Japanese Simplifiedgrammar

TRUENER'S COLLECTION OP SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS

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THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE B.H.

CHAMBERLAIN.

j

presented to

Xibrar? ottbe

of Toronto

i

/

1/1

IN THE PRESS,

BY THE SAME AUTHOK

ROMANIZED JAPANESE READER PART

I.

PART

II.

PART

III.

JAPANESE TEXT.

ENGLISH TRANSLATION. NOTES.

3 VOLUMES,

DEMY

TRUBNER & Co. YOKOHAMA KELLY & WALSH, LONDON:

:

LIMITED.

TEUBNEE'S COLLECTION OF

SIMPLIFIED

GRAMMARS

OF THE PRINCIPAL

ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BY

REINHOLD HOST,

L.L.D., PH. D.

XV.

JAPANESE. BY BASIL HALL

CHAMBERLAIN,

YOKOHAMA

:

PRINTED AT THE "JAPAN GAZETTE" OFFICE, NO. 70, MAIN STREET.

A

SIMPLIFIED

GRAMMAR

OF THE

JAPANESE LANGUAGE. (MODERN WRITTEN STYLE) BY

BASIL HALL CHAMBERLAIN,

AUTHOR OF

THE CLASSICAL POETEY OF THE JAPANESE," ETC. \

LONDON

t

ITRUBNEB & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL* YOKOHAMA KELLY AND WALSH, No. 28, MAIN STREET. :

1880. [

All riyhts reserved.]

PBEFACE. IN Japan, as in other Eastern countries, two dialects are used

simultaneously, one for speaking, the other for writing purposes.

The spoken

or colloquial

dialect

is

that to which

consuls, merchants, missionaries, and others who are brought into daily relations with the Japanese, must devote their first

Their next step should be to acquire the written language, without a knowledge of which every book, every efforts.

newspaper, every post-card, every advertisement, every notice in a railway-station or on board a steamer remains a mystery,

even when transliterated into the differences affect

Eoman

recurring difficulties are rather in

The

Some

of

But the constantly the grammar, and may be

mastered in a few weeks by those to familiar.

characters.

the vocabulary.

whom

the colloquial

is

great obstacle hitherto has been the absence of

any book specially devoted to the elucidation of the modern form of the written language. Mr. Aston's admirable treatise covers a

much

grammar 'a

field. Previous writers had left Japanese Mr. Aston brought light and order into its But most persons have neither time nor inclina-

wider

chaos.

every part.

tion to investigate every part.

Their concern

is,

not with

the Japanese classics and philological research, but with the

language as commonly written

now

;

and they

weary of

searching through the pages of a learned work for the every-day The object of the forms, which alone to them are useful. present a

little

manner

book

is

to put before

as possible, just so

much

such persons, in as simple them to read

as will enable

PREFACE.

VI

contemporary literature and correspondence.

All forms that

are obsolete or purely classical have been omitted.

Theoretical

discussions have been dispensed with, save in a few instances

(notably the passive verb), where a knowledge of theory

is,

for

a foreigner, the only road to correct practice. A word as to the history, affinities, and written system of nearest of kin to Japanese on Korean, the structural resemblance

The

the Japanese language.

the mainland of Asia

is

between the two tongues reaching down even to minutiae of The likeness of the vocabulary is much fainter, but

idiom. still

Whether both Japanese and Korean are to be must depend on the exact

real.

classed with the Altaic tongues,

sense given to the word " Altaic." of view

of syntax

and

general

Judged from the point they have as

structure,

good a right to be included in the Altaic group as Mongol Manchu. Traces of the law of " attraction," by which

or

the vowels of successive syllables tend to uniformity, as in ototoshi, for atotoxlti,

" the year before last," point in the same

direction. If the ese,

term " Altaic

''

be held to include Korean and Japanthen Japanese assumes prime importance as being by far

the oldest living representative of that great linguistic group, its literature

antedating by

productions of the or Finns.

Its

many

centuries the most ancient

Manchus, Mongols, Turks, Hungarians, extant documents go back in their

earliest

present shape to the beginning of the eighth century of our era, and its literature has flourished uninterruptedly from that

time downward.

Japanese as written

now

differs,

however,

While considerably from the language of the eighth century. the meagre native vocabulary has been enriched by thousands of words and phrases borrowed from the more expressive Chinese,

many

of the old native terminations have

PREFACE.

VII

of this long and varied the existence at the present

One consequence

fallen into disuse.

career of the Japanese language

is

day of a number of styles distinguished by strongly marked Leaving aside poetry and a certain ornamental peculiarities. kind of prose cultivated chiefly by a few Shinto scholars,

common

there are four categories of style in

The Semi-Classical

use, viz.

by its preference words and grammatical forms. The standard translation of the New Testament is in this style. I.

Style, distinguished

for old native

The Semi- Colloquial

II.

Style, into

newspaper writers occasionally largely,

and

modern

colloquial dialect.

its

grammar

The Chinese

III.

which the lower

slightly, of the peculiarities

Style, or Sinico-Japanese,

with Chinese words and idioms.

It is

translations of the Chinese classics,

text-books in every school.

class,

Its phraseology savours

fall.

which

is

founded on the

of the

replete literal

which were formerly the

This style

is

the ordinary vehicle

of contemporary literature.

IV. The Epistolary Style. Almost exclusively Chinese in phraseology, this style has grammatical peculiarities which are so

marked

as to necessitate treatment in a separate chapter.

The system of writing,

that has hitherto been in use in Japan,

an extremely complicated one, semi -ideographic and semisyllabic, founded on the ideographic writing of the Chinese.

is

But the language may

Koman characters. Koman alphabet is

easily be written with

Indeed the general introduction of the

the question of the day. A society entitled the " Romaji Kai," or " Romanization Society," has been formed, and includes

among politics.

its

members most

A purely

adopted, and has

and

foreigners.

of the leaders in science

and in

phonetic system of transliteration has been

met with acceptance both among natives this system, as being that which is likely

To

PREFACE.

VIII

to supersede all others, the spelling of the fallowing pages

conforms.

In conclusion, it is my pleasing duty to acknowledge my obligations to Mr. J. C. Hall, Acting Japanese Secretary to

H. B. M. Legation, Tokyo, and more particularly to Mr. Ernest Satow, C.M.G., H. B. M. Minister Eesident at Bangkok, for a number of valuable suggestions. My thanks are likewise due

M. Takata, I. J. N., for smoothing away certain with regard to the publication of the book in Japan.

to Lieutenant difficulties

BASIL HALL CHAMBERLAIN.

IMPERIAL NAVAL DEPARTMENT, TOKYO. February, 1886.

EEEATA. p. ,,

3, line

18

;

after

Jc

insert

"and

#."

52, the brace should unite, not yukazu

and yukazaru, but

yukazaru and yukanu. 69, line 3 from bottom; for "Section 6" read "Section 3." 70, line 14; for beski read beshi.

JAPANESE GBAMMAB, CHAPTER

I.

THE PHONETIC SYSTEM. ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION.

SEC. 1.

when

JAPANESE,

written with the

Roman

alphabet, requires

the same letters as English, with the exception of

The

c

letter

occurs

I,

q,

v

and x.

only in the combination ch, which

is

" sounded nearly like English ch in church." The vowels are sounded as in Italian but are always short unless marked with the sign of long quantity, when care must ;

be taken to pronounce them long, thus " a hall." "a degree " do, do, " to " to take " tow, torn, pass through." " the air." " a stem " :

;

;

kuki,

kuki,

;

The only long vowels of common occurrence are 6 and u. They are found chiefly in words of Chinese origin, where they represent such Chinese diphthongs and nasal sounds as ao, ou, any, ung,

When nearly

etc.

preceded by another vowel or by n,

like ye,

i

like yi,

and

o like wo.

Thus

sounds very

e

ue, kon-in

and

pronounced uye, kon-yin, and shiwo. The vowels i and u are sometimes inaudible or nearly so in the mouths of Tokyo speakers, as shite, " having done," shio are respectively

pronounced

shte; jinrikisha,

watakushi,

pronounced jinriksha

;

tsuki,

"the

"much," pronounced taxan; watakshi. Initial u is silent, and "I," pronounced

moon," pronounced

tski; takusan,

Z

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

the following

uma,

m doubled in the pronunciation of the four words "tasty"; umaruru, "to be born";

"horse"; umaki,

ume, "plum-tree," pronounced mma, mmaki, mmaruru, mme. But these deviations are slight and unimportant. All the above words will be understood if pronounced as written.

The diphthongs, such as ao, au, ei, ii, ou, call for no special comment, as each vowel retains its own proper sound. The consonants are pronounced approximately as in English, subject to the following remarks

/is a true

:

labial/, not the English labio-dental.

At the beginning of a word it pronounced hard, like the g in give. In the middle of a word it has the sound of English ng in "longing." Thus Kiga, the name of a place,- rhymes almost exactly with "singer" " The words and with " g never has the sound of j.

is

ga, "of,"

finger").

(not

gotoki,

like,"

also take the ng sound.

h before i sounds nearly like the German ch in "mich," and sometimes passes almost into sh. n at the end of a word is pronounced half-way between a Nouns having a final n are true n and the French nasal n. mostly of Chinese origin. y is always a consonant.

Thus the

syllable

mya

in myaku,

"the pulse," is pronounced as one syllable, like mia in the Care must be taken not to English word "amiable." confound it with the dissyllable in such words as miyako, " a capital city."

% has almost the sound of dz when preceding the vowel u thus mizu, " water," is pronounced almost midzu.

Double consonants must be thus

distinctly sounded, as in Italian,

:

kite,

Jcoka,

"

having come " an ancient

" ;

kitte,

poem

" ;

;

" a ticket." " hearth and home." Jcokka,

8

PHONETIC SYSTEM.

Generally speaking, the Japanese pronunciation both of vowels and of consonants is less broad and heavy than that current

most

in

English. ch, j, r, sh,

European

languages,

and

especially

in

This remark applies more particularly to the letters and fe. Tones, such as those of the Chinese, are

There is little or no tonic accent, and only a very slight rhetorical accent that is to say, that all the syllables of a word and all the words of a sentence are entirely absent.

