Japanese Note_Mind Map With Base 2 Ending

PAGES MAIN CONTENTS Mind Map Base 2

Mind Map Base 2 Ending 10 Disember 2009 1:03

Dictionary form (base 3)

Y=Yodan I =Ichidan Ir=Irreguler N=nouns V=verbs

Y u --> i I ru --> X

BASE 2 + #

kai

Y Aruku (will walk)

aruki

I

Miru (will see)

mi

I

Taberu (will eat)

tabe

Exp: kai + nagara = kainagara (while buying) aruki + tai = arukitai (want to walk) mi + ni kite = mi ni kite (coming over to see)

(will ….) Polite form

nagara (while)

+ve

sugiru (too much)

tai -ve

masu

 present 

mashita

 past 

Base 2

Y Kau (will buy)

(want to)

ni iku (going to)

mashou (let's)

nikui (hard to...)

nasai (command)

takunai (don't want to V   )

masen

masen deshita

ni kuru (coming to)

sugiru

yasui (easy to…)

takereba (if N want to V   )

sugimasu @ sugimashita @ sugimasen @ sugimasen

te



ni itte = please going to ni kite = please coming to = please come over  

deshita

SPECIAL 

IRREGULAR

BASE

KURU

SURU

Iru y

aru

1

ko

shi

meaning

Exist (living thing)

Exist(non-animated thing)

Is,am,are

2

ki

shi

Polite form

imasu

arimasu

Desu

3(dict.form)

kuru

suru

Polite -ve

Imasen

Arimasen

Dewa arimasen/ja arimasen

4

kure

sure

Plain +ve

Iru

Aru

da

5

koyou

shiyou

Plain -ve

inai

Nai

Dewa nai/ja nai

I

Desu

te-form

kite

shite

Polite past +ve

imashita

arimashita

deshita

Plain past

kita

shita

Plain past +ve

itta

atta

Datta

Plain -ve

konai

shinai

Polite past -ve

Imasen deshita

Arimasen deshita

Dewa arimasen deshita

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Lesson 1 10 Disember 2009 0:57 • •

•

The Plain Form

All plain Japanese verbs end in u. More precisely, verbs are classified into 3 groups: @yodan verbs  Consonant-stem verbs (u-verbs) @yodan  Vowel-stem verbs (ru-verbs) @ ichidan verbs Irregular verbs  Consonant-stem verbs (u-verbs)@ yodan verbs Also kwon by Group 1.  It have consonant preceding final 'u'. Meaning, before 'u' it has consonant, for example;  Kau (to buy) ending with 'u'  Aruku (to walk) ending with 'ku'  Isogu (to hurry) ending with 'gu'  Hanasu (to talk) ending with 'su'  Matsu (to wait) ending with 'tsu'  →

→

→

→

Shinu (to die) ending with 'nu'  Asobu (to play) ending with 'bu'  Yomu (to read) ending with 'mu'  Kaeru (to return) ending with 'ru'  →

→ →

→

→

Now let's try some in sentences:   Mama wa mise de banana o  kau. (Mom buys/will buy bananas at the store.)   Jim wa manga o yomu. (Jim will read a comic book.) Ojii-san wa sugu  kaeru . (Grandpa will return soon.)  •

Vowel-stem verbs (ru-verbs) @ ichidan verbs   Ichidan verbs all end in either eru or iru. Some frequently used ones are: taberu (to eat) kimeru (to decide) miru (to look, watch) kariru (to borrow)    

Here are a couple of example sentences: Watashi wa ringo o  taberu. (I'll eat an apple.)    Naomi wa terebi o  miru. (Naomi will watch TV.) This is very simple Japanese, and also very juvenile or "familiar." Only kids or people speaking with family or friends would use this plain form. Before actually trying out the language you need to learn the Base 2 forms and the polite endings that go with them. We will start learning about those in Lesson 2. Word Check Verbs: kau: to buy aruku: to walk isogu: to hurry hanasu: to talk matsu: to wait shinu: to die asobu: to play yomu: to read kaeru: to return taberu: to eat kimeru: to decide miru: to look, watch kariru: to borrow Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

