Jean-Claude Abric - Prácticas Sociales y Representaciones

 

  ZRÎIPAINY YGIANCLY Q RLZRLYLKPNIAGKLY @arliiaùk4 Dlnk-Icnu`l Nbrai

Nebnssn`l `l Ornkil-III AONC L`aiagkls Igygniîk Y. N. `l I. I. _. OACGYGOÅN Q I\CP\RN IGKPLEZGRÎKLN  Kg. >? Påtucg gramaknc4 Zrntaquls sgiancls y Rlpráslktntagks Prn`uiiaùk4  Dgsá @nigstn Iflvrlc y Oîtaen Ocgrn Zncniags Rlvasaùk táikain4  En. Plrlsn Nigstn Îvacn Zraelrn l`aiaùk4

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Lstn gbrn oul pubcain`n igk lc npgyg `l cn Lebndn`n `l Ornkian lk Eáxaig

 Rlslrvn`gs tg`gs cgs `lrlifgs igkogrel n cn cly

© Zrlssls \kavlrsatnarls `l Ornkil, >110 © L`aiagkls Igygniîk, Y. N. `l I. _. Zrgpal`n` `l lstn l`aiaùk (akicua`n cn trn`uiiaùk) Nv. Fa`ncmg Kg. 0=-b, Igcgkan `lc Inrelk @lclm. Igygniîk, :0>:: Eáxaig, @. O. Plcs.  pgr Y. Egsigvaia. Amkgrn`n `urnktl euifg talepg pgr cn igeuka`n` ialktåoain, lstn tlgrån rligkgia`n oakncelktl `ls`l fnil trls custrgs igkstatuyl `ls`l lktgkils ukn rlolrlkian aksgrtlnbcl kg sgcg lk psaigcgmån sgianc, sakg tnebaák lk gtrns ialkians sgiancls, igeg cg tlstaegkank igcgquags y gbrns aktlr`asiapcaknrans qul cl fnk sa`g igksnmrn`ns. Akigktnbcls sgk cgs trnbndgs `l fa fastgran`grls, stgran`grls, ltkùcgmgs, ltkùcgmgs, sgiaùcgmgs g ligkgeastns qul igkoarenk su aepgrtnkian aepgrtnkian lk lc nkîcasas nkîcasas `l cgs olkùelkgs sgiancls (io Blcascl y Yifalcl, >1608 Dg`lclt, >161n). Lstl áxatg `l cn tlgrån ls tlstaegkag lcgiulktl `lc rlkniaealktg `lc aktlrás pgr cgs olkùelkgs igclitavgs y eîs  prliasnelktl pgr cns rlmcns qul ramlk lc plksnealktg sgianc. Lc lstu`ag `lc plksnealktg «akmlkug¸, `lc «slkta`g igeôk¸ sl tgrkn lslkianc lslkianc lk n`lcnktl. Cn a`lktaoainiaùk a`lktaoainiaùk `l cn «vasaùk `lc euk`g¸ qul cgs ak`ava`ugs g mrupgs cclvnk lk sa y utacaznk pnrn nitunr g tgenr pgsaiaùk ls rligkgia`n igeg ak`asplksnbcl  pnrn lktlk`lr cn `akîeain `l cns aktlrniiagkls sgiancls y nicnrnr cgs `ltlreaknktls `l cns prîitains sgiancls. Culmg `l rligr`nr cns bnsls tlùrains `l cn kgiaùk, aktlktnrlegs prlslktnr lc lstn`g nitunc `l cgs igkgiaealktgs nilrin `lc oukiagknealktg `lc sastlen rlprlslktniagknc y cgs aktlktgs `l vnca`niaùk rlialktls  ‐sgbrl tg`g lxplraelktncls‐ lxplraelktncls‐ `l lstn tlgrån. tlgrån. A.

CN PLGRAN @L CNY RLZRLYLKPNIAGKLY YGIANCLY

Cg qul pnrn kgsgtrgs igkstatuyl lc puktg `l   pnrta`n  pnrta`n `l lstn tlgrån ls lc nbnk`gkg `l cn `astakiaùk icîsain ‐  `lsnrrgccn`n oulrtlelktl oulrtlelktl lk cgs nilrinealktgs blfnvagrastns‐ lktrl sudltg y gbdltg. Lk lolitg, cn tlgrån `l cns rlprlslktniagkls rlprlslktniagkls pcnktln «qul kg fny `astakiaùk `astakiaùk ncmukn lktrl cgs ukavlrsgs lxtlragr lxtlragr l aktlragr aktlragr `lc ak`ava`ug (n (n `lc mrupg). mrupg). Lc sudltg y lc gbdltg gbdltg kg sgk sgk ouk`nelktncelktl ouk`nelktncelktl `astaktgs¸ `astaktgs¸ (Egsigvaia, >1?141). Lsl gbdltg lstî aksiratg lk uk igktlxtg nitavg, igkilba`g pnriancelktl nc elkgs pgr cn plrsgkn g lc mrupg, lk tnktg qul prgcgkmniaùk `l su igepgrtnealktg, igepgrtnealktg, `l sus nitatu`ls y `l cns kgren kgrenss n cns qul sl rloalrl. @aifg `l gtrg eg`g4 lc lstaeucg y cn rlspulstn rlspulstn sgk ak`asgianbcls. ak`asgianbcls. Yl ogrenk lk igkduktg. Lstraitnelktl ukn rlspulstn kg ls ukn rlniiaùk n uk lstaeucg. lstaeucg. Lstî fnstn ialrtg puktg lk lc gramlk `lc easeg. easeg. Ls `liar qul lk mrnk pnrtl pnrtl ástl ls `ltlreakn`g pgr cn rlspulstn. Ya, pgr ldlepcg, uk ak`ava`ug ak`ava`ug (g uk mrupg) lxprlsn ukn gpakaùk (ls `liar, ukn rlspulstn) rlsplitg n uk uk gbdltg g n ukn satuniaùk, `aifn gpakaùk lk ialrtn ogren ls igkstatutavn `lc gbdltg, cg `ltlreakn. Lc gbdltg rligkstrua`g ls lktgkils `l ogren tnc qul rlsuctn igksastlktl igk lc sastlen `l lvncuniaùk utacazn`g pgr lc ak`ava`ug. Ls `liar, pgr sa sa easeg uk gbdltg kg lxastl. Ls y lxastl pnrn pnrn uk ak`ava`ug n uk mrupg y lk rlcniaùk rlcniaùk ink lccgs. Nså puls, cn rlcniaùk rlcniaùk sudltg-gbdltg sudltg-gbdltg `ltlreakn nc gbdltg easeg. easeg. \kn rlprlslktniaùk saleprl ls cn rlprlslktniaùk `l ncmg pnrn ncmualk. ncmualk. Q igeg cg `ail `ail Egsigvaia (>16?4=>), (>16?4=>), lstn rlcniaùk, «lstl cnzg igk lc gbdltg ls pnrtl aktråkslin `lc vakiucg sgianc y `lbl slr aktlrprltn`n nså lk lsl enrig. Zgr tnktg, cn   rlprlslktniaùk saleprl saleprl ls `l inrîitlr sgianc. Lstn fapùtlsas, lc nbnk`gkg `lc igrtl igrtl sudltg-gbdltg, cclvn n gtgrmnr uk stntus kulvg n cg qul sl a`lktaoain igeg «rlnca`n` gbdltavn gbdltavn¸¸ y qul ls `loaka`n pgr cgs igepgklktls gbdltavgs `l cn satuniaùk y `lc gbdltg. Zcnktlnrlegs qul n  pragra kg lxastl rlnca`n` gbdltavn, plrg qul tg`n rlnca`n` ls rlprlslktn`n, nprgpan`n pgr lc ak`ava`ug g lc mrupg y rligkstrua`n lk su sastlen igmkatavg, aktlmrn`n lk su sastlen `l vncgrls qul `lplk`l `l su fastgran y `lc igktlxtg sgianc l a`lgcùmaig qul cl iariuk`n. Q ls lsn rlnca`n` nprgpan`n y rllstruiturn`n rllstruiturn`n qul pnrn lc ak`ava`ug g lc mru mrupg pg igkstatuyl cn rlnca`n` easen. Pg`n rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk ls nså ukn ogren `l vasaùk vasaùk mcgbnc y ukatnran ukatnran `l uk gbdltg, gbdltg, plrg tnebaák tnebaák `l uk sudltg. Lstn rlprlslktniaùk rllstruiturn rllstruiturn cn rlnca`n` pnrn n cn vlz plreatar ukn aktlmrniaùk `l cns inrnitlrå inrnitlråstains stains gbdltavns `lc gbdltg, `l cns lxplralkians nktlragrls nktlragrls `lc sudltg, y `l su sastle sastlenn `l kgrens y nitatu`ls. Lstg  plreatl `loakar n cn rlprlslktniaùk igeg ukn vasaùk oukiagknc `lc euk`g qul plreatl nc ak`ava`ug g nc mrupg igkolrar slkta`n n sus igk`uitns, y lktlk`lr cn rlnca`n` el`anktl su prgpag sastlen `l rlolrlkians y n`nptnr y `loakar `l lstl eg`g uk cumnr pnrn så. Ls «ukn ogren `l igkgiaealktg, igkgiaealktg, lcnbgrn`n sgiancelktl sgiancelktl y igepnrta`n igk uk gbdltavg prîita prîitaig ig qul igkiurrl n cn igkstruiiaùk igkstruiiaùk `l ukn rlnca`n` rlnca`n` igeôk pnrn uk igkduktg igkduktg sgianc¸ (Dg`lclt, >16149?). >16149?). Ls n cn vlz vlz «prg`uitg y

 

 prgilsg `l ukn nitava`n` elktnc pgr cn qul uk ak`ava`ug g uk mrupg rligkstatuyl cn rlnca`n` qul lkorlktn y cl ntrabuyl ukn samkaoainiaùk samkaoainiaùk lspliåoain¸ (Nbrai. >16=4?0). >16=4?0). Cn rlprlslktniaùk kg ls nså uk saepcl saepcl rlocldg `l cn rlnca`n`, sakg ukn ukn grmnkazniaùk samkaoainktl. samkaoainktl. Lstn samkaoainiaùk samkaoainiaùk `lplk`l n cn vlz `l onitgrls onitgrls igktakmlktls (`l «iariukstnkians¸, `ail Ocnelkt) ‐knturnclzn y gbcamniagkls gbcamniagkls `l cn satuniaùk, igktlxtg igktlxtg akel`antg, oaknca`n` oaknca`n` `l cn satuniaùk‐ satuniaùk‐ y onitgrls eîs eîs mlklrncls qul qul rlbnsnk cn satuniaùk easen4 easen4 igktlxtg sgianc l a`lgcùmaig, cumnr cumnr `lc ak`ava`ug lk lk cn grmnkazniaùk sgianc, fastgran fastgran `lc ak`ava`ug ak`ava`ug y `lc mrupg, `lsnoågs `lsnoågs sgiancls. Cn rlprlslktniaùk oukiagkn igeg uk sastlen `l aktlrprltniaùk `l cn rlnca`n` qul raml cns rlcniagkls `l cgs ak`ava`ugs igk su lktgrkn oåsaig y sgianc, yn qul `ltlreaknrî `ltlreaknrî sus igepgrtnealktgs igepgrtnealktgs n sus prîitains. Ls ukn muån pnrn cn niiaùk, gralktn cns niiagkls y cns rlcniagkls sgiancls. sgiancls. Ls uk sastlen `l prl-`lsig`aoainiaù prl-`lsig`aoainiaùkk `l cn  rlnca`n` pulstg qul `ltlreakn uk igkduktg `l nktaiapniagkls y lxplitntavns. >. CN RLZRLYLKPNIAGK IGEG YAYPLEN YGIAGIGMKAP YGIAGIGMKAPA_G A_G

«Ls lrrn`g `liar qul cns rlprlslktniagkls rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls sgiancls sgk sgiag-igmkatavns¸, sgiag-igmkatavns¸, noaren Egsigvaia Egsigvaia (>16?4=9). Noareniaùk qul pg`rån `nr cumnr n lrrgrls `l aktlrprltniaùk y qul elrlil slr nicnrn`n. Cns rlprlslktniagkls lk lolitg kg sgk lxicusavnelktl igmkatavns, tnebaák cg sgk sgiancls, cg qul fnil prliasnelktl su lspliaoaia`n` lk rlcniaùk rlcniaùk igk gtrns prg`uiiagkls n elinkase elinkasegs gs igmkatavgs. Lc nkîcasas y cn igeprlksaùk `l cns rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls y `l su oukiagknealktg supgk`rîk nså, saleprl, uk `gbcl lkogqul, uk nilrinealktg qul incaoainegs `l sgiagigmkatavg y qul aktlmrn cgs `gs igepgklktls `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. 

