Java Basic

m

Java Basic Chapter - 1m
m "hat is Programming?m  mm  m mm  mm m mm m   mmmm 
mm  m m    m m   mm m m m
m m m   mm   mm   mm m mm 

m m m m  m mm m

 
m mmm  m  m  mm m m m mmm

m   
mmmm mm  m m m  mm mm mm 

 mm mm m m m! mm mmmm 
m "
m "hat is Java?m #m mm  m$  m m  m mmm m%   
m mm m  mmm mmmmm m m mm mm
m&m m m  m m m mm  m    m m    m' 
m&m m  m!  m mmmmm   mm   m mm m   m  m  m mm ((
mm
m )  m*++m m m mmm$ m m m   m m  m mm m   m m mmm  mm m m*,
mm mm m%    m

 m m- m%m m mm mm # m.   m mm m m m m  mmm  mm  m    m 
mm mmmm m m m  mmmm  mm  m m m m   m m  m m  m  m    m 
m& mmm (( mmm m   m m m mm/
m0m mmm m m     mm m m m#m m m ((1m m#m
m m 

m  mmm 
m #m m   mm* m*++ m

 m mm m m mm m m  
mm  mm m m mmm  m m2m / m3 m 4mm mm  m m m m m m m'mm#m 5 m%  m6#5%7
m m  m m   m m

m  mm m   m

 m 8 ! m  m  m m9,:m
m ;
m "here Java is used? m     mm  m mm#m m mm&  m JSP ¬m8m9m m m#mm m m mm mm  m9%8m m m  m  m  m  mm
mm m Java Appletsm¬m m m mmm#mmm m mmmmmm m m  mmmm 
m mm 

mm m mm mm  m   m

m   m   m m  !m    m mm mm 
mm m J2EEm¬mm m#m"m)  m) mm mm m   mm mm m  m:%8m  m   m m m 
mm m JavaBeansm¬m m m  m m5  m0  m mm  m m   mm  mm   m  mm m m m m m  
m m  mm m  !m m    m#m m  m mm*m m  mmm  m  mm

 
m&m

 m

mm  m m m m  mm m   m  m  m    m
m& mm

mm/$ m/ m m6//7m  m mm  m

m //m m

 m

  m  m   m  m
mmm m

m

m

Jobile Java - 0  mmm    m#m m m mm m   m  m   

m m 
m% m&  m?  m m6%&?7m  m#m mm   m  m 

m  m m  m   m mm  m?m 
m#m   m  m    m mmmm m m   m  m mm m 
m m m  m m  m m mm mm   m  m m %
m mm m m   m m

   mm m  m   m mm  m  mm  m mmm m  mm   
m  m

m  m m  mm m- m m5 mm  m#m   
m  m#m  m m m  m mm  m m%&?m  
mmmmmmmmm #m   m m  mm m   m   mm mm m  m m   m    m  m  m m mm mm m 
mm  m  mm  m m  m   m m  mm m#m   m m  mm m m   m m

 m%;m  m m5 m m;? m   m m
m Java Releasesm

’he Creation of Java )

#m m  mm# m.   m m- m* m m)m@  m m%m mm  m%    m&
m m ((
m&mm Am  mm mm m m 
m m  m m  

m 

m2/ 4mm m m2#4m m ((1
m0 mm  m   mm/m mm

m m (("m mm  m   mm#m mm  mm ((1 m mm m  mmm   m m  mmm  
m0

m# mm m9 m#  m  m@ mB

 m mm 8  mmm   mmm mmm  m
m#m m mm m %    m m ((C
m-mm#m m m mmm  mm m m   m   m  
mmm m  m m mm  mmm m mmm   mm m  mm #m   
mmm

^
  m J  m  m 
m  m m  m   
m  m 
m  m 
m   m 
m 
! "#$$$%%   
m & # 'm 
! "#$$$%%  ( Jm & # ('m 
! " )% $%%    
m & 'm 
! "#$$$%% & #'mm m

m m m m m m m m m

m

m

m  
) *% & * 'm  
) *%  & *  'm  
) *% & * 'm

  
m 
m m

m

+m

m

[ownloading J[ (Java) m

m m#?Dm6#m?  mD7m¬m #?Dm mm m  mmmm  m%   
m#m?  mDmm#?Dm

 m m m  m m  mm mmmm  m%   
m#5%m   m m mmm mm mm#?Dmm  m$m m   mEm$m 
mm m mmm#5%m  mEm#?Dm  mm 
mm #?Dm m  m m#m"m  mm  m mm m#"%) m#")mEm#"))
m&mmm  mm   m#m m mm  m#")
m Acronyms:m J[ mm#m?  mDm JVJmm#m m  m [ownload J[ You can download J[ from www.javasoft.com/j2sem Installing Javam [ownloading and Installing J2SE Software on "indows Platformm m m#")mm  m mhttp://www.java.sun.com/j2sem m m#")m m m  
m& m m mmm m$ F1FFC  1AC
!
m$m" mm6#?D7m

 mm mmm 
m@ mD  m mm$m?  mm m#?D m?  m $m m

mm  mm$m"m mmm  m mm m m#"%) m#")m m#"))m mmmm   mm$ m mm  m mm  mm#"))
m / mmm mm$" m mm   mmmmm 

m
m& mm

 m   mm 

m  mmm 

mm$m  m   m mm  
mmmm mm 

m#?Dm  mm  m  
m Step 1m

m

m

? m

 mm#?Dm m m  mm!  m!  mm'm*   mmmm  m m m8  m m  mm
m/ mm   m mmm m

m m   m mm

 mm !m m
m m m m m m Step 2m m  m m  m m m


m m

Step 3m *  m mm  m mm  mm 

 m mmGc:\jdk1.5.0_06Gm m  m mm 

 m 
m m m m m

m

m

m  m

 m mmG/DGm
mm

  m mmG/DGm m 

 m >m m m m

Step 4 & mm !m m 

m  mmm 

 mm m m  m mm

 m  >m m

Step 5m *  m m !m m 

mm#")m m mm  
m-!m  m  mm m    >*  m mmG-!Gm
m

m

m

Step 6 / mm 

 m m  mm  mmm  m  m   mm 


m-mmm 

 

m 

m#")m mm  
m& 

m  mm

 m  m   m m mm m m m m  m >m *  m mmG@  Gm mm!mmm 


m Configuring the installation on windows machine:m & m m  mm

mm m   mmm  m   m mmm$m  m m  m  m  mm   m m  mm$m  
m .mmm   m  m m m

 m mG m Gm mmmm m
mm m m m m m m m m m

m

m  mmGc:\jdk1.5.0_06Gmmm >m

m  m

 m mm
mm mm  m

 m mG/DGm
m Understanding Java S[ [irectory Structurem  m   m   mm? m m m  mmS[ m6m?  mD7
mm

 m m  m$
1
m m m mH Hm mm m  m   m m m m 

m m$m
mm m

m m  m m  m
mm m  m


m S[ [irectory Structure:m

m Subdirectories of the S[ :m ’
    
 m

m

m

Bin directorymmm m m m

m    m mm  m m  mmm mm mm  mmm#m  
m [emo directory -  m m    m m   m m  mm  m 
mm Include directory m&m   m

mm  m mmH*Hm m  mm   mmm

 m*m m mm#m
m Jre directorym-  mm m m$mm mmmm  mmmm mmm#m  mm#m3 m)   m6#3)7
mm?Dm  mm   m mm#3) m m

   m mm$mm 
m Lib directory m m mm m m mm  m mm   m  m mH m m 
m [ocs directory m&m mm  m mmm?  mDmm   mmm mm#m   
mm m m m m  m 
m Files of the S[ :m 6
 
