ITIL Foundation 4

 

Hdstruatjr` Hdstruatjr ` Afrthbha`k`5 ]`ji` A Alàvfz làvfz

 

GJKVIJ AV_QJ. 05 HDKVAAHÑD @I

 

Fsqufg`kfafrthbha`ahñdH[HI;5 H[HI®  G`stfr ]rjbfshjd`i kf Nfsthñd kf H[HI (G])

Içkfr Fstr`tènhaj H[HI (QI)

Fsqufg` kf Hthi ; Fspfah`ihst`

Fspfah`ihst`

Fspfah`ihst`

Fstr`tfnh`

Fstr`tfnh`

Içkfr kf

fd H[HI®

fd H[HI®

fd H[HI®

kf H[HI®

kf H[HI ®

H[HI®

Arf`r, fdtrfn`r y `pjy`r

Khrhnhr fi v`ijr kf i`s p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s

Khrhnhr, pi`dtf`r y gfejr`r

Fstr`tfnh` khnht`i y kf [H

[H kf `it` vfijahk`k

Khrhnhr, pi`dtf`r y gfejr`r

H[HI® Bjudk`thjd

 

Kft`iifskfifx`gfdkfH[HI;Bjudk`thjd5 @i bhd`i kfi aursj, sf rf`ihz`rà ud fx`gfd. Ijs kft`iifs kfi fx`gfd sjd5  Afrthbha`ahñd kf Fx`gfd Bjudk`thjd

Bjrg Bj rg`t `tj j kfi kfi fx`g fx`gfd fd55

  Bjrg`tj Ihorj afrr`kj •   O`s`kj fd i` ^ ^fo fo y fd p`pfi •

 •

  ;= prfnudt`s kf sfifaahñd gõithpif

  • •

]udtu`ahñd5 ]udtu`a hñd5 26% Kur` Ku r`ahñ ahñd d kfi Fx`gf Fx`gfd5 d5

  2= ghdutjs   06 ghdutjs fxtr` p`r p`r` ` ijs dj l`oi`dtfs d`thvjs kfi Hdniès.

 •

]rfnudt`s5

]rjatjrhdn5

  Ihvf/^foa`g

 

Joefthvjskf`prfdkhz`efkfiaursj5

Joefthvj kfi Aursj

0.- Ajgprfdkfr ijs ajdafptjs ai`vfs kf i` nfsthñd nfsthñd kf sfrvhahjs kf [H. ?.- Ajgprfdkfr añgj ijs prhdahphjs rfatjrfs kf H[HI pufkfd `yuk`r ` ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd ` `kjpt `kj pt`r `r y `k`pt` `k`pt`rr i` `kghdhstr`ahñd kf sfrvhahjs kf [H. 1.- Ajgprfdkfr i`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs kf i` n nfsthñd fsthñd kf sfrvhahjs kf [H. ;.- Ajgprfdkfr fi prjpñshtj y ijs ajgpjdfdtfs kfi shstfg` kf v`ijrfs kf sfrvhahj kf H[HI, i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kf sfrvhahjs y añgj sf hdtfrajdfat`d. 6.- Ajgprfdkfr ijs ajdafptjs ai`vf kf gfejr` ajdthdu`. 2.- @prfdkfr i`s khvfrs`s pràatha`s kf H[HI y ajgj ajdtrhouyfd ` i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr .

 

Hdtrjkuaahñd ` H[HI ;5 H[HI ; jbrfaf ud fdbjquf pràathaj y bifxhoif p`r` `pjy`r khvfrs`s jrn jr n`d `dhz hz`a `ahj hjd dfs sj sjo orf su vh`e vh`ef f l` l`ah ah` ` fi duf dufvj gudkj kf i` tr`dsbjrg`ahñd khnht`i. Hdtrjkuaahñd ` Hthi ;

H[HI H[HI ; pr prjp jpjr jrah ahjd jd` ` ud gj gjkf kfij ij jpfr jpfr`t `thv hvj j kh khnh nht` t`ii kf fxtrf xtrfgj gj ` fxtrfgj p`r` i` fdtrfn` y fi budahjd`ghfdtj kf ijs prjkuatjs y sfrvhahjs l`ohiht`kjs, `kfgàs pfrghtf ` ijs fquhpjs kf [H ajdthdu`r kfsfgpfð`dkj kfsfgpfð`d kj ud p`pfi hgpjrt`dtf fd ud` fstr`tfnh` fgprfs`rh`i gàs `gpih`. H[HI ; t` H[HI t`go gohèd hèd pr prjpj jpjra rahjd hjd` ` ud fdbj fdbjqu quf f hd hdtf tfnr nr`i `i quf quf hd hdtf tfnr nr` ` fi fdbjquf kf g`rajs ajgj If`d, @nhif y KfvJps.

 

Hdtrjkuaahñd ` H[HI ;5 Au`dkj l`oi`gjs kf ud` sjahfk`k kjdkf tjkj `pudt` `i Aihfdtf ` i` a`ihk`k kf fdtrfn`, ` i` iñnha` y `i fdbjquf kfi sfrvhahj, fs hdfvht`oif tjg`r ` Hthi ajgj rfbfrfdah`. Hdtrjkuaahñd ` Hthi ;

H[HI ; fs `piha`oif ` au`iquhfr thpj kf sfrvhahjs, au`iquhfr thpj kf Hdku Hdkust strh rh` ` y ` au`iq au`iquh uhfr fr thpj thpj kf Jrn` Jrn`dh dhz` z`ah ahñd ñd quf quf tf tfdn dn` ` ajgj ajgj joefthvj fi prjpjrahjd`r prjpjrahjd`r sfrvhahjs kfdtrj kf ud` iñnha` kf a`ihk`k y rfdt`ohihk`k.

