James Warren

James Warren "Jim" Jones (May 13, 1931 – November 18, 1978) was the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple, best known for the mass suicide in 1978 of 914 of its members in Jonestown, Guyana, and the murder of five individuals at a nearby airstrip. Over 200 children were murdered at Jonestown, almost all of them by cyanide poisoning.[2]

Jones was born in Indiana and started the Temple there in the 1950s. He later moved to California, and both gained notoriety with the move of the Temple's headquarters to San Francisco in the mid-1970s.

The incident in Guyana ranks among the largest mass suicides in history, though most likely it involved forced suicide and/or murder, and was the single greatest loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the events of September 11, 2001. Among the dead was Leo Ryan, who remains the only Congressman assassinated in the line of duty in US history.[3]

Contents [hide] 1 Early life 2 Building the Temple 2.1 Indiana beginnings 2.2 Integrationist 2.3 Jones' "Rainbow Family" 2.4 Asylum 2.5 California Eden 2.6 Move to San Francisco

3 Jonestown's formation and operation 3.1 New children 3.2 Pressure and waning political support

4 Visit by Congressman Ryan, murders 4.1 Port Kaituma Airstrip shootings 4.2 Deaths in Jonestown

5 Other issues 6 Family aftermath 7 Movies 7.1 Documentaries 7.2 Dramas

8 See also 9 References 10 External links

Early life

Jones's mother, Lynetta Putnam Jones Jim Jones was born in a rural area of Randolph County, Indiana, near its border with Ohio,[4] to James Thurman Jones (May 31, 1887 – May 29, 1951), a World War I veteran, and Lynetta Putnam (April 16, 1902 – December 11, 1977), who believed she had given birth to a messiah.[5][6] He was of Irish and Welsh descent.[7] Jones later claimed partial Cherokee ancestry through his mother, though according to his maternal second cousin Barbara Shaffer, this is likely untrue.[7][note 1] Economic difficulties during the Great Depression necessitated that Jones' family move to nearby Lynn, Indiana, in 1934

where, he grew up in a shack without plumbing.[2][8] Jim Jones and a childhood friend both claimed that Jones' father was associated with the Ku Klux Klan.[8]

In interviews for the 2006 documentary Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple, childhood acquaintances recalled Jones as being a "really weird kid" who was "obsessed with religion ... obsessed with death". They alleged that as a child, Jones frequently held funerals for small animals and had reportedly stabbed a cat to death.[9]

Jones was a voracious reader as a child and studied Joseph Stalin, Karl Marx, Mahatma Gandhi and Adolf Hitler carefully,[10] noting each of their strengths and weaknesses.[10] After Jones' parents separated, he moved with his mother to Richmond, Indiana.[11] He graduated from Richmond High School early and with honors in December 1948.[12]

Jones married nurse Marceline Baldwin in 1949, and moved to Bloomington, Indiana.[13] He attended Indiana University at Bloomington, where a speech by Eleanor Roosevelt about the plight of African Americans impressed him.[13] Jones' sympathetic statements about communism offended Marceline's grandmother.[13] In 1951, Jones moved to Indianapolis, where he attended night school at Butler University, earning a degree in secondary education in 1961.[14]

Building the Temple

Indiana beginnings

Further information: Peoples Temple

Jones's first church in Indianapolis, Indiana In 1951, Jones became a member of the Communist Party USA, and began attending meetings and rallies in Indianapolis.[15] He became flustered with harassment he received during the McCarthy Hearings,[15] particularly regarding an event he attended with his mother focusing on Paul Robeson, after which she was harassed by the FBI in front of her co-workers for attending.[16] He also became frustrated with ostracism of open communists in the United States, especially during the trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.[17] This frustration, among other things, provoked a seminal moment for Jones in which he asked himself "how can I demonstrate my Marxism? The thought was, infiltrate the church."[15][16]

Jones' interest in religion began during his childhood, primarily because he found making friends difficult, though initially he vacillated on his church of choice.[7] Jones was surprised when a Methodist superintendent helped him to get a start in the church even though he knew Jones to be a communist and Jones did not meet him through the Communist Party.[17] In 1952, Jones became a student pastor in Sommerset Southside Methodist Church, but claims he left that church because its leaders barred him from integrating blacks into his congregation.[15] Around this time, Jones witnessed a faith-healing service at the Seventh Day Baptist Church.[15] He observed that it attracted people and their money and concluded that, with financial resources from such healings, he could help accomplish his social goals.[15]

Jones organized a mammoth religious convention to take place June 11 through June 15, 1956, in a cavernous Indianapolis hall called Cadle Tabernacle. To draw the crowds, Jim needed a religious headliner, and so he arranged to share the pulpit with Rev. William M. Branham, a healing evangelist and religious author as highly revered by some as Oral Roberts and Billy Graham.[6]

Jones then began his own church, which changed names until it became the Peoples Temple Christian Church Full Gospel.[15] The People's Temple was initially made as an inter-racial mission.