     
  


      m REA[JE.html : m$
1
m m m m m mm   mm m  mm?Dm  m mmm 
m m m   m

m  m'  m m m   m   m m   m

m  H mmm$
1

m scr.zip: mIm m mm 

  mm mmm  mm m m  mm mmH
IHm ! 
m   mm 
m m   mm  m mm?D
m&m m   mm! mm  mm   mm  m mmmJ&m 
mmm "riting Hello "orld Java programm #m mmm  m m  m mm m mm mm m  
m#m    mm m m   m m  mm m m m m 
m m9

m  mm mm  
mmmm9

m mmm mm  m!mm m mm  mm$m mm 

m mm  mm   m m  
m9

m mm mm m mm $m mm  
m0m  m mmmm$m m mm!mm  m$m mm

 m  m m  
m

m

m

mFor Examplem hello world !=(not equal to) Hello "orldm mm

 m m mm mmm mm9

m mm
m

Ú
m
  mm mmm Úm
Úmm
   m
  m mmm  
 m  m mmm m

m mm m m  mmm   mmm mm 
m& m m! mmm m m m mmGC:\javatutorial\exampleGm 
mm m m  mm mm

 m m mm mm mmm
$m! 
m

m Hello"orld.javam -m mm  mmm  mm9

 
$m
m.mmm mmm m mm m6m mm  m*>K$ K! L7m m mm

 m  mm  m m>m C:\javatutorial\example>javac Hello"orld.javam javacm mm  m mm$m8 
m#m  m  mm m8 m m   m  
mmmm$m m  m   m
m/ mm   m m 

  mm m  m

mm mmm mHello"orld.class. mm mmm mm

 m  m m

 m>m C:\javatutorial\example>java Hello"orldm Bm

m mm

 m  m mm  m
m Hello "orld!m 9m mm  m mmmm  >m m m m

m

m

m m & m m   mmm  mmmm m m mm9

m m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm   mPmG Gm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmm  m;>m mmmmmmmmmmm  mQ>m mmmmmmmmmmm  m1>m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm   mPmG Gm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmm  mC>m mmmmmmmmmmm  mR>m mmmmmmmmmmm  mA>m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm   mPmGGm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmm  m(>m mmmmmmmmmmm  m >m mmmmmmmmmmm  m >m m

m

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm   mPmG Gm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmm >m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm   mPmG0 m% Gm mmmmmmm'm mmmmmmm 

  6G m m mmGm+m   m+mG
G7m mmm'm 'm m m

  

m





m

Chapter ± 7m Ñ )0 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m
 mmm
m

m
 mm
mmm
mmm m
m  mm m
 m m

mm ! 
)0m m mmmm!Úm
m Ú mmÚmÚ   mm
ÚÚ m
m
Ú
m Ú  mm
 mÚ mmm
mm 

 mÚ  m
m  Ú Ú m %%%
%-% 0mm mm
m! m
mmm
mmm mÚ  m

 mm!Úm mmmmmmmmmmmm  Úm  $%% 0mmmmm
m 
m! mmmm mÚ  m

 m

 m
m
 mm m mmmmmmm"
m
m Úm m
m
m m
mm m1  .$   0 mmm
m! m
m Ú mmÚ mm mÚ  m

  2)
0   m
m m
m
m
 m m  
mm m
mm

m mm , %

)0   m m mm
   m mm!Úm
m  m
m! m

mmmm mm m
m m
 m mm
Úm m
mmm
Úm 2)
0m Ú
mÚ  m  Úm
Úmm
 m  m
  m  mmmmmmm  m mm m   Ú  m mmmmmm m

m

m

m

m mm $ , %

)0 m m
 mm  mm m
 m!Úm
mm
Ú
m Ú m

m m!Úm
m 
m Úm #20 m m mmmmmmmmm
 m  m

m m ! m m2)
0 m  ÚmÚ
m# $
mm m m mm Úm
Úmm
   m
  mm m mmmm mmmm mmmmm m mmmmmm    m mmmmmmm mm m m mm m mm m

m m

Nested Loops 8m

mm m   m#m

 m  mmm  
mm m m mm m m 
m@m!  mm mmmm   mfor  >m m m

m

m XXm

mmm   m

m mm m  m   m
m   mmm m  mmm 
 m!" m##mm m 
m!" m##m



 
  $ $m  
   m %m %m %m mm mm mm m  m>m









m








m







m






m





m




m



m


m

m
m m

Using break & m# mmbreak  m mm 
m@  m mmm  mm  mm  m ' m mmswitch  
m   mm  mm mm!mm 
m mm  mm m m m2  I4mmm
mm  mm  mm!  m
m

Using break to Exit a Loop 0m  mbreak mm  m mm  mmm  m  mm    m !  m m m  m m mmmmm 
m mmbreak  m m   m mm  mm m m m mm   m  mmm !m  m

 mm 
m9m mm  m! >m

WWm,  mmm!mm 
m

 m08m mOm   m  mm 6 m MN7mm Om 6 mPmV m++7mm m Om 6mPPm 7mmWWm mm

mmm m m

m

m  

  6G>mGm+m7m 'm  

  6G8m  
G7m 'm 'm m  mm  mm

 m>m m >mm >m m >m"m >m;m >mQm >m1m >mCm >mRm >mAm >m(m 8m  m

Using continue  mm m  mm m m m mmm 
mm mmm mm   m   mm mm m   mm mmm m m mmm m  m 
m m m m  mmm$ m mmmmm  mmm Y m 
mmcontinue  m m  m m 
m& mwhile  mdo-while  mmcontinue  m

  m   mmm m  mmm    m!  mm   mm 
m & mmfor  m   m m mmm m mmmfor  m m mmm

   m! 
m@m

mm  m m m m m 
m 9m m m! mmm  mcontinue m  mm  mmm m m  m  >m WWm? m   
m

 m*  mm Om   m  mm 6 m MN7Nm mm

m

Om 6 mPmV m++7mm Om  

 6m+mGmG7m m6Z"mPPm7m   m  

  6GG7m 'm 'm

'm

m

m  m m  mmš mm  mmi  m
m&mm mm m    mm  m m   
mm m 9m mmmm m>m m m m "m;m Qm1m CmRm Am(m m 9m m m! mmm  mcontinue m mm  m     m mmmm(
m m WWm,  m   mmm 
m

 m*  8 mm Om   m  mm 6 m MN7mm Om >mm6 mPmV m++7mm Om 6 m$Pm$V m$++7mm Om 6$mLm7m Om  