Others: mise: a store manga: comic book  ojii-san : grandfather sugu : soon watashi : I ringo: apple terebi: TV

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Lesson 2 10 Disember 2009 1:32

See also Lesson 3

Yodan Verbs with Base 2 + masu

Plain Verb

Base 2 Form

Polite Verb Form

kau (to buy)

kai

kaimasu

aruku (to walk)

aruki

arukimasu

isogu (to hurry)

isogi

isogimasu

kasu (to lend)

kashi

kashimasu

matsu (to wait)

machi

machimasu

shinu (to die)

shini

shinimasu

asobu (to play)

asobi

asobimasu

 yomu (to read)

yomi

yomimasu

kaeru (to return)

kaeri

kaerimasu

Exp:   

 Mama wa mise de banana o  kaimasu. (Mom buys/will buy bananas at the store.)  Jim wa manga o  yomimasu . (Jim will read a comic book.) Ojii-san wa sugu kaerimasu . (Grandpa will return soon.)

Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

BACK TO MAIN CONTENTS Mind Map Base 2

See also Lesson 2

Lesson 3 10 Disember 2009 1:55

 Ichidan Verbs with Base 2 +  masu Plain Verb

Base 2 Form

Polite Verb Form

taberu (to eat)

tabe

tabemasu

oboeru (to remember)

oboe

oboemasu

kimeru (to decide)

kime

kimemasu

deru (to leave, come out)

de

demasu

kariru (to borrow)

kari

karimasu

miru (to look, watch)

mi

mimasu

Examples: Watashi wa ashita kimemasu. (I'll decide tomorrow.)    Jerry wa sugu heya kara demasu . (Jerry will come out of the room soon.)   Ayako wa mainichi terebi o  mimasu . (Ayako watches the TV every day.) Word Check ashita: tomorrow sugu: soon heya: a room kara: from mainichi: every day terebi: TV Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

BACK TO MAIN CONTENTS Mind Map Base 2

Lesson 4 10 Disember 2009 1:55

Base 2 + masen + masen Yodan examples: Watashi wa kasa o  kaimasen. (I'm not going to buy an umbrella.)  Kare wa machimasen. (He won't wait.)  Kimiko wa Osaka ni ikimasen. (Kimiko isn't going to Osaka.)   Ichidan examples: Watashi wa ima  tabemasen. (I'm not going to eat now.)  Kanojo wa kasa o  karimasen. (She isn't going to borrow an umbrella.) 

Word Check kasa: umbrella kau: to buy kare: he, him matsu: to wait iku: to go ima: now taberu : to eat kanojo : she, her kariru: to borrow (Verbs are shown in their plain form.) Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

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Lesson 5 10 Disember 2009 1:55

Base 2 + mashita  Mashita is used to change verbs to their past polite form.

Examples:   John wa Sendai ni ikimashita . (John went to Sendai.) Kodomotachi wa kouen de  asobimashita . (The children played at the park.)  Yoshi wa ringo o  tabemashita. (Yoshi ate an apple.)  Shizu wa manga o  kaimashita. (Shizu bought a comic book.)   Bob wa sono eiga o  mimashita. (Bob saw that movie.)  Word Check iku: to go kodomotachi : children kouen: a park  asobu: to play ringo : apple taberu: to eat manga: a comic book  kau: to buy sono : that eiga: movie miru: to see (Verbs are shown in their plain form.) Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

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Lesson 6 10 Disember 2009 2:14

Base 2 + masen + masen deshita To make that past tense we just add deshita add deshita..   

 John wa Sendai ni ikimasen deshita. (John didn't go to Sendai.) Kodomotachi wa kouen de asobimasen deshita . (The children didn't play at the park.) Yoshi wa ringo o tabemasen deshita . (Yoshi didn't eat an apple.)

