Japanese Grammar

2 1

あまり(1) あまり

amari (1) too much, very, a lot Amari always precedes the verb.

ある ある

aru to be, to exist (of inanimate things); to have Thing + は + place + に + ある Person/Place + (に)は + thing + が + ある

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いい いい

ii good

いっぱい いっぱい

ippai full, many, a lot ippai + V いっぱい食べる・ippai taberu - to eat a lot いっぱいある・ippai aru - there are a lot of something

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いる (1) いる (1)

iru (1) to exist (for animate, usually living, things) Thing + は + place + に + いる Person/Place + (に)は + thing + が + いる

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いる (2) いる (2)

iru (2) -ing V.te-form + iru (いる)

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か (2)

か (1)

か (2)

か (1)

ka (2)

ka (1)

or

question particle Sentence + ka(か）.

Noun + ka + Noun + ka Verb. plain + ka Adj-i + ka Adj-na.stem + ka

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から（3）

から(1)

から（3）

から(1)

kara(3)

kara(1)

so

from, since Noun + kara (から)

Verb + kara I-adjective + kara Na-adjective + da + kara Noun + da + kara

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から（２） から（２）

kara(2) after having done s.t.; since te-form of Verb + kara +　[main clause]

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が (1) が (1)

ga (1) subject-marking particle

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が (2) が (2)

ga (2) but, however Sentence-1 + ga(が) + Sentence-2 Sentence-1 + ga(が)。

くらい くらい

Kurai approximately, about Number + Counter + kurai (くらい) Demonstrative Pronoun/Adjective + kurai (くらい） Interrogative Pronoun + kurai (くらい)

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けれども けれども

keredomo although, though, but clause + keredomo V.plain/plain past + keredomo i-adj + keredomo na-adj + copula. plain/plain past + keredomo noun + copula. plain/plain past + keredomo

こそあど言葉 こそあどことば

kosoado kotoba ko-, so-, a- & do- demonstrative pronouns Kore・これ Kochira・こちら this/here is When the object is close to the speaker Sore・それ Sochira・そちら that/there When the object is close to the person spoken to Are・あれ Achira・あちら Over there(that/location)When the object is far from the both Dore・どれ Dochira・どちら Which

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する

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する

だ

Suru

だ

to do

Da

Imperfective form - し、せ、さ

be (copula)

Connective form - し

Present: Da

Predicative form - する

Present negative: ja nai

Attributive form - する

Past: datta

Hypothetical form - すれ

Past negative: ja nakatta

Imperative form - しろ、せよ

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だけ

だろう

だけ

だろう

Dake

Darō

only, just

Probably

Noun + dake (だけ)

* Verb/i-Adj.inf + だろう

Verb/i-Adj. inf + dake (だけ)

行く　だろう

na-Adj. stem + na dake(だけ)

行った　だろう 早い　だろう 早かった　だろう * na-Adj.stem + (だった)だろう 静か　だろう 静かだった　だろう * Noun + (だった)だろう 学生　だろう

学生だった　だろう

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ている ている

te iru

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be doing something, be in a state created before

てください

Case i) Dictionary form

Te-form

泳ぐ

泳いで

泳いでいる

oyogu

oyoide

oyoide ru

食べる

食べて

食べている

taberu

tabete

tabete iru

する

して

している

suru

shite

shite iru

Te-form + iru

English

is swimming

Te-form

ぬれる

ぬれて

ぬれている

nureru

nurete

nurete iru

壊れる 壊れて broken now

壊れている

kowareru kowarete

kowarete iru

te kudasai Please do something

is eating

* [te-from of a verb] ＋ kudasai.

is doing

Please do...

Case ii) Dictionary form

てください

Te-form + iru

English

(got wet and) still wet now

(got broken and) it is

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てはいけません/ては だめだ てはいけません/てはだめだ

te wa ikemasen/te wa dame da you can't do * te-form of a verb + は いけません/いけない * te-form of a verb + は だめだ = you can't do something, you should not do something.

てもいい てもいい

te mo ii may; it is alright (V / adj-i / adj-na , N + Copula).te mo ii Verb: 食べて　も　いい tabete mo ii may eat; it is alright to eat adj-i: 冷たくて　も　いい tsumetakute mo ii it is alright if s.t. is cold adj-na: 静か　で　も　いい shizuka de mo ii it is alright if s.t. is quiet Noun: 学生　で　も　いい gakusei de mo ii it is alright if s.o. is a student

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て形（動詞） てけい（どうし）

te-kei te-form - and, -ing 死ぬ　→　死んで shinu → shinde 呼ぶ　→　呼んで yobu → yonde 踏む　→　踏んで fumu → funde Class 2 verbs: v.stem + te 出る　→　出て deru → dete Irregular verbs: 来る　→　来て kuru → kite する　 →　して suru → shite i-adjectives final i becomes kute and can function as "and" connecting adjectives together or a conjunction linking clauses together.

Class 1 verbs: u/tsu/ru-verbs: 買う　→　買って kau → katte 待つ　→　待って matsu → matte 帰る　→　帰って kaeru →　kaette ku-verbs: 着く　→　着いて tsuku → tsuite Exception: 行く　→　行って iku → itte gu-verbs: 泳ぐ　→　泳いで oyogu → oyoide su-verbs: 殺す　→　殺して korosu → koroshite nu/bu/mu-verbs:

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で (2) で (2)

de (2) by, with, using Noun + de(で)

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で(1)

で(3)

で(1)

で(3)

de(1)

de (3)

at, in, on (place)

and, because

location + de (で)

〜で〜

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で(4) で(4)

de (4)

です です

desu to be (copula) Present: Desu

at, on

Present negative: De(wa) arimasen / Ja arimasen

Time + de (で)

Past: Deshita Past negative: De(wa) arimasen deshita / Ja arimasen deshita

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どう 31

と (2) と (2)

to (2) and, with, as Noun + to(と) + Noun

どう

dō How 1 - state of something or someone: 山田先生はどうですか。・Yamada-sensei wa dō desu ka? - How is Professor Yamada? 2- to suggest something: お茶はどうですか。・Ocha wa dō desu ka? - How about tea? / Would you like some tea? / How is the tea? 3- この字をどう読みますか。・Kono ji o dō yomimasu ka? - How do you read this character?

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どうして

どこ

どうして

どこ

dōshite

doko

why

where?

"どうして + Question"

どこ・doko

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な (1)

なくて

な (1)

なくて

na (1)

nakute

don't do

is not - and -, do not do

Append na to the plain nonpast affirmative form of a verb:

Verb. inf. negative (without nai) + nakute

V.plain nonpast + na

i-Adj. stem + ku nakute

Class I - 行く・iku - to go 行く + な = 行くな - don't go! iku + na = iku na - don't go! Class II - 見る・miru - to look　 見る + な = 見るな - don't look miru + na = miru na - don't look Class III - する - to do する + な = するな - don't do

na-Adj. stem/Noun + de wa nakute/ja nakute

suru + na = suru na - don't do

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な形容詞の活用 な-けいようし の かつよう

na-keiyoushi no katsuyou na-adjectives conjugation Plain Nonpast: 彼は静かだ。(Kare wa shizuka da. He is quiet.) Plain Nonpast Negative

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に に

彼は静かではない。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nai. He is not quiet.)

ni

彼は静かじゃない。(Kare wa shizuka ja nai.)

in; at; on; to

*じゃ/ja　is a contraction of では/de wa and is more colloquial than では/de wa Plain Past: 彼は静かだった。（Kare wa shizuka datta. He was quiet.） Plain Past Negative: 彼は静かではなかった。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nakatta. He was not quiet.)

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にする にする

ni suru decide on, make it * Noun + ni suru (にする)

に／へ に／へ

ni／e to (place, etc) place + ni (に) place + e (へ)

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ね

の (1)

ね

の (1)

ne

no (1)

tag question (isn't it? right? eh?)

possessive particle

the particle ne is added to the end of the sentence

Object1 + の + Object2

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の (2)

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の (2)

は

no (2)

は

one

wa

i-Adjective + i + の

Topic maker, As for

na-Adjective + na + の

[ A ] wa [ B ] desu.

Noun + の

= [ A ] is [ B ].

Verb + の

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は何ですか

へ

はなんですか

へ

wa nan desu ka

e

What is---

to, towards

* [demonstrative pronoun or something] + wa nan desu ka?

location/direction + e(へ)

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ましょう・（よ）う 47

ましょう・（よ）う

ましょうか

mashō/(yo)u

ましょうか

mashō ka

let's ~~; probably; i plan to Class Dictionary form formal volitional (masu stem + mashō)

informal volitional

Shall I/we

I

iku

iki mashō

ikō

[ Verb.masu-stem + ましょうか ]

I

nomu

nomi mashō

nomō

II

miru

mi mashō

miyō

II

taberu

tabe mashō

tabeyō

III

suru

shi mashō

shiyō

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ませんか・ないか ませんか・ないか

masen ka, nai ka

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Won't you.., Wouldn't you

まだ

* Verb. polite negative + ka (～ませんか)? Class

Dictionary form

formal negative

(masu stem + masen) + ka

English

I

iku

iki masen ka

won't you go

II

miru

mi masen ka

won't you see

III

suru

shi masen ka

won't you do

まだ

mada still, not yet

* Verb. plain negative + ka (か)? Class

Dictionary form English

informal negative + ka

I

iku

ikanai ka won't you go

II

miru

minai ka

III

suru

shinai ka won't you do

won't you see

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まで

までに

まで

までに

made

made ni

until, up to, even

before, by, within

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も

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も

も (2)

mo

も (2)

also, in addition, too

mo

[Object1]は[property1/action1]です

even, as many/much/long

[Object2]も[property1/action1]です

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も〜も

もう

も〜も

もう

mo~mo

Mō

both 1 and 2, neither 1 nor 2

already, anymore

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や

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や

よ

ya

よ

and

yo

AやB

you know

AやBや

よ + yo is attached to the end of the sentence.

A や B や C など

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わ

を

わ

を

wa

o

weak emphatic particle used by female speakers

object-marking particle Noun + o(を) + verb

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下さい

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ください

事

kudasai

こと

please

koto

Noun をください

thing(s); stuff; that

Verb.te-form ください

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人称代名詞

全然

にんしょうだいめいし

ぜんぜん

ninshou daimeishi

Zenzen

referential noun (personal pronouns)

(not) at all; absolutely not

私・watashi - I/me 私・watakushi - I/me 僕・boku - I/me (masculine) 俺・ ore - I/me (masculine) あたし・atashi - I/me (feminine) 貴方・anata - you 君・ kimi - you (informal for intimate members only) お前・omae - you (informal for intimate members only) 彼・kare - he/him 彼女・kanojo - she/her Plural 私達・watashitachi - we/us 私達・watakushitachi - we/us 僕達・bokutachi - we/us (masculine) 俺達・oretachi - we/us (masculine) あたし達・atashitachi - we/us (feminine) 貴方達・anatatachi - You (plural) 君達・kimitachi - You (plural) (informal for intimate members only) お前達・omaetachi - You (plural) (informal for intimate members only) 彼ら・karera - they/them (masculine)

彼女ら・kanojora - they/them (feminine)

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出来る

前に

できる

まえに

Dekiru

mae ni

can, be able to

before, in front of

Person/Thing は noun ができる

Verb.plain.nonpast 前に

Person/Thing は Verb.plain-nonpast ことが できる

Noun の前に

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助数詞

動詞の活用(過去形)

じょすうし

どうしのかつよう（かこけい）

josuushi

doushi no katsuyou (kakokei)

Counters

Conjugation of verbs (plain past)

The number that precedes the counter is normally from the "ichi", "ni", "san" counting system, however, there are some counters that require use of the "hitotsu", "futatsu", "mittsu" counting system (minus the final "tsu").

Conjugation of verbs to the plain past tense is similar to conjugation to the te-form, with the only difference being that the last syllable becomes ta rather than te.

In addition, the pronunciation of many counters changes (according to Japanese pronunciation rules) when a number is prefixed to it. For example, "hiki", the counter for small animals, becomes "ippiki" for one animal, "nihiki" for two animals, and "sanbiki" for three animals.