 

I` fstruatur` kf H[HI ;5 Fstà ajgpufst` pjr i` fdtr`k` (Jpjrtudhk`k / Kfg`dk`), i`s Khgfdshjdfs (quf sjd ;), fi shstfg` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj (QRQ), i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj (ARQ) y i` s`ihk` (v`ijr). Fstruatur` Hthi ;

 

I` fstruatur` kf H[HI ;5 I` shnu shnuhf hfdt dtf f bhnu bhnur` r`,, sf gu gufs fstr tr` ` ud au au`k `kr` r`kj kj fd iç içdf df`s `s pud pudtf tf`k `k`s `s qu quf f l` l`af af rfbfrfdah` `i shstfg` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj (QRQ) y i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj (ARQ) Fstruatur` Hthi ;

 

GJKVIJ ?5 KF AJDAF][JQ I@ NFQ[HJD QF_RHAHJQKF

 

Joefthvjskf`prfdkhz`efkfigñkuij @i bhd`i kf fstf gñkuij, ustfk pjkrà5

   Fd Fdtf tfdk dkfr fr fi ajda ajdafp fptj tj kf v`ij v`ijrr y aj aj-a -arf rf`a `ahñ hñd d kf v`ij v`ijrr pjr pjr fi Joefthvjs

prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahj y Ajdsughkjr kf sfrvhahjs. prjvffkjr    Fd Fdtf tfdk dkfr fr añ añgj gj i`s i`s jr jrn n`d `dhz hz`a `ahj hjdf dfss ar arff ffd d v`ij v`ijrr ` tr`v tr`vès ès kf prjkuatjs prjkuat js y sfrvhahjs.

  Hkfdthbha`r i` hgpjrt`dah` kf i`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj y nfsthñd

kf i` rfi`ahñd kf sfrvhahj.    Kf Kfsa sarh rhoh ohrr ijs ijs aj ajda dafp fptj tjss oàsh oàshaj ajss kf i` ar arf` f`ah ahñd ñd kf v`ij v`ijrr aj ajd d sfrvhahjs sfrvha hjs,, hdaiuy hdaiuyfd fdkj kj rf rfsui suit`k t`kjs, js, prjku prjkuatj atjs, s, aj ajst stfs, fs, rhf rhfsnj snjs, s, uthihk`k y n`r`dtç`.

 

Nfsthñdkfsfrvhahjs Nfsthñd kf sfrvhahjs Nfsthñd kf Qfrvhahjs

I` "nfsthñd kfi sfrvhahj sf kfbhdf ajgj fi ajdeudtj kf a`p`ah a`p`ahk`k k`kfs fs jr jrn` n`dhz dhz`th `thv` v`ss fsp fspfah fah`ih `ihz` z`k`s k`s p`r p`r` ` pfrghthr fi v`ijr ` ijs aihfdtfs fd bjrg` bjrg` kf sfrvhahjs". Fi kfs` kfs`rr rrji jiij ij kf fs fstt`s a` a`p` p`ah ahk` k`k kfs rfquh fquhfr frf f ud fdtfdkhghfdtj kf5  I` d`tur`ifz` kfi v`ijr tur`i `if fz` y fi `i `iaa`d `daf af kf ijs `at `atjrfs  I` d`tur

hdvjiuar`kjs  Añgj sf l`ohiht` i` arf`ahñd kf v`ijr ` tr`vès kf ijs sfrvhahjs

 

Jrn`dhz`ahñd5 Jrn`dhz`ahñd5 Ajdafptjs kf Nfsthñd kf Qfrvhahjs

"Vd` pfrsjd` j ud nrupj kf pfrsjd`s quf thfdf sus prjph`s budahjdfs ajd rfspjds`ohihk`kfs, `utjrhk`kfs y rfi`ahjdfs p`r` ijnr`r sus joefthvjs". (@k`pt`kj kf HQJ 8==05?=06) Vd` jrn`dhz`ahñd pufkf sfr ud` fdthk`k ifn`i, ud` p`rtf kf ud` fdthk`k eurçkha`, j ud dõgfrj kf fdthk`kfs ifn`ifs .

 

R`ijr5 R`ijr "Fi v`ijr fs i` pfrafpahñd kf ijs ofdfbhahjs, i` uthihk`k y i` R`ijr

hgpjrt`dah` kf `inj". Fi tèrghdj  ’v`ijr‗  fs ud ajdafptj guy hgpjrt`dtf fd i` Nfsthñd kf Qfrvhahjs y fs ud pudtj ai`vf kf Hthi ;. Fi v`ijr pufkf sfr fd gual`s ja`shjdfs suoefthvj.

 

Aj-Arf`ahñdkfv`ijr5

Aj ‑ Arf`ahñd kf R`ijr

 

prjvffkjrfs kf sfrvhahjs, ijs Ijs ajd jdsu sugh ghkj kjrf rfs s y jt jtr` r`s s p` p`rt rtfs fs hdt dtfr frfs fs`k `k`s `s55 Aj ‑ Arf`ahñd kf R`ijr

 

Ijsprjvffkjrfskfsfrvhahj5 I` prfst`ahñd kf sfrvhahjs ]rfst`ahñd kf Qfrvhahjs

"@i `prjvhshjd`r sfrvhahjs, ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd `sugf fi rji kf prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahjs. Fi prjvffkjr pufkf sfr fxtfrdj ` i` jrn`dhz`ahñd kfi ajdsughkjr, j `gojs pufkfd sfr p`rtf kf i` ghsg` jrn`dhz`ahñd". jrn`dhz`ahñd". Fs hgpjrt`dtf quf fi prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahjs tfdn` ud` ajgprfdshñd ai`r` kf quhèdfs sjd sus ajdsughkjrfs fd ud` shtu`ahñd k`k` y quhèdfs sjd ijs kfgàs hdtfrfs`kjs hdtfrfs`kjs fd i`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj `sjah`k`s.

 

Ijsusu`rhjskfisfrvhahj5

Vsu`rhjs kfi Qfrvhahj

"@i rfah rfahoh ohrr sf sfrv rvha hahj hjs, s, ud ud` ` jrn` jrn`dh dhz` z`a ahñd hñd `s `sug ugf f fi p` p`pf pfii kf ijs ijs aj ajds dsug ughk hkjr jr kf sfrv sfrvhah hahjs" js".. Ajdsughkjr kf sfrvhahjs fs ud rji nfdèrhaj3 fd i` pràatha`, fi ajdsugj kfi sfrvhahj hdaiuyf budahjdfs gàs fspfaçbha`s5 aihfdtf, usu`rhj y p`trjahd`kjr.