Nnote that deshita that deshita is the past tense form of  desu.  desu.

Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

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Lesson 7 10 Disember 2009 2:15

 desu, iru and aru  Desu -is added to the end of statements to make them polite, including ones that end in plain verb forms or their conjugations. Do not add it to verbs that are already in a polite form , like something from the masu group. After nouns and adjectives,  desu acts like English " be verbs" (am, are, is, etc.) and states that something (a noun) is something (a noun or adjective): adjective): Kare wa Tanaka-san desu. (He is Mr. Tanaka.)  Carol wa nijuu go sai  desu. (Carol is 25 years old.)    Bob wa byouki  desu. (Bob's sick.)   Ashita wa ame  desu. (Tomorrow it will rain. [The weather forecast for tomorrow is rain.]) Sono gakkou wa furui  desu. (That school is old.)   desu is da The plain form of  desu is da,, which is used by kids and adults in familiar settings:   Mite! Hikouki da ! (Look! An airplaine!)   Iya da. (No. [I don't want to...]) I should point out here that the above sentences do not need  desu or da or da to be complete or grammatically correct. In fact, you will often hear them with neither.  Desu or da or da are added to "finalize" the statement in some cases, with desu with  desu being the one to choose when the setting calls for polite speech.

 Iru and aru and aru  Iru and aru and aru mean "to be (in a certain place)" or "to exist." Generally speaking, iru is used for people and animals, and  aru for everything else: Tom wa iru? (Is Tom here / there?)    Hai, Tom wa iru yo. (Yes, Tom's here.) Kabe ni kumo ga iru. (There's a spider on the wall.)    Jisho wa tsukue no ue ni  aru . (The dictionary is on the desk.) Kouen ni ookina ki ga  aru. (There's a big tree in the park.)   masu. Iru is an ichidan verb, and aru You can make these polite by converting them to their Base 2 form and adding  masu. and aru is a yodan, so be sure to convert them accordingly: Tom wa imasu ka? (Is Tom there?)  Kouen ni ookina ki ga  arimasu. (There's a big tree in the park.)  The plain negative forms of these are inai and nai and nai : Sumimasen, ima Tom wa inai. (Sorry, Tom's not here now.)    Jisho ga  nai. (I don't have a dictionary.)  masen, which was introduced in Lesson 4: And the polite negative forms would use  masen, 4: imasen (Sorry, but Tom's not here now.) Sumimasen ga, ima Tom wa .    Jisho ga  arimasen. (I don't have a dictionary.) The plain past of these are itta and atta and atta,, which should only be used in very familiar settings: itta Kinou Tom wa . (Yesterday Tom was here.)  Koko ni ookina ki ga  atta. (There was a big tree here.)  The polite past forms are imashita and arimashita and arimashita : imashita Kinou Tom wa . (Yesterday Tom was here.)  Koko ni ookina ki ga  arimashita. (There was a big tree here.)  For plain past negative use inakatta and nakatta and nakatta : Kinou Tom wa inakatta. (Yesterday Tom was not here.) 

Koko ni ki ga  nakatta. (There was not a tree here.) And for polite past negative use  masen deshita : Kinou Tom wa imasen deshita . (Yesterday Tom was not here.)  Koko ni ki ga  arimasen deshita . (There was not a tree here.)  