Dictionary form

Te-form

Plain past tense

Translation

Class 1 verbs 買う(kau) 買って(katte) 買った(katta) To buy 歩く(aruku) 歩いて(aruite) 泳ぐ(oyogu) To swim 話す(hanasu) 待つ(matsu)

歩いた(aruita) To walk 泳いで(oyoide)

泳いだ(oyoida)

話して(hanashite) 話した(hanashita) To speak 待って(matte) 待った(matta) To wait

死ぬ(shinu) 死んで(shinde) 死んだ(shinda) To die 飛ぶ(tobu) 飛んで(tonde) 飛んだ(tonda) To fly 読む(yomu) 読んで(yonde) 読んだ(yonda) 帰る(kaeru) 帰って(kaette) 帰った(kaetta) Class 2 verbs 食べる(taberu) 食べて(tabete) いる(iru) いて(ite) いた(ita) Class 3 verbs & irregular verbs する(suru) して(shite) した(shita) 来る(kuru) 来て(kite) 来た(kita)

To read To return(home) 食べた(tabeta) To eat To exist To do To come

行く(iku)

行って(itte)

行った(itta)

To go

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動詞の活用（マス形） どうしのかつよう（マスけい）

doushi no katsuyou (masu form)

動詞の活用（辞書形） どうしのかつよう（じしょけい）

doushi no katsuyou (jishokei) Conjugation of verbs (plain nonpast)

Conjugation of verbs (masu form)

Conjugation of the plain non-past form of a verb is as follows. Type of verb non-past

neg., non-past

past

neg.,past

volitional

Conjugation of the masu form of a verb is as follows;

Type of verb neg.,past Class I

neg., non-past

書きます(kaki masu; to write) 書きました(kaki mashita)

masendeshita) Class II

non-past volitional

past

書きません(kaki masen) 書きませんでした(kaki

書きましょう(kaki mashō)

見ます(mi masu; to see) 見ません(mi masen)

mashita) 見ませんでした(mi masendeshita)

見ました(mi

見ましょう(mi mashō)

Irregular します(shi masu; to do) しません(shi masen)

しました(shi

mashita) しませんでした(shi masendeshita) しましょう(shimashō)

Class I 書く(kaku; to write) かなかった(kakanakatta) 書こう(kakō)

書かない(kakanai)

書いた(kaita)

書

Class I 飲む(nomu; to drink) まなかった(nomanakatta) 飲もう(nomō)

飲まない(nomanai)

飲んだ(nonda)

飲

Class I 乗る(noru; to ride) らなかった(noranakatta) 乗ろう(norō)

乗らない(noranai)

乗った(notta)

乗

Class II (minakatta)

見る(miru; to see) 見よう(miyō)

見ない(minai)

見た(mita)

見なかった

Class II (nenakatta)

寝る(neru; to sleep) 寝よう(neyō)

寝ない(nenai)

寝た(neta)

寝なかった

Class III(Irregular) なかった(shinakatta)

する(suru; to do) しよう(shiyō)

しない(shinai)

した(shita)

Class III(Irregular)

来る(kuru; to come)

来ない(konai)

来た(kita)

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好き すき

suki to like Noun + が好き(です) Noun + がすきではありません 好きな + Noun

嫌い きらい

Kirai Unlikable Noun が嫌い Noun が大嫌い 嫌いな Noun 大嫌いな Noun

し

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必要

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ひつよう

指示代名詞（場所）

Hitsuyou

しじだいめいし (ばしょ）

need/necessary

shiji daimeishi (basho)

～が必要です/〜の必要がある

Adverbs of location

- I need / is necessary

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指示形容詞 しじけいようし

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Shijikeiyōshi

掛かる

demonstrative adjectives

かかる

demonstrative pronoun + noun

kakaru

この帽子・kono bōshi - this hat その犬・ sono inu - that dog あの家・ano ie - that house (over there) どの本・dono hon - Which book?

take (time/money)

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時 とき

Toki when; at the time Part of Speech;Past;Nonpast;Plus toki verb.plain;;;+ toki i-adjective;;;+ toki na-adjective;+ datta;+ na;+ toki noun;+ datta;+ no;+ toki

来る(1) くる(1)

kuru (1) to come Imperfective form - こ (ko) Continuative form - き (ki) Predicative form - くる (kuru) Attributive form - くる (kuru) Hypothetical form - くれ (kure) Imperative form - こい (koi)

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来る(2) くる(2)

kuru (2) come about, come to See kuru (1)

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毎 まい

Mai every

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疑問詞

疑問文

ぎもんし

ぎもんぶん

gimonshi

gimonbun

Interrogative words 誰 (dare) - who

interrogative sentences

何 (nani/nan) - what 何の (nan no) - what [kind of]

Declarative sentences can be changed to yes-no questions merely by adding the interrogative particle "ka" to the end of the sentence. Thus, the declarative sentence "He likes beer" (彼はビールが好きです) becomes "Does he like beer?" by adding "ka", as seen in example sentence #1.

いつ (itsu) - when どこ (doko) - where

Wh-questions are formed by using an interrogative word, such as "nani" ("what"), in combination with "ka". Examples can be found below. There is a commonly used question form that places the interrogative word at the end of the sentence, as seen in example sentence #7 below.

なぜ (naze) - why いかが (ikaga) - how (polite) どう (dou) - how どうして (doushite) - how/why どうやって (douyatte) - how/why なんで (nande) - how/why どちら (dochira) - which/which one (of two alternatives) どっち (docchi) - which/which one (of two alternatives) どの (dono) - which (of more than two alternatives) どれ (dore) - which one (of more than two alternatives) どんな (donna) - what kind of いくら (ikura) - how much いくつ (ikutsu) - how many どのぐらい (donogurai) - how long/how much どれくらい (dorekurai) - how long/how much

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等

自分

など

じぶん

nado

Jibun

to name just one/a few; etc.; and so on

self, own

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要る いる (3)

iru (3) need [ Noun が いる ]

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～が　形容詞+名詞 ～が　けいようし＋めいし

[noun] ga [adjective]＋[noun] one whose --- is [adjective] * [noun] ga [i-adjective] ＋ [noun] * [noun] ga [na-adjective. stem] na ＋ [noun]

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誰 だれ

Dare who

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～くて, ～で ～くて, ～で

-kute, -de adjective conjunction *****-te form of i-adjective***** (1) Drop the final い/i (2) Add くて/kute EnglishDictionary 　form→　-te form small 小さい　chiisai→　小さくて chiisakute old 古い　furui→　古くて furukute interesting 面白い　omoshiroi→　面白くて omoshirokute fun 楽しい　tanoshii→　楽しくて tanoshikute cheerful 明るい　akarui→　明るくて akarukute tasty 美味しい　oishii→　美味しくて oishikute cheap 安い　yasui→　安くて yasukute good いい　ii→　よくて yokute (*exception!!) *****-te form of na adjective***** (1) Drop the final な/na to get the dictionary form (2) Add で/de EnglishDictionary form→　-te form convenient 便利　benri→　便利で　benri de well, fine 元気　genki→　元気で　genki de

beautiful きれい　kirei→　きれいで　kirei de

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～てよかった ～てよかった

te yokatta was good; glad V.te + yokatta i-adjective kute + yokatta na-adjective de + yokatta

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～はどうですか ～はどうですか

wa doudesu ka how is We form this construction by simply adding what we want to ask about as the subject before は. [what we want to know about]+はどうですか。

noun de + yokatta

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-出す

v + ように

-だす

v + ように

dasu

v + you ni

to suddenly begin, to suddenly appear, ~out

so that

V.masu-stem + dasu

Phr1 + ように + Phr2

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〜方が〜より 〜ほうが〜より 93

~ばよかった ~ばよかった

--ba yokatta one should have done something * -ba conditional form of a verb + よかった

~hō ga ~yori more than * Noun1 の方が Noun2 より X -- Noun1 is more X than Noun2 * Verb1/i-Adj1 (plain) 方が Verb2/i-Adj2 (plain, nonpast) より X -- Verb1-ing/having Verb1-ed is more X than Verb2ing -- being i-Adj1 is more X than being i-Adj2 * na-Adj1 な 方が na-Adj2 な より X -- being na-Adj1 is more X than being na-Adj2

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あげる あげる

ageru to give Giver + は + receiver + に + object + を + あげる

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お～ください お～ください

o~kudasai Polite request expression o （お） + Verb masu stem + kudasai （くださ い）

Do you know whether(or not) he is coming to school today? (i-adj) あのお店のラーメンは美味しいか（どうか）、わかりませ ん。

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か、かどうか か、かどうか

ka, ka dō ka if, whether or not Embedded questions An embedded question is a question that is inside another statement or question, such as 駅がどこか 分からない・Eki ga doko ka wakaranai /"I don't know where the station is." There are two types of embedded question, which are embedded whquestions and embedded yes/no questions. To make embedded questions, we take a question, put it in the informal form, put the particle 「～か」 after it, and follow it with a verb.

Ano o-mise no rāmen wa oishii ka(dō ka), wakarimasen. I don't know whether(or not) the ramen at that shop is good. (noun) この靴が彼のか（どうか）、覚えていません。 　　　 　Kono kutsu ga kare no ka(dō ka), oboeteimasen. I don't remember whether(or not) these shoes are his. (na-adj) このブランドは有名か（どうか）知っていますか？ Kono burando wa yūmei ka(dō ka), shitteimasu ka? 　　　　　　　Do you know whether(or not) this brand is famous? Informal WH-Question + か + verb ■ Verb/i-adjective Sentenc Question + か どこにあるか Doko ni aru ka 分かる wakaru "know where it is" 誰が壊したか Dare ga kowashita ka 知っている shitte iru "know who broke it" 誰が一番強いか Dare ga ichiban tsuyoi ka 決める kimeru "decide who is the strongest" どの店が安かったか Dono mise ga yasukatta ka 覚えている oboete iru "remember which shop is cheap"

おいしいか（どうか） Oishii ka (dō ka) 調べる shiraberu "I'll find out whether (or not) it's delicious." 劇が面白かったか（どうか） Geki ga omoshirokatta ka (dō ka) 聞く kiku "I'll ask whether (or not) the play was interesting." Yes or No Questions (nouns and na-adjective) 人気の店か（どうか） Ninki no mise ka (dō ka) 調べる shiraberu "I'll find out whether (or not) it's a popular store." 犬だったか（どうか） Inu datta (dō ka) 分からない wakaranai "I don't know if it was a dog (or not)." 日本で、有名か（どうか） Nihon de yūmei ka (dō ka) 分からない wakaranai "I don't know if it's famous in Japan (or not)." その店は静かだったか（どうか） Sono mise wa shizuka datta ka (dō ka) 聞く kiku "I'll ask whether (or not) that store was quiet."