  67m

  mm 'm  

 6GmGm+m6m[m$77m 'm 'm  

  67m 'm 'm m m m

m

m

m mcontinue  m m m! m  mm m   mj  m    mm m !m mmm m   mi
m9m mmmm m>m m m m m"mQm m;mCm(m mQmAm "m Cm m1m m 1m"m"1m mCm "m Am"Qm;m;Cm mRm Qm" m"Am;1mQ"mQ(m mAm Cm"Qm;"mQmQAm1CmCQm m(m Am"Rm;CmQ1m1QmC;mR"mA m

):)3*&)m>m ;m Checking whether a year is leap or not ?m ;m Listing out leap years between certain period ?m ;m Preparing table of a number by using loop ?m ;m Finding out the prime number ?m ;m Prime Number in Java ?m m  m$ m  m m m m m mm   mmmm\ 
mm  m m m m  m m m6 mm 

m mmm  7 m m m mm mmm 
mm  m m mm  mm m m  mm m
m@m!  m  m m mm  mmm   m m  mm >m   m mm &m  m  m m  mmm ' ( m  mmm ' ( m  
   m#m m  m m m mm mmm m m m  m mmm mmm m m m !
m m   m mmm m m -!&  m -!? 
m @m!  mm

 m m m  m m mmm  mm m mm mmm   m m m  >m   m mPm m  6 
 7m  m mPmm  m6
 -!& 677mm Om m+Pm
!& 67m 'm

m

m

Creating Scanners  m  m   mm mm

mmmm  >m m$

  m m

m m   m mm >m
mmmmm    m mm

 >m   m mPm m  m6 
m 7m "
mmmmm\  m mm

 >m   m mPm m  m6 m@ 6G  
!G77m

m m m

m

m

m

m

Chapter ± 8m

&   m*   m m

 m mmm mm#
m&m mm   m   m m mm m#m

 m m m  mm  mm m m mm m$ 
m m   mm

 m mm  mm$  m m m#
m m  mm m m  m mm#mm mm   m mm


m 0  mm

 m m m   mm# m m mm !mm  m

mmm m
m9 mm

mm  mmm  m   mmm

 m m  mmm

 m  mm  mm m$ 
mBm

m m  mm m    m mmthis &   mm#m*   m m

 m m  mmm  mmm mm  m m$  m m  m m m  m
m#m

 m$  m!mm m m m mm m


mm

 m  m

  m  m m mm mmmm m$ 
m % mm  mm mmm

 mmmm  mm m$ mmm m    m 
m#m  m mm  m  mm  m  
m* m  mmm

 Y m

   m$ mm m mm$ Y m  m 
m% m mm mm  m mm m$m 
m m ’he General Form of a Class  mm mm

 mm

m m! mm m 
mBmm mm   mm mmm   m mm mm m mm
m mm  m

  mm

  m m mm m m m  m

  m   m
m mm

m  mm

 Ym

m  mm  mm m
m 

 m m

mm mmmclass 
mm

  mmm m mmm m  mm 

mm m!  mm m  m
m*   m  m6 m 

m7m m mm  !
mm  m  mmmmclass   m m  m>m m

 m

  Om  | #ë
m  | #ë
%m   WWm


m  | #ë
)m  | "  6| # 7m m Om WWmmmm 'm  | "  %6| # 7mm Om WWmmmm 'm

m

m WWm


m  | "  )6| # 7mm Om WWmmmm 'm 'm mclassm mm

 m  m  !>m V

 m L

 V

 m Lm V!  m

 LmV   m

 Lm Om WWm?  mm*   m6*  m7m V m

 m6 m m-  7Lm Vm

 m6 m m-  7Lm V& m

 m

 Lm V  m  m

 Lm V   m

 Lm V m  Im   Lm 'm 0 m m m! m  mm/$  m m*   mmm*m

 mm  m;m  m  m

  mm m
m mm

 m   mmm  m5 67
m   m

 m*mm Om m m  m  m m  mm m  mm m   m m5 67mm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmOm m m  m6  m[mm[m7m m 'm 'm è     
(   m m

  mm  mm mmm$ m  m

mmmm67 m

mm  mmmm mm$ 
m 6m$ 3 
m7
mBm 

mmmm m$ mm  mm$ m

mmmm 67 m

mmm mmmm m m m   m m >m$ -
-6 m " m;7
m

m

m r! |

/$ 
 mPmQm

/$ 
mPmQm

/$ 
mPmQm

/$ 
 67m

        m m

 m  m m m m m  m mm mm m    m  m

m$  m  mm


m mm

mm mmm  m mm   m  mmm  m m m

m  mm

mm$  mmm


m9 m m m$ m   mm mmm

 m   mm  m

m$  mmm


mm  m

 mm

 m mm  mm m mm

 m  m m    m  mm mm m  m$ m mm


m m  m  mm 

 m mm m$  mmm

 m! 
m&m m

m  m  m
m

      *  m m  mm*  m  m  mm mm m m  mmm


m*  m  mm m mmm  m  mm#m
m@m!  m m mm $
 
%m mm

 m
mBm  m 

m    m mm mm  m 
m

      &  m  m  mm mmm$ 
m) m

 m mm m m mmm 
m )m$ m mm mm m mmm  m m mm$ 
m m$ m m mmm

 m m m m mmmm  m m mm$ mm m
m m m$ m    mmm  mm

m 

mm m  m  m m m
m m$ mm mm  mm m  m m m mmm   m Ê
       
   
  m

)) 
,EÚ 
  J


& 6
 &,EÚ ,
Ú
Ú$ 
M   Ú #   

 &  
  &  
&&   $#Ú

Ú

# ,#))

Ú    $#Ú

Ú
 > ,#))

