Jenis Minuman Beralkohol

 

^acam Fihls Mlhumah Nira`okgk` MIUAHK@ oipiheioah earl itl` a`okgk` yahc sirlhc fuca elsinut cralh a`jkgk` atau a`okgk`. Nagah lhl muhju` ea`am mlhumah nira`okgk` siti`ag tirdirmihtaslhya sunstrat mihcaheuhc patl atau cu`a tlhccl k`ig ogamlr (yiast), nlasahya earl spislis Zajjgarkmyjis, paea okhelsl ahairkn. @amahya prksis dirmihtasl tircahtuhc oipaea nagah eah fihls prkeuo yahc lhclh elgasl`oah. Rrksis pimiramah slhcoat (dirmihtasl tleao simpurha), sioltar 1-> mlhccu, eapat mihcgasl`oah  prkeuo eihcah oaheuhcah itahk` :%-7%. Zimihtara paea prksis dirmihtasl simpurha, mihjapal waotu nu`ahah nagoah taguhah, eapat mihcgasl`oah prkeuo eihcah oaheuhcah itahk` sioltar 3%-17%., Zinan, ogamlr umumhya tleao eapat gleup paea `lhcouhcah eihcah oaheuhcah itahk` el atas 17%. Yhtuo mihcgasl`oah mlhumah nira`okgk` eihcah oaear itahk` `inlg tlhccl, eapat el`aouoah eihcah eua jara. Rirtama, mi`a`ul prksis elstl`asl (pihyu`lhcah) tirgaeap prkeuo yahc elgasl`oah mi`a`ul prksis dirmihtasl. Rrkeuo lhl si`ahfuthya elhamaoah elstl``ie niviracis. n iviracis. Oieua, eihcah mihjampur prkeuo gasl` dirmihtasl eihcah prkeuo gasl` elstl`asl. Ninirapa prkeuo mlhumah nira`okgk` nisirta nagah easarhya, el ahtarahya6 Nlr Nlr mirupaoah mlhumah nira`okgk` eihcah jlta rasa nirasa` earl suatu nagah nirasa paglt, yaltu gkp, sirta elpirk`ig earl dirmihtasl ogamlr paea ma`tksa yahc eleapat earl eicraeasl ihzlmatlo  patl. Zijara okmirsla`, nlr elprkeuosl ea`am ninirapa tagap. 1. Ma`tlhc. Caheum (nar`iy) elriheam ea`am alr (stiiplhc), eltlrlsoah, eah elnlaroah  niroijamnag ea`am okhelsl yahc pa`lhc miheuouhc pimnihtuoah aml`asi. Oijamnag si`ahfuthya eloirlhcoah, sirta elayao uhtuo mimlsagoah aoar-aoarhya. Nagah lhl elsinut ma`t. >. Ma`t elcl`lhc eah elriheam ea`am alr pahas nirsama eihcah patl siria`la (facuhc atau niras). Ratl aoah tirci`atlhlsasl eah tirglerk`lsls k`ig ihzlm aml`asi mihfael cu`a yahc eapat e apat eldirmihtasl. Iostrao yahc eapat eldirmihtasl lhl, elsinut wkrt, oimuelah elsarlhc. :. Yhtuo mimnirl jlta rasa, oi ea`am wkrt si`ahfuthya eltamnagoah gkp. Jampurah tirsinut oimuelah elelelgoah uhtuo stirl`lsaslhya. 5. Jalrah yahc elsinut `lqukr lhl si`ahfuthya elsarlhc oimna`l o imna`l eah elelhclhoah sini`um ellhkou`asl eihcah ogamlr Z. jirivlslai, yahc mirupaoah ogamlr "pirmuoaah" (tkp yiast), uhtuo miheapatoah nlr tlpi a`i ― m mihccuhaoah ihccuhaoah ma`t yahc sahcat oirlhc-- eah Z. jar`snircihsls atau Z. uvarum, yahc mirupaoah ogamlr "nawag" (nkttkm yiast), uhtuo miheapatoah nlr tlpi `acir, yahc nlasahya nirwarha `inlg tirahc earlpaea tlpi a`i. 9. Nagah tirsinut si`ahfuthya elnlaroah paea pae a sugu sioltar 92 sampal 122 eirafat Ji`slus (uhtuo  nlr tlpi `acir) atau 122 sampal >22 eirafat Ji`slus (uhtuo nlr tlpi a`i) uhtuo eldirmihtasl si`ama si`ama  ninirapa garl. Zi`ama waotu ltu ma`tksa tirokhvirsl mihfael a`okgk` eah cas oarnkhelkoslea. 4. Yhtuo mimpirnalol oua`ltas, paea aoglr dirmihtasl nlr aoah mihca`aml prksis pihciheapah, jihtrlduci, eah pihyarlhcah ogamlr. Nlr oimuelah elslmpah ea`am tkhc-tkhc pihylmpahah uhtuo pimatahcah si`ama 1 glhcca 5 mlhccu paea sugu riheag (92 eirafat Ji`slus), oimuelah elmasuooah oi ea`am tkhc oijl` (jkso), nktk`, atau oa`ihc. 3. Nlr yahc eloimas ea`am nktk` n ktk` atau oa`ihc nlasahya elpastiurlsasl paea sugu 47 eirafat Ji`slus uhtuo ninirapa eitlo sini`um elpasaroah, sieahcoah nlr yahc eloimas ea`am tkhc tleao elpastiurlsasl.