Jones moved away from the Communist Party when CPUSA members became critical of some of the policies of former Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.[17]

Integrationist

In 1960, Indianapolis Democratic Mayor Charles Boswell appointed Jones director of the Human Rights Commission.[18] Jones ignored Boswell's advice to keep a low profile, finding new outlets for his views on local radio and television programs.[18] When the mayor and other commissioners asked Jones to curtail his public actions, he resisted and was wildly cheered at a meeting of the NAACP and Urban League when he yelled for his audience to be more militant, and climaxed with "Let my people go!"[19]

During this time, Jones also helped to integrate churches, restaurants, the telephone company, the police department, a theater, an amusement park, and the Methodist Hospital.[15] After swastikas were painted on the homes of two African American families, Jones personally walked the neighborhood comforting African Americans and counseling white families not to move, in order to prevent white flight.[20] He also set up stings to catch restaurants refusing to serve African American customers[20] and wrote to American Nazi leaders then leaked their responses to the media.[21] When Jones was accidentally placed in the black ward of a hospital after a collapse in 1961, he refused to be moved and began to make the beds, and empty the bed pans of black patients. Political pressures resulting from Jones' actions caused hospital officials to desegregate the wards.[22]

Jones received considerable criticism in Indiana for his integrationist views.[15] White-owned businesses and locals were critical of him.[20] A swastika was placed on the Temple, a stick of dynamite was left in a Temple coal pile, and a dead cat was thrown at Jones' house after a threatening phone call.[21] Other incidents occurred, though some suspect that Jones himself may have been involved in at least some of them.[21]

Jones' "Rainbow Family"

Brochure of the Peoples Temple, portraying leader Jim Jones as the father of the "Rainbow Family" Jim and Marceline Jones adopted several children of at least partial non-Caucasian ancestry; he referred to the clan as his "rainbow family,"[23] and stated: "Integration is a more personal thing with me now. It's a question of my son's future."[24] Jones portrayed the Temple overall as a "rainbow family."

The couple adopted three children of Korean-American ancestry: Lew, Suzanne and Stephanie. Jones had been encouraging Temple members to adopt orphans from war ravaged Korea.[25] Jones had long been critical of the United States' opposition to communist leader Kim Il-Sung's 1950 invasion of South Korea, calling it the "war of liberation" and stating that "the south is a living example of all that socialism in the north has overcome."[26] In 1954, he and his wife also adopted Agnes Jones, who was partly of Native American descent.[24][27] Agnes was 11 at the time of her adoption.[28] Suzanne Jones was adopted at the age of six in 1959.[28] In June 1959, the couple had their only biological child, Stephan Gandhi Jones.[27]

Two years later, in 1961, the Joneses became the first white couple in Indiana to adopt a black child, James Warren Jones, Jr.[29] Marceline was once spat upon while she carried Jim Jr.[21]

The couple also adopted another son, who was white, named Tim.[27] Tim Jones, whose birth mother was a member of the Peoples Temple, was originally named Timothy Glen Tupper.[24]

Asylum

Belo Horizonte

Rio de Janeiro

Jones' Brazilian locations

After a 1961 Temple speech about nuclear apocalypse, and a January 1962 Esquire Magazine article listing Belo Horizonte, Brazil, as a safe place in a nuclear war, Jones traveled with his family to the Brazilian city with the idea of setting up a new Temple location.[30]

On his way to Brazil, Jones made his first trip into Guyana.[31] After arriving in Belo Horizonte, the Joneses rented a modest three bedroom home.[32] Jones studied the local economy and receptiveness of racial minorities to his message, though language remained a barrier.[33] Jones was careful not to portray himself as a communist in a foreign territory, and spoke of an apostolic communal lifestyle rather than of Castro or Marx.[34]

After becoming frustrated with the lack of resources in the locale, in mid-1963, the Joneses moved to Rio de Janeiro.[35] There, they worked with the poor in Rio's slums.[35] Jones also explored local Brazilian religion.[36]

Jones was plagued by guilt for leaving behind the Indiana civil rights struggle and possibly losing what he had struggled to build there.[35] When Jones' associate preachers in Indiana told him that the Temple was about to collapse without him, Jones returned.[37]

California Eden

Los Angeles

San Francisco

Ukiah

Bakersfield

Fresno

Sacramento

Santa Rosa

Some of the Peoples Temple's California locations

After Jones' return to Indiana from Brazil, in 1965, Jones claimed that the world would be engulfed in a nuclear war on July 15, 1967, that would then create a new socialist Eden on earth, and that the Temple must move to Northern California for safety.[15][38] Accordingly, the Temple began moving to Redwood Valley, California, near Ukiah.[15]

While Jones always spoke of the social gospel's virtues, before the late 1960s Jones chose to conceal that his gospel was actually communism.[15] By the late 1960s, Jones began at least partially openly revealing in Temple sermons his "Apostolic Socialism" concept.[15] Specifically, "those who remained drugged with the opiate of religion had to be brought to enlightenment — socialism."[39] Jones often mixed those concepts, such as preaching that "If you're born in capitalist America, racist America, fascist America, then you're born in sin. But if you're born in socialism, you're not born in sin."[40]