 

R`ijr kfskf i` pfrspfathv` kf khbfrfdtfs `atjrfs R`ijr p`r` ijs Hdtfrfs`kjs

R`ijr, fstà sueftj ` i` pfrafpahñd kf ijs khbfrfdtfs st`cfljikfrs. ]`r` ]`r` fi èxhtj èxhtj,, f hdaius hdaiusj j i` fxhstf fxhstfdah dah` ` ajdthdu ajdthdu` ` kf ud` jrn` jrn`dhz dhz`ah `ahñd, ñd, fs hgpjrt hgpjrt`d `dtf tf quf i`s rfi`ahjdfs ajd tjkjs ijs nrupjs kf p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s ai`vf sf fdthfdk`d y nfsthjdfd. Qh i`s p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s dj fstàd s`thsbfal`s ajd ij quf l`af i` jrn`dhz`ahñd j añgj ij l`af, i`s rfi`ahjdfs kfi prjvffkjr ajd sus ajdsughkjrfs pufkfd fst`r fd pfihnrj. Ijs prjkuatjs y sfrvhahjs arf`d v`ijr p`r` i`s p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s kf v`rh`s g`dfr`s. @inudjs sjd o`st`dtf khrfatjs, ajgj i` nfdfr`ahñd kf hdnrfsjs, ghfdtr`s quf jtrjs sjd gàs hdkhrfatjs, ajgj i` fxpfrhfdah` kf ijs fgpif`kjs. @quç fstà ud fefgpij nfdèrhaj kf ijs khbfrfdtfs st`cfljikfrs y i` kfbhdhahñd kf v`ijr p`r` ijs st`cfljikfrs.

 

]rjkuatjs,sfrvhahjsyrfaursjs5

Qfrvhahjs, ]rjkuatjs y _faursjs

 

Qfrvhahjs5

Qfrvhahjs

Qfrvhahj5 "Vd gfkhj p`r` pfrghthr i` aj-arf`ahñd kf v`ijr `i b`ahiht`r ijs rfsuit`kjs quf ijs aihfdtfs kfsf`d ijnr`r, shd quf fi aihfdtf tfdn` quf nfsthjd`r ajstjs y rhfsnjs fspfaçbhajs’.

 

]rjkuatjs5 ]rjkuatj 5

"Vd` ajdbhn "Vd` ajdbhnur ur`ah `ahñd ñd kf ijs rfaur rfaursjs sjs kf ud` jrn` jrn`dhz dhz`ah `ahñd ñd khsfð`k` p`r` jbrfafr v`ijr p`r` fi ajdsughkjr". ]rjkuatjs

 

Jbfrt`skfsfrvhahjs5 Jbfrt` kfkfsfrvhahjs "Kfsarhpahñd udj j gàs sfrvhahjs, khsfð`kjs p`r` s`thsb`afr i`s dfafshk`kfs kf ohf fdf dfss, fi `aafsj ` ijs rfau aurrsj sjss ud nrupj kf ajdsughkjrfs joefthvj, pufkf hdaiuhr oh Jbfrt` kf Qfrvhahjs

y `aah `aahjd jdfs fs kf sfrv sfrvha hahj hj". ". Ijs sfrvhahjs sf jbrfafd ` nrupjs kf ajdsughkjrfs joefthvj, y fsjs nrupjs pufkfd sfr hdtfrdjs j fxtfrdjs ` i` jrn`dhz`ahñd prjvffkjr` kf sfrvhahjs. Qf pufkfd arf`r khbfrfdtfs jbfrt`s o`s`k`s fd fi ghsgj prjkuatj, ij quf pfrghtf su usj kf gõithpifs g`dfr`s p`r` s`thsb`afr i`s dfafshk`kfs kf khbfrfdtfs nrupjs kf ajdsughkjrfs. ajdsughkjrfs. ]jr fefgpij, ud sfrvhahj kf sjbtw`rf pufkf jbrfafrsf ajgj ud` vfrshñd nr`tuht` ihght ihg ht`k` `k` j ajgj ajgj ud` vfrs vfrshñd hñd kf p`nj p`nj ajgpif ajgpift` t`,, o`s`k` o`s`k` fd ud prjku prjkuatj atj kfi prjvffkjr prjv ffkjr kf sfrvhahjs.

 

Jbfrt`skfsfrvhahjs5

Jbfrt` kf Qfrvhahjs

 

Ajgpjdfdtfs kf i`s jbfrt`s kf sfrvhahjs I` t`oi` `oi` prjtçphajs pjrahj ahjdkf ` ud ud ud` ` kfsa kfsar rhp hpah ahñ ñd y ud fefg efgpi pij j p`r` `r` ij ijss ajgpjdfdtfs sfrvhahj 5 Jbfrt` kf Qfrvhahjs

 

ºPuèsjdi`srfi`ahjdfskfsfrvhahj:

I`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj

I`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj sf fst`oifafd fdtrf kjs j gàs jrn`dhz`ahjdfs p`r` aj-arf`r v`ijr. Fd ud` rfi`ahñd kf sfrvhahj, i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs jrn`dhz`ahjdfs `sughràd i`s budahjdfs kf prjvffkjrfs prjvffkjrfs kf sfrvhahjs j ajdsughkjrfs ajdsughkjrfs kf sfrvhahjs. I` I`ss kjs budah udahj jdfs dfs dj sjd gutu`g u`gfdt fdtf fxaiu iuy yfdt fdtfs fs,, y djrg djrg`i `ig gfdt fdtf i` i`ss jrn`dhz`ahjdfs prjpjrahjd`d y ajdsugfd ud dõgfrj kf sfrvhahjs fd ud gjgfdtj k`kj.