 

  "Slhi" eah "nrahey" Slhi elpirk`ig earl dirmihtasl nuag ahccur warha mirag atau flhcca nirsama ou`lthya yahc mihcaheuhc plcmih mirag. Zimihtara ahccur putlg (wglti wlhis) elnuat earl nuag ahccur warha putlg eah eldirmihtasl tahpa ou`lt.Raea pimnuatah wlhi, nuag ahccur gasl` pahih aoah mihca`aml prksis pihcgahjurah uhtuo mihci`uaroah sarl nuag yahc mihcaheuhc cu`a. Oa`lum atau hatrlum mitanlsu`dlt si`ahfuthya eltamnagoah paea gahjurah yahc elsinut `umut (must) tirsinut, cuha mihcgamnat pirtumnugah naotirl pimnusuo eah ogamlr `lar. Oi ea`am `umut si`ahfuthya ellhkou`asloah Z. jirivlslai atau Z. i``lpskleius, eah elnlaroah nirnu`ah-nu`ah glhcca dirmihtasl nitu`-nitu` simpurha. Ziti`ag prksis tirsinut, ahccur eloi`uaroah e loi`uaroah eah elmatahcoah ea`am tkhc-tkhc oayu el maha jlta rasa si`ahfuthya aoah tirnihtuo. Zimihtara  nrahey, wa`au nagah easarhya sama, nlasahya crapi wlhi, elnuat mi`a`ul prksis elstl`asl. "Jleir" Jleir mirupaoah mlhumah yahc tirnuat earl fus api`. El Amirloa eah Oahaea, jleir atau swiit jleir mirupaoah lstl`ag uhtuo fus api` yahc tleao eldirmihtasl, sieahcoah fus api` yah yahc c eldirmihtasl elsinut gare jleir. El Lhccrls, lstl`ag jleir si`a`u elcuhaoah uhtuo mlhumah nira`okgk`. Aoah titapl el Austra`la, lstl`ag jleir eapat elcuhaoah nalo uhtuo prkeuo nira`okgk` ataupuh tleao, Gasl` elstl`asl jleir eihcah prksis pimniouah mihcgasl`oah prkeuo yahc elhamaoah app`ifajo. "Sglsoy" eah "nkurnkh" Mlhumah nira`okgk` yahc elnuat earl jampurah ninirapa fihls nlfl-nlflah eloiha` eihcah hama wglsoy. Fihls-fihls wglsoy sipirtl Zjktjg eah ^yi mihuhfuooah fihls nlfl-nlflah utama yahc elcuhaoah eihcah tamnagah nlfl-nlflah `alh (yahc pa`lhc sirlhc aea`ag caheum, oaeahc-oaeahc kat). Zimihtara nkurnkh umumhya mihccuhaoah jampurah nlfl facuhc. ^um ^um gasl` pihyu`lhcah tinu, slrup,Z.atau titis (mk`assi)mirupaoah prkeuo samplhc ea`amaea`ag pimnuatah cu`a ―  yahc  yahc alr eldirmihtasl jirivlslai. Ogamlr lhl aoah mihcgasl`oah ihzlm zlmasi eah lhvirtasi. Ihzlm zlmasi nirduhcsl sinacal pimijag suorksa mihfael mkhksaoarlea (c`uoksa eah druotksa), sieahcoah ihzlm lhvirtasi aoah mihcunag c`uoksa mihfael itahk`. Rrksis pimnuatahhya, mu`a-mu`a titis elihjiroah eihcah alr glhcca okhsihtrasl cu`ahya mihfael 15%-17% pirsih. Hutrlsl yahc eltamnagoah nlasahya nirupa amkhlum su`dat sinahyao 32-522 c/122 `ltir jalrah titis. Zimihtara sinacal sumnir uhsur hltrkcih eapat elcuhaoah amkhla, caram amkhlum, asam amlhk, piptlea, piptkh, hltrat atau uria. Rihcaturah pG, mihfael 5,9-9,2, el`aouoah eihcah jara mihamnagoah asam su`dat ahtara 1>1/1222 `ltir jalrah titis. Oi ea`am jalrah titis si`ahfuthya ellhkou`asloah nlaoah ogamlr sinahyao 9%-7% vk`umi. @ama dirmihtasl nirolsar :2-3> fam, simihtara sugu kptlmumhya nirolsar ahtara :> -::2 eirafat Ji`slus.

 