By the early 1970s, Jones began deriding traditional Christianity as "fly away religion," rejecting the Bible as being white men’s justification to subordinate women and subjugate people of color and stating that it spoke of a "Sky God" who was no God at all.[15] Jones authored a booklet titled "The Letter Killeth," criticizing the King James Bible.[41] Jones, born 1931, also began preaching that he was the reincarnation of Mahatma Gandhi (died 1948), Father Divine (died 1965), as well as Jesus of Nazareth, Buddha and Vladimir Lenin. In the documentary Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple, former Temple member Hue Fortson, Jr. quoted Jones as saying, "What you need to believe in is what you can see ... If you see me as your friend, I'll be your friend. As you see me as your father, I'll be your father, for those of you that don't have a father ... If you see me as your savior, I'll be your savior. If you see me as your God, I'll be your God."[9]

By the spring of 1976, Jones began openly admitting even to outsiders that he was an atheist.[42] Despite the Temple's fear that the IRS was investigating its religious tax exemption, by 1977 Marceline Jones admitted to the New York Times that, as early as age 18 when he watched his then idol Mao Zedong overthrow the Chinese government, Jim Jones realized that the way to achieve social change through Marxism in the United States was to mobilize people through religion.[38] She stated that "Jim used religion to try to get some people out of the opiate of religion," and had slammed the Bible on the table yelling "I've got to destroy this paper idol!"[38] In one sermon, Jones said that, "You're gonna help yourself, or you'll get no help! There's only one hope of glory; that's within you! Nobody's gonna come out of the sky! There's no heaven up there! We'll have to make heaven down here!"[9]

Move to San Francisco

Main article: Peoples Temple in San Francisco

The move of Peoples Temple headquarters to San Francisco in 1975 invigorated Jones' political career. After the Temple served an important role in the mayoral election victory of George Moscone in 1975, Moscone appointed Jones as the Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority Commission.[43]

Unlike most other figures deemed as cult leaders, Jones was able to gain public support and contact with prominent local and national United States politicians. For example, Jones and Moscone met privately with vice presidential candidate Walter Mondale on his campaign plane days before the 1976 election and Mondale publicly praised the Temple.[44][45] First Lady Rosalynn Carter also personally met with Jones on multiple occasions, corresponded with him about Cuba, and spoke with him at the grand opening of the San Francisco Democratic Party Headquarters where Jones garnered louder applause than Mrs. Carter.[44][46][47]

In September 1977, Willie Brown served as master of ceremonies at a large testimonial dinner for Jones attended by Governor Jerry Brown and Lieutenant Governor Mervyn Dymally and other political figures.[48] At that dinner, while introducing Jones, Willie Brown stated "Let me present to you what you should see every day when you look in the mirror in the early morning hours.... Let me present to you a combination of Martin King, Angela Davis, Albert Einstein... Chairman Mao."[49] Harvey Milk, who spoke at political rallies at the Temple,[50] and wrote to Jones after a visit to the Temple: "Rev Jim, It may take me many a day to come back down from the high that I reach today. I found something dear

today. I found a sense of being that makes up for all the hours and energy placed in a fight. I found what you wanted me to find. I shall be back. For I can never leave."[51][52]

In his San Francisco Temple apartment, Jones hosted San Francisco radical political figures such as Angela Davis for discussions.[53] He spoke with friend and San Francisco Sun-Reporter publisher Dr. Carlton Goodlett about Jones' remorse regarding not being able to travel to socialist countries such as Peoples Republic of China and the Soviet Union, speculating that he could be Chief Dairyman of the Soviet Union.[54] After his criticisms caused increased tensions with the Nation of Islam, Jones spoke at a huge rally healing the rift between the two groups in the Los Angeles Convention Center attended by many of Jones' closest political acquaintances.[55] Jones also enjoyed a favorable relationship with Warith Deen Muhammed, son of Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad.[citation needed]

While Jones forged media alliances with key columnists and others at the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets,[56] the move to San Francisco also brought increasing media scrutiny. After Chronicle reporter Marshall Kilduff encountered resistance to publishing an exposé, he brought his story to New West Magazine.[57] In the summer of 1977, Jones and several hundred Temple members moved to the Temple's "Agricultural Project" in Guyana after they learned of the contents of Kilduff's article to be published in which former Temple members claimed they were physically, emotionally, and sexually abused.[47][58] Jones named the settlement Jonestown after himself.

Jonestown's formation and operation

Jonestown

Georgetown

Kaituma

Peoples Temple Agricultural Project ("Jonestown", Guyana)

Jones had first started building Jonestown in 1970 as a means to create both a "socialist paradise" and a "sanctuary" from the media scrutiny which had started in 1972.[59] Here they also established a cooperative called the "People's Temple Agricultural Project". Regarding the former goal, Jones purported to establish Jonestown as a benevolent model communist community stating, "I believe we’re the purest communists there are."[60] In that regard, like the restrictive emigration policies of the then Soviet Union, Cuba, North Korea and other communist states, Jones did not permit members to leave Jonestown.[61]

Religious scholar Mary McCormick Maaga argues that Jones' authority decreased after he moved to the isolated commune, because he was not needed for recruitment and he could not hide his drug addiction from rank and file members.[62] In spite of the allegations prior to Jones' departure to Jonestown, the leader was still respected by some for setting up a racially mixed church which helped the disadvantaged; 68 percent of Jonestown's residents were black.[63] Jonestown was where Jones began his belief called "Translation" where he and his followers would all die together and move to another planet and live blissfully.