;

pronounced equally, or nearly

Students must beware of

so.

importing into Japanese the strong

and constantly recurring

by which we in English single out one syllable in every word, and the chief words in every sentence. All Japanese words end either in a vowel or in the stress

There

consonant n.

no combinations of consonants

are

and the double consonants already mentioned, among which must be counted ssh and tch, standing for double " " sh and double ch, as in kesshin, " resolve zetchd, peak." By excepting

ts

some very

careful speakers a

;

w

words taken from the Chinese.

is

pronounced

Thus

after

kivannin,

/gin many " an official " ;

But the pronunciation Gwaimushd, "the Foreign Office." current in Tokyo and in most parts of the country is simply kannin, Gaimusho, etc. SEC. 2. 1.

"

Nigori"

Japanese

i.e.

"

muddling,"

is

the

name

given by the

the substitution of sonants for surds.*

to

consonants affected are

ck] 8h

LETTER-CHANGES.

\-

The

:

which change into j.

)

In contradistinction to the sonant letters, the surd letters are to be sumi, i.e. "clear." The two categories together are termed sei-daku, sei being the Chinese equivalent for " clear," and 1

said

dalcu for

"muddled,"

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

which change into k

[

t

changes

g.

change

z.

changes

F

N.B.

and h

b.

also

Chinese compounds.

,,

often

This

is

d.

change into p, especially in called

"

han-nigori"

i.e.

" half

muddling."

The rule regarding the nigori, stated broadly, is that the initial surd of an independent word changes into the corresponding sonant

member

of a

when

the word

compound, thus

used as the second

is

:

" throughout the land," from kuni and chu. " a waruki and share, ,, waru-jare, practical joke," " all sorts of kuni-ju,

fune-bune,

mushiba, lumgoku, ronzuru,

kanzume, kondate,

vessels,"

" a carious tooth," " native country," " to

fune repeated. mushi and ha.

,,

,,

hon and koku.

,,

ron and suru.

discuss,"

" tinned," " a bill of fare,"

,,

v

kan and tsume. kon and

tote.

The above rule is by no means an absolute one, euphony, and sometimes the varying caprice of individuals, deciding in each case whether the change shall or shall not take place.

F and thus

//,

however, always change either into b or into p if the of the compound ends in the consonant n,

member

first :

" the south wind," from nan &ndfu. " three san and hen. times," ,, sam-ben,

nampu,

2.

As shown

before a labial,

in the preceding examples,

n changes

into

m

PHONETIC SYSTEM. 8. The following category of changes affects a large number of compound words of Chinese origin, and notably

" the numerals as combined with the " auxiliary numerals ch

it-chd,

hat-cho,

for

ichi chd,

" one."

:

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

S

for

IS-SO,

"three."

,,

san

has-sd,

,,

Tiachi so,

ju

so,

"eight." " ten."

so,

sen-zo,

,,

sen so,

"thousand."

is-shu,

,,

ichi shu,

"one."

,,

hachi shu,

"eight."

sh

has-shu, jis-shu,

ju shu,

"ten."

ichi tsu,

" one."

it-tsu,

,,

Iwt-tsu

,,

hachi

,,

ju

jit-tsu

"eight." " ten."

tsu,

tsu,

"

atsu

as-sd,

Similarly,

" one."

sanzo,

jis-so,

t

iclii so,

set,

,,

liatsulw,

"issuing."

kessuru,

,,

Itttsu

"to resolve."

suru,

The Japanese cannot pronounce

4.

tyranny."

hak-lw,

all their

consonants

This leads to the following euphonic and z are correlated in such wise that d stands only

before all their vowels.

laws

:

d, j,

before the three vowels a,

and

e,

and

o

;

j only before a,

i, o,

and u ;

e, o, only Apparent irregularities are hereby caused in the conjugation of many verbs, thus

before a,

z

u.

:

Indefinite

Attributive

Form.

Present,

ide,

izuru,

dji,

ozwru,

" to go forth." " to correspond."

F and

h are similarly correlated, / standing only before and h only before the other four vowels, thus

u,

:

he,

8 and

" to pass."

fiwu,

sh are correlated, sh standing only before

only before the other four vowels, thus kashi,

Jcasu,

:

"to lend,"

i,

and

s

7

PARTS OF SPEECH.

r, o

ts

;

ts t

and ch are

only before u

;

standing only before

t

correlated,

and ch only before

#,

i, o,

Indef.

Attrib.

Negative.

Causative.

tachi,

tatsu,

tatazu,

tatashimuru,

5.

W

is

warai, 6.

and w, thus

warau,

warawashimuru,

and

i,

kiyuru,

kie,

when

:

warawazu,

Y disappears before e

:

" to stand."

inserted before a in verbal terminations

another vowel precedes, thus

and

a, e,

" to laugh."

thus " to melt." :

A

few monosyllables and dissyllables of pure native 7. e into a when used as the first origin ending in e change the member of a compound, thus :

" metal from kane and gu. work," kana-gu, " the arm used as a te and makura. ,, pillow," ta-makura, " an outer uem&tsutsumi* uwa-zutsumi, wrapper,"

CHAPTER

II.

THE PAETS OF SPEECH. The words

of which the Japanese language is composed two great groups, the uninflected and the inflected. The uninflected words are I the noun, which, besides the

fall

into

:

includes the pronoun, the words corresponding to English adjectives; many II the postposition, corresponding for the most part to the

substantive properly so-called,

numeral, and

English preposition. In reality kana,

become softened

ta,

into kane,

etc., te,

are the original forms, which have

etc.,

except in compounds,

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

8

The

inflected

words are

:

I

the adjective

II the

;

verb

(including participles).

This division

not an

is

convenience, but has

its

one made

artificial

for the sake of

foundation in the nature and history

In the following chapters the two groups

of the language.

of words are treated of in the order here indicated.

What we term

adverbs in English are replaced partly by

nouns, partly by one of the inflections of the adjective. Conjunctions are partly included under the heading of postpositions,

mere

and partly expressed by certain

inflections of the

Interjections exist, as in other languages

verb.

;

but, being

words without grammatical connection with the The Japanese language sentence, they call for no remark. has no article. isolated

From one

part of speech another

adding certain terminations.

Thus,

adjectives

expressive

of similarity,

expressive

of desire,

while more

expressive of action, as

may

rashiki

and

by

serves to form

malioshiJd adjectives

rarely

nau

forms

verbs

:

otoko,

"man";

otokorashiki,

tomo,

"company";

tomonau,

yuku,

" " to go

yukamaJwshiki,

;

often be formed

"manly." " to accompany." " desirous of going."

UNINFLECTED WOBDS. CHAPTEK

III.

THE NOUN. SEC. 1. 1.

THE SUBSTANTIVE PROPERLY SO-CALLED.

The substantive

and gender being

left

is

indeclinable, distinctions of

number

from the context, and

to be gathered

case relations being, as in English, indicated by independent

words.

Thus, the substantive

uslii

"bull," "ox,"

signifies

"cow," "bulls," "oxen," "cows," "cattle," according

to

circumstances. In such a phrase as uslii wo kau it generally " to signifies keep cattle." In uslii ni noru it signifies "to " " to ride on ride on a bull if one rider is alluded to, and

bulls"

if

signifies

several persons are spoken of.

"to

eat beef."

In

uslii

no chichi

In usld wo kuu it " cows'

it

signifies

milk."

In

the extremely rare cases in which

indispensable to

it

is

mention the sex of an animal,

done by prefixing some independent word, such as me,

" female."

What we

Thus

:

call the singular

by the use of the word " " one year

" o-usld " a bull

;

tama

number

hitotsu,

can be " male " " a cow."

o,

me-ushi,

;

occasionally indicated

is

icld or hitotsu,

;

absolutely this

" one."

Thus

ichi-nen,

" one ball."

is occasionally indicated by doubling the word half second of the compound thus obtained usually taking (the the "?i/#0n," see page 3), thus " all " " side." hold, sides," everywhere," from ho, " various countries," from kuni, "country." kuni-guni,

Plurality

:

10

of

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

Or by prefixing or number. Thus

suffixing

some word conveying the idea

:

"

ban-koku,

all

"myriad," and

"international";

countries,"

from ban,

"country." "gentlemen" from sho, "all," and kun, "gentle-

sho-lcun,

Icolcu,

;

man." su-nen,

"many

years"; from

"number," and

su,

nen,

"year." deshi-tachi, "disciples"; from a word expressive of plurality.

"women"; from

onna-domo, "

deshi,

"a

onna,

and

Utchi,

"woman," and

tomo,

disciple,"

companion."

shin-ra, "subjects," "we"; from shin, "subject," and ra, a word expressive of vagueness. But such locutions are somewhat exceptional, distinctions

of number not being dwelt

as they are 2.

will.

at every turn

upon by the Aryan mind.

by the Japanese

Compounds are very common, and can be formed at As in English, the first member of the compound

generally defines the second, as will be seen by the numerous examples throughout this grammar. Occasionally the two

members

are

co-ordinated,

as

This co-ordination sometimes

kin-gin,

"gold and

(in imitation of

silver."

Chinese idiom)

assumes a peculiar form, which has been termed the "synthesis of contradictories," e.g. cho-tan, "long or short,"

i.e.

"length";

"

"

nan-nyo, "man temperature " the " woman," yosJri-asJii, good or bad," i.e. " moral character of an action; am-nadd, "there being or

kan-dan, "hot or cold," " sex " or i.e.

not being,"

Two

i.e.

i.e.

;

;

"the question of the existence of a thing." combined do duty for a single English

contraries thus

abstract word, thus

:

Inn no

after-before) of a passage,"

ato-saki,

" the context

(lit.

the

11

NOUNS.

When other,

member

one

of the

comes second

it

if

"

kami-Jiasami, to the capital

is

of Japanese origin,

;

" hair-cutting

" zo-sen,

;

"

a verb governing the

and " Thus funa-oroshi, " a launch

of Chinese origin.

first if it is

is

compound

the word

(Jap.)

but ki-kyo t " returning " "

;

building a ship,"

shipbuilding

(Chinese).

Hyphens

are used in

Eomanized Japanese for the sake and in those whose first

of clearness in very long compounds,

member ends

in n while the second commences with a vowel " the draft " of a or with y, as gen-an, document, not to be

confounded with genan, " a common man." In the present work they are used a little more freely to illustrate the sense

and derivation of many words. NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

SEC. 2.