Ú  &     #

# ,#  -  $#Ú#  
# ,#(())  - -

m

m  $#ÚÚ #

ÚD    $#Ú

Ú  
 
      "   # $

!>#  # EÚ !(#
# ,#    "   # $

!>#  # EÚ !     (# > ,#  - -  /m -mm*m$  mPmm -mm*m$  mPmm Final Variable, Jethods and Classes & m#mm  mm  m m m

  m m 
m/ mm m  m m m  mm

 
m 5  m m m m  mm   m 
mBm  Ym  m mmm  m m6 mm

  7
mm  m

 m  Ymm! m

m  m

 mm mm 

 
m m m mm  m   mm  m

  m m m m& 
m&m m

 mm  mmm mI m  m mm mm  m mm 
mm  mm  Ymm m m m

 m m  
m mmmmmmm  mm

m  m mm  m
m Introduction to Java Objects m/$ m*  m mm m

 mm

m

  m m#
m mmm$ m

 m mm ' m  67m 67m 67m 

67m   67m

 67m  mobjectm m m  mmm

 m m  mm m
mm mm mm m mm m  mmm


m m m  mm  mmm m mmm


mm   mm  m$  mmm

 m m 

m  
m m$ m    m m m
m

m

m  m$ m m mm  mm m$ mm m m m m m
m& m# m$  m

 m mm  mm  m m  mm m m 
m * m  mmm

 mm m  mm  m  mmmm m  m m  mm 
m) mmm m m$  mm m mm  m  m  m m!  m  m  mm    mmm$ 
m&mm mm m m$ mmm

 m mmm  m m  mm m$  mm m m

 mmmm$ mm  m mnew operator
m m  m m 

m   m m$ mm  m m$ m  
m  mm mm m$  mm mm mmm  mm$ 
mm mm  mm   mmm$ m mm  mmm m
m 0 m m m! m  mm  mm*m$  mm  mm m
m   m

 m*mOm m m  m  mPm m m  mmPm m m  mmPm m m   m m5 67mm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmOm m m mmmmmmmmmmm m6  m[mm[m7m m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm'm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm  m  mm 6 MNm 7mm mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmOm m m mmmmmmmmmmmm*m /$mWWm* mm*m3 m m m mmmmmmmmmmmm /$mPm m*67mWWm* m m/$ mm*m m m mmmmmmmmmmmm 

  6G5 mm*m m>mGm+m /$
5 677m m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm'm m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm'm m m m m m m m m m m X)m *m
m + mm +m,
'm  m -m +mm,
'.
m )Xm

m,
'mm

m

m m 
m& +m 
m++ m 
m +m %m XXm/+m m m m
 m
m m,
' m

m,
'.
mm m  m   m
m   mmm m ,
'm
'mm &m,
'mXX
 m  
m
m
'm m 
m
m XXm mm
m
'0m   mm 
' & +mm" m 
' ++ mm1 m 
'  +mm"2m XXm
 m
m
m
'm 
mm
' & +m)m
' ++ m)m
'  +m  
   $3
mm$m#m
m %m %m

"hat Are Objects #m m m 
 

m m  
m0mmm$  ¬m m 
m mm     m  m m m m mm 

  mm 

m6
m7m m
 m6
m 7m m
  
m   m mm  m m  

m m  
mmm m  m  m m m mm  
mm  mm m mm mm  m m

  mmm    
m/$  mm m  mmm  m


m?  m  m  mm   m

 m' m m$  mmm  m

 mmm  m m mH m Hm 
m/$  mmm ! m  m mm
 
m mm I m  m
m m

×
      m  I m mm  mm   m m$ m mm ' mm m mmm  mm  m mm mm  m mm mmmm
m mm  mmmmm$m

 m  I m mmm  IW  Im$m$  m m W mm m 
m /m! m

 >m Ú K
 $

 
 >  $

 
  >   $#ÚK
 
 > 7 
  >   & >  > 

m

m  &  >   >  - -  m m  mm m m   mm I m  
m m m m m m   m m mm  m m  m >m  $  E     J   Ú K
 $ 
  J  $

 
 >  $

 
  >   $#ÚK
 
 > 7 
  >   & >  >   &  >   >  - - /$  Im m m! m

 m  mmmm$ m  I m m#
mm /$  Im  I mm  I mm  I m$m$ m mmWmmmmm 
m  $  E   L,# $#    $  E   ,EÚ ,# $#    $  E   9, 7,EÚ  E ,EÚ ,# $#   # 
#  " L,# $#   
6L,# $#  >   # 
6,EÚ ,# $#     # 6 ,EÚ  E  # Ú  -Ú

Ú&9,m ";
"mm 3  mm
 6 ";
"7>m 1 RA
"Qm  mm  m  mtest( )  m mm
mm m  m m m mm   m  m m m mmm mm m m mmm m  mdouble
mm mmmm  mmtest( )  m mm m mm m

 ' m mm   m  m m mm m mm m m m  
m  m m mm m 

 m#m  mmm m mm  m mm 

m mm mmH m
m9 m m m m m  mm! 
m& m m

  m#H m mm    m  m mm m m m  
m@m!  m

 mm

 m>m XXÀ  | 



||                |   |    XX        |     # 
    |   
!"""
  XX    
 |    
     |  -   
 !"      |
   %&      
'       '..


 


 ()#*)


 XX /  
 


 (*+*XX /  
 

m

m    mm  mm

 m>m -m mm m m>m m"mm & m 6 7m>mAAmm & m 6 7m>m ";
"m

Jethod Overriding &mm Ym m m

 m   mm mmm  mm mm  m

 m m m m  m

 m' 
m m  m m 

m/ 
m "hile overriding we have to fallow rules:m 1
m& mm  mmm  m mY m mm 
m &
m& mm  mmm mm   mmm m mm m ,  m
Qm  mm m m mm 
m0mm
1m  m  m  m m mm  m


m Example:m

 mmOm  m-m-67O'm'm

 m m!  mOm  m-m-67O'm'm (or)m

 m*m!  mm Om   m0WW& m-67O'm 'm

m

@m-m

 m0WW& m m  m m mm

 
m

m

9 m m  mm m mm mmm  mm  m

 m$  m 
m

Example:m m$

[m

 mm Om   m$ m 67Om m m$ m'm 'm

 m*m!  mm Om   m/$ m 67Om m m/$ m'm 'm

 m*m!  mm Om

m

m   m m 67Om m24m'm 'WW m
Qm*)m  m 67m m*m  mm >   m'>$ >m m
1mm m*)m m 2
m  m m  Ymm
m 3
mm m m m mm mm m  m m mm m  m mm

 m

 
m 4
m m m   m

 m  m m m


m5  m  mm*)
m m

 mmOm  m m 67O'm'm

 m*m!  mmOm  m m 67O'm'm Parent classm-------------------------------- Child classm   mm  m  mm  m  m  mm  m m   m mm m  m  m  m m [m m   m m  m mm  m

mmm m  m mm  m


6m m   m  mm m  m m  7m [m m  mm  mm m m  
mm  mmm  m  m

 m m   mm m  
m m

 mm Om   mm 67m Om m'm m'WW  m  m   m

 m*m!  mm Om   m  m 67mm 'WW m  m m 5.m m mm Immm* )!  m  m m  
mm m m mm , * )! 
m Example>mBase or parent classm>m   mm 67 m&/)!  m