New children

Kimo (left) and John (right) Jim Jones claimed that he was the biological father of John Victor Stoen, although the birth certificate lists Grace and Timothy Stoen as the parents of the boy.[64] The Temple repeatedly claimed that Jones fathered the child when, in 1971, Temple member Tim Stoen had requested that Jones have sex with Grace Stoen to keep her from defecting.[65] After Grace Stoen later defected in 1976 and began divorce proceedings against Tim Stoen in 1977, in order to avoid potentially giving up the boy in a custody dispute with Grace, Jones ordered Tim to take John to Guyana in February 1977.[66]

After purported father Tim Stoen defected from the Temple in June 1977, the Temple kept John Stoen in Jonestown.[67] The custody dispute over John Stoen would become a linchpin of several battles between the Temple and the Concerned Relatives.[68]

Jim Jones also fathered a son, Jim Jon (Kimo), with Carolyn Louise Moore Layton, a Temple member.[69]

Pressure and waning political support

Further information: Timothy Stoen and Peoples Temple in San Francisco

Congressional Pictorial of Leo Ryan While most of Jones' political allies broke ties after Jones' departure,[70] some did not. As a show of support, Willie Brown spoke out against enemies at a rally at the Peoples Temple, also attended by

Harvey Milk and Art Agnos.[71] Most importantly for Jones and the Temple, Moscone's office shortly thereafter issued a press release saying that Jones had broken no laws.[72]

In the Fall of 1977, Tim Stoen and other relatives in Jonestown formed a "Concerned Relatives" group.[73] Stoen traveled to Washington D.C. in January 1978 to visit with Congressmen, including Leo Ryan and State Department officials, and wrote a "white paper" to Congress detailing the dispute and pressing for Congressional correspondence.[74] Stoen's efforts aroused the curiosity of Ryan, who wrote a letter on Stoen's behalf to Guyanese Prime Minister Forbes Burnham.[75]

Amidst growing pressure in the United States to investigate the Temple, on February 19, 1978, Harvey Milk wrote a letter of support for the Peoples Temple to President Jimmy Carter.[76][77][78] Therein, Milk wrote that Jones was known "as a man of the highest character."[78] Regarding the leader of those attempting to extricate relatives from Jonestown, Milk wrote he was "attempting to damage Rev. Jones reputation" with "apparent bold-faced lies."[78]

On April 11, 1978, the Concerned Relatives distributed a packet of documents, including letters and affidavits, that they titled an "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones" to the Peoples Temple, members of the press and members of Congress.[79] In June 1978, escaped Temple member Deborah Layton provided the group with a further affidavit detailing alleged crimes by the Peoples Temple and substandard living conditions in Jonestown.[80]

Facing increasing scrutiny, in the summer of 1978, Jones also hired noted JFK assassination conspiracy theorists Mark Lane and Donald Freed to help make the case of a "grand conspiracy" by intelligence agencies against the Peoples Temple. Jones told Lane he wanted to "pull an Eldridge Cleaver", referring to a fugitive Black Panther who was able to return to the United States after repairing his reputation.[81]

Visit by Congressman Ryan, murders

Entrance to Jonestown In November 1978, U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan led a fact-finding mission to Jonestown to investigate allegations of human rights abuses.[82] Ryan's delegation included relatives of Temple members, Don Harris, an NBC network news reporter, an NBC cameraman and reporters for various newspapers.[83] The group arrived in Georgetown on November 15.[82] On November 17, Ryan's delegation traveled by airplane to Jonestown.[84] The delegation left hurriedly the afternoon of November 18 after Temple member Don Sly attacked Ryan with a knife.[85] The attack was thwarted, bringing the visit to an abrupt end.[85] Congressman Ryan and his people succeeded in taking with them fifteen People's Temple members who had expressed a wish to leave.[86] At that time, Jones made no attempt to prevent their departure.[87]

Port Kaituma Airstrip shootings

As members of Ryan's delegation boarded two planes at the airstrip, Jones' "Red Brigade" armed guards arrived in a tractor-pulled trailer and began shooting at the delegation.[88] The guards killed Congressman Ryan and four others near a twin engine Otter aircraft.[89] At the same time, one of the supposed defectors, Larry Layton, drew a weapon and began firing on members of the party that had already boarded a small Cessna.[90] An NBC cameraman was able to capture footage of the first few seconds of the shooting at the Otter.[89] The five killed at the airstrip were Congressman Ryan; Don Harris, a reporter from NBC; Bob Brown, a cameraman from NBC; San Francisco Examiner photographer Greg Robinson; and Temple member Patricia Parks.[89] Surviving the attack were future Congresswoman Jackie Speier, then a staff member for Ryan; Richard Dwyer, the Deputy Chief of Mission from the U.S. Embassy at Georgetown; Bob Flick, a producer for NBC News; Steve Sung, an NBC sound engineer; Tim Reiterman, a San Francisco Examiner reporter; Ron Javers, a San Francisco Chronicle reporter; Charles Krause, a Washington Post reporter; and several defecting Temple members.[89]