 

Nfsthñdkfi`rfi`ahñdkfsfrvhahj I`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj hdaiuyfd i` nfsthñd kf rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj, i` prfst`ahñd kfi sfrvhahj y ajdsugj kf sfrvhahj. I`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj

 

]rjvhshñdkfQfrvhahjs5 Hdaiuyf5   I` nfsthñd kf ijs rfaursjs kfi prjvffkjr, ajdbhnur`kj p`r` prfst`r I`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj

fstf sfrvhahj.   ]rjvhshñd kf `aafsj ` fstjs rfaursjs p`r` ijs usu`rhjs.    Augpihghfdtj Augpihghfdtj kf i`s `aahjdfs kf sfrvhahj `ajrk`k`s.   Nfsthñd kfi kfsfgpfðj kfi sfrvhahj y i` gfejr` ajdthdu`.

 

Ajdsugjkfsfrvhahj5 Hdaiuyf5    Nfsthñd kf ijs rfaur rfaursjs sjs kf ajdsu ajdsugj gj dfafs`rhjs p p`r` `r` fi sfrvhahj.   _fafpahñd j `kquhshahñd kf ohfdfs. I`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj

  I` uthihz`ahñd kf ijs rfaursjs kfi prjvffkjr.    Qjihahtuk kf `aahjdfs kf sfrvhahj p`r` fi augpihghfdtj augpihghfdtj `ajrk`kj. `ajrk`kj.

 

Gjkfijkf_fi`ahñdkfQfrvhahj5

I`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj

Au`dkj ijs sfrvhahjs sjd prfst`kjs pjr fi ]rjvffkjr, sf arf`d dufvjs rfaursjs p`r` ijs usu`rhjs kfi sfrvhahj, j gjkhbha`r i`s y` fxhstfdtfs. ]jr fefgpij5    Vd sfrvhahj kf a`p`aht`ahñd, gfejr` gfejr` kf i`s l`ohihk`kfs kf ijs fgpif`kjs kfi ajdsughkjr ajdsughkjr..    Vd sfrvhahj kf o`dk` `dal`, pfrghtf ` ijs fquhpjs kfi ajdsughkjr ajgudha`rsf.    Vd sfrvhahj kfi `iquhifr kf `utjs, pfrghtf `i pfrsjd`i kfi ajdsughkjr vhsht`r ` aihfdtfs.   Vd sfrvhahj kf kfs`rrjiij kf sjbtw`rf, arf` ud` dufv` `piha`ahñd p`r` fi ajdsughkjr kfi sfrvhahj. Fi aihfdtf kfi sfrvhahj pufkf uthihz`r sus rfaursjs dufvjs j gjkhbha`kjs p`r` arf`r sus prjphjs prjkuatjs, p`r` `tfdkfr i`s dfafshk`kfs kf jtrj nrupj kf ajdsughkjrfs joefthvj, ajdvhrthèdkjsf fd ud prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahjs.

 

Fefgpijkf_fi`ahñdkfQfrvhahj5

I`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj

 

Ijsrfsuit`kjs,ajstjsyrhfsnjs5

Ijs rfsuit`kjs, ajstjs y rhfsnjs

Ij Ijnr nr`r `r ijs ijs rf rfsu suit it`k `kjs js kfsf kfsf`k `kjs js rf rfqu quhf hfrf rf rfau rfaurs rsjs js (ajs (ajstj tjs) s) y ` gfdu gfdukj kj fstà fstàd d rfi`ahjd`kjs ajd ijs rhfsnjs. [`gohèd i`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj pufkfd hdtrjkuahr dufvjs rhfsnjs y ajstjs, j pufkfd `bfat`r dfn`thv`gfdtf ` `inudjs kf ijs rfsuit`kjs fspfr`kjs, `pjy`dkj `i ghsgj thfgpj ` ijs kfgàs. I`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj sf pfrahofd ajgj `inj v`ihjsj, sñij au`dkj thfdfd gàs fbfatjs pjshthvjs quf dfn`thvjs"

 

]rjkuatjsyrfsuit`kjs5 Vd prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahj prjkuaf s`ihk`s  (jutput) quf `yuk`d ` ijs ajdsughkjrfs ` ijnr`r kftfrghd`kjs rfsuit`kjs (Jutajgf). Ijs rfsuit`kjs, ajstjs y rhfsnjs

 

]rjkuatjsyrfsuit`kjs5 Fs hgpjrt`dtf tfdfr ai`rj i` khbfrfdah` kh bfrfdah` fdtrf prjkuatjs y rfsuit`kjs.   ]jr fefgpij, ud` s`ihk` kf ud sfrvhahj kf bjtjnr`bç` kf ojk`s pufkf sfr ud àioug fd fi quf

R`ijr5 Ijs rfsuit`kjs, R`ijr5 ajstjs y rhfsnjs

i`s bjtjs sfifaahjd`k`s fstàd jrkfd`k`s `rtçstha`gfdtf. Qhd fgo`rnj, fi rfsuit`kj kfi sfrvhahj fs i` prfsfrv`ahñd kf ijs rfaufrkjs y i` a`p`ahk`k kf i` p`rfe` y su b`ghih` y `ghnjs p`r` rfajrk`r bàahigfdtf fsjs rfaufrkjs ghr`dkj fi àioug.    Kfpfdkhfdkj kf i` rfi`ahñd fdtrf fi prjvffkjr y fi ajdsughkjr, pufkf sfr khbçahi p`r` fi prjvffkjr fdtfdkfr ajgpift`gfdtf ijs rfsuit`kjs quf fi ajdsughkjr kfsf` ijnr`r. @inudjs a`sjs, tr`o`e`ràd tr`o`e`ràd eudtjs p`r` kfbhdhr ijs rfsuit`kjs kfsf`kjs. ajgfrah`ifs (O_G) fd ijs kfp`rt`gfdtjs kfp `rt`gfdtjs hdtfrdjs kf    ]jr fefgpij, ijs nfrfdtfs kf rfi`ahjdfs ajgfrah`ifs [H j kf rfaurs rfaursjs js lug`djs lug`djs pufkfd l`oi`r l`oi`r rfnui`rg rfnui`rgfdt fdtf f ajd ajd ijs aihfdt aihfdtfs fs y khsa khsauthr uthr sus dfafshk`kfs y fxpfat`thv`s. jtrjs a`sjs, a`sjs, ijs ajdsug ajdsughkj hkjrfs rfs fxp fxprfs rfs`d `d sus fxp fxpfat fat`t `thv` hv`ss ajd ajd o`s o`st` t`dt dtf f ai`rhk ai`rhk`k, `k, y fi    Fd jtrjs prjvffkjr prjvff kjr fspfr` fspfr` quf ij l`n l`n`d, `d, ajgj ajgj au` au`dkj dkj sf jbr jbrfaf fafd d sfrv sfrvhah hahjs js fst fst`dk` `dk`rhz rhz`kj `kjss ` ud `gpihj `gp ihj nru nrupj pj kf aj ajdsug dsughkj hkjrfs rfs.. @sç fs ajg ajgj j sufi sufifd fd jpf jpfr` r`rr ijs jpf jpfr` r`kjr kjrfs fs gñv gñvhif hifs, s, ijs prjvffkjrfs kf sfrvhahjs kf o`dk` `dal` y i`s fgprfs`s kf tr`dspjrtf. prjvffkjrfs kf sfrvhahjs prfkhafd j hdaiusj arf`d kfg`dk` p`r` ahfrtjs    Bhd`igfdtf, `inudjs prjvffkjrfs rfsuit`kjs, bjrg`dkj ud nrupj joefthvj p`r` sus sfrvhahjs. Fstj pufkf pufkf suaf suafkfr kfr aj ajd d sfrv sfrvha hahj hjss hdd hddjv jv`k `kjr jrfs fs quf `o `ojr jrk` k`d d i` i`ss dfa dfafs fshk` hk`kfs kfs quf quf ijs ijs    Fstj ajdsughkjrfs dh shquhfr` ajdjaç`d `dtfs.