1. Japanese has comparatively few true adjectives, and in a great number of cases uses nouns instead, just as in English we say " a gold watch," " a Turkey carpet." A noun may do

duty for an adjective in three ways, I.

As member

Butsu-ji,

or "

Buddhism "

land

' '

:

"Buddha"

Butsu,

and ji, " a temple."

"an Englishman"; from

Ei,

Eng;

koku,

' '

person."

"an

imperial country," "an empire"; from tei, " and koku, emperor country." " u-ten, rainy weather "; from u, "rain"; and ten, "sky." " " from yoko, " crosswise " ; European writing yoko-moji, tei-koku,

"

;

and jin,

;

compound, thus

:

"a Buddhist temple"; from

Ei-koku-jin, 1 '

of a

viz.

"

;

;

and

moji,

" a written character."

n. Followed by gaikoku no

kdsai,

the Postposition no, "of," thus " " " intercourse

of foreign countries."

foreign

;

lit.

:

intercourse

12

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

Iwrimono no tsukue,

" a carved table "

;

" a table of

lit.

carvings." III. Followed by the attributive form of one of the tenses of the verb naru, " to be," thus " a lit." a kenso naru michi, steep road steepness-being road nodoka naru tenki, " genial weather," lit. " geniality" shinsetsu narislii hito, " a kind person," lit. being weather " kindness having-been person." :

;

;

;

2. if

Words

of this third class correspond to English adverbs,

the postposition ni (more rarely

kenso yerb naru, thus " sliizen to naturally." :

is

to)

substituted for the

"steeply"; nodoka

ni,

ni,

"

genially;

3. Many words corresponding to English adverbs are formed by reduplicating nouns, as taU-tabi, " often," from " a time." tabi, Many such reduplicated words are

onomatopes, similar to the English

Thus

mell, etc.

sound crone.

;

descriptive of the tottering steps of

tobo-tobo,

an old

low

spirits,

from

sugoki, "ill at ease."

nouns by the Japanese, as substantives proper, e.g. kin " gold ";

All Chinese words are treated as

being used either jitsu,

"pell-

Occasionally they are derived from adjective stems, as

sugo-sugo, descriptive of 4.

"ding-dong,"

gasa-gasa or goso-goso, representing a rustling

"truth";

"invention,"

I.

ketsu,

"decision";

hatsumei, "discovery,"

or II. adjectively, according to one or other of

;

" a the three methods just mentioned, e.g. jitsu-butsu, genuine " " " a true doctrine or III. article jitsu naru oshie, ;

;

adverbially,

by suffixing

as verbs,

suffixing

by

hatsumei

suru,

forbid";

or

m or

sum,

to,

e.g. jitsu ni

" to do,"

"

e.g. kes-suru,

"to discover"; "to invent,"

V. as onomatopes,

truly "; or IV.

e.g.

kai-kai,

"to decide"; kinzuru,

supposed

"to to

yu-yu, descriptive of represent the voice of the nightingale the calm appearance of the distant heavens. ;

PRONOUNS.

CHAPTEE

18

IV.

THE PEONOUN. SEC. 1.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

The Japanese words corresponding

to the personal

pronouns

simply nouns whose original European languages cases perfectly clear, and which are significations are in most are

of

indeed to

still

often used with those significations.

such English

(meaning "I"). to

They answer "your humble servant"

as

expressions

Self-depreciatory terms are naturally used

represent what we should

the

call

first

person,

and

complimentary terms to represent the second person, thus boku, "servant''; ses-sha,

shin,

" the

awkward person

"subject"

" ;

;

" " " small born," young " " a certain person ; soregashi, shd-sei,

i/o,

I.

meaning uncertain) " selfishness "

ware, (original u-atakushi,

;

;

;

(etymology uncertain)

;

etc.

etc.

"beneath the steps of the

Hei-ka,

throne" (the idea being

that a

not dare to address

subject does

the sovereign

directly,

but

prostrates his petition at the perial Feet)

only

Your Majesty.

Im-

;

Kak-ka " beneath the council-chamt

ber";

Your Excellency

5

:

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

14

Ki-ka,

Kimi,

" " beneath augustness " " prince

nanji,

have originally

(believed to

meant " renowned " beneath the sok-ka, etc.

"

you. )

;

"

feet

;

etc.

Some

N.B.

Thus

nouns.

;

;

of these are also used as titles suffixed to other

Tenno Heika, " His Majesty the Emperor."

:

Postpositions can be suffixed to the above,

Thus:

other nouns.

Instead of ware no,

"me."'

ico,

waga

(for

The

ware go)

is

in

plural suffixes

personal

Thus

soregasU no,

pronouns

common are

" of " me," " "of

me,"

as

to

my ;"

any

soregashi

my," the form

use.

more

often used with

than with any other

class

the quasiof

nouns.

sessJia-domo, shin-ra, ware-ra (or ware-ware), ivatakwhi" domo (sometimes also used for the singular), yo-ra, " we :

;

is

otherwise expressed, e.g.

"

you." In some cases plurality " our by the term ivaga hai, lit.

Tdmi-tacU, sokka-tachi, nanji ra,

company," the usual equivalent " we."

The only word

for

the

English editorial

closely corresponding to our

pronouns of the " third person is hire, that." Periphrases, such as kano hito " " that " he " or " person (i.e. she"), are sometimes employed, t

as are also the honorific designations mentioned

equivalents for the

second person.

Very which properly means "that" (French "his," "her," "its," thus:

The word person

The

;

but

sono halia,

often the ce), is

above aa

word

sono,

used to signify

"his mother."

may be of any most commonly met with in the sense of " I."

onore (plural onore-ra), "self,"

it is

quasi-personal

pronouns

are

information they might supply being

very

left to

little

used,

the

be gathered from

15

PRONOUNS.

the context in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred in which personal pronouns would be used by the speakers of European tongues.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

SEC. 2.

The nouns corresponding to our reflexive pronouns are jibun, " self" ono " own " " ga, waga, properly my," " " one's but also used more generally in the sense of own,"

jishin, onore,

own."

;

;

are comparatively little used.

They

DEMONSTRATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

SEC. 8.

The words answering pronouns are

to our demonstrative

and interrogative

:

kore,

" this "

sore,

"that"

Icare,

"that"," "he," "she," "it," (Latin

celui-ci, celle-ci, ceci.)

celui-la, celle-la, cela.)

iste,

,,

(

French

hie,

(Latin

itte,

French,

celui-la, celle-la, cela.) tare,

nani, izure,

The

"who?" "what?"

.

"which ?" foregoing are the substantive forms, before leaving

which the student should note the plurals kore-ra, "these" (ceux-ci, celles-ci), sore-ra and kare-ra (ceux-la, cellcs-la).

The

adjective forms,

nouns, are

i.e.

those that are employed to define

:

kono,

"this" (Latin

hie,

soiw,

"that"(

,,

iste,

kano,

"that"

,,

ille,

The forms " of this "

(

kono, sono,

French

and kano

ce). ce). ce),

also do duty for kore no,

no and kare no, " of that," of which they are " contractions. Thus kono kuni, " this country kono tame ni, "for the sake of this." Sono also frequently means " his," ;

sore

;

"her," "its,"

The

old

forms soya and

tat/a

occasionally

16

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

replace sono

and

Tare

tare no.

is

used of persons only, nani of

things only (save in one or two compounds such as nani-bito or nam-pito,

"what person ? "),

izure of

both persons and things.

Before words of Chinese origin, "this" and "that" are " that " this Thus time," toji, frequently expressed by to. " at the time in time," question." :

"

What

kind of

"

is expressed by ika naru, the correspond" how ?" ing adverb ika ni meaning

Note also

which are

?

"when?" and

itsu,

izuko,

"where?," words

nouns, though corresponding to English

really

Like other nouns, they take postposi-

interrogative adverbs.

tions to modify their sense, thus

"

:

"

no koto narishi ? lit. it was a thing of when " " when did it happen ? " to where ? " i.e. " whither ? " lit. izuko

itsu

?

"

i.e.

ye,

izuko yori,

lit.

" from where

?

"

i.e.

" whence

?

"

"whose?" "what?" izure no, "which?"

tare no,

nani no,

SEC. 4.

The

indefinite

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

pronouns are formed from

izure in the following

manner

tare,

nani,

and

:

tare mo, "anyone," tare lea, "someone." "everyone"; nani mo, " anything," " everything" nani ka, "something." " both " izure mo, " either," "; all"; izureka, "one or other." ;

SEC. 5.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

The Japanese language has no relative pronouns or relative words of any kind. The way in which their absence is made good will be understood from the following examples " " the " the went shi who went :

hito,

person

(lit.

person");

17

RELATIVES.

hisu-beki koto,

" "a thing which should be kept secret

"a should-keep-secret thing

As

(lit.

").

seen by these examples, the verb or adjective of the

relative clause

must be put

in the attributive form.

If there

are several relative clauses, then only the verb or adjective of

the last clause takes the attributive form,

all

the preceding

clauses having the verb or adjective in the indefinite form,*

Thus

:

Kokorozashi saislii

wo

tesseki

wo mo on no tame

idald, gi

ni

wa

sosetsu

wo azamuld, fubo

wo

issen ni kiiccaneshi

Idssld

eivri shi,

"

Forty-seven heroes, whose determination was as iron, whose devotion was not to be damped by

yushi shi-ju-shichi nin,

difficulty,

who

for

their

sake

lord's

mother, wife and children, and

had

who had

left

father

and

resolved to sacrifice

their lives in the attempt."

Here

idaki,

azamuld and

shi are the indefinite

verbs idaku, azamuku and suru, while tive

form of the

first

UwamesU

is

forms of the the attribu-

past tense of kiwamuru.

Occasionally the Japanese equivalents of English relative mishi Mto, lit. " the saw Thus " the person," may signify either person who saw," or "the " idasu tokoro, lit. " the I whom saw person (you, he, etc.) clauses appear ambiguous.