Deaths in Jonestown

Later that same day, 909 inhabitants of Jonestown,[91] 303 of them children, died of apparent cyanide poisoning, mostly in and around a pavilion.[92] This resulted in the greatest single loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the September 11, 2001 attacks.[93] No video was taken during the mass suicide, though the FBI did recover a 45 minute audio recording of the suicide in progress.[94]

On that tape, Jones tells Temple members that the Soviet Union, with whom the Temple had been negotiating a potential exodus for months, would not take them after the Temple had murdered Ryan and four others at a nearby airstrip.[94] The reason given by Jones to commit suicide was consistent with his previously stated conspiracy theories of intelligence organizations allegedly conspiring against the Temple, that men would "parachute in here on us," "shoot some of our innocent babies" and "they'll torture our children, they'll torture some of our people here, they'll torture our seniors."[94] Parroting Jones' prior statements that hostile forces would convert captured children to fascism, one temple member states "the ones that they take captured, they're gonna just let them grow up and be dummies."[94]

Christine Miller Given that reasoning, Jones and several members argued that the group should commit "revolutionary suicide" by drinking cyanide-laced grape-flavored Flavor Aid (not Kool-Aid despite the popular phrase). However, later released video made to show the best of Jonestown shows Jones opening a storage container full of Kool-Aid in large quantities. This may have been what was used to mix the "potion" (as was referred to in several statements obtained by the FBI in the final tape recordings) along with a sedative.[94] One member, Christine Miller, dissents toward the beginning of the tape.[94] When members apparently cried, Jones counseled, "Stop this hysterics. This is not the way for people who are Socialists or Communists to die. No way for us to die. We must die with some dignity."[94] Jones can be heard saying, "Don't be afraid to die," that death is "just stepping over into another plane" and that it's "a friend."[94] At the end of the tape, Jones concludes: "We didn't commit suicide; we committed an act of revolutionary suicide protesting the conditions of an inhumane world."[94] According to escaping Temple members, children were given the drink first and families were told to lie down together.[95] Mass suicide had been previously discussed in simulated events called "White Nights" on a regular basis.[80][96] During at least one such prior White Night, members drank liquid that Jones falsely told them was poison.[80][96]

Jones was found dead in a deck chair with a gunshot wound to his head that Guyanese coroner Cyrill Mootoo stated was consistent with a self-inflicted gun wound.[97] However, Jones' son Stephan believes his father may have directed someone else to shoot him.[98] An autopsy of Jones' body also

showed levels of the barbiturate Pentobarbital which may have been lethal to humans who had not developed physiological tolerance.[99] Jones' drug usage (including LSD and marijuana) was confirmed by his son, Stephan, and Jones' doctor in San Francisco.

Other issues

On December 13, 1973, Jones was arrested and charged with soliciting a man for sex in a movie theater bathroom known for homosexual activity, in MacArthur Park in Los Angeles.[100] The man was an undercover Los Angeles Police Department vice officer. Jones is on record as later telling his followers that he was "the only true heterosexual", but at least one account exists of his sexual abuse of a male member of his congregation in front of the followers, ostensibly to prove the man's own homosexual tendencies.[100]

While Jones banned sex among Temple members outside of marriage, he himself voraciously engaged in sexual relations with both male and female Temple members.[101][102] Jones, however, claimed that he detested engaging in homosexual activity and did so only for the male temple adherents' own good, purportedly to connect them symbolically with him (Jones).[101]

One of Jones' sources of inspiration was the controversial International Peace Mission movement leader Father Divine.[103] Jones had borrowed the term "revolutionary suicide"[104] from Black Panther leader and Peoples Temple supporter Huey Newton who had argued "the slow suicide of life in the ghetto" ought to be replaced by revolutionary struggle that would end only in victory (socialism and selfdetermination) or revolutionary suicide (death).[citation needed]

Family aftermath Marceline

Marceline (Marcy) Jones

Jim Jones' wife, Marceline, was found poisoned at the pavilion.[105] On the final morning of Ryan's visit, Marceline had taken reporters on a tour of Jonestown.[106] Stephan, Jim Jr. and Tim Jones Stephan, Jim Jr., and Tim Jones did not take part in the mass suicide because they were playing with the Peoples Temple basketball team against the Guyanese national team in Georgetown.[27][104] At the time of events in Jonestown, Stephan and Tim were both nineteen and Jim Jones Jr. was eighteen.[107] Tim's biological family, the Tuppers, which consisted of his three biological sisters,[108][109][110] biological brother,[111] and biological mother,[112] all died at Jonestown. Three days before the tragedy, Stephan Jones refused, over the radio, to comply with an order by his father to return the team to Jonestown for Ryan's visit.[113]