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かしら かしら

kashira I wonder V.plain/plain past + kashira 会う + かしら・au + kashira - I wonder if someone will meet. 会った + かしら・atta + kashira - I wonder if someone met. i-adj /past + kashira 美味しい かしら・oishii kashira - I wonder if something is delicious 美味しかった かしら・oishikatta kashira - I wonder if something was delicious na-adj /past + kashira 幸せ　かしら・ shiawase kashira - I wonder if someone/somthing is happy 幸せだった　かしら・ shiawase datta - I wonder if someone/something was happy noun /past + kashira 先生　かしら・sensei kashira - I wonder if someone is a teacher 先生だった　かしら・sensei datta kashira - I wonder if someone was a teacher

101

かもしれない

102

かもしれない

がる (1)

kamoshirenai

がる (1)

might

garu (1)

Verb. inf + かもしれない

show signs of

I-adjective. inf + かもしれない

Adj-i stem + garu (がる)

Na-adjective.stem + かもしれない

Adj-na stem + garu (がる)

Noun + かもしれない

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104

くれる (1)

くれる (2)

くれる (1)

くれる (2)

kureru (1)

kureru (2)

to give

to do something for someone else's sake

Noun + を + くれる

Verb.te-form + くれる

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105

ご/お～頂く

さ

ご/お～いただく

さ

go/o –itadaku

sa

receive some benefit from someone's action

nominalizer for adjectives

* go (ご) + stem of suru verb + itadaku (頂く) 連絡する(れんらくする；to contact)；連絡；ご 連絡 頂く 提案する(ていあんする; to propose)；提案；ご 提案 頂く * o (お) + masu stem of verb + itadaku (頂く) 待つ(まつ;to wait)；待ち(ます)；お 待ち 頂く 飲む(のむ；to drink); 飲み(ます)；お 飲み 頂く

107

させる

This suffix is commonly used with i-adjectives, but can also sometimes be used with na-adjectives. To use this suffix with an i-adjective, drop the final i and append sa. For na-adjectives, just append sa to the na-adjective. See the chart below. Adjective

English add -sa English

nagai long

naga sa length

hiroi wide

hiro sa width

tsuyoi strong

tsuyo sa strength

benri convenient

benri sa convenienc

This usage of the causative, we use with several specific verbs that express a psychological change or an emotional response, such as 泣く (なく, "to cry"), 笑う (わ らう, "to laugh"), 喜ぶ (よろこぶ, "to feel happy"), 悲しむ (かなしむ, "to feel sad"), 怒る (おこる, "to get mad"), 安心する (あんしんする, "to be relieved"), etc. All verbs we use in the emotional responsive causative are intransitive, and the one performing the action is always marked by o.　（最後の一文を追加しました。） Examples: 1. 祖母の死は私たちを悲しませた。

させる

saseru causative The causative form has two meanings according to context: ＊ The "coercive causative," meaning, "make or force someone or something to do something" ＊ The "permissive causative," meaning, "let someone or something do something"

Sobo no shi wa watashitachi o kanashiamaseta. "My grandmother's death made us feel sad." 2. その映画のラストは、感動で人々を泣かせた。 Sono eiga no saigo wa, kando- de hitobito o nakaseta. "The last part of that movie makes people cry with emotion ♥ FORMATION: For class 1 verbs, drop the final -u, and add-aseru. ■ For class 2 verbs, drop the final -ru, and add-saseru. ■ The two class 3 verbs, suru and kuru, become saseru and kosaseru, respectively. Class 1 Verb Causative Form 行く - 行かせる - ikaseru - "make/let someone go" 話す - 話させる - hanasaseru - "make/let someone speak" 買う - 買わせる - kawaseru - "make/let someone buy" Class 2 Verb

Sentence structure: (1)__ は__に__を tado-shi(transitive verb) __ wa __ ni __ o transitive verb

Causative Form 食べる - 食べさせる - tabesaseru - "make/let someone eat" 覚える - 覚えさせる - oboesaseru - "make/let someone learn" 変える - 変えさせる - kaesaseru - "make/let someone change" Class 3 Verb

(2)__は__に/を jido-shi(intransitive verb) __ wa __ ni/o intransitive verb

Causative Form する- させる - saseru - "make/let someone do" 来る - 来させる - kosaseru - "make/let someone come" *In verbs that end in -u, the -u changes to -w, which changes it into (わ) in the causative.

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109

し

しか

し

しか

shi

shika

and, so, among others, etc., not only

(nothing) but

V.plain + し・shi

Noun + しか

i-Adj.inf + し・shi

Number + counter + しか

na-Adj + だ/だったし・da shi/datta shi

Noun + particle + しか

Noun + だ/だったし・da shi/datta shi

Verb + しか

110

しかも しかも

shikamo moreover; furthermore; besides; on top of that; what's more;

111

じゃん じゃん

Jan

Sentence-1。しかも、Sentence-2。

sentence ending expression

i-Adjective + ku + しかも

[sentence] + jan

Noun + de + しかも Verb.masu- stem しかも / Verb.te-form しかも

112

113

すぐ

ずつ

すぐ

ずつ

sugu

zutsu

at once; soon; right away; immediately

by; at a time

115 114

ずに ずに

zuni without doing something Verb.negative. stem + ずに

せい せい

sei because of; due to Noun + の + せい Verb/i-adjective. inf + せい

明日、宮崎さんは高尾山にハイキングに行くそうです。

116

そうだ (1) そうだ (1)

Ashita, Miyazaki-san wa Takaosan ni haikingu ni iku sō desu. Mr/Ms Miyazaki is going hiking at Mt. Takao tomorrow. ピーターはスゲー美人と結婚したそうだよ。[卑俗! 使い方気をつけ て] Ōwen wa sugee bijin to kekkon shita sō da yo. I've heard that Peter married a smokin' hot woman. [vulgar!　be careful of how you use it] (i-adj)

sō da (1) I've heard that Verbs and -i adjectives ■ [ informal form of a verb ] ＋そうだ ■ [ informal form of -i adjective ] ＋～そうだ 散歩するそうだ - sanpo suru sō da

ディズニーシーは、とても楽しいそうです。 Dizunīshī wa, totemo tanoshii sō desu. I heard that Disney Sea is really fun. 今年の JLPT は、難しかったそうです。 Kotoshi no JLPT wa, muzukashikatta sō desu. Apparently the JLPT this year was tough. (na-adj) 今回のプロジェクトは簡単だそうだ。 Konkai no purojekuto wa kantan da sō da.

勉強しないそうだ - benkyō shinai sō da

This project looks easy to do.

面白かったそうだ - omoshirokatta sō da

妻がその友達に会ったのは、久しぶりだったそうだ。

寒くないそうだ - samukunai sō da -na Adjectives and Nouns 人気だそうだ - ninki da sō da 上手だったそうだ - jōzu datta sō da 先生だそうだ - sensei da sō da 日本語の本ではないそうだ - nihon-go no hon de wa nai sō da

Tsuma ga sono tomodachi ni atta no wa, hisashiburi datta sō da. It was apparently a while since my wife had seen that friend. (noun) 彼はどこかの会社の社長だそうだ。 Kare wa dokoka no kaisha no shachō da sōda. It seems that he's the president of some company. あのおばさんは、３０年前は有名な女優だったそうです。 Ano oba-san wa 30-nen mae wa yūmei na joyū datta sō desu. I heard that old lady was a famous actress 30 years ago.

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そうだ (2) そうだ (2)

sō da (2) look like, appear, seem, like

I-adjectives: Drop the Final i + so da 暑い - atsui →　暑 →　atsu - 暑そうだ - atsusō da 新しい - atarashii →　新 →　atarashi - 新しそうだ - atarashisō da * There are two i-adjectives that are exceptions and don't follow the rule. "good" - 良い - ii - 良さそうだ - yosa sō da "doesn't exist" - ない - nai - なさそうだ - nasa sō da Na-adjectives: Dictionary Form + so da 元気 - genki - 元気そうだ - genki sō da 楽 - raku - 楽そうだ - raku sō da ♥ EXAMPLES: (Verb) 今夜のライブにはたくさんのお客が集まりそうだ。 Kon'ya no raibu niwa takusan no okyaku ga atsumari sō da. It looks like a lot of people are going to come to tonight's concert. (i-adj) あの辺はよく車が通るのでうるさそうです。 Ano atari wa yoku kuruma ga tōru node urusasō desu. Many cars pass through that area, so it seems like it'd be noisy. (na-adj) 彼女のお父さんは真面目そうです。 Kanojo no o-tō-san wa majime sō desu. My girlfriend's father looks like a serious person.

♥ NOTES:

119

そこで そこで

soko de therefore Sentence-1。そこで、Sentence-2。

120

それが それが

sore ga well, despite what you might think

122 121

それぞれ それぞれ

sorezore each; respectively

それでも それでも

sore demo but; nevertheless; in spite of that Sentence-1。それでも、Sentence-2。

123

124

それと

それに

それと

それに

sore to

sore ni

and; also; in addition; as well

in addition; moreover; furthermore

Noun-1 と Noun-2 と...それと、Noun-3

Clause-1 し、それに Clause-2。

Sentence-1。それと、Sentence-2。

Sentence-1。それに、Sentence-2。

125

126

それも

ぞ

それも

ぞ

sore mo

zo

in addition

i'm telling you; dammit

127

たい 128

たい

tai

ただ

want to do something

ただ

Verb Class;Dictionary Form;Masu Stem;Tai Construction;English

tada

Class I;飲む・Nomu;飲み・nomi;飲みたい・nomitai;want to drink Class II;食べる・taberu;食べ・tabe;・食べたい・tabetai;want to eat

only; just; simply; that's all

Class III;する・suru;し・shi;したい・shitai;want to do

ただ + ONE + counter

Plain; Negative; Past affirmative; Past negative

ただ + Noun + だけ

飲みたい; 飲みたくない; 飲みたかった；飲みたくなかった

ただ + Verb/i-Adj. inf + だけ

nomitai；nomitakunai; nomitakatta; nomitakunakatta 食べたい；食べたくない；食べたかった；食べたくなかった

ただ + na-Adj. stem + な/だった + だけ

tabetai; tabetakunai; tabetakatta; tabetakunakatta したい；したくない；したかった；したくなかった shitai; shitakunai; shitakatta; shitakunakatta

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たら

Ashita hima dattara, shoppingu ni ikō! If you happen to be free tomorrow, let's go shopping! 2 雨が降ったら、車で迎えに行きます。 Ame ga futtara, kuruma de mukae ni ikimasu. If it rains, I'll pick you up by car.

たら

3 寒かったら、暖房を付けてもいいですよ。 Samukattara danbō o tsukete mo ii desu yo.

tara tara conditional (if, when, after)

If you're cold, you may turn on the heater. 4 私があなただったら、行かないです。 Watashi ga anata dattara, ikanai desu. If I were you, I wouldn't go. 5 お金があったら日本へ行きます。 Okane ga attara Nihon e ikimasu. If I had money, I would go to Japan. 6 眠たかったら、寝てもいいですよ。 Nemukattara, nete mo ii desu. If you are tired, it's okay to sleep. 7 幸せだったら、私は何も言いません。 Shiawase dattara, watashi wa nanimo iimasen. If he/she is happy, I won't (don't) say anything. 8 学生だったら入場料は無料です。 Gakusei dattara nyūjōryō wa muryō desu. If you're a student, there is no entrance fee. ♥ NOTES: 1) The tense of the sentence is determined by the tense of the main

clause.

131

たり たり

130

tari

たらどうですか たらどうですか

tara dō desu ka how about; why don't you * Tara conditional form of a verb + dō desu ka (どう ですか)

and Dictionary form

Past plain form

泳ぐ

泳いだ

り

泳いだり

飲む

飲んだ

り

飲んだり

つける つけた

り

つけたり

する

した

り

したり

来る

来た

り

来たり

Add ri

--tari

楽しい 楽しかった

り

楽しかったり

きれい きれいだった

り

きれいだったり

動物

り

動物だったり

動物だった

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133

だい

だけで

だい

だけで

dai

dake de

dai interrogative particle

just by doing ~~

134

だけでなく だけでなく

dake de naku

135

っ放し っぱなし

not only - but also

ppanashi

Verb/i-Adj.inf + dake de naku

continue, leave

na-Adj.stem + na dake de naku

Verb.masu-stem っぱなし

Noun + dake de naku

137

つもり つもり 136

つまり つまり

tsumari that is to say; namely; in other words; what I mean is

tsumori plan to do something 1) V.inf + tsumori (copl). 買うつもりだ・買ったつもりだ 2) adj-na.stem + tsumori (copl). 静かなつもりだ 3) adj-i.inf.nonpast + tsumori (copl). 速いつもりだ。 4) n + no tsumori (copl). 天才のつもりだ。

139

138

ても

てあげる

ても

てあげる

temo

te ageru

even if; although

to do for Doer + は + receiver + に + V.te-form + あげる

Verbs and i-adjectives: (te-form of the verb/adj) + も Nouns and na-adjectives: (noun or dictionary form of na-adj) + でも

140

141

てもらう

で (5)

てもらう

で (5)

te morau

de (5)

to receive an action

for, in, per, over

(Reciever) wa (Giver) ni verb.te-form + もらう

measurement of time + de

142

143

でしょう

でも (1)

でしょう

でも (1)

deshō

demo (1)

Probably

even

* Verb/i-Adj. inf + deshō

Noun + demo(でも)

* na-Adj. stem/Noun + + deshō

Interrogative-word + demo(でも)

144

でも(2)

145

でも(2)

で御座います

demo (2)

でございます

or something

de gozaimasu

Noun + でも

be, (polite) copula

Noun + particle + でも

146

と (1)

147

と (3)

と (1)

to (1)

と (3)

to conditional

to (3)

Conditional と. (verb : i/na adjective : noun + copula) + と This construction is used to create a conditional sentence in the pattern sentence1 と sentence2. If the condition in Phr1 is fulfilled, sentence2 will take place. Sentence1 should be in the plain present tense.

quote-marker Quotation　+ to + verb (like such verbs as iu, kangaeru, omou)

149

148

という

とか

という

とか

to iu

toka

called ~, that ~

such as X and Y, something like

1) [noun A] という [noun B] = "B called A" 2) [clause] という [noun*] = noun that ~ 明日の会議は延期する

という こと

とか・toka - 'and, or' with the nuance of 'among other things' Construction: N + とか・toka N + とか・toka... トヨタとか本田とか

that tomorrow's meeting will be postponed

Toyota toka Honda toka

彼が引っ越す という 知らせ

Toyota and Honda (among others)

the news that he is going to move 彼女に戻ってきて欲しい

という 気持ち

the feeling that he wants her to come back

V1.plain + toka (Vn.plain + toka) + V 食べるとか飲むとかする Taberu toka nomu toka suru. To eat and drink (among other things)

151 150

となる となる

to naru to be; to become Noun となる

と思う とおもう

to omou I think ~ Informal: [ Phrase (informal) + to omou ] Formal: [ Phrase (informal) + to omoimasu ]

152

153

どうも

どちらがいい

どうも

どちらがいい

doumo

dochira ga ii

I don't know why but; I tried but; for some reason

which is better

Dōmo is used as a regular adverb. It precedes the verb or adjective it modifies.