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Yu igepgklktl igmkatavg  praelrnelktl4 cn

 

Yu igepgklktl sgianc lk slmua`n4 cn pulstn lk prîitain `l lsgs prgilsgs igmkatavgs gmkatavgs `ltlreakn`n `arlitnelktl pgr cns igk`aiagkls sgiancls lk qul ukn rlprlslktniaùkisl lcnbgrn glstî sl trnkseatl. Q lstn `aelksaùk `aelksaùk sgianc mlklrn rlmcns rlmcns qul pul`lk slr euy `astaktns `astaktns `l cn «cùmain igmkatavn¸.

rlprlslktniaùk supgkl, cn flegs `aifg, uk sudltg nitavg, y talkl `ls`l lsl puktg `l vastn ukn «tlxturn psaigcùmain¸ psaigcùmain¸ (Egsigvaia, >1=?4 0:), sgelta`n n cns rlmcns qul ramlk cgs prgilsgs igmkatavgs.

Cns rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls talklk nså lstn inrnitlråstain lspliaoain, qul pgr gtrg cn`g `aoaiuctn su nkîcasas4 lstîk sgelta`ns sgelta`ns n ukn cùmain `gbcl4 cn cùmain cùmain igmkatavn y cn cùmain sgianc. sgianc. Zul`lk slr `loaka`ns igeg rlmcns. Cn iglxastlkian `l nebns plre plreatl atl `nr iulktn igkstruiiagkls sgiag-igmkatavns, rlma`ns pgr sus prgpans rlmcns. y igeprlk`lr pgr ldlepcg ldlepcg pgr quá cn rlprlslktniaùk aktl aktlmrn mrn n cn vlz cg rniagknc y/g arrni arrniagknc. agknc. Pnebaák pgr quá tgclrn l aktlmrn igktrn`aiiagkls npnrlktls y pgr quá cgs rnzgknealktgs qul mlklrn pul`lk npnrlilr igeg «acùmaigs¸  g akigflrlktls. Zlrg lsns igktrn`aiiagkls igktrn`aiiagkls g acgmasegs lk rlnca`n` sgcg sgcg sgk npnrlktls, pulstg qul  plksnegs qul ukn rlprlslktniaùk slmurnelktl ls uk igkduktg grmnkazn`g y  igflrlktl. Ygk cns rlmcns `l oukiagknealktg lspliaoaig lspliaoaig pgr `lsiubrar qul lstîk lk cn aktlrsliiaùk `l cgs prgilsgs igmkatavgs y `l cn cùmain sgianc. _lrlegs n igktakuniaùk igeg igeg kulstrgs prgpags prgpags trnbndgs trnbndgs (io  Nbrai, >16=), cgs `l Mrazl y `l su lquapg lquapg (io   Mrazl, lt. nc.,  >16=) y cgs `l Ocnelkt (lk lstn gbrn, inp. 2) fnk aktlktn`g aktlktn`g nicnrnr lsl oukiagknealktg oukiagknealktg lspliaoaig `l cns rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls, aktlrkîk`gsl lk cn vån `l lsl lstu`ag igmkatavg `l cgs olkùelkgs elktncls igclitavgs igclitavgs qul Dg`lclt (>161n) `lsln. 2. CN RLZRLYLKPNIAGK IGEG YAYPLEN IGKPLVP\NCATN@G

Flegs noaren`g nktlragrelktl qul ukg `l cgs igepgklktls ouk`nelktncls `l cn rlprlslktniaùk lrn su samkaoainiaùk y ástn ls `ltlreakn`n `gbclelktl pgr lolitgs `l igktlxtg. 

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Zgr lc igktlxtg `asiursavg  praelrnelktl, ls `liar pgr cn knturnclzn `l cns igk`aiagkls `l  prg`uiiaùk `lc `asiursg, n pnrtar pnrtar `lc iunc slrî ogreucn`n ogreucn`n g `lsiubalrtn ukn rlprlslktniaùk. rlprlslktniaùk. Lk cn el`a`n lk qul, lk cn enygrån `l cgs insgs, sgk prg`uiiagkls `asiursavns qul plreatlk lktrnr n cns rlprlslktniagkls, ls klilsnrag nkncaznr sus igk`aiagkls `l prg`uiiaùk, y tlklr lk iulktn qul cn rlprlslktniaùk rlinbn`n sl prg`uil lk satuniaùk, pnrn uk nu`atgrag, n qualk prltlk`l nrmuelktnr y igkvlkilr (io  Mrazl  Mrazl lt. nc., >16=) y qul cn samkaoainiaùk `l cn rlprlslktniaùk sgianc `lplk`lrî pgr cg elkgs lk pnrtl `l cns rlcniagkls igkirltns qul sl vlraoaink lk lc talepg `l ukn aktlrniiaùk (io   Eumky y Inrumnta, >161124>61). Lstl lolitg `gbcl `l igktlxtg aepcain, aepcain, pnrn lktlk`lr lc igktlka`g y cn `akîeain `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk, rlprlslktniaùk, «ukn rlolrlkian klilsnran klilsnran nc igktlxtg sgianc y kg sgcnelktl sgcnelktl `asiursavg¸ (io   Ocnelkt lk lstn gbrn). Lk lolitg y igeg cg `leulstrnk bnstnktl balk Muaelcca (>166) y Ocnelkt (lk lstn gbrn), cgs lclelktgs `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk pul`lk slr nitavn`gs n kg lk uk igktlxtg `n`n, y tlklr igktrn`aiiagkls npnrlktls, cgs igepgklktls «lxtrnþgs¸  (Ocnelkt) `l cn rlprlslktniaùk, pul`lk pul`lk lstnr camn`gs `arlitnelktl `arlitnelktl n sus lolitgs `l igktlxtg. Ls prliasnelktl lc tgenr tgenr lk iulktn lstgs lolitgs cg cg qul `lblrån plreatar `ls `lsiubrar iubrar lc prakiapag grmnkazn`gr `l cn rlprlslktniaùk giuctn`g pgr cn aepgsaiaùk `l uk igktlxtg pnrtaiucnr. 9. O\KIAGKLY @L CNY RLZRLYLKPNIAGKLY YGIANCLY

Ya,  igeg plksnegs, cns rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls `lsleplþnk uk  pnplc  pnplc ouk`nelktnc lk cns prîitains y lk cn `akîeain `l cns rlcniagkls sgiancls, ls pgrqul rlspgk`lk n iuntrg oukiagkls lslkiancls4  9.>. Oukiagkls `l snblr4 plreatlk lktlk`lr y lxpca lxpcainr inr cn rlnca`n`

Lc snblr prîitaig `l slkta`g igeôk ‐igeg cl ccnen Egsigvaia‐, plreatl ncns nitgrls sgiancls n`quarar igkgiaealktgs l aktlmrnrcgs lk uk enrig nsaeacnbcl y igeprlksabcl pnrn lccgs, lk igflrlkian igk su oukiagknealktg igmkatavg y igk igk cgs vncgrls vncgrls n cgs qul sl n`falrlk. n`falrlk. Zgr gtrg cn`g cn`g oniacatn ‐akicusg ls cn igk`aiaùk klilsnran `l‐ cn igeukainiaùk sgianc.  @loakl lc enrig enrig `l rlolrlkian rlolrlkian igeôk qul plreatl plreatl lc aktlrinebag `lc sgiafgebrl sgianc, nc, cn trnkseasaùk trnkse asaùk yy cn `aousaùk`lc `lqul lslEgsigvaia snblr «akmlkug¸. Enkaoalstn nså lsl lslcnlsoulrzg  plrenklktl pgr lktlk`lr igeukainr (>16>) palksn qul igkstatuyl lslkian easen `l cn igmkaiaùk sgianc.  9.2. Oukiagkls a`lktatnrans4 `loaklk cn a`lkta`n` y plreatlk cn sncvnmunr`n `l cn lspliaoaia`n` `l cgs  mrupgs

N`leîs `l cn oukiaùk igmkatavn `l lktlk`lr y lxpcainr, «cns rlprlslktniagkls talklk tnebaák pgr oukiaùk satunr n cgs ak`ava`ugs y n cgs mrupgs lk lc inepg sgianc... XplreatlkU lcnbgrnr ukn a`lkta`n` sgianc y plrsgknc mrntaoainktl8 ls `liar, igepntabcl igk cgs sastlens `l kgrens y vncgrls sgianc l fastùrainelktl `ltlreakn`gs (Eumky y Inkamnta, >1669). Lstn ousaùk a`lktatnran `l cns rlprlslkt rlprlslktniagkls niagkls cls `n uk cumnr praegr`anc lk cgs prgilsgs `l igepnrniaùk  sgianc.  Cns akvlstamniagkls sgbrl lc pnplc `l cns rlprlslktniagkls lk cns rlcniagkls aktlrmrupgs aktlrmrupgs prlslktn`ns prlslktn`ns pgr @gasl @gasl (>1=9) acustrnk acustrnk y igkoarenk igkoarenk balk lstn lstn oukiaùk. Nså cn rlprlslktniaùk `l su prgpag mrupg ls saleprl enrin`n pgr ukn sgbrl-vncuniaùk `l ncmukns `l sus inrnitlråstains n `l sus prg`uiiagkls (Enkk, >1?98 Bnss, >1?1??), iuyg gbdltavg ls sncvnmunr`nr ukn aenmlk pgsatavn pgsatavn `l su mrupg `l plrtlklkian. Cn rlolrlkian n rlprlslktniagkls rlprlslktniagkls qul `loaklk cn a`lkta`n` `l uk mrupg vn n `lsleplþnr pgr gtrg cn`g uk pnplc aepgrtnktl lk lc igktrgc sgianc ldlria`g pgr cn igclitava`n` sgbrl in`n ukg `l sus ealebrgs, lk pnrtaiucnr lk cgs prgilsgs `l sgiancazniaùk.  9.9. Oukiagkls `l gralktniaùk4 igk`uilk cgs igepgrtnealktgs igepgrtnealktgs y cns prîitains

Lc sastlen `l prl-`lig`aoainiaùk `l cn rlnca`n` qul igkstatuyl cn rlprlslktniaùk sgianc ls, igeg flegs `aifg nktls, ukn muån pnrn cn niiaùk. Lstl prgilsg `l gralktniaùk `l cns igk`uitns pgr cns rlprlslktniagkls rlsuctn `l trls onitgrls onitgrls lslkiancls4 Cn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk aktlrvalkl `arlitnelktl `arlitnelktl lk cn `loakaiaùk `l cn oaknca`n` `l cn satuniaùk, `ltlreaknk`g nså, n  pragra, lc tapg `l rlcniagkls plrtaklktls pnrn lc sudltg plrg tnebaák lvlktuncelktl, lk ukn satuniaùk lk qul ukn tnrln ls pgr lolitunr, lc tapg `l mlstaùk igmkatavn qul sl n`gptnrî. Flegs pg`a`g `legstrnr `legstrnr nså (io Nbrai, >1=>) qul Cn rlprlslktniaùk `l cn tnrln `ltlreakn `arlitnelktl lc tapg `l mlstaùk igmkatavn n`gptn`g pgr lc mrupg, nså igeg cn ogren lk qul sl lstruiturn y igeukain, y lsg ak`lplk`alktlelktll `l cn rlnca`n` «gbdltavn¸ `l cn ak`lplk`alktlelkt cn tnrln, Ig`gc (>1?1) lk cn easen plrsplit plrsplitavn avn pusg lk lva`lkian igeg gtrgs lclelktgs `l cn satuniaùk (rlprlslktniaùk `l så, rlprlslktniaùk `l su mrupg g `lc gtrg mrupg) `lsleplþnk uk pnplc saeacnr lk cn `ltlreakniaùk `lc igepgrtnealktg.