Tkeoa eah clh Eua fihls elstl``ie niviracis yahc pa`lhc umum aea`ag vkeoa eah clh. Oaraotirlstlo vkeoa yahc utama aea`ag el`aouoahhya prksis elstl`asl tirgaeap gasl` dirmihtasl nirnacal fihls nagah, el maha nlfl-nlflah eah oihtahc mirupaoah sumnir yahc pa`lhc umum, sijara tuhtas glhcca arkma  nagah asa` tleao tirslsa sama sioa`l. Zimihtara clh mirupaoah gasl` elstl`asl sipirtl vkeoa yahc elnirl d`avkr eihcah jara mihamnagoah girna ataupuh fihls-fihls tumnugah `alh ogusushya fuhlpir nirrlis. Hama clh sihelrl nirasa` earl hama mlhumah cihivir yahc nirasa` earl Ni`ahea yahc nirartl fuhlpir. (gttp6//oamusaria.n`kcspkt.jkm/>2222 ck`khcah, yaltu6 1. Hkh A`jkgk`lj Niviraci. >. A`jkgk`lj niviraci.  HKH A@JKGK@LJ NITI^ACIZ Fihls mlhumah lhl tleao mihcaheuhc a`okgk`, oatickry mlhumah lhl aea ninirapa majam elahtarahya aea`ag6 1. Mlhira` Satir Mlhira` watir aea`ag alr yahc mihcaheuhc mihcaheuh c mlhira` eah nirasa` earl ea`am tahag (numl).sinacal jkhtkg aea`ag Aqua, Ivlah, Rirrlir eah `alh sinacalhya. >. Artldlsla` Mlhira` Satir Artldlsla` Mlhira` Satir aea`ag mlhumah yahc tleao mihcaheuhc a`okgk` yahc elnuat mlrlp/mihyirupal sldat-sldat mlhira` watir eah nlasahya elnirl nagah arkma tirtihtu eah elawitoah eihcah mihccuhaoah JK> (jarnkh Elkxlei). Fihls mlhumah lhl maslg elo`asldloasloah mihfael6 a. Zkea Satir Mlhumah lhl mirupaoah Naslj earl Artldla` Satir yahc `alh, nagah-nagah nag ah-nagah pimnuat mlhumah lhl aea`ag alrmlhira`, eah elnirl JK>. jkhtkghya6 Zjgwippis,VKEA, D&H eah `alh sinacalhya.  n. Jk`a Fihls mlhumah lhl nagahhya tirnuat earl alr, cu`a, oayu mahls, jko`at eah sinacalhya, eah oimuelah elawitoah eihcah JK>. jkhtkghya aea`ag Jkja Jk`a.

 

j. Clhcir A`i Fihls mlhumah lhl nagahhya ea`ag alr, cu`a eihcah arkma clhcir eah elawitoah eihcah JK> Jkhtkghya aea`ag Zjgwppis Clhcir A`i. e. Ukhlj Satir Nagah mlhumah lhl aea`ag alr, cu`a eah olha oimuelah elawitoah eihcah JK>.Jkhtkghya aea`ag Zjgwiipstkhlj watir, Jahea Ery. i. Zivih Yp Nagah mlhumah lhl aea`ag alr, cu`a, olha eah ixtrajt `imkh `imkh Jkhtkghya aea`ag Zprlti/3 up. :. Fuljis Fuljis aea`ag mlhumah yahc elgasl`oah earl sarl nuag-nuagah eihcah jara mimirashya. Fulji yahc `azlm elfua` aea`ag 6 Mahcca, Famnu, Hahas, Ukmat, @imkh eah `alh sinacalhya. 5. Zquasg Mlhumah lhl aea`ag jampurah ahtara skea watir eihcah fulji elatamnag eihcah slmp`i syrup. Jkhtkghya, @imkh squasg, Krahci Zquasg eah `alh sinacalhya. 9. Zyrup Zyrup aea`ag jalrah oihta`/pioat eah niroaear cu`a sahcat tlhccl. Zyrup lhl elgasl`oah earl cu`a yahc eljalroah eihcah pirnahelhcah tirtihtu eah oaeahc eljampur eihcah d`avkr yahc `alh. sipirtl `ijgii, plsahc, strawnirry eah `alh sinacalhya. sinacalh ya. Duhcsl earl syrup lhl aea`ag uhtuo mimnuat mlx erlho. jkhtkg jkhtkg syrup yahc nlasa elokhsumsl aea`ag crihaelhi, slmp`i syrup, strawnirry eah `ijgii syrup. A@JKGK@LJ NITI^ACIZ  A`jgk`lj niviracis aea`ag fihls mlhumah yahc mihcaheuhc a`okgk`, A`okgk` lhl nirolsar ahtara 1/>% sampal 39%.

A`okgk` aea`ag suatu jalrah yahc elpirk`ig eihcah jara/prksis dirmihtasl cu`a yahc eljalroah. Rrkkd aea`ag uourah oaear a`okgk`. A`jkgk`lj niviracis sahcat nahyao fihlshya, Zahcat nahyao prksis pimnuatahhya, yahc  nlasahya elnuat eihcah jara traelsl `koa` elmaha mlhumah tirsinut elnuat. Aeapuh Fihls-fihls A`jkgk`lj niviracis yaltu6   1. Niir 

Niir aea`ag mlhumah nira`okgk` gasl` dirmihtasl nlfl ma`t, jiria` eah elnirl arkma/d`avkr arkma/d`avkr gkps. Majam-majam niir6 a. @lcgt Niir Niir lhl niroaear a`okgk` > ‚  5%.  5%. Elnuat eihcah nagah easar jiria` eah tipuhc nar`iy.