[ dochira (which) + ga (subject-marking particle) + ii (good)] + [ desu ka (used to make the sentence polite) ]

154

な (2) な (2)

na (2) for sure, for real i-Adjective + i + な Na-adjective + da + な Noun + da + な

155

ないで ないで

nai de without doing something negative form of verb + de (で)

Verb.plain な

156

ないといけない ないといけない

157

nai to ikenai

ながら (1)

must

ながら (1)

plain negative + to ikenai

nagara (1)

飲む nomu - 飲まないといけない nomanai to ikenai must drink something 食べる taberu - 食べないといけない tabenai to ikenai - must eat something する suru -しないといけない shinai to ikenai must do something

while [Verb-1] masu stem + ながら + [Verb-2]

158

なくてもいい なくてもいい

nakute mo ii don't have to (V / adj-i).neg.te mo ii (adj-na / N) + Copula.neg.te mo ii Verb: 食べなくて　も　いい tabenakute mo ii it is alright to not eat adj-i: 冷たくなくて　も　いい tsumetakunakute mo ii it is alright if s.t. is not cold adj-na: 静か　じゃなくて　も　いい shizuka ja nakute mo ii it is alright if s.t. is not quiet Noun: 学生　じゃなくて　も　いい gakusei ja nakute mo ii it is alright if s.o. is a student

159

なくなる なくなる

naku naru become no more * Verb. negative stem + naku naru 怒る(okoru); 怒ら(ない); 怒ら なくなる；don't get angry any more 読む(yomu)；読ま(ない) ; 読ま なくなる；don't read any more * i-Adjective.stem + ku + naku naru 細い(hoshoi)；細 く なくなる；isn't slim any more 楽しい(tanoshii)；楽し く なくなる；isn't happy any more * noun/na-adjective.stem + de wa/ja + naku naru 子供(kodomo)；子供 では/じゃ なくなる；isn't a kid any more 簡単な(kantan na)；簡単 では/じゃ なくなる；isn't easy any more

161 160

なければならない なければならない

nakereba naranai have to, need to, must, should Verb. negative + nakereba naranai i-Adj. stem + ku nakereba naranai na-Adj.stem/Noun + de nakereba naranai

なら (1) なら (1)

nara (1) if (nara conditional) i-Adjective. inf + nara na-Adjective. stem + nara Noun + nara Verb. inf + nara

163

なる なる 162

なら(2) なら(2)

nara(2) speaking of ~ * Noun + なら

naru to become noun + に・ni + naru i-adj -> く・ku + naru na-adj -> に・ni + naru noun noun Meaning Construction Meaning 病気(byōki) ill 病気になる(byōki ni naru) to become ill 大人(otona) adult 大人になる(otona ni naru) to become an adult i-adjective i-adjective Meaning Construction Meaning 面白い(omoshiroi) interesting 面白くなる(omoshiroku naru) to become interesting 楽しい(tanoshii) fun 楽しくなる(tanoshiku naru) to become fun na-adjective na-adjective Meaning Construction Meaning 暇(hima) free(time) 暇になる(hima ni naru) to become free 幸せ(shiawase) happy 幸せになる(shiawase ni naru) to become happy

164

165

にくい

にしては

にくい

にしては

nikui

ni shite wa

difficult/impossible to do

considering that, for

Verb.masu-stem + にくい

Standard にしては Comparison

167

の (3) の (3) 166

の の

no (3) to do, doing, that clause * Verb. plain + no(の) 走るの; to run

no

食べるの;to eat

sentence ending particle

* i-Adjective. plain + no (の)

[non past casual form] + no

安いの; to be cheap 古いの；to be old * na-Adjective. stem/Noun + na/datta + no(の) 簡単なの; to be easy 子供だったの；being a kid

169 168

のだ

のに のに

のだ

noni

no da

Although

the reason is

i-Adjective.plain + noni(のに)

[Verb/Adj-i].plain + の　だ

Verb.plain + noni(のに)

[Adj-na.stem/Noun] + (な/だった)　の　だ

na-Adjective, stem + na + noni(のに) Noun + na + noni(のに)

170

はず

171

はず

は？

hazu

は？

should be, ought to be

wa?

[ Noun のはず ]

inferred question

[ Adjective + はず ]

Noun + wa ?

[ Verb + はず ]

172

ば ば

ba if (~ba conditional) The conditional form of verbs is obtained by converting the final \"-u\" of the dictionary form into a \"-e\" and attaching \"ba\". This conjugation also holds true for Group 1 and Group 2 verbs, as well as the irregular verbs \"kuru\" and \"suru\". 行く (\"iku\") ->　行け (\"ike\") -> 行けば (\"ikeba\") 食べる (\"taberu\") -> 食べれ (\"tabere\") -> 食べれば (\"tabereba\") 来る (\"kuru\") ->　来れ (\"kure\") -> 来れば (\"kureba\") する (\"suru\") -> すれ (\"sure\") -> すれば (\"sureba\") The conditional form of -i adjectives (including the \"-nai\" negative form of adjectives and verbs) is obtained by dropping the final -i and adding \"kereba\". 安い (\"yasui\") -> 安 (\"yasu\") -> 安ければ (\"yasukereba\") 行かない (\"ikanai\") -> 行かな (\"ikana\") -> 行かなければ (\"ikanakereba\") The conditional form of -na adjectives and nouns is formed by suffixing them with \"de areba\", the conditional form of the \"de aru\" copula. 親切 (\"shinsetsu\") -> 親切であれば (\"shinsetsu de areba\") 学生 (\"gakusei\") -> 学生であれば (\"gakusei de areba\")

173

ばかり ばかり

bakari about to, just did, just, only V.plain.nonpast bakari V.plain.past bakari Vte-form bakari iru n (prt) bakari Quantifier bakari

175

まま 174

ほしい(2) ほしい(2)

hoshii (2) to want someone to do something te-form of Verb + hoshii - want someone to do something The party that the subject wants to do something is marked with the particle ni.

まま

mama as is, unchanged, remain Verb.informal.past + mama (まま) 置いたまま oita mama leaving s.t. as is V.informal.negative.nonpast + mama (まま) （ドアを）閉めないまま (doa o) shimenai mama leaving the door unclosed adj-i + mama (まま) 寒いまま samui mama as cold as s.t. is adj-na.stem(な) + mama (まま) 綺麗なまま kirei na mama as clean/pretty as s.t. is noun + no(の)　+ mama (まま) 昔のまま mukashi no mama leaving s.t. as it was

177 176

まるで

みたいだ みたいだ

まるで

mitai da

maru de

looks like; similar to

quite, as if, practically

Noun + みたい　に／な／だ

まるで ～ ようだ/みたいだ

Verb/i-Adj.inf + みたい　に／な／だ na-Adj.stem + (だった) みたい　に／な／だ

178

179

もらう

やすい

もらう

やすい

morau

yasui

to receive, get, receive

easily

[ (Receiver) wa (Giver) ni (object) o morau ]

Verb. masu stem + yasui(やすい)

180

181

やっと

やっぱり

やっと

やっぱり

yatto

yappari

finally, at last, barely

as expected

183

よう　に／な よう　に／な 182

you ni/na

やる

like, resembling

やる

yaru send; give; do

To use the you ni/na construction with a noun, simply place the particle no after the noun, followed by you ni/na. Part of speech;Example;Plain present/past;Add you ni/na verb;taberu;taberu/tabeta;you ni/na i-adj;oishii;oishii/oishikatta;you ni/na na-adj;hima;hima na/hima datta;you ni/na noun;Nihon;Nihon no/Nihon datta;you ni/na We also have the construction "A wa B no you da" or "A wa B no you desu" which simply means "A is like/resembles B."

185

184

より より

らしい らしい

rashii

yori

seems like, looks like, I hear/heard, like something/someone

than

Formation

A + wa(は) + B + yori (より) + X

V.informal + rashii

A is X'er than B

i-adjective + rashii na-adjective + rashii noun + rashii

186

られる られる

rareru able to do something (potential) Verb. masu stem + rareru (られる)

Direct passive voice takes either the direct or indirect object of the equivalent active sentence, and uses it as the grammatical subject. The particle ni is normally used to indicate the agent (the doer of the action), however, when one wishes to place additional stress on the agent, ni yotte may be used. kara may also be used to indicate the agent in cases where a physical object has been given from the agent. 先生に叱られた。

187

られる (1) られる (1)

rareru (1) passive voice

188

一番

Sensei ni shikarareta. I was scolded by my teacher. Indirect passive voice has no easy English equivalent. It is similar in meaning to the colloquial form "to up and do something to me". (See example below.) It is used to indicate that an (often negative) influence has had some effect on the (usually human) subject. Because this passive is often used when the speaker is showing empathy for something that happens to the subject that is outside of his/her realm of control, this passive form is often called "the troubled passive" ( 迷 惑 の 受 身 , "meiwaku no ukemi"). Consider the following sentence as an example of its usage and translation. 妻に逃げられた。 Tsuma ni nigerareta. My wife up and left me.

いちばん

ichiban most, -est ichiban + adjective 一番可愛い・ichiban kawaii - cutest 一番頑固・ichiban ganko - most stubborn

189

事がある ことがある

koto ga aru have done, sometimes occurs Verb.plain-past ことがある Verb.plain-nonpast ことがある

190

事が出来る ことができる

koto ga dekiru can, able to Verb.plain-nonpast ことができる

191

192

事にする

事になる

ことにする

ことになる

koto ni suru

koto ni naru

decide to

it has been decided that

V.plain.nonpast ことにする

Verb.plain-nonpast ことになる

194

可能形 193

初めて

かのうけい

kanō-kei

はじめて

Potential Form

hajimete

Making the potential form (which means "can" or "able to") of a verb depends on the verb class.

first time doing something 初めて Verb 初めての Noun 初めてです。

私は泳げません。 Watashi wa oyogemasen. I can't swim. 漢字が書けますか。 Kanji ga kakemasu ka. Can you write kanji (Chinese characters)? 明日パーティーに来られる？ Ashita pātī ni korareru? Can you come to the party tomorrow? 僕は魚が食べられない。 Boku wa sakana ga taberarenai. I can’t eat fish.

195

196

名詞修飾節

命令形

めいししゅうしょくせつ

めいれいけい

meishi shūshokusetsu

meireikei

Modifying Clause

imperative (strongest)

[ (modifying sentence) + (noun) ]

Class I Verb imperative conjugation - the final syllable/mora of a verb in its dictionary form is changed from the u-column to its corresponding e-column. e.g. u -> e / ku -> ke 飲む・nomu - to drink 飲む・飲め / nomu -> nome - Drink! 行く・行け / iku -> ike - Go! Class II Verb imperative conjugation - ro is appended to the masu stem 考える・ kangaeru - to think 考える -> 考えろ / kangaeru・kangaero - Think! 見る -> 見ろ / miru・miro - Look! Class III Verb imperative conjugation - suru and kuru, Class III verbs with the highest frequency, are conjugated as follows する・suru - to do - ro is appended to the masu stem する　-> しろ / suru -> shiro - do it 来る・kuru - to come - has a unique conjugation 来る・来い / kuru・koi - Come! *Please note that 来い is read

ko.i, and can be deducted by context.