 

Cn rlprlslktniaùk prg`uil amuncelktl uk sastlen `l nktaiapniagkls y lxplitntavns. Ls nså, puls, ukn niiaùk sgbrl cn rlnca`n`4 slcliiaùk y oactrg `l cns akogreniagkls, akogreniagkls, aktlrprltniagkls igk gbdlt gbdltgg `l vgcvlr lsn rlnca`n` igkogrel n cn rlprlslktniaùk. Cn rlprlslktniaùk pgr ldlepcg kg samul8 samul8 kg `lplk`l `l cn lvgcuiaùk lvgcuiaùk `l ukn aktlrniiaùk, cn prlil`l y `ltlreakn. Nså, pu`aegs `legstrnr `legstrnr (io Nbrai, >16=) iùeg lk cns satuniagkls `l aktlrniiaùk igkocaitavn, lc easeg igepgrtnealktg lolitavg `l uk igclmn pg`ån slr aktlrprltn`g lk ogren rn`aincelktl `aolrlktl (iggplrntavg n igepltatavg), slmôk cn knturnclzn `l cn rlprlslktniaùk lcnbgrn`n pgr lc sudltg. Cn lxastlkian `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk `l cn satuniaùk prlvan n cn aktlrniiaùk easen fnil qul lk cn enygrån `l cgs insgs «cgs dulmgs lstîk flifgs `l nktlenkg¸, cns igkicusagkls sgk pcnktln`ns nktls akicusg `l qul akaial cn niiaùk. Oakncelktl lk tnktg qul rlprlslktniaùk sgianc, ls `liar rlocldnk`g cn knturnclzn `l cns rlmcns y `l cgs cnzgs sgiancls. Cn rlprlslktniaùk prlsiraptavn `l igepgrtnealktgs g prîitains prîitains gbcamn`ns. @loakl cg cåiatg, tgclrnbcl tgclrnbcl g aknilptnbcl lk uk igktlxtg igktlxtg sgianc `n`n. `n`n. _gcvlrlegs y sgbrl tg`g I. Ocnelkt eîs lxtlksnelktl lxtlksnelktl lk lstn lstn gbrn, sgbrl lc nsplitg prlsiraptavg `l cns rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls.  9.0. Oukiagkls dustaoain`grns dustaoain`grns44 plreatlk dustaoainr n pgstlragra pgstlragra cns pgsturns y cgs igepgrtnealktgs igepgrtnealktgs

Ninbnegs `l vlr iùeg nktls `l cn niiaùk cns rlprlslktniagkls `lsleplþnk uk pnplc lslkianc. Zlrg aktlrvalklk tnebaák culmg `l cn niiaùk, y plreatlk nså n cgs nitgrls lxpcainr y dustaoainr sus igk`uitns lk ukn satuniaùk n lk lk igksa`lrniaùk n sus igclmns. Nså suil`l pgr ldlepcg, lk cns rlcniagkls rlcniagkls lktrl mrupgs, Nvam`gr (>11?6) iatn`gs pgr @gasl (>1=9) `legstrnrnk iùeg cns rlprlslktniagkls aktlrmrupgs talklk pgr oukiaùk oukiaùk lslkianc dustaoainr dustaoainr cgs igepgrtnealktgs n`gptn`gs n`gptn`gs rlsplitg `l gtrg mrupg. Lk oukiaùk `l cn knturnclzn `l cns rlcniagkls lstnbclia`ns igk ástl y su lvgcuiaùk, sl igkstntn qul cns rlprlslktniagkls cns `lc rlprlslktniagkls gtrg mrupg mrupg lvgcuiagknk. lk g, satuniaùk satuni `l rlcniagkls rlcnia igepltatavns igepltata vns slrîk qul lcnbgrn`ns lcnbgrn `ns  prgmrlsavnelktl rlprlslktniagkl s `lc mrupg Nså, igktrnrag, igktrnra igkaùk lc gbdltg `l gkls ntrabuarcl inrnitlråstains inrnit lråstains dustaoadustaoaqulk uk igepgrtnealktg fgstac lk su igktrn. Lstnegs nså nktl uk insg `l pnrn lstu`anr cns rlcniagkls lktrl rlprlslktniagkls y prîitains, lk lc qul cn rlprlslktniaùk ls `ltlreakn`n pgr cn prîitain `l cns rlcniagkls. @ls`l lstl puktg `l vastn, npnrlil uk uk kulvg pnplc `l cns rlprlslktniagkls4 lc `l cn plrsastlkian plrsastlkian g rloulrzn `l fn pgsaiaùk sgianc `lc mrupg mrupg akvgcuirn`g. Cn rlprlslktniaùk talkl talkl pgr oukiaùk plrpltunr y dustaoainr dustaoainr cn `aolrlkianiaùk sgianc, sgianc, pul`l ‐igeg cgs lstlrlgtapgs‐ prltlk`lr cn `asiraeakniaùk `asiraeakniaùk n enktlklr ukn `astnkian sgianc lktrl cgs mrupgs rlsplitavgs. 0. _NCGR FL\RAYPAIG @L CN PLGRAN @L CNY RLZRLYLKPNIAGKLY YGIANCLY

Lc nkîcasas `l cns oukiagkls `l cns rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls `leulstrn balk igeg lccns sgk ak`asplksnbcls lk cn igeprlksaùk `l cn `akîeain sgianc. sgianc. Cn rlprlslktniaùk ls akogrent akogrentavn avn y lxpcaintavn `l cn knturnclzn `l cgs cnzgs sgiancls aktrn l aktlrmrupgs, aktlrmrupgs, y `l cns rlcniagkls `l cgs ak`ava ak`ava`ugs `ugs igk su lktgrkg sgianc. Zgr lsg ls uk lclelktg lslkianc lk cn igeprlksaùk `l cgs `ltlreaknktls `l cgs igepgrtnealktgs y `l cns prîitains sgiancls. Zgr sus oukiagkls `l lcnbgrniaùk `l uk slkta`g igeôk, `l igkstruiiaùk `l cn a`lkta`n` sgianc pgr cns lxplitntavns y cns nktaiapniagkls qul mlklrn lstî lk lc gramlk `l cns cns prîitains sgiancls. Zgr sus oukiagkls  dustaoain`grns n`nptn`grns y `l `aolrlkianiaùk sgianc `lplk`l `l cns iariukstnkians lxtlragrls y `l cns  prîitains easens. Ls eg`ucn`n g ak`uia`n pgr cns prîitains. Nså sl rlvlcn ‐rlmrlsnrlegs n lstg lk cn ôctaen pnrtl `l lstn gbrn‐ gbrn‐ uk `gbcl sastlen `l `ltlreakniaùk `ltlreakniaùk lktrl rlprlslktniagkls rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls y prîitains iuyg nkîcasas qul`n pgr fnilr lk mrnk pnrtl. AC. GRMNKATNIAGK Q LYPR\IP\RN @L CNY RLZRLYLKPNIAGKLY YGIANCLY

Nså `loaka`n, cn rlprlslktniaùk ls igkstatua`n puls `l uk igkduktg `l akogreniagkls, `l irllkians, `l gpakagkls y `l nitatu`ls nc prgpùsatg prgpùsatg `l uk gbdltg `n`g. N`leîs lstl igkduktg `l lclelktgs lclelktgs ls grmnkazn`g y lstruiturn`g. Lc nkîcasas `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk y cn igeprlksaùk `l su oukiagknealktg klilsatnk nså gbcamntgranelktl ukn `gbcl a`lktaoainiaùk4 cn `l su igktlka`g y cn `l su lstruiturn. Ls `liar, cgs lclelktgs lclelktgs igkstatutavgs `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk sgk dlrnrquazn`gs, nsamkn`gs `l ukn pgk`lrniaùk y enktalklk lktrl lccgs rlcniagkls qul `ltlreaknk `ltlreaknk cn samkaoainiaùk, samkaoainiaùk, y lc cumnr qul giupnk lk lc sastlen sastlen rlprlslktniagknc. rlprlslktniagknc. Lstn inrnitlråstain aepcainrî ‐igeg vlrlegs lk lc inpåtucg 9‐ ukn eltg`gcgmån lspliaoain lspliaoain `l rligcliiaùk rligcliiaùk y `l nkîcasas. Pg`gs cgs nutgrls `lspuás `l Egsigvaia Egsigvaia lstîk `l niulr`g igk lstn `loakaia `loakaiaùk ùk `l cn rlprlslktniaùk igeg igkduktg grmnkazn`g, plrg kgsgtrgs flegs flegs nvnkzn`g (Io Nbrai. >1=?) ukn fapùtlsas rlsplitg `l lstn

 

grmnkazniaùk aktlrkn4 aktlrkn4 Cn fapùtlsas ccnen`n `lc kôiclg ilktrnc qul pul`l slr ogreucn`n lk lstgs táreakgs4 táreakgs4 cn grmnkazniaùk `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk prlslktn ukn eg`nca`n` eg`nca`n` pnrtaiucnr, pnrtaiucnr, lspliaoain4 lspliaoain4 kg ôkainelktl cgs lclelktgs `l cn rlprlslktniaùk sgk dlrnrquazn`gs sakg n`leîs tg`n rlprlslktniaùk lstî grmnkazn`n ncrl`l`gr `l uk kôiclg ilktrnc, igkstatua`g pgr ukg g vnrags lclelktgs qul `nk su samkaoainiaùk n cn rlprlslktniaùk. >. CGY GRAMLKLY @L CN KGIAGK @L K\ICLG ILKPRNC