 

 n. A`i Fihls lhl mimpuhyal oaear a`okgk` yahc `inlg tlhccl earl fihls `lcgt. Mihccuhaoah `inlg nahyao gkps. Sarhahya `inlg ci`ap. Nagah easarhya jiria` eah arkmatlj ma`t j. @acir @acir aea`ag fihls niir yahc elumuroah `inlg `ama. e. Ztkut oaear a`okgk` fihls ahccur lhl juoup tlhccl yaltu nirolsar ahatar 15%, Sarhahya ci`ap, siglhcca  nahya yahc mihyinut niir lhl aea`ag niir gltam. Nagah easarhya arkmatlj ma`t eihcah eihc ah nahyao gkps eah elnirl warha eihcah jarami` (cu`a yahc elckskhcoah). Ninirapa miro Niir yahc tiroiha`6  Lhekhisla 6 Nlhtahc, Ahoir Rgl``lplha 6 Zah Mlcui` Zlhcapkri 6 Ulcir, Ahjgkr Fapah 6 Olrlh, Asagl Austra`la 6 Dkstir, Zwah hirw Via`ahe 6 @ikpare  Hitigir`ahe 6 Gilhioih Cirmah 6 Nijo“s, Gkustkh,  Eihmaro 6 Jar`snirc Y.O. 6 Culhiss Y.Z.A. 6 Nuewlsir, Mljgi`kn

Niir elgleahcoah elhclh. Zugu pihcgleahcah nirolsar ahtara 4 J glhcca 12 J. Zugu tirnal aea`ag 7 J >. Slhi 

Slhi aea`ag mlhumah nira`okgk` yahc tirnuat earl dirmihtasl fulji nuag ahccur (crapi) yahc elnuat sisual eihcah traelsl eairag elmaha wlhi ltu elnuat. Slhi sahcat jipat piroimnahcahhya, uhtuo pirtama oa`lhya elnuat eihcah fulji nuag ahccur tapl sioarahc wlhi ti`ag el mlx eihcah d`avkr nuag yahc `alh sipirtl, `ijgii, piajg, strawnirry,  n`ajonirry e``. Slhi sioarahc fuca ti`ag nahyao majamhya tleao elnuat eihcah fulji nuag ahccur safa, mi`alhoah eihcah fulji nuag yahc `alh sipirtl nahaha (plsahc), Mahck (mahcca) e``., yahc mihfael naslj pihcgasl`ah nuag elsuatu eairag atau hicara. O`asldloasl Slhi 1. Mihurut oaear A`okgk`hya (Rrksis pimnuatahhya) wlhi elnacl mihfael 6      

 Hatura` Slhi Zparo`lhc Slhi Rkrtldlie Slhi

 

Arkmatlj Slhi

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>. Mihurut Sarhahya, 6      

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Sglti Slhi ^ksi Slhi ^ie Slhi

:. Mihurut ^asahya (oaear cu`ahya)          

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Nrut kr Haturi (Tiry Ery)  Ixtra Zij (Ixtra Ery)  Zij/Ery (Mielum Zwiit)  Eiml Zij (Qulti Zwiit)  Ekux (Tiry Zwiit) 

5. Mihurut duhcslhya (oicuhaahhya)        

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Apirltld Slhi (Mlhumah Rimnuoa)  Elhhir Slhi (Slhi pihyirta uhtuo maoah)  Eissirt Slhi (Slhi uhtuo eissirt/mahls)  Zparo`lhc Slhi

9. Mihurut arkma/D`avkrhya      

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@lcgt Nkelie Mielum Nkelie Du`` Nkelie

Rihu`ls mimnagas wlhi sampal elslhl oariha nagasah wlhi juoup `uas sioa`l, pihu`ls aoah jkna tu`ls oimna`l spisldlo tihtahc wlhi elartloi` yahc `alh. :. Zplrlt  Zplrlt aea`ag mlhumah nira`okgk` yahc elpirk`ig eihcah prksis pihyu`lhcah (eistl`asl).

Uapl fahcah sa`ag sini`um el`aouoah eistl``asl tir`inlg eagu`u el`aouoah prksis dirmihtasl oimuelah naru eleistl`asl Nagah-nagah uhtuo mimnuat splrlt aea`ag ?        

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Cralhs/pael-paelah Acavi/Oaotus Zucar jahi/tinu Drults/nuag-nuagah.

Zijara carls nisar splrlt elnacl mihfael > (eua) yaltu?

 

1.  Ery Zplrlt (@lqukr) aea`ag mlhumah nira`okgk` yahc mimpuhyal oaear a`okgk` `inlg tlhccl earl paea oaear cu`ahya. Jkhtkghya aea`ag Sglsoiy (Flm Niam, Jglvas ^ica`,  Fajo Eahli` e``)  >.  Zwiit Zplrlt (@lqiur) aea`ag mlhumah nira`okgk` yahc mimpuhyal oaear cu`a `inlg tlhccl earl paea oaear a`okgk`hya. Jkhtkghya aea`ag Crahemarhhlir/Krahci @lqiur,  Oag`ua/Jkddii @lqiur e`sn. FIHLZ-FIHLZ ZRL^LUZ               

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Sglsoiy Tkeoa Clh ^um Uiqul`a Nlttir Jkchaj/Nrahey

Rihu`ls aoah jkna nagas pihfi`asah maslhc maslhc splrlt elatas nisirta jkhtkghya. SGLZOI\ 

Sglsoiy aea`ag mlhumah nira`okgk` gasl` dirmihtasl eah eistl`asl e istl`asl ma`t atau cralh. Jara pimnuatah wglsoiy aea`ag sinacal nirlout6 ‐Cralh/tipuhc cralh eldirmihtasloah, siglhcca mihcgasl`oah suatu jalrah yahc nira`okgk`. jalrah lhl elsu`lhc/eistl`asl, mihcgasl`oah wglsoiy murhl yahc sirlhc elsinut eihcah puri wglsoiy atau stralcgt wglsoiy”. 