:

;

send place," or " the

sent,

be either " the place whence something is But a glance place to which something is sent.

may

at the context generally leaves

For instance,

no doubt

sa omoishi wake, cannot

mean

as to the meaning. " the reason which

thought so," as such a collocation of words would have no sense. It can only be interpreted to signify " the reason for which I (he, etc.), thought so. Similarly, shuttutsu seshi toki can " the mean " the time when started As seen only

I, (he, etc.)

by

* For an explanation and illustrations of these very important technical terms see chap. VII. and beginning of chap. VIII,

18

JAPANESE GRAMMAR,

above examples, the prepositions which often accompany an English relative pronoun are not expressed in Japanese."

Note too that the English passive in such contexts

is

almost

invariably replaced by a Japanese active locution.

Not infrequently the words tokoro no (more rarely no alone) are inserted between the attributive and the noun, as mishi tokoro no

saw " it

;

liito

instead of the shorter mishi hito, " the

sude ni nareru no nochi, for sude ni nareru

had already been done."

to the sense.

nocJii,

man

I

" after

These circumlocutions add nothing

Their use originated in the imitation of Chinese

idiom.

Sometimes, however, no legitimately represents the on hanashi no kenken, " the various English relative, thus :

matters mentioned by

you"

(lit.

"the matter-matter

of

the honourable speaking"); go zdyo no bihin, " the charming " the beautiful articles of the present you have sent me" (lit.

august sending").

CHAPTEE

V.

THE NUMEBAL. SEC. 1.

There are two

sets of

of Chinese origin.

the

first

numerals, one of native and the other

The

native set

is

now

ten numbers, which are as follows

obsolete except for :

2. futatsu.

3. initsu.

4. yotsu.

5. itsutsu.

6. mutsu.

7. nanatsu.

8. yatsu.

9. kokonotsu.

10.

1.

" a

THE CARDINAL NUMBERS.

Jiitotsu.

to.

" as Compare such English expressions dining-room," signifying room in which people dine " " shaving-brush," signifying, " a ;

brush with which you help yourself to shave,"

etc.

NUMERALS.

19

These numerals may either be used as independent words, or

compounded with

they

may

substantives.

When

used independently,

either stand quite alone, or follow or (very rarely)

precede a substantive, or stand in an attributive relation to the substantive by means of the postposition no. Thus " there are two " hako ; futatsu, or futatsu no liako, " two boxes." :

futatsu an,

When compounded, they invariably precede the substantive. In this case the first nine drop the syllable tsu, which is properly a suffix, and long " "

futa-twU,

The

two months

set of

;

to

becomes short

to-tsuld,

numerals borrowed from the Chinese

1.

ichi (or itsu).

20.

2.

m.

21. ni-ju-ichi.

3. san.

4. shi. 5. go.

6.

roku (or nfai).

7. shichi. 8. Jiachi. 9. fat (or kyti).

10. ju. 11. ju-ichi. 12. ju~ni. 13. jti-san. 14. jii-sld. etc.,

etc.

Thus:

to.

" ten months." is

:

ni-jii.

22. ni-ju-ni. etc. etc.

30. san-ju. 40. sld-ju. etc. etc.

100. hyahu, or ip-pyciku

(lit.

" one

[hundred"). 200. ni-7iyaku. etc. etc.

1,000. sen, or

is- sen

(lit.

"onethou-

[sand").

10,000. man, or ban, or ichi-man

(lit*

[" one myriad").

These numerals cannot be used independently, but must always precede a noun, forming a sort of compound with the

Thus ichi-nin, "one person"; it-ten (foTichi-ten), "one As seen by these examples, the nouns with which point."

latter.

the Chinese numerals combine are almost always of Chinese

20

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

Similarly, Japanese and Chinese numerals cannot be used together. Shi, " four," is however often replaced by yo, the native Japanese word, as inju-yo-nin, " fourteen persons"; origin.

ni-ju-yokka,

" the 24th day of the month."

AUXILIARY NUMERALS.

SEC. 2.

"

"

is the name given to a certain class Auxiliary numeral of nouns with which the Chinese numerals constantly combine. They have English analogues in such expressions as

"a hundred head of cattle," "so many panes of glass" but are much more extensively used. Thus " one war- vessel " is gun;

" one soldier "

Jean is-so;

"

is

pen

fude ip-pon

heishi, etc.).

numerals

The

is

(less

heishi ichi-mei (or ichi-nin)',

frequently

isso

" one

no gurikm, ichi-nin no

following are the most important auxiliary

:

chd, for various things

with handles, such as

tools,

muskets,

and jinrikishas. fu, for letters.

fuku, for

scrolls, sips of tea,

hai, for cupfuls hiki, for

most

and

and whiffs

of tobacco.

glassfuls.

living creatures except

human

beings and

and sums of money. hon, for cylindrical things, such as sticks, trees, and fans. lea, or ko, for things generally, that have no auxiliary numeral

birds

;

also for certain quantities of cloth,

specially appropriated to ken,

for

mat,

*,

flat

,,

human human

met, nin,

them.

buildings.

things generally* beings. beings*

saisti,

*,

volumes.

85)

,,

ships,

tsti)

documents*

tea,

birds*

NUMERALS.

21

changes which these auxiliary numerals undergo in composition with the numerals proper,

For

N.B.

see pages 5

the euphonic

and

Wa suffers the following irregular

6.

changes

:

8am-ba($) rop-pa (6),jip-pa (10),hyap-pa (100), sem-ba (1,000). By the Japanese themselves the names of weights and t

"a measures, such as kin, pound", are included in the same category.

Thus:

"one pound";

ik-kin,

liyak-Un,

"a hundred

pounds."

Formerly there existed many native Japanese auxiliary numerals, which were used in combination with the native

The only words

numerals proper.

common

remained in

soroe, for sets of

use are

things

of this

class that

have

:

;

suji,

rope-like things

tomai,

"godowns"

;

(e.g. dozo

mu-tomai,

"six mud go" one person ";

downs") and the isolated expressions hitori, " " two and yottari, " four persons," which persons ;

futari,

;

often replace ichi-nin, ni-nin,

and

yo-nln.

Thus

:

suifu futari,

" two seamen."

The

native auxiliary numerals suffer no euphonic changes. SEC. 8. ORDINAL NUMBERS, ETC.

Japanese has no separate forms for what we term the Sometimes the cardinal numbers do duty for them, ordinals. thus: Meiji ju-ku-tien, "the nineteenth year of Meiji, i.e. A.D. " is 1886." At other times the word dai,

or

bamme

ichi

suffixed,

bamme,

" the

san-do,

san-do me, san-cJid me,

san-nin mae,

to the cardinal

series,"

numbers, as

Observe such locutions as " thrice." " the third time." " third street."

first."

"

portions for three,"

prefixed,

dai-ichi or

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

" one-third."

ichi,

"three per cent."

xtiin-bu

san

"

u-ari

mitsu

thirty per cent."

\

sam-inm .

sam-bon etc.

" three at a time

Y zutsu,

;"

j

and similarly with the other numerals.

CHAPTER

VI.

THE POSTPOSITION. SEC. 1.

THE SIMPLE POSTPOSITION.

Japanese postpositions correspond for the most part to English prepositions. But some words which we should call adverbs and conjunctions, and others for which English has

no equivalents are included in

this category,

When

suffixed

a verb or adjective, postpositions require such verb or

to

adjective to be in one of the attributive forms, a general rule

which

is

subject to exceptions mentioned in the course of the

present chapter. Postpositions are of two kinds, simple and compound.

The

chief

simple

significations, are

" Ga, I

" Oishi's

Ga

is

of,"

postpositions,

with

their

most usual

:

or

the possessive

revenge; "...ga tame

ni,

case

Oislii ga fiikusliyu, "for the sake of." II. :

also used, especially in low-class writings

whose phrase-

23

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS.

ology approximates to that of the colloquiaj, as a sign of what

we should

call the nominative case Suyiura Shi ga shdJiai u-o " Mr. III. When the prizes." juyo su, Sugiura distributed suffixed to the attributive form of a verb at the end of a clause, " it has an adversative force generally best rendered by yet," :

1

"but," or "still' prefixed to the following clause. (See wo, which is preferred by good writers to ga in such contexts.) Ka, an interrogative

particle, generally

corresponding to our

point of interrogation, but sometimes only to " "

uncertainty

other" " An

;

:

Aru ka,

Is there ?

Sono so-dan no matomarishi

agreement having, as

they are

"

now

"either

to

;

it

When

or."

Nani

ha

to

an expression of

ka,

"

nite,

Something or kondo

would seem, been arrived

repeated,

lea

Followed by

,

at,

usually corresponds

ira

at the

end of a

Shika nomi sentence, ka expresses a merely rhetorical question ka wa, "Is it only so?" i.e., " Of course it is not only so." When suffixed as it occasionally is to a gerund, ka combines with :

the gerundial termination te to signify "doubtless because," " probably on account of." Thus Seifu mo koko ni mini :

tokoro

ante ka,

Jionjitsu

kanrei rannai ni aru gotoku tori-

no

sJiimari-kisoku ICQ mokeraretari,

" The government too, doubt-

having certain views on the subject, has drawn up regulations, as may be seen in the official column of our toless

day's issue."

Kara, "from," "since": korekara, "henceforward." Koso, a highly

emphatic

unusually strong emphasis

in

particle,

English,

corresponding to or

to

an

an inversion

which puts at the beginning of the English sentence the word to which the writer desires to draw attention. In classical Japanese each of the indicative tenses of verbs and adjectives has a special form in e, called by Mr. Aston the " perfect,"

which

is

used instead of the conclusive or indefinite

24

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

form at the end of any sentence or clause in which koso occurs, thus

:

for

yuke

yuku.

yukitare

yuUtari.

yukame

yukan.

yukane

,,

yukazu.

are

,,

ari.

bekere

(i.e.

beku are)

beshi.

liayakere

(i.e.

Uayaku

lutyaslii, etc. etc.

are)

Examples of the use of these forms in e are occasionally met with in the modern written style, thus Kydho wa shisei no :

tasuke koso sure (for indefinite

and not a hindrance, Koso

tration."

"

Ah

!

samatage iva

is

:

" seji,

A

help,

will be to the adminis-

sometimes placed at the end

give an emphatic

whole, thus it is

slii),

what education

or ni koso

of a sentence, to to the

is

Makoto ni

and exclamatory

force

aramahoshiki koto ni koso,

indeed a thing one would like to see happen." In is produced in any verbal or adjective

such cases no change form.