[erived or child classm>m   mm 67 m@ - )!  mWW m   mm 67 m)!  mL*)m   mm 67 m3 )!  mWW m

m

m

m  mmm   Immm     Im m m m

m

m  mm mm mm  m m m m 
m

m

m  mmm    mmm  m
m

m

m

m  Ymmm  mmm  m  m mm    mmm  m  m  mm *)m
m

m

 m mm mm! m

mm mm#5%m m mm3 mm/$ 
m 9 m/ m m m! mm2  m  4mm280  4m6?  m%m   7
m

m

&mm Y m

 m m  mm mm m  m

 m$ mm  mm mm m

mm 

m m m

 m
m* m

 m   m mm m

mm 

m m  m m

 m 
m

Jethod Hiding>m  m m!  m m m m! mm mEm  m

 m m mm

m m 
m& m mm mmm   mm mm  m m m mm m
m Ex:m

 mm Om  m m!P m  mP"m 'm

 m*m!  mm Om  m m!P m  mP"m 'm

 m m Om   m  mm 6 MNm7m Om m mP m*67m  

  6
!+4 4+
7mWW  "m *m P m*67m  

  6
!+4 4+
7mWW  "m m P m67m  

  6
!+4 4+
7mWW  "m

m

m

'm 'm

m

m

m  Ymm mm  m


m0mm m!  m m m m  m


m

m

5 m   mm mm  m m m mm m
m

m

Chapter ± 10 Inheritance &  m m mmm     mm$  m m  mm

 m m  mm   m

  
m,  m   mm  m mm  m

 mm  m m  mmm mm m
m m

 m  m mm m m mm   m

  m m m m  mmm 'mm
m& mm  m m# mm

 mm m m m 

mm |

m

 mm mm  m m 

m m


 mm 

 m mm   Im  mmm 


m&m  m

mmm   m  m m m mmm 

 m m m m m 'm  
m m &  m mm  m   m m#mm

 mmm! mm

 m6 

mm  m

 mm 

 7mm m

 m6 

mmm

 mm 

 7
m& m# m   m m mmm  >m 1. Class inheritancemm mm m

 m m m!  mm m

 m mmm m m m 
mm mmm

 m  mm  m m m  mmmm  m


m#m m

 mm

 mmm mm m

 m

m   m

 m &  
m 2. Interface inheritancemm mm m

 mm  mm m\ m mmm m   mmm mm  
mm mm

 mm   m m  m2   m 4m6m m   mmmm7mm  
m#m  m  m  m  
m & m# m mm  mm  mmm  mm  m m  m  !
m@m

 m   m#m  mmm!  m mm  m  m#m  mm m  
m m   m

 m

  m!  m 

  m Om WWmm

 m m! m m  mm WWm mmm m

 m 'm   m

 m

  m   m   mm Om WWm

 m m m   mmm m WWm m  mmm  m

m

m 'm m m  m% m

 m0 mm Om m m!m   m m67mOm


m'm  m m67mOm


m'm 'm m

 m?m!  m0 mm Om m mm   m m67m mOmm W[m m   mm0 
67m[Wmm 'm   mm67m mOmm mPm67m


m mm

'm

'm & m# mm m

 m' \m mmm mm6\ mm7m m  mmm  mm

 mmm m

 m    mm m
m&m m mmm m m m  mm mmm

  m mm m 
mm m m mm*++
m Extends keyword mextends  mm#m m m m m m  m  mm#
m&   mm 

 m  mm

 m

 m   extendsm
m&m mmmm   mm m

 mmm 

 m m  mm mm mm m m  m

mm  m

mm mm

 m m m m mm#m
m& m# mm

 m mm 

 mmjava.lang.Object
mm @m!  m*  m:m!  m

 mBmmm    mmm m  mm mm

 mB m mm m mm

 mB
m mm mmm

 m!  m m  mm mmmH!  Hm
mm

m

m   m

 mmOm mm  m m m 'mm

 m0m!  mmOm mm  mm  67mOm mm ++m mm'm 'mm

m& m m!  mm mm

 m m m mm0m

m m   mm m 

m 
mm mm

  m  m mm mmm m m


m extends m m m m m m  m

 mm  m mmm   
m @m  >mm   m%&  mOm mm¬¬¬¬
m 'mm m   m%&  m!  m&  mOm mm¬¬¬¬¬¬
m mm'mm

SUPER EY"OR[ msuperm mmm m mm$m m  
mD mm  

m  m m mm   m  m  mmm  m m$m m

 m  msupermm   mm

 m>mm m mm mm m$m m  m mmm 

 mmm

 mm m mm m   m m 
m mmm mm mm    m  m m mm 

mm   mmm 

 m  mm m


m Example to use the super keyword to call the constructor of the superclass in the base class:m

m

m   m

 m*  m Om   mClass16 m7m Om 67m 'm m mmm  !msuper.() is used tommm 

mmmmmm 

 m m m m


m mm m mm mmm mm m m   m mm mm 

mmmm m  m m m m

 m mmm  mmmm  mm 

m mm 


m Example to use the super keyword with a method:m   m

 mClass1 Om   m m F%67m Om  m 
 F F%67m 'm m Order of Construction under Inheritance -mm mm   m m$  mm m m

 m   m m 

m    mm mmmmm

 m   m m! 
m m$  mm   m m m   
mm mm$ m  mmm/$ m

 mm/$ 67m   m m  m



m   
mm9 mm  m 

mm 

 m   m!   m  mm  m m  m m  m mm mm\ mm  m mm   
m @m!  m m#m!  m$  m mmm$
 
)!  m


m&mmm m m!  m

 m m)!  mmmmm m

 >m m

m

m   m

 m)!  m!  m)!  mm Om   m)!  67mm Om 67mmWWm 

m)!  67 m m  m 

m/$ 67m 'm   m)!  6 m 7mm Om 6 7mmWWm 

m)!  6 7 mm m mm m

 m 'm   m)!  m6 mF 7mm Om  6G47mmWWm

 m   m m m 

m 6 7m  

  6F 7m 'm 'm m

m

m

Chapter ± 11 Abstract Base Classes  m  m

 m mm

 mm  m mmmm   m  \mm 

 m mmm m  
m m  mm m mm6

m m   7
mm 

 m m'mmmm  mm mm m  
m9  m m   m

 m m  m m  mm   mm  mm m mm m


m m   m  m

 m   

  mmm Om WWm  m

 m mm  m m  mm   m  m m   m6m  m7m


mWWmm  m m$ m m

 m m 'm   m

 m

  m!  m   

  m Om   m m   m6  7m Omm   m m'm


mWWmmm   m 'm &m mm mmmmm  m m$ mm m  m>m   

  m$mPm m  

  67mmWWm)33/3m  mmPm m *  6 m m7m
 67m m

Instance of operator minstanceof m m m  m>m 
*  m |m 9 m
* m m  mmm

 m m | mm

 m
m&m
* mmm  mmm  m m  m mm  m m mminstanceof m  mmtrue
m/  m m  m  false
m minstanceof  mm mm mmm  m m mm  m m m$ 
m m