 desu. Its plain negative form is  dewa nai or ja Now let's get back to  desu. or ja nai : Kanojo wa juuhassai  dewa nai . (She's not 18.)  And the polite negative is  dewa arimasen :   Iie, kare wa haisha  dewa arimasen . (No, he's not a dentist.) With desu With desu,, there is one way it is often used which will throw the student who is still trying to "think out in English" everything heard in Japanese. This is when it is used after the object. A good example would be: A: O-tousan wa? (Where's Dad?) B: Shigoto desu. (He's at work.) B could even answer o-tousan wa shigoto desu , which, to the mind of the student of Japanese, could mean "Dad is a job," but it doesn't. This is the "wild card" nature of  desu of  desu.. For summary of desu, iru and aru , see Mind Map Base 2 ending Word Check ame: rain gakkou: school  furui: old hikouki: airplane iya: disagreeable; unpleasant;  No! kabe: wall kumo : spider tsukue: desk  ue: the top (of something) ookina: big ki: tree ima: now  jisho: dictionary haisha: dentist Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

Notes 1. Most native speakers do not voice the u on the end of  masu or desu. If you want to sound like most natives, pronounce them "moss" and "dess." You will, however, occasionally hear a few speakers voice the final su, making them sound something like mah-su and deh-su, with just a very short su. You can imitate the version you like. 2. Iya da! is used as a simple reply to reject something, and is especially used by children.

BACK TO MAIN CONTENTS Mind Map Base 2

Lesson 8 10 Disember 2009 3:12

Base 2 + tai A very useful Base 2 ending is tai is  tai,, which is used to sh ow that you want to do something:  kaitai Watashi wa kasa o . (I want to buy an umbrella.)  Kodomotachi wa asobitai. (The children want to p lay.)    Bob wa tempura o  tabetai . (Bob wants to eat tempura.)   Miki wa sono eiga o  mitai . (Miki wants to see that movie.) • •

 tai shows that you want to do something, and is not used when you want something.  tai is only used with verbs, and is never used alone with an object. For example, you wouldn't say watashi wa inu o tai for "I want a dog." You wou ld use the adjective hoshii and say,  "Watakushi wa inu ga hoshii. " TAKUNAI Now, what if you don't want to do something? In that case, we use takunai use  takunai.. Again, add desu add desu to make it polite. Let's make the examples above negative. We'll make the first two plain:  

Watakushi wa kasa o kaitakunai. (I don't want to buy an umbrella.) Kodomotachi wa asobitakunai. (The children don't want to play.)

And the next two polite:   Bob wa tempura o  tabetakunai desu . (Bob doesn't want to eat tempura.)   Miki wa sono eiga o  mitakunai desu . (Miki doesn't want to see that movie.) TAKEREBA Another handy derivative is takereba is  takereba,, which is the conditional form of  tai.  tai. Use it for "if (you) want to": Terebi o mitakereba , yuushoku o hayaku tabenasai. (If you want to watch TV, h urry and eat your dinner.)  Shichiji no densha ni noritakereba , ashita hayaku okimashou. (If you want to make the 7:00 train, let's get up early  tomorrow.) Word Check kasa: umbrella kodomotachi: children 1 eiga: movie  yuushoku: dinner hayaku: early; fast, quickly shichiji: 7:00 (shichi [seven] + ji ["o'clock"]) densha: train noru: to ride ashita: tomorrow okiru: to get up (Verbs are shown in their plain form.) Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

Notes 1. Kodomo means "child." Although tachi can be added to make the p lural "children," please remember that tachi works with only a few select nouns, mainly those describing people or animals. There are no plural forms for other objects, which makes Japanese uncomplicated in that respect.

BACK TO MAIN CONTENTS Mind Map Base 2

Lesson 9 10 Disember 2009 3:12

Base 2 + mashou + mashou Sometimes Sometimes it is written masho written masho with a line above the o the o,, but either way this one is easy to remember. remember. It simply means "let's (do something)." something)." For example:   Ikimashou. (Let's go.) Tabemashou. (Let's eat.)  Yasumimashou . (Let's take a break.)  As in English, this is also used to mean "I'll do (something) for you / Let me do (something) for you," as in: Watashi ga hakobimashou. (I'll carry this / these [for you].) 1  (to a pet) Esa o agemashou. (Let's get you some food.)   Anata no jitensha o naoshimashou. (I'll fix your bicycle. / I'll help you fix your bicycle.)  Word Check iku: to go  yasumu: to rest; to take a break; t o take or have a day off  hakobu: to carry esa: pet food ageru: to give anata: you 2  jitensha: bicycle naosu: to repair (Verbs are shown in their plain form.)

Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

Notes 1. In Japanese, the object (as well as the subect) can be omitted when it is known or obvious. In this example, even hakobimashou alone would be both natural a nd grammatically sufficient. 2. Please see About You and Name Suffixes .

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Lesson 10 10 Disember 2009 3:12

Base 2 + nasai Here is a real simple one, but you will want to be careful how you use it. For simple commands, add nasai add  nasai to verbs in the Base 2 form: Tabenasai! (Eat!)  Minasai! (Look!)   Yominasai! (Read it!)   Iinasai! (Tell me!)  Suwarinasai! (Sit down!)  Koko ni kinasai! (Come here!) 

Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

Word Check taberu: to eat miru: to look   yomu: to read iu: to say suwaru: to sit kuru: to come (Verbs are shown in their plain form.)

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Lesson 11 10 Disember 2009 3:12

Irregular Verbs kuru Verbs kuru and suru and suru KURU The Base 2 form of  kuru of  kuru is just ki. Let's use it to review some of the endings already learned:   Bob wa kimasu. (Bob will come.) Sue wa kimasen. (Sue won't come/won't be coming.)    John wa kimashita. (John came.) Ken wa kimasen deshita. (Ken didn't come.)  Yumi wa kitai desu. (Yumi wants to come.) 

SURU Suru is not only a handy "stand alone" verb, but is also used to make countless nouns into verbs: benkyou suru (study), shimpai suru (worry), chuumon suru (place an order),  yakusoku suru (promise). The Base 2 form of  suru of  suru is shi. Look  at these examples: Watashi wa shimasu. (I'll do it.)  Kare wa shimasen. (He won't do it.)    Bill wa ashita benkyou shitai desu. (Bill wants to study tomorrow.)   Anata wa yakusoku shimashita. (You promised.)   Hiromi wa shimpai shimasen deshita. (Hiromi didn't worry.) Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

BACK TO MAIN CONTENTS Mind Map Base 2

Lesson 12 10 Disember 2009 3:12

Forming Questions with ka Making questions in Japanese is easy. Unlike English, where you have that silliness of subjects and verbs trading  ka on the end of a word, phrase, or sentence to turn it into a question. places, in Japanese all you do is stick  ka For example, do you remember "Ojii-san wa sugu kaerimasu" from Lesson 2? 2 ? (Grandpa will return soon.) Well, just slap ka slap ka on the end and you've turned it into a question: "Ojii-san wa sugu kaerimasu ka." (Will Grandpa return soon?) Simple, right? Let's make questions out of some of our o ther previous examples: Yoshi wa ringo o tabemashita ka. (Did Yoshi eat an apple?)   Miki wa sono eiga o mitai desu  ka. (Does Miki want to see th at movie?)  Yasumimashou ka. (Shall we take a break?)  By the way, true Japanese doesn't use a question mark. You will see lots of question marks used, usually in advertisements or trendy one-liners, but real Japanese literature does not use it. In a sense,  ka is the question mark. Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/ho http://www.t imwerx.net/home/index.htm me/index.htm

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Lesson 13 10 Disember 2009 3:13