Cn a`ln `l ilktrnca`n`, igeg cn `l kôiclg, kôiclg, kg ls kulvn. @ls`l >12=, y lk ukg `l cgs praelrgs tlxtgs `l O. Fla`lr ‐rlsplitg nc lstu`ag `l cgs olkùelkgs olkùelkgs `l ntrabuiaùk‐ ntrabuiaùk‐ sl lkiulktrn cn a`ln qul cns plrsgkns plrsgkns talklk tlk`lkian n ntrabuar cgs lvlktgs qul sgbrlvalklk lk su lktgrkg n kôiclgs ukatnrags, igk`aiagkn`gs `l ogren aktlrkn, qul sgk, `l ncmôk ncmôk eg`g. Cgs ilktrgs ilktrgs `l cn tlxturn tlxturn inusnc inusnc `lc euk`g. Lk lc easeg slkta`g, `ail Fla`lr, iunk`g lstu`anegs cns plrilpiagkls `lc lktgrkg sgianc pgr cgs ak`ava`ugs, plrintnegs `l qul iunk`g uk ak`ava`ug plriabl su lktgrkg sgianc, sl lsogrznrî pgr `nr uk slkta`g n cn `avlrsa`n` `l lståeucgs akel`antgs. Lstn gplrniaùk igk lc gbdltg `l lkigktrnr uk slkta`g sl gplrnrî el`anktl ukn ogincazniaùk ogincazniaùk sgbrl lsgs kôiclgs ukatnrags ukatnrags `l cgs qul ninbnegs `l fnbcnr. fnbcnr. Q sgk lsgs kôiclgs ukatnra ukatnrags gs cgs qul ntrabuarîk cn samkaoainiaùk `l cgs flifgs flifgs lsplrn`gs. Lk lsl prgilsg `l plrilpiaùk sgianc npnrlilk npnrlilk nså, puls lclelktgs ilktrncls, nc pnrlilr igkstatutavgs igkstatutavgs `lc plksnealktg sgianc, qul plreatlk pgklr lk gr`lk y lktlk`lr cn rlnca`n` vava`n pgr cgs ak`ava`ugs g cgs mrupgs. Ygbrl lstl tlen `l cn plrilpiaùk sgianc, y bnstnktl aktlrlsnktl pnrn kgsgtrgs, cgs trnbndgs `l Nsif (>10?) rloulrznk lstn a`ln `l grmnkazniaùk grmnkazniaùk ilktrncazn`n. ilktrncazn`n. Rligr`legs qul, lk su iáclbrl iáclbrl akvlstamniaùk, akvlstamniaùk, Nsif  prgpgkl n cgs sudltgs uk igkduktg `l saltl rnsmgs qul supulstnelktl `lsirablk n uk ak`ava`ug, y qul nkncazn igeg sl ogrenk cns aeprlsagkls, cgs duaiags leata`gs sgbrl cns plrsgkns nså inrnitlrazn`ns cg qul Nsif lstu`an `l eg`g`lc‐kgsgtrgs nså nså cgs igeg sl igkstatuyl cn rlprlslktniaùk, rlprlslk cn aenmlk qull kgsncmôk fnilegs gtrg n pnrtar gtrg `laktlrprltnegs‐ uk igkduktg `l lsakogreniagkls. akogreniagkls. Cg qul sl kgstniaùk, fnil pnrtaiucnrelktl pnrtaiucnrelkt aktlrlsnktl lk lstgs rlsuctn`gs ls iùeg sl lva`lkian qul lktrl cgs saltl rnsmgs `l inrîitlr prgpulstgs, ukg `l lktrl lccgs (lxprlsavg / oråg) oråg) `lsleplþn uk pnplc `ltlre `ltlreaknktl aknktl lk lc slkta`g `l qul mlklrn cn knturnclzn `l cn  plrilpiaùk. Lstl lclelktg, y ôkainelktl ác, `lsleplþn uk pnplc ilktrnc, `ltlreaknk`g cn plrilpiaùk `lc  plrsgkndl `l ogren ogren samkaoaintavnelktl samkaoaintavnelktl eîs aepgrtnktl aepgrtnktl qul tg`gs cgs gtrgs. gtrgs. Yl igkstntn, `l kul kulvg, vg, cn prlslkian `l uk lclelktg ilktrnc ilktrnc `ltlreaknk`g cn samkaoainiaùk samkaoainiaùk `lc gbdltg gbdltg prlslktn`g ‐lk lstl insg gtrg ak`ava`ug. ak`ava`ug. Cn  dlrnrquån lktrl cgs cgs lclelktgs prg`uil y onvgrlil cn ilktrnca`n` ilktrnca`n` `l ukg lktrl lccgs. Q cn saepcl trnksogreniaùk trnksogreniaùk `l lstl lclelktg ilktrnc ginsagkn uk inebag rn`ainc `l cn aeprlsaùk. Cn a`ln `lc kôiclg, igeg cn `l cn ilktrnca`n`, lstî pgr cg tnktg balk prlslktl lk trnbndgs `l cn psaigcgmån sgianc qul fnbcnk`g igk prgpal`n` prgpal`n` kg igkialrklk n cns rlprlslktniagkls rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls. sgiancls. Zlrg cn lkigktrnrlegs, lkigktrnrlegs, lk lc trnbndg `l Egsigvaia (>1?>) sgbrl lc psaignkîcasas, psaignkîcasas, y nc prgpùsatg `l cn máklsas `l cns rlprlslktniagkls tnc igeg lstl nutgr cn pgstucn. pgstucn. Znrn Egsigvaia, Egsigvaia, lc pnsg `lc igkilptg «psaignkîcasas¸ n su rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk sgianc sl lolitôn n trnvás `l gplrniagkls, `l ltnpns suilsavns. Cn praelrn onsl `l cn lcnbgrniaùk `l lstn rlprlslktniaùk igksastarî pnrn cgs ak`ava`ugs akvgcuirn`gs lk rltlklr `l enklrn slclitavn ukn pnrtl `l cn akogreniaùk qul iariucn lk cn sgial`n` nc prgpùsatg `lc psaignkîcasas, pnrn `lslebginr lk uk nrrlmcg pnrtaiucnr `l igkgiaealktgs igkgiaealktgs rlsplitg n lstl gbdltg. Lstl prgilsg ccnen`g `l gbdltavniaùk  plreatl pnsnr ‐`ail Egsigvaia‐ `l cn tlgrån ialktåoain n cg qul `lkgeakn `lkgeakn pgr uk «eg`lcg oamurntavg¸, oamurntavg¸, g «kôiclg oamurntavg¸. oamurntavg¸. lsqulentazniaùk `l cn cn tlgrån qul sl sustlktn sgbrl cn slc slcliiaùk liiaùk `l ncmukgs lclel lclelktgs ktgs igkirltgs. N`leîs `l qul sgk icnsaoain`gs y slcliiagkn`gs, cgs lclelktgs `lc kôiclg sgk amuncelktl `lsigktlxtuncazn`gs, ls `liar `asgian`gs `lc igktlxtg qul cgs prg`udg, n`quaralk`g nså ukn nutgkgeån enygr, qul nuelktn su pgsabaca`n` `l utacazniaùk pnrn lc ak`ava`ug. Culmg lc kôiclg saepcl, igkirltg, mrîoaig y igflrlktl, igrrlspgk` igrrlspgk`ll amuncelktl nc sastlen `l vncgrls nc iunc sl rloalrl lc ak`ava`ug, ls `liar qul cclvn cn enrin `l cn iucturn y `l cns kgrens `lc lktgrkg sgianc. Pgen pnrn lc sudltg lc stntus stntus `l lva`lkian. lva`lkian. Znrn ác ls cn rlnca`n` easen. Igkstatuyl lc ouk`nelktg ouk`nelktg lstnbcl ncrl`l`gr `lc iunc sl igkstruarî lc igkduktg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. Ác prgpgriagknrî lc enrig `l intlmgrazniaùk l aktlrprltniaùk `l cns kulvns akogreniagkls akogreniagkls qul cclmnk nc sudltg, vgcva vgcvaák`gsl ák`gsl nså «igktlka`g nitavg sarvalk`g sarvalk`g  pnrn igk`uiar cn igk`uitn y `nr uk slkta`g n cgs flifgs¸ (Egsigvaia, >1?>). Cgs gtrgs lclelktgs `l cn rlprlslktniaùk slrîk puls rltlka`gs, intlmgrazn`gs l aktlrprltn`gs lk oukiaùk `l n knturnclzn `lc kôiclg oamurntavg. _lrlegs qul cn tlgrån `lc `lc kôiclg ilktrnc rltgen rltgen lk mrnk pnrtl cgs nkîcasas nkîcasas `l Y. Egsigvai Egsigvaia,a, plrg kg caeatnk`g lsl kôiclg saebùcaig n su pnplc mlkátaig. Zgr kulstrn pnrtl plksnrkgs qul lc kôiclg ilktrnc ls lc

 

lclelktg lslkianc `l tg`n rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk igkstatua`n igkstatua`n y qul pul`l, `l ncmôk eg`g, ar eîs nccî `lc saepcl enrig `l gbdltg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk pnrn lkigktrnr `arlitnelktl su gramlk lk vncgrls qul cg suplrnk, y qul kg klilsatnk nsplitgs oamurntavgs, lsqulentazniaùk, ka igkirliaùk. CN PLGRAN @LC K\ICLG ILKPRNC (NBRAI, >1=?, >16=)

Lstl ls lc lclelktg ouk`nelktnc `l cn rlprlslktniaùk pulstg pulstg qul n cn vlz `ltlreakn cn samkaoainiaùk samkaoainiaùk y cn grmnkazniaùk `l cn rlprlslkt rlprlslktniaùk. niaùk. Lc kôiclg ilktrnc ‐g kôiclg lstruiturnktl‐ lstruiturnktl‐ `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk mnrnktazn `gs oukiagkls oukiagkls lslkiancls4 lslkiancls4 Pg`n rlprlslktniaùk lstî grmnkazn`n ncrl`l`gr `l uk kôiclg ilktrnc.

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ls lc lclelktg el`anktl lc iunc sl irln, sl trnksogren, cn samkaoainiaùk `l cgs gtrgs gtrgs lclelktgs igkstatutavgs igkstatutavgs `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. rlprlslktniaùk. Ls pgr su igk`uitg qul lsgs lclelktgs tgenk uk slkta`g, uk vncgr8   \kn oukiaùk grmnkazn`grn4 ls lc kôiclg ilktrnc qul `ltlreakn cn knturnclzn `l cgs cnzgs qul uklk, lktrl lccgs cgs lclelktgs `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. Ls, lk lstl slkta`g, lc lclelktg ukaoain`gr y lstnbacazn`gr `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. \kn oukiaùk mlklrn`grn4

Zgr gtrn pnrtl talkl ukn prgpal`n`. Igkstatuyl lc lclelktg eîs lstnbcl `l cn rlprlslktnia rlprlslktniaùk, ùk, lc qul mnrnktazn cn plrlkka`n` lk igktlxtgs egvabcls egvabcls y lvgcutavgs. Ylrî lk cn rlprlslktniaùk lc lclelkt lclelktgg qul eîs rlsastarî nc inebag. Lk lolitg iuncqualr eg`aoainiaùk `lc kôiclg ilktrnc ginsagkn ukn trnksogreniaùk igepcltn `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. Zcnktlnrlegs Zcnktlnrlegs nså qul cn a`lktaoainiaùk `l lsl kôiclg ilktrnc plreatl lc lstu`ag igepnrntavg `l cns rlprlslktniagkls. Znrn qul `gs rlprlslktniagkls slnk `ao `aolrlktls, lrlktls, `lblk lstnr grmnkazn` grmnkazn`ns ns ncrl`l`gr `l `gs kôiclgs ilktrncls `astaktgs. `astaktgs. Cn saepcl a`lktaoainiaùk `lc igktlka`g igktlka`g `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk ls puls aksuoaialktl  pnrn rligkgilrcn y lspliaoainrcn. cn grmnkazniaùk `l lsl `aolrlktls igktlka`g saqul lslkian4 `gs `loaka`ns pgr uk easeg igktlka`gLs pul`lk slr rn`aincelktl cn ls grmnkazniaùk `l rlprlslktniagkls lsl igktlka`g, y culmg cn ilktrnca`n` `l ialrtgs lclelktgs, ls `astaktn. Zgr gtrn pnrtl, cn ilktrnca`n` `l uk lclelktg kg pul`l slr cclvn`n lxicusavnelktl n ukn `aelksaùk iunktatntavn. Nc igktrnrag, lc kôiclg ilktrnc ilktrnc talkl nktls `l eîs uukn kn `aelksaùk iuncatntavn. iuncatntavn. Kg ls cn prlslkian aepgrtnktl `l uk lclelktg qul `loakl su ilktrnca`n` ilktrnca`n` ‐cg qul cg `aolrlkian `aolrlkian nså `l cgs «prgtgtapgs¸ `l Rgsif (>1?=)‐ ls lc flifg flifg qul gtgrmn su samkaoainiaùk samkaoainiaùk n cn rlprlslktniaùk. rlprlslktniaùk. Zg`legs plrolitnelktl plrolitnelktl igkilbar `gs lclelktgs iuyn aepgrtnkian aepgrtnkian iunktatntavn iunktatntavn ls a`áktain y euy oulrtl oulrtl ‐npnrlilk pgr ldlepcg cgs ``gs gs euy orliulktlelktl lk lc `asiursg `l cgs sudltgs‐ plrg ukg lstî lk lc kôiclg ilktrnc y lc gtrg kg. Ya cn orliulkian `l npnraiaùk kg ls nså uk iratlrag suoaialktl pnrn `ltlreaknr cn ilktrnca`n`, cgs ôctaegs trnbndgs `l Muaelcca y Rguqulttl Rguqulttl (>112) nbrlk nbrlk kulvns plrsplitavns plrsplitavns aktlrlsnktls. aktlrlsnktls. Ylmôk lstgs nutgrls nutgrls ‐y sus praelrgs praelrgs rlsuctn`gs vlraoaink lstn fapùtlsas‐, cn aepgrtnkian iunktatntavn `l ncmukgs cnzgs (ak`uiiaùk) qul enktalklk uk lclelktg igk lc igkduktg `l cgs gtrgs npnrlil igeg uk ak`ain`gr plrtaklktl `l cn ilktrnca`n`. Lc eg`lcg `l cgs lsqulens igmkatavgs igmkatavgs `l bnsl qul utacaznk plreatl lk lolitg inci inciucnr ucnr «cn vnclkian¸ `l in`n åtle `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. rlprlslktniaùk. Lstn vnclkian ls `loaka`n «igeg cn prgpal`n` prgpal`n` `l uk åtle `l lktrnr lktrnr lk uk enygr n elkgr kôelrg `l rlcniagkls `l tapg ak`uitavg¸. ak`uitavg¸. Zulstg qul uk uk lclelktg ilktrnc ilktrnc `ltlreakn `ltlreakn cn samkaoainiaùk samkaoainiaùk `l cgs gtrgs lclelktgs su vncgr `lbl slr puls samkaoaintavnelktl eîs lclvn`g qul lc `l cgs atles plraoáraigs.   Muaelcca prlslktn lk lstn gbrn rlsuctn`gs qul vnk lk lstl slkta`g. subrnynk`g nså qul lc nkîcasas `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk slmurnelktl slmurnelktl `lbl slr lstruiturnc. lstruiturnc. Lstl kôiclg ilktrnc lstî igkstatua`g pgr pgr ukg n vnrags lclelktgs qul lk cn lstruiturn `l cn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk giupnk ukn pgsaiaùk prava pravaclman`n4 clman`n4 sgk lccgs cgs qul `nk su samkaoainiaùk n cn rlprlslktniaùk. rlprlslktniaùk. Ls `ltlreakn`g lk pnrtl pgr cn knturnclzn knturnclzn `lc gbdltg rlprlslktn`g pgr gtrn  pnrtl pgr cn rlcniaùk qul lc sudltg ‐g lc mrupg‐ enktalkl igk `aifg gbdltg, y oakncelktl pgr lc sastlen `l vncgrls y kgrens kgrens sgiancls qul igkstatuylk igkstatuylk lc lktgrkg lktgrkg a`lgcùmaig `lc egelktg egelktg y `lc mrupg. mrupg. Ylmôk cn knturnclzn `lc gbdltg y cn oaknca`n` `l cn satuniaùk, lc kôiclg ilktrnc pg`rî tlklr `gs `aelksagkls `astaktns. 