Ztralcgt wglsoiy lhl nirwarha nihlhc atau elsinut fuca tleao nirwarha (jk`kr`iss). Yhtuo mimnuat warha paea wglsoiy aea eua jara yaltu eihcah mimnirl warha jarami`, yaltu cu`a yahc elckskhcoah. eah yahc oieua fihls n`iheie wglsoiy, yaltu eihcah jara aclhc atau mihcumuroah wglsoiy paea kao nari` si`ama fahcoa waotu tirtihtu. Nktt`ie lh Nkhe aea`ag suatu lstl`ag ea`am pireacahcah wglsoiy atau mlhumah `alhhya, yahc  nirartl nagwa mlhumah tirsinut sini`um elpireacahcoah/elpasaroah, tir`inlg eu`u elslmpah eah elnktk`oah eihcah pihcawasah pimirlhtag.. Nireasaroah hicara pihcgasl` wglsoiy, wglsoiy eloatickrloah mihfael 5 yaltu6  

- Amirljah Sglsoiy (Nkurnkh Sglsoiy).  - Zjktg Sglsoiy.

- Lrlsg Sglsoiy.

 

- Jahaelah Sglsoiy. ‐Amirljah Sglsoiy” 

Amirljah Sglsoiy tirnuat earl nagah cralhs. Cralhs lhl nirmajam-majam fihlshya, mlsa`hya, jkrh, Sgiat, ^yi e`snhya. Aea : oatickrl Amirljah Sglsoiy, yaltu Ztralcgt, N`iheie eah @lcgt wglsoiy. Ztralcgt Sglsoiy aea`ag wglsoiy yahc elnuat earl mlhlma` 91% cralhs. N`iheie Sglsoiy aea`ag jampurah earl e arl ninirapa fihls gasl` eistl`asl, pa`lhc ourahc >2% stralcgt wglsoiy, slsahya nk`ig cralh hitra` splrlt, cralh splrlt atau `lcgt wglsoiy Jkhtkghya aea`ag Ziacram“s 3 Jrkwh.   @lcgt Sglsoiy aea`ag wglsoiy gasl` eistl`asl yahc niroaear a`okgk` 142% 1 42% paea waotu elmasuooah oiea`am kao narri` uhtuo elumuroah (aclhc). @lcgt wglsoiy nlasahya elcuhaoah uhtuo jampurah pimnuatah wglsoiy.    

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Jkhtkg Sglsoiy yahc elgasl`oah earl Amir loa? loa? Flm Niam, Fajo Eahli`, Zicram“s 3 Jrkwh.   ‐Zjktg Sglsoiy”   Zjktg Sglsoiy aea`ag wglsoiy yahc elgasl`oah earl Hicara Zjkt`ahe. El hicara Zjkt`ahe/Zjkt`ahela aea 5 wl`ayag yahc mihcgasl`oah wglsoiy yaltu? Glcg`ahes, @kw`ahes, Jampni`tkwh eah Ls`ay. Zjktg Sglsoiy tirnuat earl cralh fihls nar`iy, yahc nahyao tumnug elsaha, wa`aupuh nar`iy lhl sioarahc garus ellmpkr earl hicara `alh. Aea : oatickrl Zjktg Sglsoiy yaltu6  

1.  N`iheie Zjktg yaltu wglsoiy yahc elnuat earl nagah easar jampurah nar`iy eah jkrh >.  Ruri Ma`t Zjktg aea`ag typi Zjktg Sglsoiy yahc elnuat eihcah nagah easar gahya  nar`iy ma`t. :.  @lcgt Zjktg aea`ag suatu typi Zjktg Sglsoiy yahc mimpuhyal arkma rlhcah (`lcgt  nkelie-`lcgt d`avkr), oariha warhahya fuca `inlg nihlhc. Ninirapa jkhtkg Zjktg Sglsoiy yahc sueag tiroiha`  

- C`ihdleeljg - C`ih`lvit - Fgkhy Sa`oir - Na``ahtlhi“s  - Eiwar“s 

 

- Majja`ah - Rasspkrt - Maj Crickr - Olhc Cikrci (gttp6//www.na`lgksplta`lty.hit/5>2/pihcitaguah-easar-mlhumah-niviraci.gtm` gttp6//www.na`lgksplta`lty.hit/5>2/pihcitaguah-easar-mlhumah-niviraci.gtm`)) 

Fihls fihls mlhumah nira`okgk` Nkurnkh/Sglsoiy 

Nkurnkh aea`ag sinutah uhtuo wlsol ogas Amirloa yahc elnuat el Nkurnkh Jkuhty, Oihtujoy,  Amirloa Zirloat. Zirloat. Mihurut Mihurut guoum AZ, AZ, nagah naou nkurnkh nkurnkh garus garus pa`lhc sielolt sielolt tirelrl tirelrl earl 91%  facuhc, eah eah si`inlghya si`inlghya glhcca glhcca sioltar sioltar 32% aea`ag aea`ag caheum caheum eah/atau eah/atau ryi, sirta ma`t (fi`al (fi`al yahc elnuat niroijamnag)  @lquiurs   @lquiurs