 mm  minstanceof>m XXm.
  m   
m

 mm

m*mm mm  mmmm %mm m m

m,mm mm  mmmm %mm

m-m'  m*m mm  m4m %mm

m.m'  m*m mm  m4mm %mm

m(   5mm m mm  m   m
m   mmm m mm *mmm &m*mm

m

m ,mmm &m,mm -m mm &m-mm .mmm &m.mm m   
m*mm  
   $mm   m
m*$mm m   
m,mm  
   $mm   m
m,$mm  m   
m-mm  
   $ mm   m
m-$mm  m   
m*mm  
   $ m  mm  m
m*$mm m   
m-mm  
   $m  mm  m
m-$mm  
   mm XXm
m m
mm mm *m
mm
mmmXXm*m m
mmm  
   $
m
&mm
m$mm 
m   
m.mm  
   $
mm   m
m.$mm  
   mm
mm mXXm*m m
m mm  
   $
m
&mm
m $mm 
m   
m.mm  
   $
m  mm  m
m.$mm mm  
   $
m 
mm  m
m.$mm 
m   
m*mm  
   $
m  mm  m
m*$mm 6m17 m6mm  
   mm XXmm
 m  mm  m
m5 mm m   
m5 mm  
   $mmm  m
m5 $mm m   
m5 mm  
   $mmm  m
m5 $mm

m

m  m   
m5 mm  
   $ mmm  m
m5 $mm m   
m5 mm  
   $mmm  m
m5 $mm m %mm %m mmm mm m  m>m m m  mmm m m  mm0mm

m m  mm*mm

m  mm  mmmm m m mmmm m m  mm?mm m m mm mm m  mm  mm?mm m  mm  mmmm mmm  mm/$ mm mmm  mm/$ mm

mmm  mm/$ mm mmm  mm/$ m minstanceof m Hm mm m m   m 

 mm mmmm $ mm mmm 
m9 mm  mmm  m mHm m  Im   mmm m$  mmm  !m

 m 
m m m

Using final to Prevent Overriding  mm m m mm#Y m m m mm

mm m m m

m mm mmm

 
mm 

mmmm m m  mfinal  mmmmm mm m


m% m

m mfinal  m m
mm

 m m

  mfinal>m

 mmOm   mm67m mOm  

  6G m mm  m
G7m 'm 'm

 m0m!  mmm Om m

m

m m67mm OmWWm)33/3m 0  

 m  m m m m6m 7m mm m   mm mm m  
m@m!  m  m m$
m mm  m mm&W/ mm  m m$
m m m mmmm mmm-
m& m.,&m   mH m'm  mm mm mm m mm mGGm6 m  7 m  mm m m m  m mmm   mmm m  
m/ mmm  mm m mm m 

mG  G m m  m

m  m m mm m   mmm   m 
m   m m m mmm

 m m 

  m mm mm m

 m m mmm 
m@m!  mmmmm

 m m 

mG5 G m m m m  mmm5 m

 m m#?D
m9 m m m m  m#?Dm m$
 m mm m mmm5 m

 m6$

5 7
mmm5 m

 m  mm m mG5 Gmmm  mmm m m  m m 
  
5 mm mm  
mm  mm  m m  m m mm    m I m m  m 

 m m 
m,    mm

 mm m

m m m m m m m  m m m$m  m mm  m
m m  mmmm m 

m9

 
$ m mm mmm m m mm mworld
m@ m m mmmm mm  mmpackagemmm mmm mm mm m6worldm m m  7m mmmm  m  mmm mm  mm m

  m mm  m m  m  mm9

 m

 m >m ((  
"m package world;m m   m

 m9

 mOm mm  m  mm 6 MNm 7mOm mmmm 

  6G9

m G7m mm'm 'm / m mm mmm  mm mmm

 m mm m  m   mm   m m mmm


m& mm   mmmmworldm  m m' m m  m 
m mm mm mworldm mmm9

 
$m m
m

m

m Setting up the CLASSPA’H @mm"mmmm m m m*>
mmm$ m mm*89m >m m*89P
*>Km m mm*89mm mm"m   m
m67m m*>Km 
mm ->m&mm mm m mm?/mm,-&: mmmm mm
m67m m

m6m7
mm  m
m m m  mmm  m m m

mmm m 
m& mm*89mm

m  m
mm    m 
m#m

m mm

 m m m mm*>m mmmm  m  m m


m  mm mm6    7mm mm m   m m  mmm

 m  m  m m  
m  m   m9

 m

 mm$ mmmm m m mmm  >m *>K K$ m9

 
$m &mmmm m m9

 m  mjava Hello"orld mm

mmm

 m>m +N6 ?E  O P   2L #


1 &  

E  
 ; 
  ; E  + 

 E  Ú# " Ú# ; 
  Ú# ; E  + 

E  
 54; ; 
 54; ; E  +Q 

E  
 54; ;  ÚÚR54; ; E  +S 

E  
 54; ; R#
54; ; E  +TI 

E  Ú# ".ÚÚ
  K>

1 &  

E  
 54; ; 
 54; ; E  +T 

E  
 ;    ; E  +T 

#
 Ú; #
Ú&R.$$ ;   ; #
Ú&E  +QS 

E  
 ;    ; E  +I  m  m mm mm9

 m

 m   mmm m 
m&mm mm m mmm m

m#5%mm mfully-qualified class name6 
9

 7m mm m  m

 m m69

 7
m *>K L$m 
9

 m *>K L9

m m ->mfully-qualified class namem mm mmm$m

 mm

 m m m m m$ m  mm   mmm mm*>K K9

 
$mm *>K

  K K9

 
$
m/m*89m m  mmm  mm mmm m

  mmm m m

  
m  ;. K.DOÊ!0   m#m

m mm$m

  mmm  m m mC:\myclassesm m 
m  mm mG?mmmm mm9

 mmm mmm m m

 m m ¬G
mm m m-/
mm  m m9

 mm m m  m mm 

m

mm  m m mm*89
m@m!  m +N? ;. K.DO+N

m

m  +N? ;. K.DOXX
       ;. K.DO+N  +N?Ú6   Ê!0 12  3  4  3  4   +N6 ?Ú  Ê!012  3  4  3  4 

è ,  )5  mm"m m mmm mm  m

  m m m 
mm
m?

mm

' m

 m 
m@m!  m  6 O P & P 
66 O P  6 
O 1
& 1

66 
O 1
 
& > & 1
 O >    mm
m  $  m  m  $  6 0XX       



  d
   $  6 
0XX       



  d
    $  E  # 0XX    


 3
    $  E  # O & XX    è   

   


   !