During the events at Jonestown, Stephan, Tim, and Jim Jones Jr. drove to the American Embassy in Guyana in an attempt to receive help. The Guyanese soldiers guarding the embassy refused to let them in after hearing about the shootings at the Port Kaituma airstrip.[114] Later, the three returned to the Temple's headquarters in Georgetown to find the bodies of Sharon Amos and her three children.[114] Guyanese soldiers kept the Jones brothers under house arrest for five days, interrogating them about the deaths in Georgetown.[114] Stephan Jones was accused of being involved in the Georgetown deaths, and was placed in a Guyanese prison for three months.[114] Tim Jones and Johnny Cobb, another member of the Peoples Temple basketball team, were asked to go to Jonestown and help identify the bodies of people who had died.[114] After returning to the United States, Jim Jones Jr. was placed under police surveillance for several months while he lived with his older sister, Suzanne, who had previously turned against the Temple.[114]

Lew Jones, Terry and Chaeoke

Agnes Jones

Kimo When Jonestown was first being established, Stephan Jones had originally avoided two attempts by his father to relocate to the settlement. He eventually moved to Jonestown after a third and final attempt. He has since said that he gave into his father's wishes to move to Jonestown because of his mother.[115] Stephan Jones is now a businessman, and married with three daughters. He appeared in the documentary Jonestown: Paradise Lost which aired on the History Channel and Discovery Channel. He stated he will not watch the documentary and has never grieved for his father.[116] One year later, he appeared in the documentary Witness to Jonestown where he responds to rare footage shot inside the People's Temple.[117] Jim Jones Jr., who lost his wife and unborn child at Jonestown, returned to San Francisco. He remarried and has three sons from this marriage,[104] including Rob Jones, a highschool basketball star who went on to play for the University of San Diego before transferring to Saint Mary's College of California.[118] Lew, Agnes and Suzanne Jones Lew and Agnes Jones both died at Jonestown. Agnes Jones was thirty-five years old at the time of her death.[119] Her husband[120] and four children[121][122][123][124] all died at Jonestown. Lew Jones, who was twenty-one years old at the time of his death, died alongside his wife Terry and son Chaeoke.[125][126][127] Stephanie Jones had died at age five in a car accident.[27]

Suzanne Jones married Mike Cartmell; both turned against the Temple and were not in Jonestown on November 18, 1978. After this decision to abandon the Temple, Jones referred to Suzanne openly as "my goddamned, no good for nothing daughter" and stated that she was not to be trusted.[128] In a signed note found at the time of her death, Marceline Jones directed that the Jones' funds were to be given to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and specified: "I especially request that none of these are allowed to get into the hands of my adopted daughter, Suzanne Jones Cartmell."[129][130] Cartmell had two children and died of colon cancer in November 2006.[131][132] John Stoen and Kimo Specific references to Tim Stoen, the father of John Stoen, including the logistics of possibly murdering him, are made on the Temple's final "death tape," as well as a discussion over whether the Temple

should include John Stoen among those committing "revolutionary suicide."[94] At Jonestown, John Stoen was found poisoned in Jim Jones' cabin.[133]

Both Jim Jon (Kimo) and his mother, Carolyn Louise Moore Layton, died during the events at Jonestown.[134]

Movies

Documentaries Jonestown: Paradise Lost (2007) Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple (2006)

Dramas Guyana: Crime of the Century aka Guyana: Cult of the Damned (1979) - Fictionalized exploitation film (Depicted as "Reverend James Johnson") Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones (1980) - Fact-based drama

See also Cult suicide Doomsday cult List of people who have claimed to be Jesus List of Buddha claimants

References Explanatory notes 1.^ While Jim Jones claimed to be partially of Cherokee descent through his mother Lynetta, this story was apparently not true. (Lindsay, Robert. "How Rev. Jim Jones and Black Spencer Gained His Power

Over Followers". New York Times. November 26, 1978). Lynetta's cousin Barbara Shaffer said "there wasn't an ounce of Indian in our family." (Lindsay, Robert. "How Rev. Jim Jones Gained His Power Over Followers". New York Times. November 26, 1978). Shaffer said that Lynetta was Welsh. ("Jones—The Dark Private Side Emerges". Los Angeles Times. November 24, 1978). The birth records for Lynetta have since been lost. (Kilduff, Marshall and Ron Javers. "Jim Jones Always Led — Or Wouldn't Play". San Francisco Chronicle. December 4, 1978). Citations 1.^ Jones, Jim in conversation with John Maher. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 622." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.Archived 13 February 2011 at WebCite 2.^ a b Jones, Jim (1931 - 1978) American Cult Leader, World of Criminal Justice, Gale., retrieved October 10, 2012 3.^ Brazil, Jeff (December 16, 1999), Jonestown's Horror Fades but Mystery Remain, Los Angeles Times 4.^ Hall 1987, p. 3 5.^ Levi 1982 6.^ a b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 9–10 7.^ a b c Kilduff, Marshall and Javers, Ron. The Suicide Cult. Bantam Books, 1978. p. 10. 8.^ a b Hall 1987, p. 5 9.^ a b c Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple. American Experience, PBS.org. 10.^ a b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 24 11.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 27 12.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 33 13.^ a b c "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - Timeline." PBS.org. 20 February 2007. 14.^ Knoll, James. Mass Suicide & the Jonestown Tragedy: Literature Summary. Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University. October 2007. 15.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wessinger 2000 16.^ a b Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 134." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.] 17.^ a b c Horrock, Nicholas M., "Communist in 1950s", New York Times, December 17, 1978