hdtfihnfdtf. tf.    Fefgpijs kf fstj, hdaiuyfd rfkfs sjah`ifs j sjiuahjdfs p`r` fi ljn`r hdtfihnfd

 

 @athvhk`k5Jutputs`dkJutajgf kJutajgf  @athvhk`k5Jutputs`d [hfgpj kf `athvhk`k5 6 ghdutjs

Jutput y Jutajgf

I` khbfr khbfrfda fdah` h` fdtr fdtrf f ijs jutput jutputss y ijs jutajg jutajgfs fs pufkf pufkf sfr fdtfdk fdtfdkhk` hk` kfskf kfskf su kfbhdhahñd5 "Vd jutput fs ud rfsuit`kj t`dnhoif j hdt`dnhoif kf ud` `athvhk`k3 fi Jutajgf fs ud rfsuit`kj kf i`s p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s, l`ohiht`kj pjr ud` j gàs jutputs". ]`r` a`k` udj kf ijs shnuhfdtfs, hkfdthbhquf sh rfprfsfdt` ud` s`ihk` j ud rfsuit`kj. 0. ?.

1.

Fi a`rrj iifn` ` rfajnfr rfajnfr `i p`s`efrj p`s`efrj p`r` fi p`sfj. Ijs p`s`efrj p`s`efrjss rfahofd rfahofd prjkuatjs prjkuatjs kf vh`ef vh`ef kf ajrtfsç`, ajrtfsç`, ajgj `nu` `nu` fgojtfii`k fgojtfii`k`, `, p`ðu p` ðufi fijs js kfsf kfsfal al`o `oif ifs, s, pjrt pjrt`k `kjr jrfs fs kf arfk arfkfd fdah ah`i `ifs fs p`r p`r` pfrg pfrghs hsjs js kf fst`ahjd`ghfdtj y `shfdtjs p`r` ofoès. Ijs p`s`efrj p`s`efrjss y fi ajdkuatjr ajdkuatjr khsbrut khsbrut`d `d kf ud vh`ef sfnur sfnurj j ` tr`vès tr`vès kf ud shstfg` shstfg`

;. 6.

kf tfrafrjs. I` `piha`ahñd kf rfsfrv` pfrghtf `i p`s`efrj uthihz`r fi N]Q. Fi rftjrdj rftjrdj kfi vflçauij vflçauij fs kf `utjsfrvhahj y bbàahi àahi kf us`r. us`r.

 

Ijs ajstjs Ajstj5 "I` a`dthk`k kf khdfrj n`st`kj fd ud` kftfrghd`k` `athvhk`k j rfaursj". Ajstjs y rhfsnjs

Kfskf fi pudtj kf vhst` kfi ajdsughkjr kfi sfrvhahj, fxhstfd kjs thpjs kf ajstjs hdvjiuar`kjs hdvji uar`kjs fd i`s rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj5

 

_hfsnjs _hfsnj "Vd pjshoif fvfdtj quf pjkrç` prjvja`r k`ðjs j pèrkhk`s, j l`afr gàs khbçahi ijnr`r Ajstjs y rhfsnjs

joefthvjs". Kfskf fi pu pudt dtj j kf vh vhst st`` kf kfii ajds ajdsug ughk hkjr jr kf kfii sf sfrv rvha hahj hj, fxhstfd kjs thpjs kf rhfsnjs5

 

Vthihk`k y n`r`dtç` I` fv`iu`ahñd nfdfr`i kf i` uthihk`k y i` n`r`dtç` fs hgpjrt`dtf p`r` fv`iu`r sç ud sfrvhahj j ud` jbfrt` kf sfrvhahjs b`ahiht`rà ijs rfsuit`kjs kfsf`kjs p`r` ijs ajdsughkjrfs y arf`rà v`ijr p`r` fiijs.

Vthihk`k Vthihk`k y N`r`dtç`

Vthihk`k fs i` budahjd`ihk`k jbrfahk` pjr ud prjkuatj j sfrvhahj p`r` s`thsb`afr ud` dfafshk`k p`rthaui`r. .    _fprfsfdt` ij qu quf f l` l`af af fi sf sfrv rvha hahj   Kftfrghd` sh ud sfrvhahj fs ’`p `ptj tjhjp`r` p`r` fi pr prjpñ jpñsh shtj tj‗.   _fquhfrf quf ud sfrvhahj kfof sjpjrt`r fi rfdkhghfdtj kfi ajdsughkjr j fihghd`r i`s

ihght`ahjdfs kfi ajdsughkjr.