197

場合 ばあい

baai

198

in the case, if

始める

V.pln + baai 忘れる場合 - wasureru baai 忘れた場合 - wasureta baai N + no/datta baai 学生の/だった場合 - gakusei no/datta baai adj-i ＋ baai

はじめる

hajimeru begin to, start to Verb.masu-stem + 始める

早い場合 - hayai baai 早かった場合 - hayakatta baai adj-na ＋ na/datta baai 必要な/だった場合 - hitsuyō na/datta baai

199

200

度に

後で

たびに

あとで

tabi ni

ato de

every time; whenever

after, later

Verb.plain-nonpast + たびに

Vplain.past + 後で

Noun + のたびに

Noun + の後で

201

意志形 いしけい

ishikei Volitional form Class-1 verbs are converted from dictionary form to volitional form by dropping the final "u" and adding "ou". 遊ぶ (asobu) -> 遊ぼう (asobou)

202

振り ぶり

buri for the first time in...

Class-2 verbs are converted by dropping the final "ru" and adding "you".

The suffix buri is attached directly to the measurement of time.

食べる (taberu) -> 食べよう (tabeyou)

一ヶ月ぶり・ikkagetsu-buri - First time in a month

Irregular verbs are converted as follows:

六ヶ月（ 半年）ぶり・rokukkagetsu-buri - First time in six month (half an year)

する (suru) -> しよう (shiyou) or せよう (seyou) 来る (kuru) -> 来よう (koyou)

一年ぶり・ichinen-buri - First time in a year

The volitional form of the polite "masu" verb suffix is "mashou". 行きます (ikimasu) -> 行きましょう (ikimashou)

203

方 かた

kata way of, manner, how to

204

方がいい ほうがいい

[ Vmasu stem + kata ]

hō ga ii

Class I Verb: 行く・iku - to go

had better, should

行き方・ikikata - way of going/manner of going

Verb.plain-past ほうがいい

Class II Verb: 食べる・taberu - to eat

Verb.plain-nonpast ほうがいい

食べ方・tabekata - way of eating/manner of eating

Verb.negative-nonpast ほうがいい

Class III Verb: する・suru - to do し方・shikata - way of doing/manner of doing

205

欲しい ほしい (1)

hoshii (1) to want something Noun + ga hoshii (が 欲しい)

2. In expressions such as "sou da", "you da" and "rashii" which cause a double "seems to" effect, when combined with "garu": Kare wa ~~ wo hoshigatte iru you desu. "He seems to seem to want something." 3. In direct quotes, where the "seems to" is misplaced: "Maaku wa ~~ wo hoshigatte iru tte." "Mark said 'I seem to want ~~.'" 4. In expressions of explanation. That means using the "n", "kara", "node", etc. 5. When using past tense. ♥ EXAMPLES: 1. 私はラーメンを食べたいです。 Watashi wa rāmen o tabetai desu. I want to eat ramen. 2. ピーターもラーメンを食べたがっています。 Pītā mo rāmen o tabetagatte imasu. Peter wants to eat ramen, too. 3. 私はビールを飲みたいです。 Watashi wa bīru o nomitai desu. I want to drink beer. 4. ピーターもビールを飲みたがっています。 Pītā mo bīru o nomitagatte imasu. Peter wants to drink beer, too. 5. くだらない冗談をやめてほしい。 Kudaranai jōdan o yamete hoshii. I want you to quit telling stupid jokes.

206

欲望の表し方 よくぼうのあらわしかた

yokubou no arawashikata expressing desire

208

気 き

ki feel like Verb plain form + ki Noun + ge* やる気・yaru ki - will (to do something) やる気がない - no will (to do something) やる気になる - become motivated, become willing *There are certain set phrases describing one's physical feeling in which the Kanji character 気 is read ge not ki. e.g. 吐き気・hakige / 寒気・samuge.

6. ピーターに歌たってほしいです。

209

直す なおす

naosu to redo/correct something V.masu stem + naosu Class I - やる・yaru ->やり・yari ->やり直す・ yarinaosu Class II - 考える・kangaeru ->考え・kangae ->考 え直す・kangaenaosu

210

程 ほど

hodo to the extent of/that, about Noun ほど Verb.plain-nonpast ほど

Class III - する・suru ->し・shi ->し直す・ shinaosu

212 211

行く いく

iku go on -ing, continue on Verb.te-form　いく

過ぎる すぎる

sugiru too much Verb.masu-stem すぎる／すぎです Adjective-stem すぎる／すぎです

213

間（に） あいだ（に）

aida (ni) during, while, between Noun-phrase + no + aida (ni) te-form of Verb + iru + aida (ni) i-Adj/na-Adj + aida (ni)

214

頂く いただく

itadaku humble polite form of morau - to receive

♥ INTRODUCTION: Aida is a noun meaning both “the entire space between”, as in 行と行との 間 (“gyou to gyou to no aida”, “the space between the lines”) and “the entire time period”, as in 夏の間 (“natsu no aida”, “the whole of summer”). When used together with ni (see に (1)), it corresponds to either of the English phrases “at some point during” or “somewhere between”. Use of ni usually implies that only part of the time or space is occupied. Please refer to example sentences #4 and #5 for a concrete example.

[Reciever] wa [Giver] ni [object] o itadaku [Reciever] wa [Giver] ni verb.te-form itadaku

Aida can also be used to refer to a relationship between two people, as in examples #6 and #7. Aida follows adjectives, verbs in present progressive (~te iru) form, adjectives, and nouns or noun phrases with the particle no.

216 215

頂けませんか いただけませんか

itadakemasen ka could I get Noun をいただけませんか。 Verb.te-form いただけませんか。

頃 ごろ

koro / goro around, about Time ごろ Verb.masu-stem ごろ Noun ごろ

217

～くする ～くする

~ku suru Adverbial form of adjective + suru ① I-adjectives Change i into ku, and attach suru. I-adjective 涼しい suzushii - 涼しくする suzushiku suru - To cool off 細い hosoi - 細くする hosoku suru - To make it thin ② Na-adjectives Put ni before suru. Na-adjective きれい kirei - きれいにする kirei ni suru - To clean 幸せ shiawase - 幸せにする shiawase ni suru - To make one happy

218

～くなる ～くなる

~ku naru Adverbial form of adjective + naru

219

～てある ～てある

te aru to exist in a state caused by someone or something’s actions Verb.te-form + aru “Aru” is a verb meaning “to have” or “to be”. When it follows the ~te form of another verb, it acts as an auxiliary, and functions similar to the English passive perfect form “to have been done”. It indicates that the subject now exists in a state caused by something/someone else’s prior actions. The reasons for its use are also similar to the English passive: the causing agent is unimportant or unknown.

220

～ておく ～ておく

-te oku do in advance, do in preparation Verb.te-form + おく

222

221

～てしまう ～てしまう

~te shimau completely; thoroughly; unfortunately [ Verb.te-form + しまう ]

～てみる ～てみる

--te miru try to do something V.te + miru Class1: au-> atte + miru = attemiru (try to meet) Class2: taberu-> tabete + miru = tabetemiru (try to eat) Class3: suru -> shite + miru = shitemiru (try to do)

224 223

～に行く ～にいく

~ni iku purpose for going somewhere [ Verb masu-stem ＋ ni ＋ iku / ikimasu ]

～ようにする ～ようにする

~yō ni suru to make an effort to do [verb] * [Verb; dictionary form]＋yō ni ＋ suru * [Verb; nai form]＋yō ni ＋ suru

225

～ようになる ～ようになる

~yō ni naru It has come to be that~ * [Verb; dictionary form]＋yō ni ＋ naru * [Verb; nai form]＋yō ni ＋ naru

226

-がいがある -がいがある

-gai ga aru Worth it to do ~ Masu Stem + がいがある

228 227

-だらけ

-っぽい -っぽい

-だらけ

ppoi

darake

-y, -ish

covered in; full of

Adjective.stem + っぽい

Noun + だらけ

Noun + っぽい Verb.masu-stem + っぽい

229

〜ば〜程 〜ば〜ほど

〜ba〜hodo the〜, the〜 Verb.ba-conditional same-verb-repeated ほど V.ba conditional + (same) V + hodo adj-i.ba conditional + (same) adj + hodo adj-na + areba (ba conditional of verb aru) + aru + hodo

230

〜ばかりか 〜ばかりか

〜bakari ka not only~ but also Adjective ばかりか Adjective さえ Noun ばかりか Noun さえ Verb.plain ばかりか Verb.plain さえ

232

231

あまり (2) あまり (2)

amari (2)

いらっしゃる いらっしゃる

irassharu to come, to go, to be

due to an excess of, because

"Irassharu" conjugates in line with the other irregular "-aru" honorific verbs: "i", rather than "ri", is used in constructing the "-masu" form and its derivatives.

Noun + の + あまり

Dictionary form: いらっしゃる

Verb.inf + あまり

Simple past: いらっしゃった Polite form: いらっしゃいます Polite past: いらっしゃいました

234

うちに 233

うえ（に） うえ（に）

ue(ni) as well, in addition, besides, not only〜but also〜 Sentence + ue (ni) (上に)

うちに

uchi ni while, before, during V.inf.nonpast + uchi ni いるうちに・iru uchi ni - while s.o. is there 読まないうちに・yomanai uchi ni - before s.o. reads 読んでいるうちに・yonde iru uchi ni - while s.o. is reading i-adj.nonpast + uchi ni 若いうちに・wakai uchi ni - while s.o. is young na-adj.nonpast + na + uchi ni にぎやかなうちに・nigiyaka na uchi ni - which it is lively noun + no + uchi ni 今日のうちに・kyō no uchi ni - before the end of the day

235

おかげで おかげで

okage de thanks to something, someone or an action or state i-Adjective, inf + おかげで na-Adj. stetm/Noun + の/だった　おかげで Verb.plain + おかげで

236

かい かい

kai Informal question particle

238 237

かえって かえって

kaette on the contrary, rather, surprisingly

がたい がたい

gatai hard to, can hardly, difficult to Verb.masu-stem + がたい

239

がち がち

240

gachi

ことだ

prone to, likely to

ことだ

* Noun + がち 病気がち 留守がち * Verb.masu-stem + がち 休む→休み(ます) →　休みがち 遅れる→遅れ(ます) → 遅れがち

koto da "the important thing to do is..." ~[verb]ことだ

241

さえ さえ

sae even; if 〜 only; if 〜just; as long as; the only thing 〜 need is i) Noun + さえ ii) Noun + Prt. + さえ iii) te-form of Verb + さえ

242

さすが さすが

sasuga as might be expected; after all; naturally

iv) Verb. masu + さえする v) i-Adj. stem + さえある vi) na-Adj.stem / N + で + さえある

243

せめて せめて

244

semete

そうになる

at the very least

そうになる

i) せめて Number + Counter（ぐらい）〜

sō ni naru

せめて三回ぐらい at least three times ii) せめて N {ぐらい／（だけ）でも}

almost; it appeared as if something was going to happen

せめて話し合い{ぐらい／（だけ）でも} at least a conversation

Verb.masu-stem + sō ni naru (そうになる)

iii) せめて N Prt. せめて母に at least to my mother

245

その上 その上

sono ue furthermore, in addition

246

それどころか それどころか

sore dokoro ka on the contrary; far from that; as a matter of fact

248 247

ただの

ため ため

ただの

tame

tada no

therefore; in order to

usual; ordinary; common; plain

* Noun + のため(に)

ただの + Noun

* Verb/i-Adj, inf + ために * na-Adj, stem + な/だった ために

249

だからと言って だからといって

dakara to itte just because, however, that said, be that as it may

250

だが だが

daga but, however, yet, nevertheless

Sentence A + だからといって +　Sentence B

251

ちなみに ちなみに

chinami ni incidentally, by the way ちなみに + sentence.