18.^ a b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 68 19.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 69 20.^ a b c Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 71 21.^ a b c d Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 72 22.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 76 23.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 65 24.^ a b c Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - People & Events PBS.org. 20 February 2007. 25.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 63 26.^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 1023." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. 27.^ a b c d e Wessinger 2000 28.^ a b "The Wills of Jim Jones and Marceline Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 29.^ "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - Race and the Peoples Temple." PBS.org. 20 February 2007. 30.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 76–77 31.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 78 32.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 79 33.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 81 34.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 82 35.^ a b c Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 83 36.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 84 37.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 85–86 38.^ a b c New York Times, "How Rev. Jim Jones Gained His Power Over Followers," Robert Lindsay, November 26, 1978 39.^ Layton 1998, p. 53

40.^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 1053 41.^ Jones, Jim. "The Letter Killeth." Original material reprint. Department of Religious Studies. San Diego State University. 42.^ See, e.g., Jones, Jim in conversation with John Maher, "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 622." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.] 43.^ Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple. PBS.org. 44.^ a b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 302–304 45.^ Los Angeles Times, "First Lady Among Cult's References; Mondale, Califano also listed", November 21, 1978. 46.^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 799." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. 47.^ a b Kilduff, Marshall and Phil Tracy. "Inside Peoples Temple." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. August 1, 1977. 48.^ Layton 1998, p. 105 49.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 308 50.^ "Another Day of Death." Time Magazine. 11 December 1978. 51.^ VanDeCarr, Paul "Death of dreams: in November 1978, Harvey Milk's murder and the mass suicides at Jonestown nearly broke San Francisco's spirit.", The Advocate, November 25, 2003 52.^ Sawyer, Mary My Lord, What a Mourning:’ Twenty Years Since Jonestown, Jonestown Institute at SDSU 53.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 369 54.^ Goodlett, Carlton B., Notes on Peoples Temple, reprinted in Moore, Rebecca and Fielding M. McGehee, III, The Need for a Second Look at Jonestown, Edwin Mellen Press, 1989, ISBN 0-88946-649-1 55.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 282 56.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 285, 306, 587 57.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 314 58.^ Layton 1998, p. 113 59.^ Hall 1987, p. 132

60.^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 50." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. 61.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 451 62.^ McCormick Maaga, Mary. Hearing the voices of Jonestown. Syracuse University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8156-0515-3. 63.^ Moore, Rebecca. "The Demographics of Jonestown. Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University, adapted from Moore, Rebecca, Anthony Pinn and Mary Sawyer. "Demographics and the Black Religious Culture of Peoples Temple." in Peoples Temple and Black Religion in America. Bloomington: Indiana Press University, 2005. 57-80) 64.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 130–131 65.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 445 66.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 377 67.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 324 68.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982 69.^ "Jim Jon (Kimo) Prokes". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 70.^ Liebert, Larry, "What Politicians Say Now About Jones", San Francisco Chronicle, November 20, 1978 71.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 327 72.^ Moore, Rebecca. A Sympathetic History of Jonestown. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946860-5. p. 143. 73.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 408 74.^ Hall 1987, p. 227 75.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 458 76.^ Coleman, Loren, "The Copycat Effect", Simon & Schuster, 2004, page 68 77.^ Fishwick, Marshall, "Great Awakenings: Popular Religion and Popular Culture", Routledge, 1994, page 73 78.^ a b c Milk, Harvey Letter Addressed to President Jimmy Carter, Dated February 19, 1978

79.^ "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. April 11, 1978. 80.^ a b c "Affidavit of Deborah Layton Blakey." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. 81.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 440 82.^ a b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 481 83.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 476–480 84.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 487–488 85.^ a b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 519–520 86.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 524 87.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 516 88.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 527 89.^ a b c d Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 529–531 90.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 533 91.^ Who Died?, Alternative Considerations of Jonestown, San Diego State University 92.^ 1978: Mass suicide leaves 900 dead. BBC, November 18, 2005 93.^ Rapaport, Richard, Jonestown and City Hall slayings eerily linked in time and memory, San Francisco Chronicle, November 16, 2003 94.^ a b c d e f g h i j Jim Jones, "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 42." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. 95.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 559 96.^ a b Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 390–391 97.^ (PDF) Guyana Inquest — Interviews of Cecil Roberts & Cyril Mootoo, retrieved February 23, 2010 98.^ Jonestown: Paradise Lost, Interview of Stephan Jones, Documentary airing on Discovery Networks, 2007 99.^ Autopsy of Jim Jones by Kenneth H. Mueller, Jonestown Institute at SDSU 100.^ a b Wise, David. "Sex in Peoples Temple." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.