 

igeg pgr ldlepcg lk cns satuniagkls igk oaknca`n` gplrntgran4 slrîk pravaclman`gs lktgkils lk cn rlprlslktniaùk y igkstatuylk`g lc kôiclg ilktrnc cgs lclelktgs eîs aepgrtnktls aepgrtnktls pnrn fa rlncazniaùk `l cn tnrln. Ls cg qul igkoarenk, pgr ldlepcg, cgs trnbndg `l Gifnkakl (>16>), qul `leulstrnk `leulstrnk qul lk ukn nitava`n` prgols prgolsagknc agknc cns «aeîmlkls gplrntavns¸ qul igk`uilk lc igepgrtnealktg igepgrtnealktg `lc gplrn`gr sgk `logren`ns `logren`ns oukiagkncelktl, oukiagkncelktl, y qul cgs lclelktgs sgbrl-vncgrazn`gs lk cn rlprlslktniaùk plreatlk cn loainian eîxaen `lsleplþnk`g uk pnplc `ltlreaknktl `ltlreaknktl lk cn rlncazniaùk `l cn tnrln. Nsaeaseg y lk gtrg `geakag

Qn sln ukn `aelksaùk oukiagknc,

 

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 ‐lc `l lstu`ag `lc lktgrkg urbnkg‐, Cykif (>1?1) subrnyn igeg cn rlprlslktniaùk `l cn iau`n` lstî grmnkazn`n ncrl`l`gr ncrl`l`gr `l ncmukgs lclelktgs ilktrnc ilktrncls4 ls4 cgs, qul sgk lslkiancls pnrn lc slþncnealktg y lc trnscn`g urbnkn.   G ukn `aelksaùk kgrentavn lk tg`ns cns satuniagkls lk qul aktlrvalklk, `arlitnelktl `aelksagkls sgiag-nolitavns, sgiag-nolitavns, sgiancls sgiancls n a`lgcùmains. Lk lstl tapg `l satuniagkls, satuniagkls, sl pul`l  plksnr qul ukn u kn kgren, uk lstlrlgtapg, ukn nitatu` oulrtlelktl enrin`n lstnrîk lk lc ilktrg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. Zgr ldlepcg, nså ls pnrn cn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk `l cn eudlr lk lk cn sgial`n`, lstu`an`n pgr Z. F. Ifgebnrt `l Cnuwl (>1?9), grmnkazn`n grmnkazn`n ncrl`l`gr `l cg qul ccnen ccnen uk «kôiclg lstîtaig¸ igkstatua`g pgr lstlrlgtapgs `l oulrtl vncgr nolitavg, n eîs rlialktlelktl lk lc lstu`ag `l cn rlprlslktniaùk `lc `aklrg lolitun`n pgr Z. _lrmls (>112), grmnkazn`n pnrn ncmukgs mrupgs ncrl`l`gr `l ukn vasaùk egrnc `l cn ligkgeån, nsgian`n n duaiags sgbrl cn átain y vncgrl( egrncls rlcniagkn`gs igk cn inca`n` `l va`n.

Cn a`lktaoainiaùk `lc kôiclg ilktrnc ls amuncelktl `ltlreaknktl pnrn igkgilr lc gbdltg easeg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk, lk lc slkta`g lk qul, igeg cl mustn ogreucnr n Icnu`l Ocnelkt >, «ukn `l cns iulstagkls aepgrtnktls kg ls tnktg lstu`anr cn rlprlslktniaùk `l uk gbdltg igeg snblr praelrnelktl iuîc ls lc gbdltg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk¸. Gbslrvniaùk ouk`nelktnc lk kulstrn gpakaùk4 pgrqul iuncqualr gbdltg kg ls ogrzgsnelktl gbdltg gbdltg `l rlprlslktniaùk. rlprlslktniaùk. Znrn qul uk gbdltg gbdltg cg sln ls klilsnrag klilsnrag qul cgs lclelktgs lclelktgs grmnkazn`grls `l su rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk ogrelk pnrtl n lsták `arlitnelktl nsgian`g nsgian`gss igk lc gbdltg easeg. Lstn rloclxaùk ‐`lsnrrgccn`n y lkraqulia`n pgr pgr lc easeg easeg lk lstn gbrn‐ gbrn‐ cclvn n I. Ocnelkt n `loakar `gs mrnk`ls tapgs `l rlprlslktniagkls4 

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   Cns rlprlslktniagkls nutùkgens iuyg prakiapag grmnkazn`gr sl satôn nc kavlc `lc gbdltg easeg.

Ls lc insg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk psaignkîcasas pgr Egsigvaia (>1?>), `l cny lkolrel`n` elktnc lstu`an`n pgr `lc lstu`an`n Dg`lclt (>161b). (>161b). lstu`an`n G `l cn aktlcamlkian lst lstu`an`n u`an`n pgr `lc Eumky Inrumnta (>1611:) pnrn `lsiubrar qul su samkaoainiaùk sl `lbån `lbån businr lk gtrg cn`g eîs qul lk lc gbdltg lk så4 lk lstl insg lk cn rlprlslktniaùk `lc trnscn`g lk mlklrnc y lk cn aenmlk `l så (`l su lstntus sgia sgianc) nc) prlslktl lk cgs vandlrgs. Lc lstu`ag `l lstl ôctaeg tapg `l rlprlslk rlprlslktniaùk tniaùk ls euifg eîs igepcldg y rlqualrl uk nkîcasas pnrtaiucnr `lsnrrgccn`g `lsnrrgccn`g y prgpulstg lk lstn gbrn pg pgrr I. Ocnelkt.

9. CGY LCLELKPGY ZLRAOLRAIGY @L CN RLZRLYLKPNIAGK

Cgs lclelktgs plraoáraigs plraoáraigs sl grmnkaznk ncrl`l`gr ncrl`l`gr `lc kôiclg ilktrnc. ilktrnc. Lstîk lk rlcniaùk `arlitn igk ác, ls `liar qul su prlslkian, su pgk`lrniaùk, su vncgr y su oukiaùk lstîk `ltlreakn`gs pgr lc kôiclg. Igkstatuylk cg lslkianc `lc igktlka`g `l cn rlprlslktniaùk, su cn`g eîs niilsabcl, plrg tnebaák cg eîs vavn y igkirltg. Nbnrink akogreniagkls rltlka`ns, slcliiagkn`ns l aktlrprltn`ns, duaiags ogreucn`gs ogreucn`gs nc rlsplitg `lc gbdltg y su lktgrkg, lstlrlgtapgs y irllkians. Lstgs lclelktgs lstîk dlrnrquazn`gs, ls `liar qul pul`lk lstnr eîs n elkgs ilrinkgs n cgs lclelktgs ilktrncls4 ilktrncls4 prùxaegs nc kôiclg, `lsleplþnk `lsleplþnk uk pnplc aepgrtnktl lk cn igkirliaùk `lc samkaoain`g `l cn rlprlslktniaùk, rlprlslktniaùk, eîs `astnktls `l ác acustrnk, nicn nicnrnk, rnk, dustaoaink lstn samkao samkaoainiaùk. ainiaùk. Ya igeg cg  plksnegs, cgs lclelktgs ilktrncls igkstatuylk cn icnvl `l bùvl`n `l cn rlprlslktniaùk, cgs lclelktgs  plraoáraigs `lsleplþnk tnebaák uk pnplc lslkianc lk cn rlprlslktniaùk. Lk lolitgs igkstatuylk cn aktlronsl lktrl lc kôiclg ilktrnc y cn satuniaùk igkirltn lk cn qul sl lcnbgrn g oukiagkn cn rlprlslktniaùk y rlspgk`lk n trls oukiagkls lslkiancls. 

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`arlitnelktl `lplk`alktls `lc igktlxtg, rlsuctnk `lc nkicndl `l cn rlprlslktniaùk lk cn rlnca`n`, y plreatlk rlvlstarcn lk táreakgs igkirltgs, igeprlksabcls y trnkseasabcls `l akel`antg. Aktlmrnk cgs lclelktgs `l cn satuniaùk lk cn qul cn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk sl prg`uil, fnbcnk fnbcnk `lc prlslktl y `l cg vava`g `lc sudltg. N`leîs, sgbrl lstl lstl puktg ls Oukiaùk igkirliaùk4

  Igeukainiaùk plrsgknc.