" to " Kore " as far " down " as," to," made, Made, till," " hitherto." " Thus Such phrases as mydgonichi made, far," " " may signify either till the day after to-morrow ;" or by the :

day

after

usual.

to-morrow "; but the

latter

Made sometimes has the

meaning

exceptional

is

the

more

signification of

"

" This just as an only," "merely," thus Kono dan kiho made, " This an as answer." suffice answer," may (Epistolary :

style).

Mo, properly

"

also,"

" even "

;

but very frequently a mere

En-ryo mo naku, any feeling of diffidence." It is often used expletively between the two members of a compound verb " Yuki mo tsukanu ucU ni, " Before he had reached (yuki-tsuku expletive

" Without

not needing to be translated

:

[even]

:

25

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS.

means "

to arrive at a place

going to

is

").

Mo

likewise

the hypothetical concessive mood of verbs. " both " Mukashi mo

serves to form

mo repeated

mo

one

signifies

:

ima mo, " Both in ancient and modern times." ]\lotte,

"

" and thus."

thereby,"

See wo motte, page 37. " without it is," " Tedious as it

Xagara, suffixed to nouns, signifies "just as

is," change," "tel quel" thus: Mendo nagara, " though a bore." More .often it follows verbs (always in the indefinite, not in the attributive form), and then has the sense " " " while of while," going." during," thus yuki-nagara, Xi has a great number of Xi, "in," "into," "to." :

idiomatic uses,

worthy

:

a sentence

of

which the following are the most note-

What

I.

is

in

marked by

often

called

is

English

ni followed

the

of

subject

by wa

or

oite.

This gives the expression an honorific tinge, which is generally emphasized by putting the verb in the potential form, it being considered more polite to say that such and such a thing is able to happen in a person, than bluntly to assert that it. Thus Kaigunkyo ni wa sannuru mikka " the Minister of Marine returned to kikyo seraretari, Tokyo on

the person did

:

the 3rd instant." to

II.

"by," denoting as

performed

:

Zoku

it

With a

passive verb, ni corresponds

does the person by

ni obiyakasaruru, "

To be

whom

the action

is

scared by thieves."

With a causative verb, ni denotes the person who is caused to perform the action, thus lin ni koto wo giseshimuru, " " To cause the committee to deliberate upon a matter," i.e. To

III.

:

leave a matter to the committee to deliberate upon."

IV.

Following the attributive form of a verb at the end of a clause, ni serves to indicate a contrast or difference between two consecutive

actions

prefixed to the

rendering, thus

or

states.

following clause, ;

"Whereupon" is

or

"on,"

the most literal English

Suiren no tassha wo shite sayuraseshi

ni,

ni-nan

26

JAPANESE GRAMMAR. "

They caused search to be divers, whereupon the bodies of two men and one woman were recovered." But more frequently ni in such contexts must be rendered by "but," there being hardly any

ichi-jo

no shikabane

ivo hiki-agetari,

made by competent

between

difference

oyoU yoktgiteu kdu

it

and wo similarly placed, thus nomi

narisld ni, kono Id

u-a kinrai

:

Zenjitsu

mare naru

"

Both the day before and the day after were rainy but on this day only was the weather finer than almost any we have had of late, and so V. Ni suffixed ". " " and." VI. Xi and besides," to nouns sometimes means kdtenki nite,

;

follows a word which according to English ideas should be in the accusative case, as: Hito ni au, " To

sometimes

meet a person."

VII. Suffixed to the indefinite form of the " in order to" " to " Tori ni ni verb, yuku, "To go signifies :

to fetch."

"by means of," "by," may be hereby known."

Nite (sometimes corrupted into de) I. " It nite

"with": Kore II.

"

The

N.B. nite,

"

"at"

in,"

sJiiru-beshi,

Osaka

:

nite,

" at Osaka."

postposition nite

must not be confounded with

the indefinite form of the verb naru, which signifies

being."

Xo

"of," or the possessive case, thus Tokyo no jumin, of Tokyo"; boku no zonjiyori, "my humble :

"the inhabitants "

opinion

;

Iciini

ico

osamuru no konnan,

governing the country"; kisJia no " the train of the train,"

tsilkd

" the difficulty of " the sum, passing

In examples

passing."

like the

the word followed by no almost comes to correspond to our nominative or accusative rather 'than to our genilast,

tive

case,

and the noun

to

which

it

is

suffixed

be turned into the subject of a clause in English. Waga liai no tsune ni ikan to sum tokoro nan, thing which

we

constantly regret."

must

often

Thus "It

:

is

a

Totsuzen dewpo no kitaru

27

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS.

" " telegram suddenly came Suddenly there was (lit. the coming of a telegram"). Hito no onore wo hyd suru wo kiku, " To hear others talk about oneself." While always retaining a trace of its proper meaning of " of," no is used in two other art,

"

A

I. Between two nouns in noteworthy idiomatic manners apposition: Issaku ju-ni-nichi no nichiydbi," "The day before II. Either in lieu of, or yesterday Sunday the twelfth." :

suffixed to, the other postpositions,

of

it

being a rule that none

them except no and ga can show the

relation between

says

:

Kono ura

But he must, pond

at

if

"

ni ike an, " There is a pond at the back of this." the verb be omitted, say Kono ura no ike, " The

of)

(lit.

A

two

Thus a Japanese

nouns without the intervention of a verb.

the back of this."

Similarly

Kan-in no

:

Ei-Ro no kankei, " The relations between England and Russia." In the following Hokkin yon instances wo is suffixed to the other postpositions: kyusokujo,

resting-place for the officials

;

no dempd, " a telegram from Peking"; taiyo to chikyu " the relations between the sun and the earth." kei,

when

to

in the sense of

"that" or

of inverted

to

no kan-

Similarly

commas

is

followed, not by a verb, but by a noun, no must be inserted Thus after it. Hyaku-bun ik-ken ni shikazu to no kakugen " There is a ari, golden saying to the effect that hearing a hundred times is not so good as seeing once." (See also :

relative pronouns,

page 18, and compound postpositions, page

35etseq).

"that" (the conjunction), or inverted commas, or "to" followed by the infinitive. Thus: Xashi to o?nou, "I To,

I.

think that there are none." (To can never, like the English word " that, be omitted in such contexts.) Yorimasa no jihitsu nan to ii-tsutau, " It is traditionally said to be an autograph of '

Yorimasa"

(lit.

[they]

autograph of Yorimasa').

hand down the

saying

'it is

Ichi-daitai to shiruseru hata,

"

an

A flag

28

JAPANESE GRAMMAR. '

with the inscription First Regiment ". In the semi- Chinese style, to is often found at the end of a sentence in the sense of '

"it is said that," "he thought," etc., some such verb as iu, omou, or kiku being understood after it. Sometimes one of the " verbal forms in aku, as iivaku, " said" omoeraku, thought," ;

is

placed at the

commencement

of the sentence

which ends

Thus the above example might be abbreviated to Yonmasa no ji-hitsu nan to. For the sake of emphasis,

with

to

To,

to.

is

occasionally in

this

attributive,

its

followed

first

by the

emphatic

sense, is usually preceded,

particle

zo.

not by an

but by a conclusive verb or adjective, as seen in

The reason is that, as it the above example (nari, not naru). inverted commas to placed after a clause simply corresponds or sentence complete in

the preceding word.

itself,

If that

it

does not in any

word

is,

as

it

way

generally

govern

must

be,

a verb or adjective in the conclusive form, that form remains But the fact that the unaffected by the presence of to. postpositions generally are preceded

by an

adjective, has influenced the grammar of

many when

attributive verb or

in such wise that

to

writers substitute the attributive for the conclusive form

This happens especially in the case of the first past, whose attributive termination shi constantly Thus Kobe ni tdchaku replaces the conclusive hi before to. seshi (for shiki) to iu, "It is said that they have arrived at " Kobe." II. Though retaining somewhat of its force of that," to

follows.

:

to

must

often be otherwise rendered (e.g.

by "to," "into,"

"with"), or altogether dropped in English, thus: Aware naru Oruru to arisama to nareri, " He fell into a pitiful plight." " " As soon as we hitoshiku, alighted" (more lit. together with " Two counting my daughter." alighting"). Musume to ni-nin, " and." In this sense it III. is, like the Latin que, generally repeated after each of the words enumerated.

29

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS. Tote, a

compound

the gerund, so that

it

of

"

"He

iu,

te,

the termination of

" "

to

iite,

ing that."

saying that

"

It is

to omoite,

;

"

to

asking whether," and of similar Furusato ni kaeran tote, icakare

toite,

Thus

gerundial phrases.

wo

and

literally signifies

used as an equivalent of

"thinking that";

that,"

to,

:

bade adieu, saying that he was going home."

Very frequently tote follows a verb in the conditional mood. It and the conditional termination eba then together signify said (thought, believed, etc.) to be," "on "because the strength of (something said done or imagined"), thus Hito to shite mizukara i-shoku-ju wo kyu suru wa kataki koto :

Kono

ni arazu.

"It

not a

is

koto

wo naseba

difficult

tote,

thing for a

aete hokoru-beki ni arazu,

human

to be

being to provide

He must

himself with clothing, food, and shelter.

not dare

proud on the strength of his doing so."

Wa,

originally

I.

a

noun

signifying "thing"; "that which,"

"he, she, or they who,"

is

now

used as

chiefly

emphatic or separative particle corresponding to the quant

a,

or,

when

regard to," "so

repeated, to the Greek

far as

English equivalents.

concerned," are

is

But

men and

its

its

II.

"

de.

most

an

French

With

explicit

force is generally sufficiently

indicated in an English translation by an emphasis on the

word

to

which

it is

suffixed,

and by the placing

of that

word

of I

Te ni

at or near the beginning of the sentence.

tazusoru

"

He

wa

' '

,

Examples The thing he holds in his hand. Kotae-keru wa,

answered,"

Examples

of II.

:

' '

(lit.