252

っけ っけ

kke particle indicating forgotten information

254

ては 253

ては

つつ

te wa

つつ

if; when; because

tsutsu -ing; while; although Verb.masu-stem + つつ

1) te form of V は 眠っては when/if one sleep; to sleep 2) te form of Adj(i/na) は 小さくては when/if s.t./s.o is small 3) N では 風邪では if s.o. is cold

256

であろう であろう 255

de arou

である

probably

である

de aru be (formal, written Japanese copula)

[V, adj-i].inf + であろう 行く　であろう 行った　であろう 早い　であろう 早かった　であろう Adj-na.stem + であろう 静か　であろう 静かだった　であろう Noun + であろう 学生　であろう 学生だった　であろう

258 257

とうとう

ところが ところが

とうとう

tokoro ga

tōtō

and then; however, but

in the end, never

Verb.plain-past + ところが Sentence-1。ところが、Sentence-2。

260 259

ところで ところで

tokoro de even if Verb.plain-past + ところで

となると となると

to naru to if ~~ is true; where ~~ is concerned Noun + となると Clause + となると

261

とは限らない

262

とはかぎらない

と共に

to wa kagiranai

とともに

not always; not necessarily

totomoni

Informal clause + とは限らない／とも限らない

as well as; with; at the same time

Usually, you use to wa kagiranai (とは限らない) or to mo kagiranai (とも限らない) in the form, "clause + とは限らない"

Noun + と共に

or "clause + とも限らない" to mean that what is described in the preceding clause is not necessarily the case or not necessarily true.

Verb.plain-nonpast + と共に

Formation:

Noun/Adj(na)stem + である + と共に

The clause preceding to wa kagiranai or to mo kagiranai should be in the informal form. 限らない is the negative form of the verb 限 る, which means "to limit." So literally, it means, "not limited to [what is described in the clause]."

Adj(i)inf-nonpast + と共に

263

264

と言うのに

と言うより

というのに

というより

to iu noni

to iu yori

but; although; in spite of

rather than; more〜than〜

265

と言っても といっても

to itte mo although; I say that, but... Word + と言っても Phrase + と言っても

266

どうせ どうせ

dōse anyway, at any rate, might as well

Sentence-1 + と言っても + Sentence-2.

267

どころか どころか

dokoro ka not only, far from, much less i-Adj, inf nonpast + どころか na-Adj, stem/Noun + どころか

268

どんなに〜ことか どんなに〜ことか

donna ni ~~ koto ka how incredibly ~! どんなに + i-Adjective. inf. + ことか どんなに + na-Adjective.stem + な/だった　こと か

269

ながら (2) ながら (2)

nagara (2) but, while, although i-Adjective + i + ながら na-Adjective ながら Noun ながら

270

なさい なさい

nasai command Verb.masu-stem なさい

Verb.masu-stem ながら

271

に違いない にちがいない

ni chigainai

272

べき べき

there is no mistaking that, certainly

beki

Verb.inf + ni chigainai

should, ought to, must

Adj-i.inf + ni chigainai

Verb-plain.nonpast + べき

Noun/Adj-na. stem + (datta) ni chigainai

273

274

もの

ものなら

もの

ものなら

mono

mono nara

because, how, used to, should like

if one can do something

Sentence + もの

Verb. potential non-past form + mono nara

275

276

わけだ （１）

わけだ （２）

わけだ （１）

わけだ （２）

wake da (1)

wake da (2)

the reason is that, for that reason

In other words...

Verb.informal-form + わけだ

Verb.informal-form + わけだ

i-Adjective. informal form + わけだ

i-Adjective. informal form + わけだ

na-Adjective/Noun + な/だった + わけだ

na-Adjective/Noun + な/だった + わけだ

277

278

わけだ （３）

わけだが

わけだ （３）

わけだが

wake da (3)

wake da ga

Explaining a situation

As you know...

Verb.informal-form + わけだ

Verb.informal-form + わけだが

i-Adjective. informal form + わけだ

i-Adjective. informal form + わけだが

na-Adjective/Noun + な/だった + わけだ

na-Adjective/Noun + な/だった + わけだが

280

279

一方 いっぽう

ippō more and more Verb.plain-nonpast + 一方

一方で(は)〜他方で (は)〜 いっぽうで(は)〜たほうで(は)〜

ippō de (wa)〜tahou de (wa)〜 on the one hand〜, on the other hand〜 1) 一方、A。他方、B。 (On the one hand, there's A. But on the other hand, there's B.) 2) A。一方、B。 (A. But on the other hand, there's also B.)

282 281

上 じょう

jō about, as relates to, because of, -wise Noun + 上

上で うえで

ue de upon〜; after〜 Verb.plain-past 上で Noun の上で

283

284

以上

以外

いじょう

いがい

ijō

igai

since, now that, once, as long as

outside of, other than, besides

Veb. inf + 以上

Noun 以外の

N である + 以上

Noun 以外に

286 285

従って したがって

shitagatte therefore; accordingly; consequentl Sentence-1。したがって Sentence-2。

得る うる／える

eru/uru possible; -able Verb.masu-stem + 得る (うる／える) Verb.masu-stem + 得ない (えない)

287

所 ところ

288

tokoro

次第

about to, in the midst of, just did, almost did

しだい

-Adjective ところ na-Adjective + na + ところ Noun + no + ところ Verb.plain ところ ♥ NOTES: This expression is usually written in hiragana only. "Tokoro" and "toki" differ in that the former represents a state, while the latter represents a time.

shidai depending on; as soon as Noun 次第 Verb.masu-stem 次第

290 289

致します いたします

itashimasu to do (humble version)

言うまでもなく いうまでもなく

iu made mo naku needless to say; not to mention Noun-phrase はいうまでもなく

291

292

訳がない

訳ではない

わけがない

わけではない

wake ga nai

wake de wa nai

there is no reason why

doesn't mean that; not necessarily

i-Adjective + i + わけがない

i-Adjective + i + わけではない

na-Adjective + na + わけがない

na-Adjective + na + わけではない

Noun であるわけがない

Noun + である + わけではない

Verb.plain- form わけがない

Verb.plain-form + わけではない

293

訳にはいかない わけにはいかない

wake ni wa ikanai can't very well; have no choice but to [ Verb.plain + わけにはいかない ]

294

逆に ぎゃくに

gyaku ni contrary to one's expectation, conversely

295

296

通り（に）

際

とおり(に)

さい

tōri (ni)

sai

the same way as; (in) the way; as

when; if; on the occasion of

i-Adjective + i + 通り(に)

Noun の際

na-Adjective + na + 通り(に)

Verb.plain-nonpast 際

Noun の通り(に)

Verb.plain-past 際

Verb.plain 通り(に)

Noun に際して

298 297

風

～のに対して ～のにたいして

ふう

no ni taishite

fū

while one of them is ---, the other is ---

manner; style

* Noun + な/だった + のに対して、[main clause] * Verb/i-adj.plain + のに対して、[main clause]

299

300

～切る

～甲斐がある

～きる

～かいがある

~kiru

~kai ga aru

to finish doing something completely

Worth it to~

[ Verb masu-stem + kiru(きる) ]

V + kai ga aru (V + かいがある)

301

302

-まみれ

あっての

-まみれ

あっての

mamire

atte no

covered in

thanks to, without whom we could not exist

Noun + まみれ

A + あっての + B

304

いかん いかん 303

いかにも いかにも

ikanimo no matter how you slice it, indeed, quite

ikan depending on, regardless of Noun(の)いかんで Noun(の)いかんだ Noun(の)いかんによる／Noun(の)いかんによっ ては／Noun(の)いかんによらず Noun(の)いかんにかかわる／Noun(の)いかんに かかわらず Noun(の)いかんにとう／Noun(の)いかんにとわ ず

305

かたがた かたがた

katagata at the same time, while you're at it Noun　かたがた

306

かと思ったら かとおもったら

ka to omottara one thing happens right after another

307

がてら がてら

gatera at the same time Noun + がてら Verb.masu-stem + がてら

308

が早いか がはやいか

ga hayai ka as soon as, before I knew it Verb.plain-nonpast + が早いか

310 309

が最後

といえども といえども

がさいご

to iedomo

ga saigo

even if, although, in spite of

if, when

Noun/na-Adj.stem + といえども

V.plain-past + が最後

i-Adjective + といえども Verb.plain + といえども

311

312

とかで

としたことが

とかで

としたことが

toka de

to shita koto ga

or something

(I), of all people...

Clause for reason(verb. inf) + とかで + Result

[pronoun/person's name + to shita koto ga + (action that unlike the person)]

314 313

とも とも

tomo no matter 〜 may be; even if; Verb.volitional-form + とも i-Adjective, stem + く + とも

に過ぎない にすぎない

ni suginai nothing more than, merely, just, only Counter + にすぎない Noun + にすぎない Verb.plain-nonpast + にすぎない

315

316

や否や

仮に

やいなや

かりに

ya ina ya

kari ni

as soon as, before I knew it

tentative supposition, "supposing that..."

A や否や B

We often use 仮に together with the conditional た ら, as in 仮に～としたら, or in a sentence structure such as 仮に～として. 仮に～とする means "to assume something." So 仮 に～としたら literally means "if one assumes that ~," and we can translate it as "supposing that—" or "if—." 仮に～として literally means "one assumes that—, and—," and we can translate it as "let's say ~." In most cases, we can use both of them to mean the same thing, but if there is any difference in the nuance, 仮に～として sounds more like a tentative

assumption than 仮に～としたら.

317

318

嫌いがある

途端（に）

きらいがある

とたん (に)

kirai ga aru

totan (ni)

to have the bad habit of

the moment; as soon as; then

Verb.plain-nonpast + きらいがある

Verb.plain-past 途端(に)

Noun + の+ きらいがある

Verb.tara-conditional 途端(に)

319

320

限りだ

～きり

かぎりだ

～きり

kagiri da

~kiri

very

"since"

i-adjective 限りだ

[ Informal past verb + kiri （きり） ]

321

～という点で

322

～というてんで

～に限る

~to iu ten de

～にかぎる

in that, in terms of

~ni kagiru

The aspect being focused on comes before to iu ten de (という点で). This aspect can be a full sentence or a noun (certain type).

There's nothing like~

[Aspect (sentence/noun)] + to iu ten de (という点

[ (Item A) +　wa (は）　＋ (Item that goes best with Item A) +　ni kagiru (に　限る) ]

で) + Main clause

323

ご/お ～なさる ご/お ～なさる

go/o～nasaru honorific go/o(ご/お) + Verb masu stem + nasaru (なさる) 来店する(raiten suru; to come to the shop)；ご来店 なさる 結婚する(kekkon suru; to get married)；ご結婚な さる 引越しする (hikkoshi suru; to move)；お引越しな さる

324

いわゆる いわゆる

iwayuru so-called, what we call

325

お + masu stem of verb + 願います お + masu stem of verb + ねがいます

o + masu stem of verb + negaimasu please do something

326

お ～ になる お ～ になる

* "お + masu stem of verb + 願います" : Please do something.

o～ni naru

* "お + masu stem of verb + 願えますか": Can you please do something?

honorific

知らせる - 知らせ(ます) - お知らせ　願います - お知らせ 願えますか。

* お + Verb masu stem + になる

Please let me know. Could you please let me know?

話す(hanasu; to speak); お話になる

読む - 読み（ます） - お読み　願います。 - お読み　願えま すか。 Please read. Could you please read? 待つ - 待ち（ます） - お待ち　願います。 - お待ち　願えま すか。 Please wait. Could you please wait?

食べる(taberu; to eat); お食べになる

327

お～, ご～ お～, ご～

o--, go— honorific prefix * o(お)　+ noun：　お名前(o-namae, name), お土産(o-miyage, souvenir), お寿司(o-sushi, sushi) * o(お)　+ i-adjective: お忙しい(o-isogashii, busy); お美しい(outsukushii, beautiful) * o(お)　+ na-adjective: おきれい(o-kirei, beautiful), お上手(ojōzu, good at) * go(ご)　+ noun: ご住所(go-jūsho, address), ご両親(goryōshin, parents), ご病気(go-byōki, sick) * go(ご)　+ na-adjective: ご親切(go-shinsetsu, kind), ご丁寧(goteinei, polite) (* i-adjectives are Japanese origin words, so they are not preceded by go(ご).)