 

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aktlrlsnktl igkstntnr cn igkvlrmlkian `l kulstrns igkilpiagkls igk cns lxprlsn`ns lk uk igktlxtg tlùraig tlùraig igepcltnelktl igepcltnelktl `aolrlktl pgr Y. Lfrcaif. Lfrcaif. Lstl ôctaeg, ôctaeg, nc prlslktnr prlslktnr cgs  prakiapags `l igkstruiiaùk `l cns rlprlslktniagkls sleîktains, y lk pnrtaiucnr lc `l cn  dlrnrquazniaùk `l cgs igkilptgs. `licnrn4 lk lsns rlprlslktniagkls «cgs lclelktgs `geaknktls igkstatuylk ilktrgs `l mrnvl`n`, pgcgs grmnkazn`grls, kôiclgs `urgs2   pnrtaiucnrelkt  pnrtaiucnrelktll rlsastlktls nc gcva`g. Cgs lclelktgs sliuk`nrags lstîk nfå sgbrl tg`g pnrn lspliaoainr cgs  praelrgs, slþncnr slþncnr cgs `ltnccls, irlnr uk nebalktl igktlxtunc pnrtaiucnr ¸ (io Lfrcaif, >16).   Oukiaùk rlmucniaùk4 eîs oclxabcls qul cgs lclelktgs ilktrncls, cgs lclelktgs plraoáraigs `lsleplþnk uk pnplc lslkianc lk cn n`nptniaùk `l cn rlprlslktniaùk n cns lvgcuiagkls `lc igktlxtg. Zul`lk lktgkils slr aktlmrn`ns n cn plraolran `l cn rlprlslktniaùk tnc n iunc akogreniaùk kulvn, tnc tnc n iunc trnksogreniaùk `lc lktgrkg. lktgrkg. Lclelktgs susilptabcls susilptabcls `l pgklr lk `u`n cgs ouk`nelktgs `l cn rlprlslktniaùk pg`rîk slr aktlmrn`gs, yn sln gtgrmîk`gcls uk lstntutg elkgr, sln rlaktlrprltîk`gcgs rlaktlrprltîk`gcgs lk lc slkta`g `l cn samkaoainiaùk ilktrnc, g ‐vgcvlrlegs sgbrl lccn‐ igkil`aák`gcls uk inrîitlr inrîitlr `l lxilpiaùk, `l igk`aiagknca`n`, ``arî arî Ocnelkt lk lstn gbrn. Orlktl n cn lstnbaca`n` `lc kôiclg ilktrnc, igkstatuylk lc nsplitg eùvac y lvgcutavg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk.   Oukiaùk `lolksn4 lc kôiclg ilktrnc ilktrnc `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk ‐yn cg `adaegs‐ `adaegs‐ rlsastl nc inebag, inebag,  pulstg qul su trnksogreniaùk ginsagknrån ginsagknrån uk trnstgrkg igepcltg. Zgr tnktg lc sastlen plraoáraig plraoáraig oukiagkn igeg lc sastlen sastlen `l `lolksn `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. rlprlslktniaùk. Igkstatuyl cn qul Ocnelkt (>16=) ccnen su «pnrnifgquls¸. Cn trnksogreniaùk `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk sl gplrnrn nså lk cn enygrån `l cgs insgs el`anktl cn trnksogreniaùk `l sus lclelktgs plraoáraigs4 inebag `l pgk`lrniaùk, aktlrprltniagkls kulvns, `logreniagkls oukiagkncls `lolksavns, aktlmrniaùk igk`aiagknc `l lclelktgs igktrn`aitgrags. Ls lk lc sastlen plraoáraig `gk`l cns igktrn`aiiagkls pg`rîk

npnrlilr lktgkils y slr sgstlka`ns. Nfgrn vlrlegs igeg, lk lstn plrsplitavn, cgs trnbndgs `l Ocnelkt (>16=, >161 y lk lstn gbrn) igkstatuylk uk nvnkil aepgrtnktl lk lc nkîcasas `lc pnplc `l lstl sastlen sastlen plraoáraig. Ocnelkt igksa`lrn, lk lolitg, qul cgs lclelktgs plraoáraigs sgk lsqulens, grmnkazn`gs pgr lc kôiclg ilktrnc, «mnrnktaznk`g `l ogren akstnktîkln lc oukiagknealktg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk igeg rldaccn `l `lsiaornealktg `l ukn satuniaùk¸ (io Ocnelkt. >16142:1). Cn aepgrtnkian `l lstgs lsqulens lk lc oukiagknealktg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk rlsuctn `l ukns oukiagkls qul cls nsamkn. 

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2

 

 

Ygk praelrnelktl  prgsiraptgrls `l cgs igepgrtnealktgs  ‐y kgsgtrgs nþn`arkgs, `l cns tgrkns `l pgsaiaùk‐ `lc sudltg. Ak`aink lk lolitg cg qul ls kgrenc `l fnil fnilrr n `liar lk ukn satuniaùk `n`n, tlkalk`g lk iulktn cn samkaoainiaùk samkaoainiaùk y cn oaknca`n` `l lstn satuniaùk. Zlreatlk nså igk`uiar akstnktîklnelktl cn niiaùk n cns rlniiagkls `l cgs sudltgs, sak tlklr qul niu`ar n cns samkaoainiagkls ilktrncls.   Lk slmua`n, slmua`n, plreatlk ukn eg`ucniaùk plrsgkncazn`n `l cns rlprlslktniagkls y `l cns igk`uitns qul cls lstîk nsgian`ns. nsgian`ns. \kn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk ôkain ‐grmnkazn`n pgr tnktg ncrl`l`gr `l uk kôiclg ilktrnc‐ pul`l `nr cumnr nså n `aolrlkians `aolrlkians npnrlktls, rlcniagkn`ns rlcniagkn`ns igk cn nprgpaniaùk nprgpaniaùk ak`ava`unc n igk igktlxtgs lspliåoaigs, y qul slrîk trn`uia`gs pgr sastlens plraoáraigs y lvlktuncelktl pgr igepgrtnealktgs rlcntavnelktl `aolrlktls8 `aolrlktls8 pgr supulstg n igk`aiaùk igk`aiaùk qul lsns `aolrlkians slnk igepntabcls igk uk easeg kôiclg ilktrnc.   Oakncelktl, cgs lsqulens plraoáraigs  prgtlmlk lk insg `l klilsa`n`, nc kôiclg ilktrnc. Lkigktrnrkgs nquå cn oukiaùk `l cn `lolksn `l cn qul yn flegs fnbcn`g. Qlk`g eîs cldgs igk lc nkîcasas. Ocnelkt pnrtl `l rlcalvl ukg `l cgs prgilsgs qul sl lstnbclilk iunk`g ukn rlprlslktniaùk ls ntnin`n `l enklrn aepgrtnktl. Ls `liar, iunk`g su kôiclg ilktrnc ls nelknzn`g. Cgs lsqulens kgrencls `arlitnelktl `arlitnelktl nsgian`gs nc kôiclg kôiclg sl trnksogrenk lktgkils lktgkils lk lsqulens lxtrnþgs¸, lxtrnþgs¸, `loaka`gs pgr iuntrg igepgklktls4 «Cn lvginiaùk `l cg kgrenc, cn `lsamkniaùk `lc lclelktg lxtrnkdlrg, cn noareniaùk `l ukn igktrn`aiiaùk lktrl lsgs `gs táreakgs, cn prgpulstn `l ukn rniagkncazniaùk qul plreatn sgpgrtnr (pgr uk talepg) cn igktrn`aiiaùk¸ (io OCnelkt, >16=4 >0?). _lrlegs lk lstn gbrn (io Ocnelkt, inp.2) cgs ôctaegs nvnkils nvnkils `l lstn lstn fapùtlsas fapùtlsas y igeg igeg cns kgiagkls kgiagkls `l «igk`aiagknca`n`¸, «rlvlrsabaca`n` `l cn satuniaùk¸, satuniaùk¸, y «bulkgs egtavgs¸ plreatlk acustrnr acustrnr uk nsplitg nsplitg kulvg l aktlrlsnktl `l cns

Yubrnyn`g pgr kgsgtrgs.

 

rlcniagkls lktrl lc sastlen `l rlprlslktniaùk y cns prîitains sgiancls qul cl lstîk nsgian`ns, plrg tnebaák `lc prgbclen ilktrnc `l cn `akîeain y `l cn trnksogreniaùk `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk. @ldlegs n Ocnelkt lc iua`n`g `l `lsnrrgccnr su tlgrån lk lc inpåtucg qul samul plrg slþnclegs qul pgr cg elkgs ukn `l sus aktuaiagkls ninbn `l rliabar ukn igkoareniaùk igkoareniaùk lxplraelktnc. lxplraelktnc. Lk su trnbndg eîs rlialktl, Encelr Encelr (>112) ninbn lolitavnelktl `l vlrao vlraoainr ainr uk puktg lslkianc `l cn tlgrån `l Ocnelkt y qul nicnrn cgs rlsplitavgs pnplcls `lc kôiclg ilktrnc y `l cgs lclelktgs  plraoáraigs lk lc oukiagknealktg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk4 «Cgs lsqulens ilktrncls (lc kôiclg kôiclg ilktrnc) sgk kgrentavgs lk lc slk slkta`g ta`g lk qul lxprlsnk cn kgrenca`n`, plrg kg Cn lxnitatu`, iunk`g cgs lsqulens plraoáraigs igk`aiagkncls lxprlsnk cg orliulktl, n vlils cg lxilpiagknc  plrg kukin cg nkgrenc¸ nkgrenc¸ (Egcaklr. >1124926). >1124926). 0. CNY RLZRLYLKPNIAGKLY IGEG @GBCL YAYPLEN

Cns rlprlslktniagkls rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls y sus igepgklktls4 igepgklktls4 kôiclg ilktrnc, `legkags `legkags plraoáraigs oukiagknk oukiagknk nså, lk lolitg, igeg ukn lkta`n` lk cn qul in`n pnrtl talkl uk pnplc lspliaoaig eîs   igepclelktnrag `l cn gtrn. Yu grmnkazniaùk nså igeg su oukiagknealktg oukiagknealktg ls rlma`g pgr uk `gbc `gbcll sastlen (io . Nbrai, >112). 

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(lc kôiclg ilktrnc), iuyn `ltlreakniaùk ls lslkiancelktl sgianc, rlcniagkn`g igk cns igk`aiagkls fastùrains, sgiagcùmains sgiagcùmains l a`lgcùmains. @arlitnelktl nsgian`g n cgs vncgrls y  kgrens, `loakl cgs prakiapags ouk`nelktncls ncrl`l`gr `l cgs iuncls sl igkstatuylk cns rlprlslktniagkls. Ls cn bnsl igeôk prgpanelktl sgianc sgianc y igclitavn qul `loakl cn fgegmlkla fgegmlkla`n` `n` `l uk mrupg el`anktl igepgrtnealktgs ak`ava`uncazn`gs qul pul`lk npnrlilr igeg \k sastlen ilktrnc