101.^ a b Paranoia And Delusions, Time Magazine, December 11, 1978 102.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 176–177 103.^ "FAQ: Who was the leader of Peoples Temple?" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. 104.^ a b c Fish, Jon and Chris Connelly (5 October 2007), Outside the Lines: Grandson of Jonestown founder is making a name for himself, ESPN.com, retrieved August 23, 2008 105.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, p. 565 106.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 505–506 107.^ "Who Survived the Jonestown Tragedy?" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 108.^ "Janet Marie Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 109.^ "Mary Elizabeth Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 110.^ "Ruth Ann Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 111.^ "Larry Howard Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 112.^ "Rita Jeanette Tupper Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 113.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982, pp. 474–475 114.^ a b c d e f Smith, Gary. "Escaping Jonestown." Sports Illustrated. CNN.com. 24 December 2007. 115.^ Jones, Stephan. - "Marceline/Mom" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 116.^ Brownstein, Bill. "The son who survived Jonestown." The Gazette. Canada. 9 March 2007. 117.^ [1] Netflix. 118.^ "22 - Rob Jones." University of San Diego Official Athletic Site. Accessed: 2009-10-03. Archived by WebCite 119.^ Agnes Paulette Jones Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple]. San Diego State University.

120.^ "Forrest Ray Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 121.^ "Billy Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 122.^ "Jimbo Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 123.^ "Michael Ray Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 124.^ "Stephanie Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 125.^ Lew Eric Jones Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 126.^ "Terry Carter Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 127.^ "Chaeoke Warren Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 128.^ FBI Tape Q 265 - October 17, 1978 address. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 129.^ "November 18 1978 Letter from Marceline Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 130.^ "Letter from Marceline Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. 131.^ Who Has Died Since 18 November 1978? Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. 132.^ Smith, Gary. "Escape From Jonestown" Sports Illustrated CNN.com. 24 December 2007. 133.^ Reiterman & Jacobs 1982 134.^ "Carolyn Louise Moore Layton" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University. Bibliography Chidester, David, Salvation and Suicide: Jim Jones, the People's Temple and Jonestown (Religion in North America), 2nd rev.ed., Indiana University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-253-21632-8

Hall, John R. (1987), Gone from the Promised Land, Transaction Publisers, ISBN 0-88738-124-3 Klineman, George and Sherman Butler. The Cult That Died. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1980. ISBN 0-39912540-X. Layton, Deborah (1999), Seductive Poison, Anchor Books, ISBN 0-385-48984-6 Levi, Ken (1982), Violence and Religious Commitment Maaga, Mary McCormick. Hearing the voices of Jonestown. Syracuse University Press, 1998. ISBN 08156-0515-3. Naipaul, Shiva. Black & White. Hamish Hamilton, London, 1980. ISBN 0-241-10337-1. Reiterman, Tom; Jacobs, John (1982), Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People, Dutton, ISBN 0-525-24136-1 Wessinger, Catherine (2000), How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate, Seven Bridges Press, ISBN 978-1-889119-24-3

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jim Jones

The Jonestown Institute FBI No. Q 042 The "Jonestown Death Tape", Recorded 18 November 1978 (Internet Archive) Transcript of Jones' final speech, just before the mass suicide The first part of a series of articles about Jim Jones published in the San Francisco Examiner in 1972. History Channel Video and Stills Isaacson, Barry. From Silver Lake to Suicide: One Family's Secret History of the Jonestown Massacre

Mass Suicide at Jonestown: 30 Years Later, Time magazine Jonestown 30 Years Later photo gallery published Friday, October 17, 2008. Rapaport, Richard. Jonestown and City Hall slayings eerily linked in time and memory Both events continue to haunt city a quarter century later Nakao, Annie.The ghastly Peoples Temple deaths shocked the world. Berkeley Rep takes on the challenge of coming to terms with it. American Experience documentary, "Jonestown: The Life And Death Of Peoples Temple", shown on PBS Jonestown: 25 Years Later How spiritual journey ended in destruction: Jim Jones led his flock to death in jungle by Michael Taylor, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Thursday, November 12, 1998. Utopian nightmare Jonestown: What did we learn? Larry D. Hatfield, of The Examiner staff, Gregory Lewis and Eric Brazil of The Examiner staff and Examiner Librarian Judy Canter contributed to this report. Published Sunday, November 8, 1998. Jones Captivated S.F.'s Liberal Elite: They were late to discover how cunningly he curried favor by Michael Taylor, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. And [Haunted by Memories of Hell ] by Kevin Fagan, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Thursday, November 12, 1998. Both stories were included in the first of a two-part series. The End To Innocent Acceptance Of Sects Sharper scrutiny is Jonestown legacy by Don Lattin, San Francisco Chronicle religion writer. And Most Peoples Temple Documents Still Sealed by Michael Taylor and Don Lattin, San Francisco Chronicle staff writers. And Surviving the Heart of Darkness: Twenty years later, Jackie Speier remembers how her companions and rum helped her endure the night of the Jonestown massacre by Maitland Zane, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Friday, November 13, 1998. All stories were included in the second part of a two-part series. Inside Peoples Temple Marshall Kilduff and Phil Tracy, Used by permission of authors for the San Francisco Chronicle. Published Monday, August 1, 1977.