328

お～　の+　[名詞] お～　の+　[めいし]

o-- no + [noun] someone who does something(honorific) the polite prefix o(お) + verb. masu stem ＋ no(の) + noun plain；　masu stem; o + masu stem + no + noun 立つ→立ち（ます）→お立ち の お客様; customers who are standing 乗る→乗り(ます) →お乗り の お客様; passengers who are getting on 読む→読み(ます) →お読み の 本; books which you are reading 使う→使い(ます)→お使い の ～; something which you are using

330

がる(2) ; ～たがる 329

がる(2) ; ～たがる

かねない

garu (2); --ta garu

かねない

a person other than the speaker wants to do something

kanenai

* Masu stem of a verb + ta garu

might do something

見る(miru)⇒見(ます)(mi masu)⇒見 たい(mi tai)⇒見 た がる (mi ta garu)

[masu stem of a verb] + kanenai

食べる(taberu)⇒食べ(ます)(tabe masu)⇒食べ たい(tabe tai)⇒食 べ た がる(tabe ta garu) 行く(iku)⇒行き(ます)(iki masu)⇒行き たい(iki tai)⇒行き た がる(iki ta garu) * drop "i" sound from "tai" and add "garu

331

こそ こそ

koso the very --, It is -- that --. Particularly * Noun + koso(こそ) 来年こそ；rainen koso; definitely next year

332

ご/お～いたす/する ご/お～いたす/する

go/o-- itasu/suru honorific * ご/お + Verb masu stem + いたす/する

* Noun + particle + koso (こそ)

持つ(motsu; to have)；お持ちいたす/ お持ちする

家でこそ; ie de koso; particularly at home

待つ(matsu; to wait); お待ちいたす/　お待ちする

* te-form of verb + koso (こそ)

案内する(annnai suru; to show the way); ご案内い たす/　ご案内する

がんばってこそ；ganbatte koso; only if someone tries hard * Clause + koso (こそ) あなたが好きだからこそ；anata ga suki da kara koso; precisely because I like you

紹介する(shoukai suru; to introduce); ご紹介いた す/ ご紹介する

334

333

複合動詞

させて もらいたい(の

ふくごうどうし

ですが/んですが)

fukugou doushi

させて もらいたい(のですが/んですが)

sasete moraitai(no desu ga/n desu ga) I would like you to let me do something * Causative of verb (-- sasete) + morai tai * Causative of verb (-- sasete) + morai tai no/n desu ga

compound verbs Compound verbs are extremely common in Japanese. They are formed by affixing a verb in plain form to the masu stem of another verb. The final verb usually indicates the manner in which the first is performed. Take, for example, 飛び越える (tobikoeru), which means "to fly over". The base verb, 飛ぶ (tobu), means "to fly", and the final verb, 越える (koeru), means "to go over". The compound verb gains its meaning in this manner. Another compound verb that uses 越える (koeru) is 乗り越える (norikoeru), which means "to climb over". Other commonly used suffixes used to create compound verbs include 出す (dasu), which means "to start quickly or appear/disappear suddenly", and 込む (komu), which means "to enter something".

335

336

そんな

頻度の副詞

そんな

ひんどのふくし

sonna

hindo no fukushi

no way, come on

Adverbs of frequency

337

かな かな

kana I wonder V.inf + kana 行く + かな・iku + kana - I wonder if someone go. 行った + かな・itta + kana - I wonder if someone went. i-adj. inf + kana 寒い かな・samui kana - I wonder if something is cold 寒かった かな・samukatta kana - I wonder if something was cold na-adj. stem + (datta) kana にぎやか　かな・nigiyaka kana - I wonder if somewhere/somthing is lively にぎやかだった　かな・nigiyaka datta kana - I wonder if somewhere/something was lively noun + (datta) kana 先生　かな・sensei kana- I wonder if someone is a teacher 先生だった　かな・sensei datta kana - I wonder if someone was a teacher

338

数 かず

kazu number

9

kyū

きゅう

きゅ うひゃく

九

900

kyūhyaku

九百

jū

じゅ う

十

1000

sen

せん

千

jū-ichi

じゅ ういち

十一

2000

ni-sen

にせん

二千

十二

3000

san-zen

13

jū-san yon-sen

じゅ うさん よんせ ん

十三 四千

4000

14

jū-yon go-sen

じゅ うよん ごせん 五千

十四

5000

15

jū-go じゅうご 十 五 ろくせん 六千

6000

roku-sen

16

jū-roku じゅ うろく nana-sen なな せん

十六 七千

7000

17

jū-nana ha-ssen

じゅ うなな はっせ ん

十七 八千

8000

18

jū-hachi kyū-sen

じゅ うはち きゅう せん

十八 九千

9000

19

jū-kyuu じゅ うきゅう ichi-man い ちまん

十九 一万

10,000

20

ni-jū ni-man

に じゅう にま ん 二万

二十

20,000

10 11 12

jū-ni

じゅうに さんぜん 三千

340

否定形 ひていけい

hiteikei Negative form

来る (kuru) -> 来ません (kimasen) "Suru" becomes "shimasen". する (suru) -> しない (shimasen) i-adjective: 難しい (muzukashii) -> 難しく[は]ありません (muzukashiku [wa] arimasen) na-adjective: 簡単 (kantan) -> 簡単で[は]ありません／簡単じゃありません (kantan de [wa] arimasen/kantan ja arimasen) ♥ INTRODUCTION: Construction of the negative form of Japanese verbs, equivalent to the English "not ~~", varies depending on verb type and level of politeness. The plain negative is formed by suffixing the auxiliary "nai" to the imperfective form of the verb as outlined below. The polite negative is formed by suffixing "masen" to the masu stem of the verb. The negative form of i-adjectives is created by negating the adverbial form. Therefore, the plain form ends in "nai", and the polite form in "arimasen". The negative form of na-adjectives is created by negating the noun form. The plain negative form of naadjectives, therefore, ends in "de nai", and the polite negative form in "de arimasen". When not used inside a relative clause, the topic-marking particle "wa" may be added before the "nai" or "arimasen" in order to add emphasis. Use of "wa" in this manner is extremely common for na-adjectives, so much so that it has become the standard form. As per Japanese pronunciation rules, the "de wa" is often contracted to "ja" in informal Japanese.

341

代わりに かわりに

kawari ni instead of, but Noun + の かわりに Verb.inf + かわりに i-Adj.inf + かわりに na-Adj.stem + な/だった + かわりに

every [one of you]". Example: "houdoukankeisha-kakui" ( 報道関係者各 位, "each and every one of you newspeople")

342

敬称 けいしょう

Keishou honorific pronouns & suffixes Honorific titles are used when the speaker wishes to show respect for the listener or a third party to whom he is referring. In Japanese, honorific titles are used either as suffixes (such as "san") or as pronouns, replacing the person's name entirely. In this case, it is usually the person's job title or the honorific word "sensei" that is used. The Japanese make frequent use of honorific titles. While the majority are terms of respect, such as "sama", there are others, such as "chan", that are used as terms of endearment.

"Kyō" ( 卿 ) is an honorific suffix attached to the names/titles of public officials and nobles from the Heian to the Edo period. In modern-day Japanese it is used to refer to those who are part of the nobility of foreign countries. For example, those who have been knighted. In this sense, it corresponds with the English "sir". Example: "Eruton Jon-kyou" ( エ ルト ン・ジョン卿, Sir Elton John) "Heika" (陛下) is an honorific suffix used to refer to a king, queen, emperor or empress. In Japan, it is also used to refer to other members of the royal family, such as the grand empress dowager and the empress dowager. Example: Tennou-heika (天皇陛下, His Imperial Majesty, The Emperor) "Denka" ( 殿 下 ) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to male members of royalty of equal or lower status than the Crown Prince. Example: "koutaishi-denka" ( 皇 太 子 殿 下 , His Imperial Highness, The Crown Prince) Spouses of "denka"-ranking male members of a royal family (whose position is indicated by the use of "hi" ( 妃 ) after the official Imperial position of their husband) also receive the honorific "denka". Example: "koutaishihi-denka" (皇太子妃殿下, Her Imperial Highness, The Crown Princess) "Kakka" (閣下) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to those of high position, such as nobility, presidents/prime ministers, ambassadors and high-ranking military officials. Example: "daitouryou-kakka" (大統領閣下, Mr. President) "Geika" ( 猊 下 ) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to religious clerics (i.e. monks, priests, etc.) of the extremely high rank, such as the Pope. Example: Darai Rama-geika ( ダ ラ イ ・ ラ マ 猊 下 , His Eminence, The Dalai Lama) "Daika" (台下) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to high-ranking religious clerics who do not qualify as "geika", such as monks or priests. Example: Tanaka-daika (田中台下, His Holiness, Monk Tanaka) "Seika" (聖下) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to high-ranking Christian ministers (not Catholic priests). Example: Jonson-seika ( ジョン ソン聖下, His Holiness, Minister Johnson)

Rank: "taisa" ( 大 佐 , general), "kanshi sōkan" ( 警 視 総 監 , Superintendent General of the Metropolitan Police), "shōbō sōkan" (消防総監, fire commissioner), "kisei" (棋聖, master of the game go), "kudan" ( 九 段 , a ninth-dan ranked player of the game "go") Qualification: "bengoshi" ( 弁 護 士 , [defense] attorney), "kenchikushi" ( 建 築 士 , architect), "untenshi" ( 運 転 士 , driver/train conductor), "hanji" (判事, judge) The word "senshu" ( 選手 , athlete) is used as an honorific suffix for professional athletes, except in the case of baseball pitchers, whose names are suffixed with "toushu" ( 投 手 , pitcher). Sumo wrestlers of juuryou and makuuchi status are given the honorific suffix "sekitori" ( 関 取 ). Yokozuna, the grand sumo champions,

343

分 -ぶん

bun

take the honorific suffix/pronoun "yokozuna" (横綱).

~worth; an amount corresponding to

♥ EXAMPLES: 1 ゆきちゃんとまなぶくんは水野さんのお子様です。 Yuki-chan to Manabu-kun wa Mizuno-san no okosama desu. Yuki and Manabu are Mr. Mizuno's children. 2　本多先生は、桜中学の吉岡校長と野球の松井選手の顔が 似てると言った。

Counter bun Counter bun no noun Noun bun

Honda-sensen wa,Sakura chūgaku no Yoshioka-kōchō to yakyū no Matzui-senshu no kao ga niteru to itta. Mr. Honda said that Principal Yoshioka of Sakura junior high school looks like Matsui who is a baseball player.

345 344

じゃないか じゃないか

ja nai ka right?

たまえ たまえ

tamae please Verb.masu-stem + たまえ

346

事なしに ことなしに

koto nashi ni without doing Verb.plain-nonpast + ことなしに

347

擬音・擬態語 ぎおん・ぎたいご

gion/gitaigo Onomatopoeia & Mimesis

348

とする(2)

349

とする(2)

とする(1)

to suru(2)

とする(1)

feel〜; look〜

to suru(1)

sound symbolism + とする　

assume that; regard 〜 as; let

ほっとする (s.o. feels relieved)

351 350

というのは・とは〜 ことだ というのは・とは〜ことだ

ということは ということは

to iu koto wa that; the fact that

to iu no wa/to wa〜koto da

Sentence.inf ということは　

mean; the mean of〜 is; what 〜means is

返事が来たということは the fact that there is a reply

352

という風に というふうに

to iu fū ni in such a way that; in such a fashion to suggest Sentence + to iu fū ni

353

と同時に とどうじに

to dōji ni at the same time; at the time

354

355

点（で）

て初めて

てん（で）

てはじめて

ten (de)

te hajimete

point; respect; regard; aspect

not until; only after; for the first time

356

357

確かに〜が

それは

たしかに〜が

それは

tashikani〜ga

sore wa

indeed〜but; certainly〜but; i admit that〜

naturally; of course; for sure

358

359

そこを

そうかと言って

そこを

そうかといって

soko o

sō ka to itte

but; in spite of that

that said; yeah but

360

361

てはいかがですか

てはどうですか

てはいかがですか

てはどうですか

te wa ikaga desu ka

te wa dō desu ka

would you like to do somethin

How about if

Verb(-te form) + wa ikaga desu ka

Verb(-te form) + wa dō desu ka

Verb(-te form) + mite wa ikaga desu ka

Verb(-te form) + mite wa dō desu ka

"せっかく + verb. plain past + のに" is an expression to be used to express the speaker's regret or disappointment (i) when the speaker took the time or made an effort to do something in vain, (ii) when any other person took the time or made some effort in vain or (iii) when something which seldom occurs took place but it could not be made use of. "せっかく + verb. plain + のだから" is the speaker's wish to make use of a rare occasion or a good opportunity. ♥ EXAMPLES: 362

せっかく

せっかくおいしい料理を作ったのに、彼は帰ってこ なかった。 Sekkaku oishii ryōri o tsukutta noni, kare wa kaette konakatta.