Xishi

" the

wa

thing he

Fuji, kita

answered,

wa Tsukuba

[was] ").

nari,

" To

the west stands Fusiyama, to the north Mount Tsukuba." Kono jiken wa betsu ni go hodo itasazu, " Concerning this matter I send no special information." Kono hydmen ni wa " On this shukusho seimei wo kayiri shitatainu-beshi,

must be written but the name and address."

side nothing Saran to sum

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

80 toki wa,

"

When

kore wo

ni oite

about to depart." Sonojin-in ica nen-nen kan " The number is fixed each sadamu, year

by the authorities" the it

as

officials,

[they]

"as

(lit.

fix it

that number,

for

"

As shown

).

often convenient to render the

is

a nominative in English

but

;

tive properly so-called in the

yearly

noun followed by

it

in

in the last example,

is

ica

never a nomina-

Japanese construction.

It is

simply a word isolated and generally placed at the head of the

True nominatives or subjects

clause for the sake of emphasis.

are rare in

most

Japanese,

sentences

being

subjectless.

(See Syntax, par. 2).

Wo.

I.

A

what

sign of

Kaze no nagu

God."

the wind,"

matsu, till

European languages named

in

"

sliinzuru,

the end of a clause,

ico

generally best rendered

"To

To await the

[in]

II.

When

of a verb or adjective

has an adversative " "or " but "

by

believe

getting calm of

the wind goes down."

the attributive form

to

suffixed

ico

" to wait

i.e.

is

Kami wo

the accusative case:

yet

force,

which

at is

Seiyd-zukuri no

:

mikomi narishi ico, kondo aratamete Nihon-zukuri to sadameraru, " It had been intended to build [the palace] in European style, but it has now been decided to erect a Japanese building instead." to a

Occasionally the adversative force

mere intimation

of dissimilarity between

is

softened

two successive

and then wo must be rendered by " and so," But this shade is more often indicated by

states or actions,

or

" and."

the use of

ni.

Inferior writers, following the usage of the

colloquial, use either ga or no ni for

under

II.

wo in

all

the cases included

The connection between the two

chief uses of wo ig

found in the fact that this postposition was originally nothing

more than an interjection serving, as it were, to interrupt the sentence, and draw particular attention to the word to which it

was

suffixed.

For the same reason,

it

is

not attached to

81

SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS.

every noun which, according to European ideas of grammar, in the accusative case, thus Meshi kuu told, " When " when eating rice," taking a meal." Before the verb sum, "to do," it is generally absent, thus: Hon-yaku sum, " To

is

:

make

a translation," " to translate."

Under I may be classed some apparently anomalous uses of wo, by which the student is Often greatly perplexed. Such phrases as They are 1. Tenno Heika wo

" liajime-tatematsuri,

Majesty downwards." "

Here the

literal

From His

Imperial rendering would be :

His

respectfully placing Majesty the Emperor at the a construction which we should call accusative. beginning," " Think2. Such phrases as Waboku wo ri nan to omoeba " that literal the Here ing peace would be advantageous ,

rendering of the Japanese construction is "thinking [of] " it will be Waboku is therefore advantageous.' *

peace, really

an accusative, though rendered in English by a nomi3. The use of wo after what corresponds to the

native.

an English passive verb. Thus Minami ni miyuru wo Osliima to iu, " The island visible to the south is

subject of sliiiiut

called

:

Oshima."

struction

is

really

In

all

such sentences the Japanese con-

an active one, the present example signifying

"

call the island lying to the south Osliima." (See also the remarks on the nature of the Japanese 4. Wo at the end of a passive verb, Chap. VIII, Sect. 5).

[People]

literally,

In such cases there

sentence.

is

an inversion of the usual

construction, the verb being placed at the beginning of the clause instead of at the end, for the sake of emphasis and in

imitation of Chinese idiom.

Thus

wa

dai-shikyit yo kiiwei aran koto

wo

kou),

"

names

to

phrases as

We the

trust that list

Kampisei

:

Kou yoyaku no

wo (for Yoyaku no koto gentlemen will hasten to add their

of subscribers." ico

shokunshi

meizeraretari,

"

5.

lit.

Such "

elliptical

[They]

have

82

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

been commanded

official

expense students,"

i.

"

e.

They have

been commanded to become students at government expense/' or more freely, " They have been notified that the expenses of their education will be defrayed

I.

by the government."

Ya, a particle of interrogation, doubt, or exclamation. As a directly interrogative particle, its use is chiefly con-

fined to

sentences which

contain some other interrogative

word, and to those in which the question asked is a purely rhetorical one, i.e. not a question properly so-called, asked in elicit information. Thus Kono toki ni atatte, waga Nihon no jimmin wa ikaga su-beki ya? "In such a case how would our Japanese compatriots act ? " Karada wa koromo yori

order to

:

mo masareru mono narazu ya? " Is not the body more than raiment?" II. Its more frequent use is as a dubitative Thus: Moshi

particle.

ya,

"If perchance."

m

to iu ya,

that but we know not ?/

P O

fyukaba Present Hypothetical

i P-t Hypothetical H P< Optative M Present Actual Concessive B

o

<

yukinaba

(

yuku

if [I, etc.] go.

etc. ]

{ggS^"}!" yukabaya ......

had

oh that I could go

!

yukedomo ...) though [I, etc.] yuku to iedomo j do actually go.

Present Hypothetical Concessive

...

nar.aba..

|

yukite

mo

...

yukishikado

-

mo

yuldtaredonio yukitari

Past Concessive

|

to. ie-

dome

L

yukishi

yuke

Gerund

yukite

went,

-

[ I,

etc. ]

have

gone,

or had gone.

yukishi to donio

Imperative

though

mo

ie-

...

( ......

1

[by] having gone, going.

[ by]

VERBS,

CONJUGATION. Affirmative Voice. 'Indefinite

Form

yuku-beku

52

VERBS,

FIRST Tuku, "Togo."

n

REGULAR (StemFwA;.)

VERBS,

CONJUGATION. Negative Voice.

Form

Indefinite

yuku-bekarazu

(Conclusive Present

shall,

yuku-bekara-

r

Attributve

may, might, can, could, must, or ought not

yuku-bekara-

]

zaru

.

go.

to,

f Conclusive C yuku-bekara-

Past ...<

zariki

j

I Attributive

Conditional

Hypothetical

| 1

yuku-bekarazareba ....

j

yuku-hekara-

zu(m)ba

\ f I

Actual Concessive

...

as or since

... j

yuku-bekara-

zaredomo

sive

Indefinite

p

(

,

lfc

Form

go.

etc.,

...

I

|

7

yuku-bekarazaru

[etc.]

")

yuku-bekarazu to iedomoj (.

|

I

should not, etc., go. if [I, etc.] should not,

j

Hypothetical Conces

have gone,

etc.,

zarishi

( r

should not,

[I, etc.]

yuku-bekara-

j

mo

|

[I etc.] should

though

not, etc., go.

even

if

should,

[I, etc.,

etc.]

not go.

yuku-majiku

Conclusive, f yuku-maji .... \ Attributive yuku-majiki... f Conclusive, j yuku-rnajika (

|

^

riki

LPast..J

yuku-majika

(Attributive (_

f

Conditional

r~ rS

fyuku-majikereba

|

^^

-

rishi

Hypothetical

J 1

[^Concessive ^j

Past

III

yuku-majiku-

(m)ba yuku-majike-

[_

Conclusive " \ Attributive (

redomo

^ [I, etc.]

yukazariyukazari

]

L

Concessive

did not go,

have not gone, or had not gone,

or when did not go, have not gone, or had not gone. did ] though [i, etc.] yukazari-ke- f not go, have not redomo ?" gone, or had not as,

yukazari reba

3 o

0-3

S 2

-

ke-

since,

[I, etc.]

)

gone.

54

VKHHS,

SECOND REGULAR Homing "To Form

Indefinite

Tenses

for !

(Stem

praise."

horn").

home

.

(

(homu

(

(

Conclusive Attributive Conclusive First Past... | ( Attributive ( Conclusive Second Past \ Attributive \ Conclusive Third Past.. | Attributive ( Conclusive Fourth Past Present

1

j (

(

's

(

Present Conditional

homeshi

etc. ]

I,

[

praised,

have or had praised.

.

etc. ]

I,

[

praised,

have or had praised.

homenu homenuru homen, home.,

etc. ]

I,

[

praised,

have or had praised. '

...

shall

etc.]

[I,

nan,orhomuhoinureba

.

praised,

have or had praised.

hometariki hometarishi.

ru naran

etc. ]

I,

[ ....

j hometari .... | hometaru

f

Conclusive Attributive

J

you, he, she, it, we, you, they] praise.

[I,

(hoineki |

(

Fnhii-P * lltme

........

homuru

pro-

bably praise.

I"

when

or

since,

as, .

praise,

[I, etc.]

when

or

since,

as,

homeba "^

"

^Mf

Present Hypothetical

ba ". } hometaraba ...); l homeshi nara-t

Past Hypothetical

Dei

c>

............

j "i

Present Actual

Concessive^ (

Present Hypothetical Concessive

(

homu

to iedo f

mo

r

T

^

etc

T

^

had

d

pra

homebaya ... oh rhomuredomo..

Optative

[I, etc.] praise.

that I could praise

,1

rr

i

actual 1

+

-\

!

i

raise

J

homuru mo

... )

homete mo ... } fhomeshikado{

even

if

[I,

etc. ]

praise.

mo hometaredomo I

.Past Concessive

\

hometari to

ie-

domo I

I

homeshi

though

to ie-

domo

Uiomeshi mo...J Imperative

homeyo

[

I,

etc. ]

praised, have praised, or had praised.

praise!

g

. .

> 3i ,

FOEMS.

*.

POTENTIAL

FOEMS.

A

DESIDEEATIVE

FOEMS.

-A

ILLATIVE

56

VERBS,

REGULAR

SECOND f Conclusive

Present

(

...

Past

Attributive (

"

Homuru, homezu

To

(Stem

praise." ~i

homezaru. liomenu enu

...

honiezaru

or

Hoi/t).

you, he, ske, it, we, you, thevl do not praise

[T,

>

J

Conclusive

{ Attributive f Conclusive

Future.