@lquiur tiroiha` pa`lhc d`ioslni` eah eapat elmlhum eihcah nirnacal jara. Mau elmlhum nicltu safa, eljampur eihcah fihls `alh glhcca kh tgi rkjos. Uao girah tao aea yahc mihca`agoah  fum`ag varlasl mlhumah `lquiur `lquiur ea`am fafarah mlhumah mlhumah nira`okgk` nira`okgk` `alhhya. `alhhya. @lquiur @lquiur fuca nlasa elmlhum sinacal elcistld, nagoah eljampur oi ea`am okpl. \ahc pa`lhc tiroiha` tihtu Marcarlta, jampurah `lquiur Crahe Marhlir atau Jklhtriau. Jkhtkg `alh yahc pa`lhc sirlhc elpisah el nar aea`ag Zjriwerlvir (jampurah vkeoa eah krahci fulji).   Nrahey   Nrahey

Uao aea yahc tao oiha` Jkchaj atau ^imy Martlh, sifihls nrahey yahc nlasa eloimas ea`am nktk` orlsta` miwag. Jkchaj pa`lhc muea eloiha` eihcah lstl`ag TZ (viry supirlkr), nirumur sioltar :-5 taguh. Zieahc fihls `alh WK atau Hapk`ikh nirumur `inlg tua, sitleaohya 4 taguh. Uao girah garcahya puh faug `inlg maga`.  Jkchaj nlsa elmlhum nicltu safa atau eihcah jampurah. Mlsa`hya mlhira` watir, tkhlj, jk`a nagoah clhcir a`i! Nagoah el Jglha, jkchaj tiroiha` sinacal sa`ag satu apgrkelslaj.   Mlhumah jkjotal` earl nrahey yahc tiroiha` mlsa`hya6 Ja`ldkrhla Olss jampurah nrahey

 

Ja`ldkrhla eah Ca``lahk `lquiur), atau Armachaj Ealsy (jampurah Fahhiau TZ armachaj, fus `imkh, crihaelhi, eah Rirrlir).  Uiqul`a   Uiqul`a

Zini`um Marcarlta pkpu`ir, eu`uhya nahcsa Mioslok cimar mihjampur Uiqul``a eihcah fus tkmat, fus `imkh, fus firuo, maeu, jgl`l, tanasjk, eah saks mihfael sifihls jkjotal` nirhama Zahcrlta. Zi`alh Marcarlta eah sahcrlta, maslg aea mlhumah jkjtal` `alh yahc pir`u eljkna6 Uiqul``a Zuhrlsi (jampurah n`ahjk tiqul``a, fus firuo, crihaelhi). El Mixljk, tiqul``a nlasa elmlhum eihcah gleahcah gkrs e“kiuvri. Clh   Clh

Clh nahyao elpaoal ea`am `khc erlhos eah jkjotal`, eah tao aea yahc mihca`agoah Clh ahe Ukhlj (C&U). Misol nirasa` earl Amirloa Zi`atah, tapl krahc Lhccrls mimpkpu`iroah clh yahc eljampur tkhlj watir sinacal skjla` erlho. Zi`alh eljampur eihcah tkhlj, clh fuca ihao elpaeuoah eihcah jk`a. Mlhumah jkjotal` yahc tirnuat earl clh mlsa`hya Clh & Zlh (jampurah clh, fus `imkh, fus firuo, crihaelhi). Zieahc plho jkjotal` earl ^add`is Gkti` nirhama Zlhcapkri Z`lhc (jampurah clh, jgirry nrahey, fus hahas, fus firuo hlpls, Jklhtriau, Nihieljtlhi `lquiur, crihaelhi, Ahcksturra nlttirs) eu`u nlasa elcuhaoah prla uhtuo miharlo pirgatlah para wahlta.   Tkeoa   Tkeoa

Tkeoa sahcat tiroiha` el hicara-hicara Irkpa eah niroaear a`okgk` tlhccl. Nlasahya rata-rata mihcaheuhc a`okgk` sioltar 52-92 pirsih anv (a`jkgk` ny vk`umi). Nagoah vkeoa earl ^usla, Zpyrltus ^iotydlokwahy, mihcaheuhc oaear a`okgk` glhcca 225 oarat yahc eltanurl 4.922 oiplhc lhtah. Zinuag mastirpliji nira`okgk` lhl elfu`uol eihcah Ugi EHA Jkchaj, isihsl alr oigleupah. >. Uiqul`a @iy .9 Uiqul`a @iy .9 miheapat o`alm sinacal mirio mlhumah tiqul`a eihcah nktk` tirmaga` el euhla, elralg mi`a`ul Culhhiss Skr`e ^ijkres. Garca mlhumah nirlout nktk`hya lhl sioltar 1  futa iurk atau $1,9 YZE. \ahc mimnuat mlhumah lhl sahcat pristlslus aea`ag nktk`hya nktk`h ya yahc elnuat earl 5 ol`kcram o l`kcram  p`atlhum murhl sirta pirao 9 eihcah tanurah 4.222 nir`lah. Nktk` tirsinut nirlsl tiqul`a eihcah oaear a`okgk` 5> pirsih yahc elslmpah si`ama 4 taguh. El samplhc nktk` yahc nirtagtaoah nir`lah, Uiqul`a @iy .9 mimprkeuosl nktk` eihcah sirl  primlum yahc fum`aghya elnatasl. Zitlap sirl uhtuo nktk` maga` lhl eleisalh k`ig sihlmah Mioslok, A`ifaherk Ckmiz Krkpiza. Nirlout aea`ag : sirl primlum Uiqul`a @iy .9. Rrkyio Misgljk :: aea`ag Uiqul`a @iy .9 primlum 1 yahc nktk`hya elnuat earl p`atlhum eah elekmlhasl k`ig `aplsah imas ouhlhc. Mlhumah lhl gahya elnuat sinahyao :: nktk`. Ahea nlsa mimpirk`ighya eihcah garca $192.222.22 YZE. Rrkfijt Zl`vir & Ck`e .9,222.22 YZE. :. Elva Tkeoa Elva Tkeoa tiroiha` oariha nktk`hya nk tk`hya yahc tirnuat earl swarkvsol jrysta` eah nir`lah. Raea saat vkeoa eltuahcoah, jalrahhya aoah elsarlhc k`ig nir`lah yahc tireapat paea nktk`. Garca vkeoa lhl nirolsar ahtara $592.222 YZE glhcca $1.222.222 YZE, nircahtuhc oua`ltas eah ouahtltas

