' Jr. and +is supporters'  !lac-s *ere ,inally ainin ne* and e,,ecti/e ri+ts. lt+ou+ t+ere *as still uc+ ore to !e done' *it+out 3in' t+ese steps ,or*ard in t+e Ci/il 6i+ts Mo/e ent *ould not +a/e !een nearly possi!le.

Maria J. Step+an and Erica C+eno*et+' C+eno*e t+' aut+ors o, &+y Ci/il iso!edience &or-s' &or-s' *ould aree *it+ 3in7s et+ods and !elie,s. )+ey state t+at t+eir ,indins s+o* t+at a;or capains +a/e ac+ie/ed success %#K o, t+e tie' copared *it+ 28K ,or /iolent resistance capains. =Step+an' C+eno*et+' 10$14' 2011> )+ey arue t+at non/iolent resistance ay +a/e a strateic ad/antae !ecause repressin non/iolent capains ay !ac-,ire and !ecause non/iolent resistance capains appear to !e ore open to neotiation and !arainin !ecause t+ey do not t+reaten t+e li/es or *ell$!ein o, e!ers o, t+e taret reie. =Step+an' C+eno*et+' 10$14' 2011>. r. 3in' t+rou+ +is o*n actions' s+o*ed t+e iportance o, passi/e resistance. In areeent *it+ t+is text' 3in !elie/ed t+at p eople =*+ites> *ould !e ore *illin to support acti/ists and !arain *it+ t+e !ecause o, t+eir lac- o, /iolence. I, !lac-s instilled ,ear in *+ites durin t+e id$1"007s' *+ites and o/ernent o,,icials *ould !e less *illin to assist t+e. Non/iolent capains li-e 3in7s' accordin to Step+an and C+eno*et+' are ore e,,ecti/e ainly !ecause people are ore *illin to coply *it+ a non/iolent person7s needs.

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ise of the Blac* Panthers

lt+ou+ non/iolent resistance *as t+e touc+stone o, t+e !einnins o, t+e Ci/il 6i+ts Mo/eent' not e/eryone areed and t+us' t+e Blac- o*er Mo/eent initiated and *as at its  pea- around t+e id$1"807s. ccordin to any' despite non/iolent e,,orts' idealistic idealistic !lac-s *ere ettin arrested and attac-ed. Soe could not turn t+e ot+er c+ee- to t+e un;ust treatent and' as a result' c+ose a ore /iolent pat+ to*ards euality. Many youn !lac-s !ean to re;ect t+e courae and patience displayed !y r. Martin ut+er 3in in +is non$/iolent response to in;ustice in erican erican society and *ere ,rustrated !y t+e continued istreatent !y *+ites. )+e epitoe o, t+e Blac- o*er Mo/eent *as t+e Blac- ant+er arty. )+e ter Blac- o*er !ecae -no*n t+rou+ Sto-ely Caric+ael7s =SNCC leader> speec+ at t+e Marc+ ainst lt+ou+ t+e Blac- ant+ers ,ored out o, need ,or uic-er c+ane' t+eir desire ,or ,aster c+ane only created ore issues suc+ as ,ear !y *+ites' lac- o, sypat+y !y !y society' unorani@ed unorani@ed e,,orts and lac- o, leaders+ip' all o, *+ic+ t+e r. 3in7s non/iolent

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o/eent actually o!tained. )+ese e,,orts o, t+e Blac- ant+ers daaed t+e understandin o, t+e needs and +opes o, !lac-s in erica.

.A $artin =1"8%>.A $artin %ut&er King, 'r. 'r. and t&e lo)al Freedo* Freedo* truggle. truggle. N.p.' 2014. &e!. 11 No/. 2014. P+ttp:LLl-$ -pp01.stan,ord.eduLindex.p+pLencyclopediaLencyclopediaLencQ/otinQri+tsQactQ1"8%LR. &essels. &e ssels. ACi/il 6i+ts ,or Minorities.A 3essels %iving istory Far*. Far*. N.p.' 2014. &e &e!. !. 18 ec. ec . 2014. P+ttp:LL***.li/in+istory,ar.orL P+ttp:LL***.li/in+istory,ar.orL,arinint+e40sLli,eQ1(.+tlR. ,arinint+e40sLli,eQ1(.+tlR.