igktrn`aitgrags. @lsleplþn uk pnplc pnplcy igkslrvniaùk lslkianc lk lk cn lc lstnbaca`n` lstnba ca`n`slyaksirabl cn igflrlkian `l cn rlprlslktniaùk, mnrnktazn su plrlkka`n` talepg4 lk cn `urniaùk y pgr lsg lktlk`legs lktlk`legs qul lvgcuiagkn ‐sncvg iariukstnkians iariukstnkians lxilpiagkncls‐ lxilpiagkncls‐ lk ogren euy clktn. N`leîs ls rlcntavnelktl ak`lplk`alktl ak`lplk`alktl `lc igktlxtg akel`antg lk lc qul lc sudltg utacazn g vlrbncazn vlrbncazn sus rlprlslktniagkls4 rlprlslktniagkls4 su gramlk lstî lk gtrn gtrn pnrtl4 pnrtl4 lk lc lc igktlxtg mcgbnc ‐  fastùraig, sgianc, a`lgcùmaig‐ a`lgcùmaig‐ qul `loakl cns kgrens y cgs vncgrls vncgrls `l cgs ak`ava`ugs y `l cgs mrupgs lk uk sastlen sgianc `n`g. `n `g.   \k sastlen plraoáraig iuyn `ltlreakniaùk ls eîs ak`ava`uncazn`n y igktlxtuncazn`n, bnstnktl eîs nsgian`g n cns inrnitlråstains ak`ava`uncls y nc igktlxtg akel`antg y igktakmlktl lk qul lstîk akelrsgs cgs ak`ava`ugs, lstl sastlen plraoáraig plreatl ukn n`nptniaùk, ukn `aolrlkianiaùk lk oukiaùk oukiaùk `l cg vava`g, ukn aktlmrniaùk aktlmrniaùk `l cns lxplralkians igta`ankns. igta`ankns. Zlreatl eg`ucniagkls plrsgkncls lk tgrkg n uk kôiclg ilktrnc igeôk, mlklrnk`g rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls ak`ava`uncazn`ns. Euifg eîs oclxabcl qul lc sastlen ilktrnc, `l ncmôk eg`g cn prgtlml nc plreatarcl qul aktlmrl aktlmrl akogreniagkls y fnstn prîitains `ao `aolrlkian`ns. lrlkian`ns. Zlreatl cn nilptniaùk nilptniaùk lk lc sastlen `l rlprlslktniaùk `l ukn ialrtn fltlrgmlkla`n` `l igktlka`g y `l igepgrtnealktg. Lstl sastlen plraoáraig kg ls, pgr tnktg, uk  lclelktg elkgr elkgr `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. rlprlslktniaùk. Nc igktrnrag. ls ouk`nelktnc pulstg qul nsgian`g nc sastlen ilktrnc cl plreatl nkicnrsl lk cn rlnca`n` plrg lktlk`legs tnebaák qul cn fltlrgmlkla`n` `lc sastlen plraoáraig kg pul`n nvntnr cn lxastlkian `l rlprlslktniagkls rlprlslktniagkls `aolrlkian`ns. Lk inebag ‐y cn npgrtniaùk npgrtniaùk `l Ocnelkt nc rlsplitg kgs  pnrlil ouk`nelktnc‐ lc nkîcasas `lc sastlen plraoáraig (pgr ldlepcg cn a`lktaoainiaùk a`lktaoainiaùk `l cgs «lsqulens lxtrnþgs¸ y `l cgs «lsqulens igk`aiagkncls¸) igk`aiagkncls¸) igkstatuyl uk lclelktg lslkianc lslkianc lk cn a`lktaoainiaùk `l cns trnksogreniagkls lk iursg, pul`l igkstatuar uk oulrtl ak`ain`gr `l cns eg`aoainiagkls outurns `l cn rlprlslktniaùk, uk såktgen ak`asiutabcl `l ukn lvgcuiaùk lk cns satuniagkls lk qul cn rlprlslktniaùk lstî lk prgilsg `l trnksogreniaùk.

Ls cn lxastlkian `l lsl `gbcl sastlen cg qul plreatl lktlk`lr ukn `l cns inrnitlråstains lslkiancls `l cn rlprlslktniaùk sgianc sgianc qul pg`rån npnrlilr igeg igeg igktrn`aitgran4 sgk n cn vlz lstnbcls y eùvacls, eùvacls, råma`ns y oclxabcls. Lstnbcls y  råma`ns pgrqul lstîk `ltlreakn`ns pgr uk kôiclg ilktrnc prgouk`nelktl nkicn`g lk lc sastlen `l vncgrls igepnrta`g igepnrta`g pgr cgs ealebrgs `lc mrupg8 eùvacls y oclxabcls pgrqul sgk ncae ncaelktn`ns lktn`ns `l cns lxplralkians ak`ava`uncls l aktlmrnk cgs `ntgs `l cg vava`g y   `l cn satuniaùk lspliaoain, cn lvgcuiaùk `l cns rlcniagkls y `l cns prîitains sgiancls lk cns qul cgs ak`ava`ugs n cgs mrupgs lstîk aksiratgs.

 

Cn igkilpiaùk `l cns rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls nquå prlslktn`n plreatl amuncelktl bgrrnr ncmukns iråtains leata`ns pgr nutgrls igeg igeg Bgur`alu, Ifnebgrl`gk y Znsslrgk (>1?6 (>1?6)) qul cl rlprgifnk lc `lplk`lr «`l cns akmlkua`n`ls `l cns cns oacgsgoåns sgiancls sgiancls `lc igkslksg¸. igkslksg¸. Lk lolitg4 ukn slmuk`n inrnitlråstain inrnitlråstain lslkianc `l cns rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls tnc igeg cns igksa`lrnegs ‐qul tg`nvån nquå pul`l npnrlilr igeg igktrn`aitgran‐ ls qul lsns rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls sgiancls sgk ncinkzn`ns pgr igkslksg y n cn vlz enrin`ns pgr oulrtls `aolrlkians `aolrlkians åktlr-ak`ava`uncls. åktlr-ak`ava`uncls. Zgrqul igeg cn slþncn euy balk @gasl (>16 161n). Kulstrn nebaiaùk kg ls `l prlslktnrcgs prlslktnrcgs nquå, plrg sa `l lxtrn lxtrnlr lr `l lktrl lccgs cgs qul busi busink nk lxpcåiatnelktl cn vlraoainiaùk `l ncmukgs nsplitgs tlùraigs g qul cgs acustrnk `arlitnelktl, pravaclmank`g cns akvlstamniagkls lxplraelktncls lxplraelktncls qul pgr `loakaiaùk talklk cn vginiaùk `l vlraoainr cn vnca`lz `l cns fapùtlsas. >. _LRAOAINIAGK @L CNY O\KIAGKLY @L CN RLZRLYLKPNIAGK

Cn praelrn oukiaùk `l cns rlprlslktniagkls4 igkstatuiaùk `l uk snblr igeôk kgs pnrlil qul fn sa`g suoaialktl y braccnktlelktl `legstrn`n pgr trnbndgs igrkg cgs `l Egsigvaia sgbrl lc psaignkîcasas (>1?>) g `l Dg`lclt sgbrl cn lkolrel`n` elktnc (>161b) `l nfå qul rlsuctl akklilsnrag akklilsnrag vgcvlr sgbrl lccg. Znsn cg easeg igk cn slmuk`n oukiaùk4 cn `l cn gralktniaùk `l cns igk`uitns y igepgrtnealktgs, qul `ag cumnr n mrnk kôelrg `l akvlstamniagkls lxplraelktncls lxplraelktncls iuygs rlsuctn`gs rlsuctn`gs sgk igkigr`nktls. igkigr`nktls. Qn sln lk satuniagkls satuniagkls `l aktlrniiaùk aktlrniiaùk igkocaitunc (io. Npolcbnue, >1?=, Nbrai, >16=), g lk rlcniagkls rlcniagkls aktlrmrupgs (io @gasl, >1?1) g pl`nmùmains pl`nmùmains (io. Maccy >16:), lstî `legstrn`g qul lc igepgrtnealktg `l cgs cgs ak`ava`ugs g `l cgs mrupgs llss `ltlreakn`g `arlitnelktl pgr cgs iuntrg igepgklktls `l su rlprlslktniaùk `l cn satuniaùk, qul tgrknk ukn aepgrtnkian rlcntavn slmôk slmôk lc igktlxtg y cn oaknca`n` oaknca`n` `l cn easen. easen. Lstgs iuntrg igepgklktls igepgklktls sgk4 rlprlslktniaùk `l så, `l cn tnrln, `l cgs gtrgs y `lc igktlxtg lk qul nitônk y `ltlreaknk cn samkaoainiaùk `l cn satuniaùk `l cgs sudltgs l ak`uilk pgr lsg cgs igepgrtnealktgs, cns mlstagkls igmkatavns y lc tapg `l rlcniagkls aktlrak`ava`uncls g aktlrmrupgs. Lk inebag cn tlrilrn oukiaùk4 (igkstatuiaùk y  rloulrzg `l cn a`lkta`n`, nukqul mlklrncelktl lkukian`n, ls rnrnelktl `legstrn`n. `legstrn`n. Ygk, n kulstrg lktlk`lr, cgs cgs trnbndgs `l Eumky y Inrumnta (>1669). Q pgr lsg  prlslkianegs lk lsgs mrupgs cn lcnbgrniaùk `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk euy grmnkazn`n lk qul cn tlgrån `lc `gk `lsleplþn uk pnplc bnstnktl bnstnktl aepgrtnktl «pgrqul lccn plreatl ukn prgtliiaùk prgtliiaùk oîiac `l cn a`lkta`n` plrsgk plrsgknc nc  pulstg qul lstn knturncazniaùk `licakn nepcanelktl cn rlspgksnbaca`n` `l cgs pn`rls y n cn vlz `l cgs `gilktls¸ (p. >62). Nsaeaseg cn aktlcamlkian aktlcamlkian ls `loaka`n tnktg igeg igkogreaseg igkogreaseg n cns rlmcns sgiancls igeg nsgian`n nc `lsnrrgccg aktlclitunc y igmkatavg. Igkilpiaùk euctaonitgranc qul plreatl aepcainr tnktg (g lk ialrtgs egelktgs ukgs eîs qul cgs gtrgs) cgs `gilktls `gilktls igeg cgs pn`rls n cn sgial`n sgial`n`. `. Nquå tnebaák cn rlprlslktniaùk plreatl rlmucnr cgs igkocaitgs a`lktatnrags rlcniagkn`gs igk cn `gbcl plrtlklkian lk lc slkta`g lk qul plreatl enktlklr lk iuncqualr iuncqualr insg ukn a`lkta`n` plrsgknc mrnta mrntaoainktl. oainktl. Ygcg prlslktnegs nquå ukn  pnrtl `l cgs rlsuctn`gs `l lstl lstu`ag plrg n kulstrg pnrlilr acustrnk balk igeg cn rlprlslktniaùk `lsleplþn uk pnplc lslkianc lk cn igkstatuiaùk `l ukn a`lkta`n` sgianc y igeg sl igkstruyl lk oukiaùk y pnrn rl`uiar lvlktuncls igkocaitgs a`lktatnrags, a`lktatnrags, g lk tg`g insg iunk`g lc gbdltg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk lstî lk rlcniaùk `arlitn igk prîitains aepgrtnktls pnrn lc mrupg. Lk iunktg n cn iunrtn oukiaùk `l cns rlprlslktniagkls, cn dustaoainiaùk `l cgs igepgrtnealktgs y `l cns tgens `l pgsaiaùk, oul pnrtaiucnrelktl pnrtaiucnrelktl pulstn lk lva`lkian ‐igeg cg flegs subrnyn`g yn‐ lk cns akvlstamniag akvlstamniagkls kls sgbrl cns rlcniagkls aktlr-mrupgs. @gasl (>1?1) pgr ldlepcg, pa`l n mrupgs, `lspuás `l fnblrcgs oneacanrazn`g igk cn satuniaùk qul sl`l`lsirabnk `lsirab nk lktrl såcgs y nsudltgs lccgs easegs ukn lsincn `l egtavniaùk. Yl igkstntn lktgkilslxplraelktnc, qul nktls akicusg cn aktlrniiaùk, lcnbgrnksgbrl ukn rlprlslktniaùk `lc gtrg mrupg ilktrn`n lk cn `aelksaùk igepltatavn. Lstn rlprlslktniaùk oniacatn y mlklrn igepgrtnealktgs iglriatavgs g igepltatavgs rlsplitg `lc gtrg mrupg. Ygbrl Ygbrl tg`g plreatl plreatl nc mrupg mrupg tlklr cn igkialkian igkialkian caepan4 caepan4 cn rlprlslktniaùk klmntavn `lc gtrg mrupg dustaoain lc igepgrtnealktg fgstac n`gptn`g pnrn igk áa y lsg ak`lplk`alktlelktll `lc igepgrtnealktg rlnc `lc mrupg «igktrnrag¸. ak`lplk`alktlelkt 2. _LRAOAINIAGK @L CN FAZGPLYAY @LC K\ICLG ILKPRNC

Cn tlgrån `lc kôiclg ilktrnc igkgiaù lstgs ôctaegs nþgs uk ialrtg kôelrg `l igkoareniagkls, tnktg `l akvlstamniagkls lepårains igeg `l trnbndgs lxplraelktncls.  n. _lraoainiaùk `l cn lxastlkia lxastlkian n `lc kôiclg ilktrnc

Rlncaznegs sgbrl uk ôkaig gbdltg, lc nrtlsnkn`g, `gs akvlstamniagkls `astaktns, utacaznk`g `aolrlktls eltg`gcgmåns. N`leîs, pgr supulstg, `lc gbdltavg `l igkgilr lc igktlka`g `l lstn rlprlslktniaùk,  prltlk`ånegs nså pgklr n prulbn cn fapùtlsas fapùtlsas `l qul cn rlprlslktniaùk lstu`an`n sl grmnkazn grmnkaznbn bn ncrl`l`gr `l uk kôiclg ilktrnc. Lstî icnrn, lk lolitg, lolitg, qul sa sl gbtalklk a`áktaigs rlsuc rlsuctn`gs tn`gs pgr `gs lquapgs `astaktgs, utacaznk`g ukg ukn mlstaùk lxplraelktnc, y lc gtrg ukn lkiulstn `l tlrrlkg, lstnrlegs lk pgsabaca`n` `l noarenr qul lstn igkigr`nkian igkstatuyl ukn vlraoainiaùk suenelktl aepgrtnktl `l lsgs rlsuctn`gs. 