N`r`dtç` I` n`r`dtç` fs `sfnur`r quf ud prjkuatj j sfrvhahj augpif ajd ijs rfquhshtjs `ajrk`kjs.    _fprfsfdt` añgj añgj rf rf`i `ihz hz`` fi sfrv sfrvhah hahj j.   Kftfrghd` sh ud sfrvhahj fs ’`p `ptj tj p` p`rr` fi usj usj‗.    _fquhfrf quf ud sfrvhahj tfdn` ajdkhahjdfs kfbhdhk`s y `ajrk`k`s quf sf augpi`d.    @sfnur` fi dhvfi `kfau`kj kf khspjdhohihk`k, khspjdhohihk`k, a`p`ahk`k, ajdthduhk`k y sfnurhk`k.

 

Fefrahahj

]rfnudt`s kf thpj fifaahñd

gõithpif ]rfn ]rfnud udt` t` 0 5 ºAuài kf fstjs st`cfljikfrs st`cfljikfrs p`rthahp`d fd i` aj-arf`ahñd kf v`ijr p`r` ud` jrn`dhz` jrn`dhz`ahñd: ahñd: ]rfnudt`s

0. Ajdsughkjr Ajdsughkjr kf sfrvhahjs sfrvhahjs ?. Qughdhstr Qughdhstr`kjr `kjr kf sfrvhah sfrvhahj j 1. ]rjvffkj ]rjvffkjrr kf sfrvhahj sfrvhahj @. O. A. K.

0 y 1 sji`gf sji`gfdtf dtf ? y 1 sji`gfdtf sji`gfdtf Dhdnud` Dhdnud` kf i`s i`s `dtfrhj `dtfrhjrfs. rfs. [jk`s i`s `dtfrhjrfs

 

Fefrahahj

]rfnudt`s kf thpj fifaahñd ]r

gõithpif ]rfnudt ]rf nudt`` ? ]rfnudt`s

"V "Vd d` pfrsj frsjd d` j ud nr nru upj kf pf pfrrsj sjd` d`ss quf thfd thfdf f sus sus pr prj jph`s ph`s bu bud dahjd ahjdfs fs ajd rfspjds`ohihk`kfs, `utjrhk`kfs y i`s rfi`ahjdfs p`r` ijnr`r sus joefthvjs".

ºF ºFsst` fs i` kf kfbh bhdh dhah ahñd ñd kf qu què è tè tèrg rghd hdj: j: @. Ajdsughkjr O. ]rjvffkjr A. Jrn`dhz`ahñd Jrn`dhz`ahñd K. ]rjvffkjr kf sfrvhahjs

]rfnudt ]rf nudt`` 1 ºVd khspjshthvj gñvhi quf sf sughdhstr` ` ud ajdsughkjr quf tjg` pjsfshñd kf su usj fd fi buturj, fs ud fefgpij kf què ajgpjdfdtf kf jbfrt` kf sfrvhahj: @. Qf Qfrv rvha hahj hj O. @aa @aahjd hjdfs fs kf sfrvha sfrvhahj hj A. Ohfd Ohfdfs fs

K. @aafsj @aafsj ` ijs rfaursj rfaursjss

 

Fefrahahj

]rfnudt`s kf thpj fifaahñd ]r

gõithpif ]rfnudt` ;5 ]rfnudt`s

@atõ` ajgj ud prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahjs, ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd prjkuaf rfsuit`kjs quf `yuk`d ` ijs ajdsughkjrfs ` `ia`dz`r ahfrtjs jutajgfs. Vd Jutajgf sf kfbhdf ajgj5 @. O. A. K.

Vd rfsuit`kj rfsuit`kj p`r` ud st`cfljikfr st`cfljikfr Vd rfsuit`kj rfsuit`kj t`dnhoif t`dnhoif kf ud` `athvhk`k Vd hdt`dnhoif hdt`dnhoif i` prfst`ahñd prfst`ahñd kf ud` `athvhk`k I`s `athvhk`kfs rf`ihz`k`s rf`ihz`k`s pjr fi ajdsughkjr kfi sfrvhahj

 

_fsu sugf gfd d kf kfii gñ gñku kuij ij55 Fd fstf gñkuij, ustfk l` `prfdkhkj quf5 

_fsugfd kfi Gñkuij

  Fd fiffkjr ajdtf ajdtfxtj xtjsfrvhahj kf i` nfsthñ nfs thñd d kf sfrvhahjs sfrvhahkjr hjs,, kf ud`sfrvhahj3 jrn` jrn`dhz dhz`ah `ahñd pufkf pufkk, f ud` `at `atu`r u`r ajgj ud prjvffkjr prjv kf j ajgj ud ijs ajdsug ajdsughkjr fdñd rf`ihk` rf`ihk`k, jrn`dhz jrn`dhz`ahñ `ahñd d pufkf kfsfgpfð`r `gojs rjifs fd au`iquhfr gjgfdtj k`kj.   Fi bhd kf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd fs arf`r v`ijr p`r` i`s p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s. Fi v`ijr fstà sueftj ` i` pfrafpahñd kf ijs khbfrfdtfs hdtfrfs`kjs, sh fstàd `i sfrvhahj kfi ajdsughkjr j prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahj kf p`rtf kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñ jrn`dhz`ahñd. d.   Ijs prjkuatjs fstàd khsfð`kjs p`r` s`thsb`afr i`s dfafshk`kfs kf ijs khbfrfdtfs nrupjs kf