mmÚm
mmmmÚ
mm
  m
m
 # mÚ
m mm  O P & P 
6O P XX  "   #
  $   O 1
& 1

6O 1
XX  "   #
   %    -mmm  m 

m  m

  m m mm m  mmmmm 
mm  Hm m m

  mm  mmm  mmm mm
m@m!  mmmm  m  mm  m m mm9

 m

 mm mm9

% m


m A Short Package Example m D mm  m   m m  mm  mm m  m >m WWmm  m m

 m% m

 m0  m Om  m m  m m 0  6 m m m7mm Om

m

m mPm m  mPmm 'm m 67mm Om 6 V7m  

 6GLmG7m  

  6 m+mG>m]Gm+m 7m 'm 'm

 m

 0  mm Om   m  mm 6 m MN7mm Om 0  m  MNmPm m0  M;Nm

 MNmPm m0  6GD
m#
m@  G m ";
";7m

 M NmPm m0  6G

m

G m 1R
"7m

 M"NmPm m0  6Gm#   G m "
;;7m 6 mPmV;m++7m  MN
67m 'm 'm m *

m m mAccountBalance.java  mmm mm m 

mJyPack
m -! m  mm 
m%m mmm   m.class  m m m mmJyPack  
m mm!  mmAccountBalance

 m  mm

 m  m  >m $m% 


 0  m 3 mm

m mmm mm mmJyPack  mm! m m  
m 6    mm  m m mmmmm m m mm  m   mm  mmmJyPack
7m  m!   mAccountBalance  m mmmm mJyPack
m m mmm

 mm! mm  
mm mm  m m m  m  >m $m

 0  m AccountBalance  mm' mm m m 
m m m m

m

m

m

Class ± 13 Exeception handling ¦!|mm m!   m
m 

m!| mm mm   m m m m m

 m mmm! 
m? mmm!  mm mm

 m mm m m mm m mmm  m mmmm mmmmmmmm  m mmm mmO'm  m m  mm m  m  67m  
m)!  m mm   mm  m mmmm   m m  mmm m  67m  
m)mm

 m  mmm!  m mm   m$ m m mm  mmm m 

m mm
m & mm

 m! m mm

m mmmm!  m   m  mm m m$m
m  m! m mm m  mmm  mm m
m&mm m mm  m! m m6mmm(m7m mmm m mm)
r ¦!|m$ 
mm !
% 67m  mm  mmmm

 m  
m Code of the program : m | E   0  |
8Ú$ 
O
  |
  
 
   + +!(D& Ú#
D&  > m D& 2   D& 2 !1"D& !))>6

m D& 2   D& 2 !1"D& !m -m -m

mm #  %-% m m  mm   m  I m mm  mm  

 mm

 mm m   m mm  m m m  mm mm m mm  m

 mm  m  mmm
m & m  m   Im m   mm m  mm mmmmm m$ m  m mm m mm  mm  mm mm$ H m 
m  I m  m  mmmm  m mm m mmm m m    m
mm  m Ú  m
m Ú m

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm |
 

6  7  ( XX    

  

6 
 /      

! |
7  *

m

m  

6  XX 

6     

m

m

m mm #  %-% m m  mm   m  I m mm  mm  

 mm

 mm m   m mm  m m m  mm mm m mm  m

 mm  m  mmm
m & m  m   Im m   mm m  mm mmmmm m$ m  m mm m mm  mm  mm mm$ H m 
m  I m  m  mmmm  m mm m mmm m m    m
mm  m Ú  m
m Ú m

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm |
 

6  7  ( XX    

  

6 
 /      

! |
7  *  

6  XX 

6     

m

m

m J %m / mmm mm m  m   mm mmmm mm m m

m

  mm m
m#mmm

 mmmm mm mm mmmm wait67m mnotify67m mnotifyall67m
m

mm /  $ % %% m m mm m m  m m m m 
m m mm m
m/ m mm  
m m  mm m
m9mm mmm*,m
m m  m mmH mmmm 6 m7m
m m & m# mm  m  m mmprioritiesm mmmminteger value m mm mm m mm!  m  mm m
mm mmready-to-runm m

 mmm 
mmthread schedulerm mm*,mmmmm mm m m 
mmm  mm m  mm m6  mm mmm   m’hread.JIN_PRIORI’Y7mm m 6 mm mmm   m’hread.JAX_PRIORI’Y7
mm mm m 16’hread.NORJ_PRIORI’Y7
mmm mm

3 m

 %)% m mm
!m mm
m m
#%&'()(*m 
m
m m
mm m m
#+&'()(*m mm m mm
m

m

m 
m
m m
mm m mm 
m mm
m m
%)(#&'()(*m 
m
m m
mm m m mmm
m
mmmmm mm
m m
m mm

mJ  $m

 %)% m mmmmmmmm m' mm  mm
mmm mmmmm mm m ' mm  mm
m mm  mm#mm m  mm  m mmmmmm m
mmm m m m  m  m mmmmm!  mm m  m   mm  mmmm  mmm! 
m& m#m m   mpreemptive schedulingm m m 
m&mm m!  mmmmmmmm m

mm mm  m mm m  m   mm higher prioritymmm! 
m/ mmm  mmm mmm mmm mmmm! mmm*,m mmround-robinm m m m m m m  m   m mmmm m

 mmm mmtime-slice
m ’hread Schedulerm & mm   mm m  m 

m  m mmmm

 m  >m m

Preemptive scheduling ? &mm mm mmmm m  m  mm

 mm  m m mmmm mmm  m 
m mm

m

’ime-Sliced (Round-Robin) Scheduling ? m  mm m

mmm! mmm !m mm   mm m  mm   mmm mmm mm m m  m 
m

Bm  m m mmH mmm mmm m  m  mmsetPrioritym
m8 m  m mm m mmmmmm
m mm 
# 
m 2 $
m mm# 
  m m mm)   m mm
 m

m

m mm m mm)

% %$ m

mm!  % m mm
mÚ
Ú 
 m mmÚ' 
#%&'()(* m mm%Ú ' m mm   
m%
mm 
Ú 
  %


m mm   
m' mm Ú m mm m mm m

m mm
# 
m 2 $
m mm# 
  m m mm)   m mm
 m mm m m )

% %$ m mm!  % m mm
mÚ
Ú 
 m mmÚ' 
#+&'()(* m mm%Ú ' m mm   
m%
mm 
Ú 
  %


m mm   
m' mm Ú m mm m mm m

m )

%

' m mm)

%% %$
  m
  mmm mm# 
m ,# 
 # m
m m mm# 
m ,# 
 # m
m m mm m

m

m m  mmmm m mm m$ m  mm  mm   m m m m   m m m mm m$ m  mm  mm m m m  m m  m m[eadlock
m

m

m

8 m mm  m mmm  m mmm  m   m m

m>m

m & m mmm m mmPrintingmEmI/O  m   mmm
m0m’hread1 m mprintermmm m mmmm’hread2 m  m’hread2m mmkeyboardmm m mmmm 
m& m m  mm*,m  m m mm  m   m

 m  m m m m m! m  mm mm   mm
mm ’he following program demonstrates the deadlock situation:m |
2 2  |
  
 
   