 

 nir`lah eltampl`oah el nktk`. Tkeoa lhl elnuat earl sumnir mata alr eah : oa`l prksis pihyu`lhcah6 pihyarlhcah is pirtama,  pihyarlhcah mi`a`ul arahc hkrelj nlrjg, aoglrhya mi`awatl paslr yahc elnuat earl nir`lah yahc ti`ag elgahjuroah eah pirmata.

5. Ugi Majja`ah 14 Dlhi & ^ari6 $39.222 Ugi Maja``ah 14 aea`ag mlhumah oiras fihls wlsol earl ok`iosl Dlhi & ^ari yahc pa`lhc ellhjar eihcah garca yahc sahcat maga`, yaltu $39.222 YZE. Floa elruplagoah, garca mlhumah lhl sioltar ^p432.1>9.222,22. Yhtuo mihjljlpl mlhumah lhl, Ahea nlsa nirouhfuhc oi K`e Gkmistiae Ztiaogkusi el Gkti` Jaslhk & Zpa Nkrcata lh At`ahtlj Jlty, Hiw Firsiy. Garca yahc garus Ahea nayar uhtuo sioaear mihjljlpl mlhumah lhl aea`ag ^p:2.:22.222,22. 9. Zlhc`i Ma`t Zjktjg Ea`mkri Glcg`ahe 4>6 $97.222 Zlhc`i Ma`t Zjktjg Ea`mkri Glcg`ahe aea`ag mlhumah wlsol yahc gahya elprkeuosl uhtuo satu `uslh nktk` paea 1. Zatu nktk` el ahtarahya tirfua` ea`am sinuag pi`i`ahcah eihcah garca $97.222 atau sioltar ^p9>2.222.222,22. IDIO ZAMRLHC Nl`a elokhsumsl nir`inlgah, mlhumah nira`okgk` eapat mihlmnu`oah cahcccuah mihta` krcahlo (CMK), yaltu cahccuah ea`am duhcsl nirplolr, mirasaoah, m irasaoah, eah nirprl`aou. Ulmnu`hya CMK ltu elsinanoah riaosl `ahcsuhc a`okgk` paea si`-si` sarad pusat. Oariha sldat aelotld a`okgk` ltu, krahc yahc mimlhumhya `ama-oi`amaah tahpa saear aoah mihamnag taoarah/eksls sampal paea eksls oirajuhah atau manuo. Mirioa yahc tiroiha CMK nlasahya nlasah ya mihca`aml pirunagah pirl`aou, sipirtl mlsa`hya lhclh  niroi`agl atau mi`aouoah tlheaoah oioirasah `alhhya, tleao mampu mihl`al ria`ltas, tircahccu duhcsl sksla`hya, eah tircahccu pioirfaahhya. Rirunagah Ri runagah dlslk`kcls fuca tirfael, sipirtl jara  nirfa`ah yahc tleao mahtap, muoa mirag, atau mata fu`lhc. Rirunagah pslok`kcls yahc ela`aml k`ig okhsumih mlsa`hya mueag tirslhccuhc, nljara hcawur, atau oigl`ahcah okhsihtrasl.

Mirioa yahc sueag oitaclgah nlasahya mihca`aml suatu cifa`a yahc elsinut slherkm putus a`okgk`, yaltu rasa taout elnirgihtloah mlhum a`okgk`. a `okgk`. Mirioa aoah sirlhc cimitar eah ffahtuhc ahtuhc  nireinar-einar, jimas, ci`lsag, muruhc, eah nahyao nirga`uslhasl. Mlhumah oiras tirnacl ea`ah : ck`khcah yaltu6 Ck`. A niroaear A`okgk` 21%-29% Ck`. N niroaear A`okgk` 29%->2% Ck`. J niroaear A`okgk` >2%-92% Ninirapa fihls mlhumah nira`okgk` eah oaear yahc tiroaheuhc el ea`amhya 6

 

Nlr,Criih Zahe 1% - 9% Martlhl, Slhi (Ahccur) 9% - >2% Sglsoy, Nrahey >2% -99% . Ninirapa Fihls Mlhumah \ahc Mihcaheuhc A`okgk`