ajdsughkjrfs y ` rfaurrhr ` fiijs. Jbfrt`s kf sfrvhahj sfrvhahj khbfrfdt khbfrfdtfs fs pufkfd sfr arf`k`s o`sàdkjsf o`sàdkjsf fd fi ghsgj prjkuatj prjkuatj,, ij quf    Jbfrt`s pfrghtf quf fi prjkuatj sf pufk` uthihz`r kf gõithpifs g`dfr`s p`r` `tfdkfr i`s dfafshk`kfs kf ijs khsthdtjs nrupjs kf ajdsughkjrfs. Qf fst`oifafd rfi`ahjdfs kf sfrvhahj fdtrf kjs j gàs jrn`dhz`ahjdfs p`r` aj-arf`r v`ijr. Fd ud` rfi`ahñd kf sfrvhahj, i` jrn`dhz`ahñd `sughrà i`s budahjdfs kf sfrvhahj kf prjvffkjrfs j ajdsughkjrfs kf sfrvhahj. sfrvhahjs js b` b`ahi ahiht ht`d `d udj j gàs rfsuit rfsuit`kj `kjss p`r p`r` ` ud aihfdt aihfdtf. f. Fi ijn ijnrj rj kf ijs rfsuit`kj rfsuit`kjss    Ijs sfrvhah kfsf`kjs rfquhfrf kf ijs rfaursjs (ajstjs) y ` gfdukj fstàd rfi`ahjd`kjs ajd ijs rhfsnjs.    [`dtj i` uthihk`k ajgj i` n`r`dtç` sjd hgpjrt`dtfs p`r` quf ud sfrvhahj b`ahihtf ijs rfsuit`kjs kfsf`kjs y pfrghthr i` arf`ahñd kf v`ijr. I` uthihk`k kftfrghd` sh ud sfrvhahj fs "`ptj p`r` fi prjpñshtj"3 i` n`r`dtç` n`r`dtç` kftfrghd` sh ud sfrvhahj fs "`ptj p`r` fi usj‗.

 

GJKVIJ 15 I@Q ; KHGFDQHJDFQ KF I@

NFQ[HÑD KF QF_RHAHJ  

Joefthvjs kf `prfdkhz`ef kfi gñkuij 5 @i bhd bhd`i kf fs fsttf gñk gñkuij ij,, ust ustfk pjkr jkrà5 ▵Khsauthr i`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs kf i` nfsthñd kf sfrvhahjs. ▵Fxpiha`r añgj sf rfi`ahjd` a`k` khgfdshñd ajd fi Qhstfg`

Au`trj Khgfdshjdfs

kf R`ijrfs kf Qfrvhahj

(QRQ). ▵Fxpiha`r ijs b`atjrfs fxtfrdjs quf pufkfd `bfat`r ` i`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs. khgfdshjdfs.

 

I`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs5 ]`r `r` ` `pjy `pjy`r `r ud fdbj fdbjqu quf f ljiç ljiçst stha haj j kf i` nfst nfsthñ hñd d kfi kfi sf sfrv rvha hahj hj,, H[ H[HI HI kfbh kfbhdf df au au`t `trj rj khgfdshjdfs quf ajifathv`gfdtf ajifathv`gfdtf sjd hgpjrt`dtfs hgpjrt`dtfs p`r` i` b`ahiht`ahñd fbfathv` y fbhahfdtf kf v`ijr. I`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs sf gufstr`d fd i` bhnur`. Au`trj Khgfdshjdfs

0. Jrn`dhz`ahjdfs y pfrsjd`s. ?. Hdbjrg`ahñd y tfadjijnç`. 1. Qjahjs y prjvffkjrfs. ;. Buej kf v`ijr y prjafsjs

 

I`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs kfi shstfg` y fi v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj5 I`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs kfofd sfr ajdshkfr`k`s p`r` fi fbhahfdtf budahjd`ghfdtj kf i` tj tjt` t`ihk ihk`k `k kf i` QRQ. QRQ. Fst`s Fst`s au`tr au`trj j khgfds khgfdshjd hjdfs fs rfprfs rfprfsfdt fdt`d `d pfrspf pfrspfath athv` v`ss quf sjd rfifv`dtfs rfifv`d tfs p`r` tjkj fi shstfg` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj (QRQ), hdaiuyfdkj i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj y tjk`s i`s pràatha`s kf H[HI. Au`trj Khgfdshjdfs

 

Ijs tfg`s auohfrtjs

B`atjrfs Fxtfrdjs B`atjrfs (]FQ[FI)

]jiçthaj, Fajdñghaj, Qjah`i, [fadjiñnhaj, Ifn`i y Fajiñnhaj

 

[fg`05 Jrn`dhz`ahñd y ]frsjd`s

 

Joefthvj ajgõd5 Fi joefthvj fs fi rfsuit`kj quf ud` fgprfs` quhfrf ijnr`r. ijnr`r. ]jr ij t`dtj, i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs jrn`dhz`ahjdfs kfofd n`r`dthz`r n`r`dthz`r sh su nfdtf ij fdthfdkf ai`r`gfdtf j dj.

Jrn`dhz`ahjdfs Jrn`dhz`ahjdfs y ]frsjd`s

 

I`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs y pfrsjd`s5 I` shnuhfdtf bhnur` hiustr` i`s a`r`atfrçstha`s ai`vf kf i` khgfdshñd kf jrn`dhz`ahñd y pfrsjd`s.

Jrn`dhz`ahjdfs Jrn`dhz`ahjdfs y ]frsjd`s

 

Fstruatur` jrn`dhz`thv` ohfd kfbhdhk`5 I`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs dfafsht`d ud` fstruatur` ohfd kfbhdhk` p`r` `ihdf`r ` su nfdtf ajd i` fstr`tfnh` nijo`i kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd jrn`dhz`ahñd y gjkfij jpfr`thvj. ]`r` `pjy`r i` fstr`tfnh` y fi gjkfij jpfr`thvj, i`s pfrsjd`s dfafsht`d tfdfr ud` ajgprfdshñd ai`r` kf5 Jrn`dhz`ahjdfs Jrn`dhz`ahjdfs y ]frsjd`s

 

Auitur` Jrn`dhz`ahjd`i Q`iuk`oif5 I` auitur` fs i` g`dfr` fd quf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd iifv` ` a`oj su i`ojr quf arf` v`ijrfs y `athtukfs ajgp`rthk`s, quf ajd fi thfgpj sf ajdvhfrtf fd i` auitur` jrn`d jrn`dhz`ahjd`i. hz`ahjd`i. Auitur` t`gohèd hdaiuyf5    i` vhshñd kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd, jrn`dhz`ahñd,

Jrn`dhz`ahjdfs Jrn`dhz`ahjdfs y ]frsjd`s

   ijs v`ijrfs, i`s djrg`s,   ijs shstfg`s, 

sçgojijs,   ijs   hkhjg`,    supjshahjdfs,    arffdah`s y ajstugorfs ajstugorfs

 