(Attributive

Present Conditional

}

homezareba... |

.

homeneba

or

since,

as,

... j -

[I, etc.]

not

shall

homeji ...... f [I, etc.] horaezaran or T praise. homeji ...... )

-!

when

do not praise.

or when did not praise, homezarishi ni f huve not praised, or yotte ......... ) had not praised. do not etc

homezarishi

kaba

Past Conditional

since,

} as,

......... 9 [I, etc.]

-

Present Hypothetical

Past Hypothetical....

naraba

homezaredo

-

mo though

homenedomo..

Present Actual Concessive

homezu

domo Present Hypothetical Concessive ..

[I,

etc.]

do

not praise.

to ie.

homezaru

i

mo "

even

}

if

[I,

etc.]

do

not praise.

j

hornezarishika-

iedomo

Past Concessive

......

praised, or

homezarishi na-

redomo

had not

praised.

......

homezarishi mo

homezare

......

homuru nakare liomuru-na ... homuru koto nakare ......... J

Imperative

|

f homezu.... .....

"I

hiomezuni homezu shite., Ihomede ...... J l

Gerund

I

f

ige

*

.

P

^ do not

57

VERBS,

CONJUGATION. Negative Voice.

Form

"Indefinite

homu-bekarazu

li=: D-J^SS S^Vrt

ho-nu-beka,,-

fCondusive

]

1

j Attributive

\

I

^

J

"J

zariki

Ml,

homu-bekara- f

(Attributive

zarishi

homu-bekara-

Hypothetical (

I

1

Actual Concessive

...

j (

Hypothetical Conces-

Form

Indefinite

p s

,

1

j

.2

Conclusive Attributive ( f Conclusive

C

j

Past..J (

since,

[I, etc.]

j

should not,

etc., praise.

)

if [I, etc.]

should not,

zu(m)ba ... j homu-bekara - \

^fc

etc., praise.

1

tt^! pralst""

h

zutoiedomo. 3

homu-bekarazaru

give

should not,

have praised.

3

zareba

%

etc.]

etc.,

homu-bekara -) as or

Conditional

SM

to, praise.

homu-bekara-

f Conclusive Past...-!

mo

6t

l^oul?

not

^etc

|

homu-majiku homu-maji ...'J p c

homu-majiki..

homu-majikariki

Attributive

homu-maiikarishi

f Conditional

I

honm-majike-

f

-g|

^

rf

g g

reba

;&< Hypothetical

homu-majiku-

II

,(

^Concessive

S

^

p

,

"*

(Conclusive \ Attributive

Conditional

s

m > ba

:,-

homu-majikeredomo homezari -keri") [I, etc.] did not praise, homezari - ke- > have not praised, or ru 3 na d not praised.

homezari

-

ke-

reba

^ as, ( ("

i

or

since,

[I, etc.] praise,

when,

did not not

have

or had not praised.

Concessive

homezari

redomo ^

^

-

ke-

I

C

)

.

j

or had not praised,

58

Indefinite

Tenses

MOOD.

INDICATIVE

MOODS.

x

OBLIQUE

t-H



}

T sugu - bekereS doino ......... Actual Concessive...} sugu-beshi to J ( iedomo

-|

etc -

J

8ugu

.

though should,

bekumo

[I,

etc.]

etc., pass.

^uilfei^-

1

"

f Indefinite

QJ

'i! '

IP

f ll

.

"

p

.

Form

sugi-taku

5 Conclusive I Attributive Conclusive |

"'(Attributive rConditiona,

... )

sugi-tashi sugi-taki sugi-tariki

...

sugi-tarishi

... j

|^

j

rik

O

pass. [I,

etc.]

wanted to

pass.

"anfto

j^t:]

ba

| Us.

I

Hypothetical

|

want to

etc.]

[ I,

6tC

'

]

^^ ^

{"^"""f^j'vS f sugi-takeredo- ^

^-^ fajHf, **

Concessive

( iedomo

*

)

'i r

^ ^

\ j

P

t

(Conclusive "(Attributive

passed, have or had passed. or when as, since,

sugi-keri

[I, etc.]

sugi-keru

C Conditional

sugi-kereba

..

[I,

etc.]

passed,

have or had passed. .

( Concessive

'

su

( (

^

keredo

'

^d^^3pj ed.

VERBS,

THIRD REGULAR Suguru "To pass." f Conclusive

rPrevnt nt

8gizu

'

1 Attributive |

8u

yon, he, she, it, do \ we, you, they] J not pass. etc 'J did not P as s, ) have not or had not ) [I,

^ zaru

(sugmu

> 3 3 M

J Past

" I

Conclusive

(Attributive rr. T,

L

...

sugizaran S u g iji

or

sugizaran

or f

(

"J

i

(Conclusive

.

Future

-J

(.Attributive

,

.

shall

etc,]

P ass

not

'

j

sugizareba ... ) ( sugineba J ( sugizanshikaJ (

* '

Passed. rr

)

/[I,

sugiji

"Present Conditional

P

sugizariki sugizarishi

as,

since,

[I, etc.]

when

or

do not pass.

or when did not, ) sugizarishi ni r have not, or had * not passed. ( V yotte puoouv4 J A.IW/U

Past Conditional....

1

ba

as,

since,

[I, etc.]

(

"

od

Present Hypothetical

I

sugizu(m)ba

Past Hypothetical

1

\ sugizarishi na-

if

P>

etc.]

do not

etc.]

had not

pass.

j

if

P

f sugizaredomo ^

-

thou g h [ J Present Actual Concessive < sug J nedomo ( i sugizu to ledo- f not pass. ( mo ) i-

( <

.

sugizaru

)

mo

>

(

)

f sugizarishika-

J

I~T

L

pfp etc 'J

rln c

"1

not pass.

I

sugizarishi to

.

if

do

~]

domo

PnQ . n Past Concessive

even

etc.]

iedomo }.

sugizarishi na-

I

though [I, etc,] did not, have not, or had not passed,

redomo .sugizarishi mo j "sugizare ^

suguru nakare suguru-na ... f pass not, do not pass! koto suguru nakare J I

imperative

j I

I

1.

Gerund

,

f sugizu ni J " sugizu ) sugizu shite... (su^ide

J

( [by] not having passed, [by] not passing.

f J

VERBS,

61

CONJUGATION. (Stem Sug}.

Negative Voice.

Form

Indefinite

sugu-bekarazu sugu-utsKarazu bekara- ] P' etej suguG

f Conclusive

Present^ (

Attributive

"bekai-T

s ue-ii

"f

^ |

"J ( Conclusive

Past

-

sugu

Attributive

-

sugu

shall,

>

>

>

to, pass.

bekara}

zariki

...

will,

would, should, may, mi S ht can could must, or ought not

f

zarishi

..

,.

should not,

[I, etc.]

bekara- f

have passed,

etc.,

^i )

as,

or since

[I,

etc.]

fConditional pass. -

sugu

Hypothetical

bekara-

zu(m)ba sugu

Actual Concessive

-

...

Conces-

etc.]

[I,

though

[ I,

should

(

should

not, etc., pass.

bekara-

...

zu to iedomo - bekarasive .................. \ zaru mo Indefinite Form ...... sugu-majiku.. ( Conclusive TJ sugu-maji .... Present sugu-majiki .. Conclusive sugu - majikaPast ... riki ( Attributive sugu majika-

Hypothetical

if

sugu

not,

etc. ] etc.,

pass.

even

if

[ I,

etc. ]

should, etc., not pass.

,

*j

i

II

rishi

fConditional

reba

j^s Hypothetical [Concessive '"

)

J-j

Pnsf ri

(

J

J.

a *

sugu - majike-

..

Conclusive ^uiiuiuaivo

"(Attributive

sugu-majiku(m) ba sugu - majikeredomo sugizari-keri

sugizari-keru

[I, etc.]

passed. or when did not pass, have not or had not

as,

^ fConditional

izari-kere-

~

1

ll

concessive



Conclusive | Attributiye Conclusive C

should not,

have seen.

as,

or since,

should not, if

[I,

not

[I, etc.] etc., see.

should

etc.]

etc.,

though

see.

etc. ]

[I,

should

not,

etc.,

[I,

etc.]

see.

J -

razaru

cessive Indefinite

m

Con-

etc.,

...J

mi(ru)-bekarazareba

EH

to, see.

} ( [I, etc.]

razariki

( Attributive

would, should, may, might, can, could, must, or ought not

ini(ru)-inaji

even

if

should,

etc.,

not see.

|

..

kariki -

rnaji-

karishi r

-

Conditional

mi(ru) kereba

^

is

and

93

SYNTAX.

some such expression as omoeraku, " as for what he " I said, [it was] ..." thought "; ii-keru wet, 10. Verbs are sometimes omitted at the end of a sentence,

occasionally by prefixing

They must be sup-

especially in the higher Chinese style.

plied from the context, thus Tobun no uclii kyugyd [su] " Closed :

for the present."

" lit. Kashiko ni itaru koto sukai [nari] My going there " Several times did I i.e. several times," go there." [was] Renchoku wo motte seika wo en to tsutomum ni ya [aru] ? " [Is it] perchance that they are endeavouring to obtain a After the word nomi, reputation for moderate charges ?" " the final verb nan is thus as ,

Xani no

omitted,

generally

only,"

nasu-beki yd naku, tansoku

sum nomi

:

" It

[nan] cannot be helped, and all I can do is to sigh," more lit. " There is not any way that one may do, [and it is] only ,

sighing." 11.

Passive constructions are very rarely used.

They

are almost always replaced by the subjectless active constructions explained is

peculiar.

on pp. 88 and 31.

See

The grammar

of the passive

p. 75.

Inanimate objects are rarely, if ever, personified. It hardly permissible even to use the name of an inanimate

12. is

object as the subject of will not say or write,

become

late

"

an active verb.

The

rain delayed

Thus a Japanese

me

";

but " I have

on account of the rain," Ame no tame ni chikoku

seti.

the degree of integration of Chinese and Thus, Pidjin English simply put assertions side by side, like stones without cement, as " He bad man. My no likee he." Our more synthetic Eng13.

Languages

differ greatly in

their sentences.

would generally subordinate one of such a couple of " I don't like assertions to the other, as him, because he is a

lish

JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

94

bad man."