Base 2 +  ni iku / ni kuru Simply convert the reason for coming or going into Base 2, then add the relevant one: Watashi wa kasa o  kai ni iku . (I'm going to go buy an umbrella.)    Miki wa watashi no atarashii PC o  mi ni kuru . (Miki is coming over to see my new PC.) Add endings to change the tense or make it polite: Watashi wa kasa o  kai ni ikimasu . (I'm going to go buy an umbrella.)   Miki wa watashi no atarashii PC o  mi ni kimashita . (Miki came over to see my new PC.)  And here are some more good ones: Chuuka ryouri o tabe ni ikimashou . (Let's go out and eat Chinese food.)  Watashi wa kouen ni asobi ni ikitai . (I want to go play in the park.)    Rob wa jitensha o  kari ni kimasen deshita . (Rob didn't come to borrow the bicycle.) 1   Asobi ni kite ne. (Come over for a visit, okay?) Word Check kasa: umbrella atarashii: new miru: to see, look, watch chuuka ryouri: Chinese food kouen: park  asobu: to play  jitensha: bicycle kariru: to borrow (Verbs are shown in their plain form.) Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

Notes 1. Asobi ni kuru is a set phrase used to invite someone "to come for a pleasure visit." You may hear it often, but don't take it literally. Most of the time it is just a polite nothing, made obvious by having no date or time attached to it.

BACK TO MAIN CONTENTS Mind Map Base 2

Lesson 14 10 Disember 2009 3:12

Base 2 + nikui / yasui Use nikui Use nikui for "hard to do": Kono budou wa tabenikui. (These grapes are hard to eat.)  Kono kanji wa yominikui. (These kanji are hard to read.)  Sono tatemono wa minikui. (That building is hard to see.) 1  And use yasui use yasui for "easy to do": 2 Kono PC wa tsukaiyasui. (This PC is easy to use.)  Kanojo no namae wa oboeyasui. (Her name is easy to remember.)  Kono kanji wa kakiyasui. (This kanji is easy to write.)  Word Check kono: this, these budou: grapes taberu: to eat kanji: Chinese characters 3  yomu: to read sono: that, those tatemono: a building miru: to see, look, watch tsukau: to use kanojo: she, her 4 namae: name oboeru: to remember kaku: to write (Verbs are shown in their plain form.)

Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

Notes 1. Besides the converted verb minikui, which means "hard to see," there is also an adjective minikui meaning "ugly." Accordingly, the sentence sono tatemono wa minikui could also mean "that building is ugly." Be especially careful to make the intended meaning clear when using it to refer to people or their property. 2. Yasui also exists as an adjective meaning "inexpensive."  A 3. For more about kanji, see the Kanji section of  A  Bit of the Language. 4. Kanojo no is the possessive pronoun "her."

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Lesson 15 10 Disember 2009 3:12

Base 2 + sugiru + sugiru Sugiru is a verb which means "to pass by; to go too far." @ "overdo" something. As with any other verb, changing it to its Base 2 form with masu, sugimasu, makes it polite. Examples: Kare wa itsumo nomisugiru. (He always drinks too much.)  Kimiko wa tabesugimashita. (Kimiko ate too much.)  Kodomotachi wa terebi o misugiru. (The kids watch too much TV.)  Sugiru is sometimes shortened in familiar conversation to sugi to sugi.. For example, you could say kodomotachi wa terebi o  misugi. Word Check itsumo: always nomu: to drink 

Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/home/index.htm

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Lesson 16 10 Disember 2009 1:33

Base 2 + nagara Add it to verbs in Base 2 to mean "while (doing something)...." Note how the action connected with nagara with  nagara comes before it:   

 Bob wa hatarakinagara ongaku o kiku. (Bob listens to music while he works.) Kimiko wa benkyou shinagara terebi o mimasen. (Kimiko doesn't watch TV while studying.)  Hanashinagara sanpo shimashou. (Let's take a walk while we talk.)

Word Check hataraku: to work  ongaku: music kiku: to listen, hear 1 benkyou suru: to study hanasu: to talk, speak  sanpo suru: to take a walk 2 (Verbs are shown in their plain form.) Reference: http://www.timwerx.net/ho http://www.ti mwerx.net/home/index.htm me/index.htm

Notes 1. There is also a kiku which means "to ask" that is used often. 2. Use aruku for "to walk," as a means of getting somewhere. When walking is the object, use sanpo suru (to go for a walk).