せっかく

Although I put effort into cooking delicious food, he didn't come home.

sekkaku

せっかく娘に会いに来てくれたのに、いなくて、す

with effort, take the trouble to do

Sekkaku musume ni ai ni kite kureta noni, inakute suimasen.

いません。

Although you came all this way to see her, I'm sorry to tell you that she is out. せっかく北海道に行くのだから、おいしいカニを食 べたい。 Sekkaku Hokkaido ni iku no da kara, oishii kani o tabetai. Since I'm going all the way to Hokkaido, I want to eat good crab.

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なんて

～ば ～た

なんて

～ば ～た

nante

--ba –ta

things like / something like

Counter factual conditional * [Verb/Adj, Conditional form] + [Verb, past] 走れば、間に合った；Hashireba, ma ni atta.；If you had run, you could have made it. 来れば、会えた；Kureba, aeta.; If you had come, you could have met (someone). 安ければ、買った；Yasukereba, katta.; If it had been cheaper, I would have bought it.

* Verb. plain non-past + nante(なんて) 寝坊する なんて; ねぼうする なんて 遅れる なんて; おくれる なんて * Noun + nante(なんて) 雨 なんて；あめ なんて 勉強 なんて; べんきょう なんて * Adjective. adverbial + nante(なんて) 静かに なんて；しずかに なんて 早く なんて；はやく なんて

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をいいことに～する をいいことに～する

o ii koto ni ~suru to take advantage of --- to do something * Noun + をいいことに * Verb/i-adjective. plain + の + をいいことに

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たらいい たらいい

tara ii if someone does something, it would be alright. * -tara form of a verb + いい

* na-adjective. stem + な + の + をいいことに

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たいのだけど/だが たいのだけど/だが

tai no da kedo/da ga I want to do something, and can you ask for some help or is it OK? * Verb. masu stem of a verb + たい の(ん) だけど （ですけど） * Verb. masu stem of a verb + たい の(ん) だが （ですが） (のだ or のです can be pronounced as んだ or んで す in a conversation.)

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てからでは遅い てからではおそい

te kara dewa osoi it is too late when something takes place * te-form of verb + から では 遅い（おそい） 　te-form of verb + から では 手遅れだ（ておく れだ） 　te-form of verb + から では 間に合わない（ま にあわない）

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って って

～ておられる ～ておられる

-te orareru Honorific

tte

* te-form of verb + orareru (おられる)

speaking of

座る(suwaru, to sit down)；座って(suwatte)；座っ

* Noun + tte(って)

て おられる

* Verb/i-adj. plain nonpast + tte(って)(= to iu no

飲む(nomu, to drink)；飲んで(nonde)；飲んで お

wa(というのは))

られる 見る(miru, to see)；見て(mite)；見て おられる する(suru, to do); して(shite); して おられる

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なんか

～ざるを得ない

なんか

～ざるをえない

nanka

--zaru o enai

thing like/something like

can't help doing,there is no option but to do

* Noun + nanka (なんか)

* Verb. negative (without nai) + zaru o enai (ざるを得な い)

* Noun + particle + nanka (なんか)

Plain nonpast; Negative; Negative(without nai) + ざるを 得ない;English 走る；走ら(ない); 走らざるを得ない; can't help running 飲む; 飲ま(ない) ; 飲まざるを得ない; can't help drinking 見る; 見ない；見 ざるを得ない; can't help seeing する; しない; *せ ざるを得ない; can't help doing (*Please note that in the case of the verb する, irregularly

せ comes before ざるを得ない.)

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に越したことはない 374

にこしたことはない

ni koshita koto wa nai

にも程がある

-- is best

にもほどがある

* Verb. plain non-past + に越したことはない

ni mo hodo ga aru

用心するに越したことはない；ようじんするに

How could can [anyone] be as ~ as

こしたことはない；it's best to be careful * i-Adjective. plain non-past + に越したことはな い 安いに越したことはない；やすいにこしたこと はない；cheap is best * Noun + に越したことはない

* Noun + ni mo hodo ga aru(にも程がある) * Verb, non-past plain + ni mo hodo ga aru(にも程 がある) * i-Adjective, non-past plain + ni mo hodo ga aru(に も程がある)

金持ちに越したことはない；かねもちにこした ことはない；rich is best

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ております ております

te orimasu is doing or keep in a state (humble) * te form of a verb + orimasu (～ております)

ほどの～は ない ほどの～は ない

hodo no --wa nai is not so -- as [something] * [noun 1] hodo no [noun 2] wa nai * [noun 1] hodo no [noun 2] wa negative form of a verb

377

ようと思う ようと思う

yō to omou I think I will do something * Volitional form + to omotte iru (と思っている) Volitional form + to omō (と思う) 食べる；食べよう と 思っている/思う; I think/am thinking that I'm going to eat 読む；読もう と 思っている/思う; I think/am thinking that I'm going to read

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んだけど, のですが んだけど, のですが

n da kedo, no desu ga ---, but --* --n da kedo, [main clause] --no desu ga, [main clause]

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たりして たりして

tari shite Something might happen Verb. inf. past + りして

ようだ ようだ

yō da it seems that * Verb/i-adj. plain + yō da. * Noun/na-adj.stem + no + yō da.

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によると/によります

とても～ない

と

とても～ない

によると/によりますと

totemo –nai

ni yoru to/ ni yorimasu to

not – possibly

according to –

* totemo + verb. nagative potential form

* --ni yorimasu to + --sō desu (～そうです)

とても 食べられない; totemo taberarenai; can not possibly eat

+ --to iu koto desu (～ということです)

とても 考えられない；totemo kangaerarenai; can not possibly think

+ opinion/judgment etc

とても 会えない; totemo aenai; can not possibly meet/see

+ --to no koto desu (～とのことです)

* --ni yoru to + hearsay expressions/opinion or judgment + --sō da(～そうだ) + --to iu koto da(～ということだ) + --to no koto da(～とのことだ) + opinion/judgment etc

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につき

～ように言う

につき

～ようにいう

ni tsuki

~yō ni iu

per

to tell (someone) to do

* [Number (A) + counter] + "ni tsuki" + [number (B) + counter]

Informal verb ＋ ように ＋ verb (expressing a request or command, such as 言う・頼む・伝える・命じる) 勉強する (benkyō suru) ように (yō ni) 言う (iu) "to tell (someone) to study" 卵を買う (tamago o kau) ように (yō ni) 頼む (tanomu) "to ask (someone) to buy eggs" 明日来る (ashita kuru) ように (yō ni) 伝える (tsutaeru) "to tell (someone) to come tomorrow" 仕事をする (shigoto o suru)

ように (yō ni) 命令する (meirei suru) "to order(someone) to do his job"

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何とか なんとか

nantoka Somehow 何とか + verb = somehow do something

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向き むき

muki suitable for ~

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ものだ(1) ものだ(1) 387

向け むけ

muke exclusively for

mono da (1) used to Formation: * Verb, plain past + mono da （～た ものだ＝used to do something) Dictionary Plain past Plain past + mono da Translation 食べる 食べた 食べた ものだ used to eat 行く 行った 行った ものだ used to go * i/na-adj, plain past + mono da (～た ものだ＝used to do something) Dictionary Plain past Plain past + mono da Translation 安い 安かった 安かった ものだ used to be cheap きれいな きれいだった used to be beautiful

きれいだった ものだ

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ものだ(2) ものだ(2)

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mono da(2)

ただし

norm * Verb, plain non-past + mono da （～する ものだ＝one should do something） あいさつする

あいさつする ものだ say hello

あやまる

あやまる ものだ

one should

one should apologize

ただし

tadashi however [sentence A] + ただし + [sentence B]

*Verb, plain non-past negative + mono da （～しない ものだ＝ one should not do something） 泣かない 遅れない

泣かない ものだ 遅れない ものだ

one should not cry one should not be late

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自動詞・他動詞

身

じどうし・たどうし

み

jidōshi tadōshi

mi

Intransitive/Transitive Verb

Body

が（は）＋＜something> を＋transitive verb

The basic meaning of 身 is of course "body," but it has another meaning besides "physical body," which is "a person by oneself." We also use 身 to indicate the main part of something. For

＜something> が＋intransitive verb

example, we call the meaty part of a fish you can eat 身 , as opposed to the skin or bones that you can't eat. Mi ni oboe ga aru (身に覚えがある) literally means "remember something with one's body." But, in this case, we use 身 to indicate "oneself," and this phrase means "a person remembers doing something." Please note that we use this phrase in a situation where a person has done something bad or is being blamed or accused. Mi kara deta sabi (身から出たさび ) literally means "rust from one's body." In this case, we use sabi (さ び) in a figurative way to indicate "bad karma" or "payment for one's bad actions or behavior." So, we can use this phrase in a situation where someone does something bad and as a result he or she gets in trouble, and we could say 身 か ら 出 た さ び だ to mean that the person got

what he or she deserved.

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猫 ねこ

neko cat Out of idiomatic expressions that use the names of animals, many expressions use the word 猫, meaning "cat." People believe this is the case because many people keep cats as pets, and they have become a big part of our daily lives. 猫なで 声（ねこなでごえ） refers to a voice that people use when they are trying to fawn on or suck up to someone, much like the sound cats make when they are petted on the head. It is common for some women to make their voice higher and sweetersounding when asking for something from someone else, and this is what we refer to as 猫なで声. We use 猫をかぶる（ねこをかぶる）to describe a person who hides his or her real personality and behaves like a quiet and docile person. かぶる is the same verb that we use in 「ぼうしを か ぶ る 」 , meaning "to wear a hat," so it means "to wear something on one's head." It is believed that this expression came to be because on the outside, a cat looks like a gentle, obedient creature, but on the inside, it is actually thought to be greedy and tricky.

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ため ため

tame for the benefit of

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ても始まらない

たって たって

てもはじまらない

tatte

te mo hajimaranai

even if

there is no point in doing something.

* Verb informal past + って

[te form of a verb] + mo + hajimaranai

* i adverbial adjective + たって * na adjective stem/noun + だって

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～どころじゃない ～どころじゃない

~dokoro ja nai doing something (or being in a certain state) is not possible at all because the situation is too bad to allow it

過去形 かこけい

kakokei past tense Verb + no datta ※ Noun + datta I-adjective + datta Na-adjective + datta ※ In the case of a verb, you should use the past form of no da, which is no datta. ※We often shorten this to n datta in conversation.

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謙譲語 けんじょうご 399

kenjōgo

～ば、済む

humble expressions There are two types of humble verbs - Regular and Irregular

～ば、すむ

■　Irregular humble verbs to exist (animate) - いる iru - おる oru - おります orimasu

~ba, sumu

to go - 行く iku - 参る mairu - 参ります mairimasu

"if you [verb], everything will be fine"

to say - 言う iu - 申す mōsu - 申します mōshimasu

to come - 来る kuru

ba conditional + sumu (済む)

to do - する suru - いたす itasu - いたします itashimasu to eat - 食べる taberu - いただく itadaku - いただきます itadakimasu to drink - 飲む nomu to exist (inanimate) - ある aru - ござる gozaru - ございます* gozaimasu to ask - きく kiku - 伺う ukagau - 伺います ukagaimasu to visit - たずねる tazuneru *The masu form of gozaru is irregular. It's not not gozarimasu but gozaimasu.

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ので ので

node because

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