Now

one of the most essential characteristics of

the Japanese language

is

the extreme degree to which

it

pushes the synthetic tendency in the structure of sentences. Except when modified by Chinese or other foreign influence, Japanese always tries to incorporate the whole of a state-

ment, however complex it may be, and however numerous its parts, within the limits of a single sentence, whose memIn fact the normal

bers are all grammatically interpendent.

Japanese sentence as

much more

is

a paragraph, or

(so to say)

quoted, as the English sentence than the Chinese or the Pidjin English.

just

is difficult

what

is

an organism,

complicated than the typical English sentence

more complicated

is

For

this reason

to translate literally into English, so as to

The

meant.

following

must

suffice as

it

show

an extremely

from a story,* the hero of which peitheir infant child, in order to have more

simple example.

It is

suades his wife to

kill

ample means of supporting his own aged mother, an act of piety which heaven rewards by the gift of a golden pot.

filial

In ordinary English, the passage would run thus Said he: "What think you of burying our child alive, in order to have ampler means of making my mother's existence :

comfortable ?"

His

wife, being as filially

raised no objections.

and dug a

hole,

and in

So it

minded

as himself,

they carried out this plan with tears, they found a golden pot.

The Japanese sentence is as follows " Ika ni mo bin naki koto nagara, ko wo wa ika ni?" u'o sen kokoroyoku yasldnai :

onajiku koshin

uzume-sutete, halm nn to

am

ni>

tsuwn mo

mono nareba, isasaka inantu kokoro nakii shitagaite, tomo ni ana wo hori-keru ya hitotsu

nai'u,

naku-nakit kore ni

no kogane no kania

;

t

iCo Jiori-etari.

Borrowed from the Chinese,

EPI9TOLAEY STYLE. as literally as

i.e.,

it

be

may

:

On

his saying "

do,

having buried our child, to

While ever

how would make my mother's nourish-

so piteous a thing,

ment comfortable'?", the

wife,

heart, ha... not

had not;

filial is

used, the

(i.e.

teme cannot

be

95

known

she too was a person of

as

but, as

the indefinite

form

until the verb of the ne.vt clause,

which

it is grammatically subordinated, is reached ) the slightest intention of refusing they, having followed this plan with

to

;

tears,

together dug a hole,

"whereupon"

is

whereupon

(the

word rendered

ga attached to the subordinate it to what follows j

in the original the particle

precediny clause in such wise as

to

they obtained by digging a golden pot."

Grammatical

interpendence

between

clauses

is

secured

chiefly by the application of rule 3 of syntax, by the incorpo-

the above example,

by the use and concessive moods, and by the use of the correlating particles

CcoQl V O*

suffice

and

j

.,

want

not doing, not having done. [I] do not do. [I] shall not do. as [I] do not do. if [I] do not do. though [I] do not do. .,.

even

itasazu sorote mo.

to do.

T j

i do not do.

it I

1

adjectives,

yoroshiku soro,

:

the following examples

:

[it]

is

good.

yoroshiku soraedomo, though

[it]

is

good.

often dropped after adjectives, especially after taku

Thus

beku.

[soro]

if I do.

:

Concessive is

(

.,

Of the conjugation of

Soro

[I]

itasazusoro

Hypothetical Actual Concessive.... ConHypothetical

Present

...

itasu-majiku soro.. itasazu-soraeba ... itasazu-sorawaba... itasazu-soraedomo.

Conditional

may

even

]

Present or Past Future

actua11 ?

having done, doing.

ltasazu

Gerund

h ^ W

d

ni tsuki,

:

Shdsei shuttatsu

"As

am

I

mae

itashi-taku

baikijaku

desirous of selling

it

before

my

departure."

The Chinese nouns, which

are verbalized by

in the ordinary style of books epistolary

or

style

mostly

means

verbalized by

means

of

of the more polite teukamatsttri-adro for the

and

kudasare-sord

Tochdku other

itdxhi-isni'n,

or

mut/m'-mini

sum

for

arrived ";

itttdd-xnrri,

first

the second. " I

or tochaku- teukamateuri-idro,

humble person) have

of

and newspapers, are in the

Go

tdchaku

person,

Thus (or

:

some

98

sord,

JAPANESE GEAMMAB.

" You (or some other honourable person) have arrived."

Conf. Honorifics, page 92.

Sometimes

mini

is

suffixed directly to nouns, without the

intervention of itusu or sum, as Kikan haidoku

had the honour

to peruse

SEC. 2.

Besides a

its

number

" I have

your letter."

A PECULIAR PHEASEOLOGY.

actual conjugational forms, sord combines with

of

others, such as list of

silni,

nouns to form peculiar idioms. These and Jcore an and Jcore naku, will be found in the

idioms given at the end of the present author's " Roma-

nized Japanese Reader," under the headings of aida, dan, yoza, jo, kata,

and

Jcore, koto,

tokoro.

the constant repetition of honorifics

yi,

Politeness also requires

and

of ornamental verbs.

Letters always open with some such polite phrase as Shokan keijo ita&hi-sdro,

" I have the honour to address you

letter''; ippitsu'keijd,

''one respectful stroke of the pen";

wo motte by

hnikei,

"I beg

to state"; or,

in replies,

" Your honourable letter tsukamatsuri-sdrd, Jiaiten [tsukamatsuri-sord] etc., etc.

Then

,

(at least

Chi teymui is

to

hand

rakmlm ";

kakan

have opened your flowery epistle "; in private letters) comes a sentence I

which the correspondent is congratulated on the good health which he enjoys notwithstanding the adverse state of the in

weather,

this, despite of

no information on the tokoro,

luasu-masu



-

-

-

-

11

Adverbs Ai

8,

Aku (Termin.) Aku (Verb)

39 12, 85 82 70 72 1

Alphabet

.--_..--__------..--...---..-. ---------------

Altaic

Pref.

83 70

Araseraruru Arinu-beshi

8

Articles

Aru

72, 83

Atau Atawazu

Attraction Attributive

Form

-

Auxiliary Numerals Bases

Beku, beki, beshi

VI

77 77 Pref. VI 41, 48, 85 5,

20 49

43, 69

79 12

Causatives Chinese Words

43,48,67,71,72

Colloquialisms

Compounds Compound Verbs Concessive Mood Conclusive Form Conditional Mood

4, 10, 11,

-

----------

Conjugations Conjunctions Construction Demonstrative Pronouns Desiderative Forms

41, 48,

-

-

-

8

08

86, -

19 81 69

49 8 94 15 69

102

INDEX,

Dome

-

Doable Negatives

E E

(Potential) (Letter)

-

PAGE.

-----

10,

77 1

-

Ellipsis

93 77 95 70 77

En ya Epistolary Style

Eraku Ezu First Conjugation Fourth Conjugation

-----

Frequentatives

50, 66, 71, 72 62, 66 71, 07

Future

68,

Ga

22,

Gender Gerund Goza soro

9

Humble Expressions Hyphens Hypothetical Mood Illative

67 83 13, 91, 92

'76 -

13, 91,

Imperative

----------

Form

Pronouns

Interjections Interrogative Words Intransitive Verbs

...

Irregular Verbs Iru -

Iwaku I wan ya

Ka Kanavazu Kanuru Kara Kare

--..-_. -.-...-

Keri,

68 70 69 69 39, 47, 66, 86, 87 16 85 8 15, 16, 86 77, 78 66,

71 66,

70,

-

-

14,

Karu Keru

(Suffix)

Keiu, "to kick." Kitaru

-

-----.,...,

Kokoromuru Kono

92 11

-------

Forms

Indefinite Indefinite Infinitive

69 35

66,

Honorifics Honorific Potentials

leraku

14 71

-

83 89 35 23 91 77 23 15 72 69 72 72 66 15

INDEX.

103

....... ...... ...... ..... ... ...... ....... ----__ ...... ....... ....... ...... ----_._ ... ---.._ ..... ... ...... ..... ..... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ---..._ ....... ...... ........ ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ ...... ....... ...... .......

Korean Koso Koto

K

PAGE. Pref.

.

ru

Kyoto

72, 75, 79

Colloquial

Letter Changes Literature

-

72

-

Pref.

Made

Mahoshiki Makari

5? Mo

g

g2 71

49 85 25 25 83, 84

24,

Mono

Motte

_

^ari

"

to be" Nara, Naru, "to become"

Nan

Negatives i

-

-

-

-

.

.

71

7382

.

12,73,83 73

-

.

8

.

90 25,35,76 83 35 33

-

Ni am Ni oite Ni okeru Ni shite

36,80

Nitsuki

Ni yori Ni yotte Nigori

aru

rsite

^T o Nomi -

Nouns

Nu

-

-

Nu-beslii

Number

Numerals Niini

Nxu

Oblique Moods

Onoga

Onomatopes Onore

VI 24

.

Nagara Naku, naki, nashi Naredomo-

VI 23 85

.

11,

36 36 36 3 26, 73, 83 83 18, 26, 35 93 9

68 70 9 13 68

70 66 15 12 14 15

104

INDEX.

105

INDEX.

PAGE.

86 10

Syntax Synthesis of Contradictories

Tachi

Taga Taku,

taki, tashi

-

.....

Tamau Taran Tari

-

Taru (Suffix.) Taru (Verb) Tatematsuru Third Conjugation

To To, "this"

To iu To shite To sura

-----------. -------.-----_ --------------------------------

Tokoro no Tones Tote

14 15 69, 89 82 71 67 67 72 82 58, 72 27 16 89 36

10,

70 18 3 29 78 68 68

'_

Transitive Verbs

-

Tsu Tsuru

Tsutsu Uchi

Uninflected

Uru

Words

Uryoru Verbs

Wa

70 82

-

-

9

74 74 47 29, 88

Waga

14, 15 30, 35, 76

Woba

34 36 37, 80 37

Wo

Wo motte Wo shite Woya Written Characters

Pref.

Ya

Yamo Yawo

-

Ye YoriZaru-beshi

-

-

VII 32 37 38 33 33 71

Zo Zu

34 70

Zuinba aru-bekarazu

71

A.

A

Ht

m

PI

J?

A

A

I B

*

\*n

B x(S

rs

*

W^ - u Afr-

*

jfe

~

*

*7

6E

sW 3, I r ^ las a T v a + I s ^ 5 J* -U

s

*

-t

i

tt

^ A

r P/

_L.

.

I

ffl

ii

rt

is

*

^ ai MI

t

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