!2 !  
!; Ú'! 1"D&   1"D& 7 1"D&   1"D& 7 - -  1"D&  5 D&   
  
 1"D&  
7 
      -  |
 #
     

6    

6   "   # $

( - -

m

m - - - 1"D&  5 D&   
  
 1"D&  
7 
       -  |
 #
     

6    

6   "   # $

( - - - - -m

m m

m

m

m

   File I/O "hat is Java I/O? Introductionm m#m& W/m6&W/7m mmmjava.iom 
mm2  m m   mm  m m m

  mm mm m mm
mm

  m mm mm m   m

  m m  mm m m m 

  m m

m mmmm m m mm  mmm m mm  
mmInputStreamm OutputStreammmm

  m

  m mm m mm mm mm m mmm  m   
m m$
m m  mm  m  mm m m

  m mm m  m  m  >m

m InputStream:m

m

m

mInputStream

 m m mm mmm  m mmm mmm mm m m  
m m m  m  mmmfile mmstring mmmemorymmm   mm
m&m m m  m

 mm  mm m  mm

m m  mmm mm
m m m m m 

m m mm m
mBm  m!   m

 mm mmmclose( ) mm mmm

 m   m mm$ m m m mm
m m 

  m mmmInputStream

 m  mm  m mm m m  m >m

m & m m mmm/$ m


m) m

 mmm&  mmmm$
m  m m  mmm m 
m mm OutputStream:m m/m

 m mm   mm& mm m mm mm mmm mm m m  
m mm m   m mm  m  mm  m  m mm  mm   mm m    mm
m8m m m  m mm m m 

m m mm

m
mBm  m!   m

 m mm mmmclose( )m mm mmm

 m   m  mm$ m mm 

 
m m

  m mmmOutputStream

 m  mm  m mm m  m  m >m

m

m

m /m m m mmm/$ m


m) m

 mmm/ mmmm $
m m m  mmm m 
m How Files and Streams "ork:m #m  mstreamsmm  m&W/m mm mmm m mm m   mm  
m@m!  m mInputStreamm  m mmmmm m mmmm   mm m  OutputStream  m mmmmm   mmmm m 
mm  mmmm!m m mm m 
m mmmmm!m  mmm mmcharacterm mm m  m mm  mmm m 
m mmmmm m  mmm mmbinarym 
m m m  mmm&W/m  m  mm  m mm m
m

m
m Classes and Interfaces of the I/O Streams  

 m   mm

  mmmmjava.iom m  m mm m 
m m Reading ’ext from the Standard Input Standard Streams:m

m

m

 m mmmmmm m m  
m0m  mmm mmm m mmmmm  
mm m m&W/m m m 
m m#m m  mm m >m

#$$1)0mÚÚm m# %Úmm mm
m mmm  
m m #$$)0mÚÚm m#  mÚm mmmmmmm
m m #$$ 0mÚÚm m#  Úmm mmmmmmm
m m

 m$  mm m 

m mm m mmm m!   
mStandard Outputm Standard Error,mmmmmm mmm  m mmm mm mm  m   
 System.inm mmm mm m m  m m
mm m m& m mm  m  mmSystem.inm mmInputStreamReaderm m m 
m InputStreamReader inp = new InputStreamReader(system.in);m "orking with Reader classes:m #m mm  m&W/m   mm m!mmmm mmmm mm

 m  
mmReaderm

 m m mm m mm m  m mmjava.iom 
m&m  m  m m  m

 mm m  m 
mm m mmm 

 m m  m mread(char[], int, int)  mclose()
mm3m

 m mm Im mm 

 
mm m

 mm  mm

  mmmjava.io.Readerm


m

m

m

m

9 m m 

  mm mmm m mmmmm   m  m     mm
m InputStreamReader:m  m& 3m mmmmm  mm  m  m

mm mbytesm m   mm mUnicode characters 

 mmm  m 
m m m

 m m

  mmmm m 
m mm m mInputStreamReader mm  m m & mm  mm& 3m mm
m m  !mm& 3m m m >m InputStreamReader = new InputStreamReader(system.in)m BufferedReader : m mBufferedReaderm

 m mm 

 mmmReaderm


m&m m   m mmm mmm  m mmbufferm  m 
mmmm Immm   mmm m Im mm mm m m mm!m m 
03m   m munbufferedm m mmbuffered m  mm m!  m mm m m$ m m mmm   mmmm m


m @m! mm    mmm03m

 m  m >m

w!!  $^ $ &,   !$
m
m mÚ

Ú m
m 
mm
m
 m mm w!!  $^ $ &^ $ %"%-'0$
m
m mÚ

Ú m 
m
mm
m mmmmÚmm BufferedReader

 m m m  m mmm   m m m  m m m 
m

m m m mmIOException mm m&W/mm


m

J  $m m
 m m m
 Ú
 mÚm  mm m  m m
  m m

m

^  /) m m m m m m  m

 %)% m m(
m
m mÚ

Úmm m(
mÚ

Úm m
m mm
m

m m(
m
m  mm!mm  mm Ú mmmm
m m

m

mmÚ  m m

mmm

  m m$ mm m
m

mm mm

  mmmm m  m m mmmm m 

m | E   0m  |
4 
 9,  |
  
 
  9, m mO
m m  1 m m
 &m m K

&m m m

 %)% m m( mmm m!m m( mmmmm
m 
m m mmm  mm
mÚ m m( m
mmm mmÚ m m( mmm mm m m( mmm
mÚ
 m m( m mm m m m m
m
m m mm m m(
mmm mm( mmm m
D m ÚÚ m m$
m
m m
m
mm mÚ

>6Lm )!Ú mm m Create a File m | E   0  |


L |
  
 
  9,6N! " 8 N!& 
Ú

  &Ú#
Ú "! - - -m m m

m

m

m Read the Filem | E   0 L4   |
  
 
    )),$
 & &

 &  ))Ú

$    L9
$#     L9
$#  ! 8  8 ! ))@  & EÚ  2

9
$#   2

9
$#  
 2

9
$#     G#4  G#4  9
$#  4 
  
 ;
 ))4 L;
G";
   ;
 ;
:  ))K
 &Ú


 &Ú
   "   # $

 ;
 - ))  &
$#    
Ú  -mm

%
6% ! 7 ,%
6% &!%
 '8 w!!  $6%  7 ,w!!  $6% &! '8m 8 m m m m! mm mm!m mmm m  mmFile"riter  m Buffered"riter


m | E   0  |
LP   |
  
 
  9,6L :8    "   # $

!L  "8 !  "  8  -     LP    LP V
 G#P  #  G#P     # 6 
 ;
  # Ú   "   # $

!LÚ

#ÚÚ#"! -

m

m - -m m m Appending to a Filem

Here is the code of java program to write text to a file:m | E   0 LP   |
  
 
    ))

 LP    LP ! #  8 !7 # G#P  #  G#P     # 6 !O M  ! ))  & # $#     # Ú  -