* Ahccur * Nkurnkh * Nrihel * Nruca` * Jalplrlhga * Jglahtl * Fåcirmilstir * Mlrlh * Rrksijjk * ^um * Zaoi * Zampahyi * Zgōjgů  * Uuao * Tkeoa AOLNAU RIH\A@AGCYHAAH A@OKGK@ / MLHYMAH OI^AZ * Cahccuah Dlslo 6 mimlhum mlhumah nira`okgk` nahyao, aoah mihlmnu`oah oirusaoah gatl,  fahtuhc, pahcorias eah piraeahcah `amnuhc, ktkt syarad, mihccahccu mitank`lsmi tunug, mimnuat pihls mihfael jajat, lmpktih sirta cahccuah sios `alhhya * Cahccuah Flwa 6 eapat mirusao sijara pirmahih farlhcah ktao siglhcca mihlmnu`oah cahccuah eaya lhcatah, oimampuah pihl`alah, oimampuah ni`afar eah cahccuah flwa tirtihtu. * Cahccuah Oamtlnmas6 pirasaah sikrahc tirsinut mueag tirslhccuhc eah pirgatlah tirgaeap `lhcouhcah fuca tircahccu, mihioah pusat pihcihea`lah elrl siglhcca yahc nirsahcoutah mihfael nirahl eah acrisld eah nl`a tleao tirokhtrk` aoah mihlmnu`oah tlheaoah-tlheaoah yahc mi`ahccar hkrma-hkrma eah sloap mkra` yahc `inlg parag `acl aoah eapat mihlmnu`oah tlheaoah pleaha atau orlmlha`. Ninirapa Eampao @alh \ahc Eltlmnu`oah K`ig Mlhumah Nira`okgk` Rihccuhaah mlhumah nira`okgk` mihlmnu`oah eampao nuruo tirgaeap eah mirusao duhcsl gatl,  pahorias, pihjirhaah, ktkt, earag eah tioahah earag, oi`ihfar ihekorlh eah fahtuhc RIHAHCCY@AHCAH MLHYMAH OI^AZ Rihahcu`ahcah tirgaeap mlhumah oiras eapat el`aouoah eihcah jara 6 1. Uampaohya mlras lhl su`lt apanl`a garus elnasml/elgl`ahcoah sama sioa`l. Muhcolh earl slsl

 

acama masa`ag mlras tleao aea tk`irahsl, hamuh olta pir`u fuca mi`lgathya earl slsl `alh yaltu oipihtlhcah aeapt eah oipihtlhcah Rarlwlsata. Eihcah eimlolah yahc pihtlhc nuoah mimnasml mlras, tapl mimpirgatloah pirahcoat guoum uhtuo mihcaturhya eah oimuelah mihicaooah  piraturahhya.

>. Elstrlnutkr eah Rihciear mlhumah oiras garus elatur eihcah piraturah eairag. Oiheatlpuh ea`am OYGR ogusushya pasa` 9:4,9:3,9:7 eah 9:< sijara iosp`lslt sueag mihcatur tihtahc mlras lhl, hamuh oi`lgatahhya pasa`-pasa` tirsinut pir`u elrivlsl oimna`l oariha nahyao n ahyao yahc ourahc ticas eah ourahc mihcihal sunstahsl ( maslg nlas ) tihtahc mlras ltu sihelrl, siglhcca mihyu`ltoah aparat oiamahah uhtuo mihcamnl` tlheaooah ticas . :. Elstrlnutkr eah pihciear garus miml`ol lzlh, eimlolah fuca pihfua`hya. Uimpat-timpat tirtihtu sipirtl gkti`, elsoktio, oarakoi eah tkko tkk o ogusus pihfua` mlras garus elatur k`ig  piraturah eairag. Lzlh uhtuo mihfael elstrlnutkr, pihciear eah pihampuhc mlras garus oitat. Artlhya acar mirioa tleao tir`a`u campahc mi`aouoah mi`aou oah nlshls mlras eihcah tahpa mi`lgat usla okhsumihhya. 5. Rihya`ag cuhaah tirgaeap lzlh eah piraturah Eairag tihtahc mlras lhl garus eltlheao ticas eihcah jara mihcguoum pi`aouhya, nuoah mimushagoah mlrashya. @ica`lsasl eah `koa`lsasl mlras lhl tihtuhya aoah mihamnag pihcgasl`ah pih cgasl`ah as`l eairag ( RAE ). ^azla rutlh garus el`aouoah uhtuo mihckhtrk` apaoag para elstrlnutkr, pihfua` eah pihampuhc titap okhslstih paea  piraturah yahc aea eah sisual eihcah lzlh yahc elnirloah oipaea mirioa. 9. Ea`am ga` pihahccu`ahcah mlras lhl olta pir`u mimpirgatloah eua ga` 6 1. Olta fuca mihirlma pimasuooah earl para turls mahjahicara eah fuca turls ekmistlj. K`ig sinan ltu pirsielaah mlras titap garus aea yaltu el gkti`-gkti` nirnlhtahc, ristkrah, elsoktio, j`un ma`am `alhhya. Hamuh oinlfaooah lhl garus elsirtal eihcah pirahcoat guoum yahc fi`as eah ticas, acar tleao elsa`ag cuhaoah eloimuelah garl. >. Fahcah `upa nagwa mlras uhtuo oipihtlhcah aeapt. Ga` lhl pir`u sicira elpirticas `ica`lsaslhya eihcah Yheahc-Yheahc atau piraturah Eairag, acar pihccuhaah mlras paea saat ajara aeapt nitu`-nitu` elslp`lh gahya uhtuo oipir`uah ajara aeapt eah nuoah uhtuo ajara manuo-manuoah atau okmpitihsl ahtara ahao-ahao muea. (gttp6//tucass gttp6//tucassma5oirlhjl.n`kc ma5oirlhjl.n`kcspkt.jkm/>211/2>/mlh spkt.jkm/>211/2>/mlhumah-oiras.gtm` umah-oiras.gtm`))