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Cn lkiulstn `l tlrrlkg rlncazn`n lk lc Yur `l cn Ornkian igk ukn pgbcniaùk `l kg-nrtlsnkgs, sl npgynbn lk iunrlktn lktrlvastns igk`uia`ns n cns qul sl nþn`alrgk giflktn iulstagknrags (io.  Nbrai. >160), plreatalk`g nså uk nilrinealktg n cn vlz iuncatntavg y iunktatntavg. iunktatntavg. Lc trntnealktg `l cgs `ntgs pgr nkîcasas `l saeacatu` plreataù lktgkils lxtrnlr cn lstruiturn `l cn rlprlslktniaùk `lc nrtlsnkg. Yl kgtn icnrnelktl qul lstn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk lstî grmnkazn`n grmnkazn`n ncrl`l`gr `l iuntrg atles, qul `nk n cn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk su samkaoain`g mcgbnc mcgbnc igkstatuylk`g nså lc kôiclg kôiclg ilktrnc4 `gs atles inrnitlraznk inrnitlraznk nc easeg nrtlsnkg4 nrtlsnkg4 ls irln`gr y igkialkzu`g8 gtrg igkialrkl nc prg`uitg4 ls inrg8 lc ôctaeg ôctaeg `loakl lc tapg `l trnbndg trnbndg `lc nrtlsnkg4 nrtlsnkg4 enkunc.   Cn akvlstamniaùk lxplraelktnc (io. Nbrai. >161) igksastl lk pl`ar n 12 lstu`anktls `l cn \kavlrsa`n` `l Nax qul lolitôlk lolitôlk `gs tapgs `l tnrlns. \kn `l nsgianiaùk cabrl (n (n pnrtar `lc táreakg ak`uitgr nrtlsnkg) nrtlsnkg) lk slmua`n ukn `l trls dlrnrquazn`gs dlrnrquazn`gs suilsavg suilsavg (io. inp. 9 `l lstn gbrn) n pnrtar `l cgs atles prg`uia`gs prg`uia`gs lk cn nsgianiaùk @aspgklegs lkt lktgkils gkils pnrn in`n åtle `l

 

`gs ak`ain`grls su orliulkian `l npnraiaùk lk cns nsgianiagkls y su tnkmg, su icnsaoainiaùk  prgil`lktl `l cgs trls suilsavgs. suilsavgs. Igeg yn cn vlrlegs lk lc inpåtucg inpåtucg eltg`gcùmaig `l lstn lstn gbrn, lc iîciucg `l cn igrrlcniaùk lktrl cn orliulkian y lc tnkmg plreatl lxtrnlr cgs lclelktgs ilktrncls `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. Cgs rlsuctn`gs sgk euy aktlrlsnktls y eulstrnk qul sl gbtalkl nquå cgs easegs lclelktgs ilktrncls qul cgs lva`lkian`gs pgr lc lstu`ag lepåraig4 irlntavg, igkialkzu`g igkialkzu`g y trnbndn`gr enkunc, enkunc, sgcg lc nsplitg prliag lclvn`g kg npnrlil, cg qul sl lxpcain pgr lc eátg`g utacazn`g qul ôkainelktl lvginbn nc nrtlsnkg y kg nc  prg`uitg nrtlsnknc. Lc nilrinealktg pcura-eltg`gcùmaig pcura-eltg`gcùmaig prgpgriagkn puls rlsuctn`gs igkvlrmlktls qul  plreatlk igkoarenr igkoarenr cn lxastlkian `l `l lsl kôiclg ilktrnc. ilktrnc. Igkstatuyl `ls`l lstl puktg `l vastn ukn vnca`niaùk vnca`niaùk `l kulstrn fapùtlsas. Nså igeg lc flifg `l igkstntnr qul vnran vnranss akvlstamniagkls lolitun lolitun`ns `ns sak rlolrlkian n kulstrg enrig tlùraig `lslebgink lk lc `lsiubraealktg `l lsl kôiclg mlklrn`gr y grmnkazn`gr qul kgsgtrgs ccnenegs kôiclg ilktrnc y qul pnrn lsgs nutgrls ls `lkgeakn`g `astaktnelktl plrg igrrlspgk`l n cn easen kgiaùk4 «lc kôiclg grmnkazn`gr¸ `l cn rlprlslktniaùk `lc trnbndg, trnbndg, lva`lkian`g pgr Mrazl, Mrazl, _lrmls y Yaclrk (>16=)4 lc «kôiclg lstruiturnc cntlktl¸ cntlktl¸ `l cn rlprlslktniaùk `lc cnig y `l cn cgiurn a`lktaoain`g pgr @l Rgsn (>16=)8 cgs «kôiclgs `urgs¸ `urgs¸ `l cn rlprlslktniaùk rlprlslktniaùk `l cn aktlcamlkian aktlcamlkian nkncazn`gs nkncazn`gs pgr Eumky y Inrumnta Inrumnta (>1616?).  b. Cn vlraoainiaùk lxplraelktnc lxplraelktnc `l cns inrnitlråstains inrnitlråstains `lc kôiclg ilktrnc

Cn akvlstamniaùk lxplraelktnc sgbrl lc nrtlsnkn`g, qul ninbnegs `l `lsirabar, nbnrinbn ukn slmuk`n onsl qul nfgrn vnegs n prlslktnr y qul tlkan pgr gbdltavg ‐ukn vlz lxtrnå`g lc kôiclg ilktrnc‐ vlrao vlraoainr ainr su inrîitlr lstnbcl y grmnkazn`gr. Cgs sudltgs `lbånk nprlk`lr lktgkils ukn castn `l trlaktn táreakgs, nsgian`gs nc nrtlsnkg,fgrns y rligkstruar lstn`aolra`n). castn akel`antnelktl `lspuás `lclktncls nprlk`azndl (elegrannpcain`ns akel`antn) n `lspuás `lcn ncmukns (elegran (elegran @gs vnranbcls lxplraelktncls lxplrae sgk lktgkils npca in`ns y nkncazn`ns4  prlslkian g kg lk cn castn `l lclelktgs ilktrncls. Cn rlolrlkian g kg nc gbdltg lstu`an`g (rlprlslktniaùk akvgin`n g kg). kg). Cgs rlsuctn`gs gbtlka`gs (io.  Nbrai. >161) sgk aktlrlsnktls. aktlrlsnktls. Eulstrnk pgr pgr ukn pnrtl pnrtl qul cgs cgs lclelktgs ilktrncls sgk eldgr eldgr elegrazn`gs qul cgs plraoáraigs (y `l ogren tg`nvån eîs aepgrtnktl lk cn elegran `aolra`n). `aolra`n). Zgr gtrg cn`g igkstntnrkgs igkstntnrkgs qul iunk`g cgs sudltgs rlstatuylk rlstatuylk ukn castn `l táreakgs nsgian`gs nc nrtlsnkg (rlprlslktniaùk (rlprlslktniaùk lvgin`n) lvgin`n) y lk cn cn qul kg kg  oamurnbnk cgs lclelktgs ilktrncls, lstgs ôctaegs ‐nukqul kg nprlk`a`gs‐ sgk rlstatua`gs, rlstatua`gs, ls `liar rlakvlktn`gs pgr cgs sudlt sudltgs4 gs4 iunk`g lk inebag cn rlprlslktniaùk kg ls akvgin`n, lsgs táreakgs táreakgs ilktrncls sgk samkaoaintavne samkaoaintavnelktl lktl elkgs rlaktrg`uia`gs. Nså sl vlraoain lc pnplc mlklrn`gr `l slkta`g slkta`g `lc kôiclg ilktrnc. Nc rlstatuar ukn rlprlslktniaùk, rlprlslktniaùk, cgs su sudltgs sgk «gbcamn`gs¸ n prg`uiar pgr lccgs easegs easegs lc kôiclg ilktrnc lcaeakn`g lcaeakn`g pgr lc prgil`aealktg lxplraelktnc lxplraelktnc lstnbclia`g, pnrn qul lstn rlprlslktniaùk lkiulktrl su a`lkta`n` y su samkaoainiaùk. samkaoainiaùk. \kn akvlstamniaùk rlncazn`n pgr Egcaklr (>161) igkoaren gtrg nsplitg aepgrtnktl `l cn tlgrån `lc kôiclg ilktrnc, qul pgstucn qul cn trnksogreniaùk lolitavn `l ukn rlprlslktniaùk ôkainelktl sl rlncazn sa lc easeg kôiclg ilktrnc ls ls pulstg lk inusn. Yl prlslktn n cgs cgs sudltgs ‐igk cn nyu`n `l uk plqulþg ttlxtg‐ lxtg‐ cn `lsirapiaùk `l uk mrupg a`lnc, iuyg kôiclg ilktrnc ls plrolitnelktl igkgia`g `ls`l cgs trnbndgs `l Ocnelkt (>162). @lspuás lk uk slmuk`g talepg ls aktrg`uia`n aktrg`uia`n ukn akogreniaùk kulv kulvnn qul pgkl lk inusn yn sln uk lclelktg `lc kôiclg ilktrnc (nuslkian `l dlrnrquån), g uk lclelktg aepgrtnktl, eîs plraoáraig, `l lstn rlprlslktniaùk (a`lkta`n` (a`lkta`n` `l gpakagkls). Yl igkstntn lktgkils qul sa lc kôiclg ilktr ilktrnc nc ls ntnin`g, =1 pgr ialktg `l cgs sudltgs igksa`lrnk qul lc mrupg lk iulstaùk yn kg igrrlspgk`l n su rlprlslktniaùk `l mrupg a`lnc. Lk inebag lc ntnqul `lc lclelktg lclelktg plraoáraig `ltlreakn `ltlreakn sgcg uk 9= pgr ialktg `l iulstag iulstagknealktg knealktg `l cn rlprlslktniaùk. Zgr cg tnktg cn trnksogreniaùk trnksogreniaùk `lc kôiclg ilktrnc mlklrn lc inebag inebag `l rlprlslktniaùk. rlprlslktniaùk. Ylþnclegs oakncelktl qul sl `lsnrrgccnk tg`n ukn slral `l akvlstamniagkls iuyg gbdltavg ls igksgca`nr lstl nilrinealktg tlùraig. Ls lc insg `l cgs trnbndgs `l Maelcca y Rguqulttl (>112), prlslktn`gs lk lstn gbrn pgr Muaelcca. Zlrg tnebaák cgs `l Egcaklr (>119), `l cgs qul fnbc fnbcnegs negs lk lc inpåtucg 9, y oakncelktl cgs `l @grnç (>161), `l Nassnka. Bgknr`a y Mulcoulia (>11:) y `l Nassnka (>112). Flegs `l`ain`g `lca `lcablrn`nelktl blrn`nelktl  pgig lspniag lk lstl inpatucg n ukn iulstaùk aepgrtnktl aepgrtnktl sgbrl cn qul plksnegs qul kulstrn tlgrån gorlil gorlil plrs plitavns aktlrlsnktls4 cn `l cn `akîeain y lvgcuiaùk `l cns rlprlslktniagkls sgiancls. Ylrî ástl lslkiancelktl lc gbdltg el`ucnr `lc samualktl inpatucg.