]frsjd`s, l`ohihk`kfs y ajgpftfdah`s jrn`dhz`thv`s jrn`dhz`thv`s I` I`ss pfrs pfrsjd` jd`ss sj sjd d ud rf rfaur aursj sj ai`v ai`vf f kf i` kh khgf gfds dshñ hñd d kf jr jrn` n`dh dhz` z`ah ahjdf jdfss y pfrsjd pfrsjd`s `s.. Fs hgp hgpjrt jrt`dt `dtf f prfst prfst`r `r `t `tfda fdahñd hñd dj sñij sñij ` i`s l`ohihk l`ohihk`kf `kfss y ajgpf ajgpftfd tfdah` ah`ss kf ijs fquhpj fquhpjss j ghfgorjs hdkhvhku`ifs, shdj t`gohèd ` fs fsth thij ijss kf nf nfst sthñ hñd, d, ihkf ihkfr` r`zn znj, j, rj rjgp gpfr fr shij shijss y l`ohi l`ohihk hk`k `kfs fs kf

ajgudha`ahñd ajgudha `ahñd y aji`ojr`ahñd. aji`ojr`ahñd.

Jrn`dhz`ahjdfs hjdfs y Jrn`dhz`a ]frsjd`s

 

[fg`?5

Hdbjrg`ahñd y [fadjijnç`

 

Joefthvj ajgõd5 [jkjs ijs dfnjahjs ajdthfdfd k`tjs, quf dj fs shdj i` hdbjrg`ahñd. Fd ijs thfgpjs gjkfrdjs, i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs uthihz`d i` tfadjijnç` p`r` nfsthjd`r i` nr`d a`dthk`k kf k`tjs. ]jr ij t`dtj, fst` khgfdshñd sf afdtr` fd kjs fifgfdtjs, i` hdbjrg`ahñd y i` tfadjijnç`.

Hdbjrg`ahñd y [fadjijnç`

 

Hdbjrg`ahñd5 Au`dkj sf rfbhfrf ` i` p`rtf kf hdbjrg`ahñd kf i` khgfdshñd kf hdbjrg`ahñd y tfadjijnç`, ud` Jrn`dhz`ahñd Jrn`dhz `ahñd kfof ` rfspjdkfr `inud`s hdtfrrjn`dtfs5 hdtfrrjn`dtfs5

Hdbjrg`ahñd y [fadjijnç`

 

[fadjijnç` 5 A`sh tjkjs ijs sfrvhahjs kf ljy sf o`s`d fd i` tfadjijnç` kf i` hdbjrg`ahñd,   ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd pufkf jpt`r pjr uthihz`r i` tfadjijnç` fd au`iquhfr gjgfdtj p`r` sus prjkuatjs j sfrvhahjs. ]jr ij t`dtj, vhfdfd gual`s prfnudt`s au`dkj jpt`d pjr uthihz`r i` tfadjijnç` Hdbjrg`ahñd y [fadjijnç`

 

Hdbjrg`ahñd y tfadjijnç`

Hdbjrg`ahñd y [fadjijnç`

 

Kfs`bçjs 5 Ljy fd kç`, i` g`yjrç` kf ijs sfrvhahjs sf o`s`d fd [H y kfpfdkfd fd nr`d gfkhk` kf fiijs. Au`dkj sf ajdshkfr` ud` tfadjijnç` p`r` usj fd i` pi`dhbha`ahñd, khsfðj, tr`dshahñd u jpfr`ahñd kf ud prjkuatj j sfrvhahj, i`s prfnudt`s quf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd pufkf l`afr hdaiuyfd5 Ajdshkfr`ahjdfs - Hdbjrg`ahjd y [fadjijnh`

Hdbjrg`ahñd y [fadjijnç`

ºFs fst` tfadjijnç` tfadjijnç` ajgp`thoif ajgp`thoif ajd i` `rquhtfa `rquhtfatur tur` ` `at `atu`i u`i kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd y sus aihfdtfs: ºIjs khbfrfdtfs prjkuatjs kf tfadjijnç` uthihz`kjs pjr i` jrn`dhz`ahñd jrn`dhz`ahñd y sus p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s hdtfrfs`k`s tr`o`e`d eudtjs:

º[hfdf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd jrn`dhz`ahñd i`s l`ohihk`kfs `kfau`k`s fd tjkj su pfrsjd`i y

ºAñgj fs prjo`oif quf i`s tfadjijnç`s fgfrnfdtfs (ajgj fi `prfdkhz`ef `utjgàt `utj gàthaj haj,, i` hdtf hdtfihnf ihnfdah` dah` `rt `rthbha hbhah`i h`i y i` Hdtf Hdtfrdf rdftt kf i`s ajs ajs`s) `s) hdtfrrugp`d fi sfrvhahj j i` jrn`dhz`ahñd:

prjvffkjrfs p`r` rfsp`ik`r y g`dtfdfr i` tfadjijnç`:

º]i`dtf` fst` tfadjijnç` `inõd prjoifg` djrg`thvj j kf augpihghfdtj ajd i`s pjiçtha`s kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd y ijs ajdtrjifs kf sfnurhk`k kf i` hdbjrg`ahñd, j ijs kf sus aihfdtfs:

ºFst` tfadjijnç` thfdf a`p`ahk`kfs kf `utjg`thz`ahñd `utjg`thz`ahñd subhahfdtfs subhahfdtfs p`r` n`r`dthz`r quf pufk` kfs`rrjii`r n`r`dthz`r kfs`rrjii`rsf, sf, hgpifgfdt`rsf hgpifgfdt`rsf y jpfr`rsf jpfr`rsf kf g`dfr` fbhahfdtf:

ºFs fst` ud` tfadjijn tfadjijnç` ç` quf sfnuhrà sfnuhrà shfdkj vh`oif fd fi buturj prfvhshoif: ºFstà i` jrn`dhz`ahñd khspufst` ` `afpt`r fi rhfsnj kf us`r

ºJbrfa ºJbrfaf f

tfadjijnç` josjift` j kf `kjpt`r tfadjijnç` fgfrnfdtf j dj prjo`k`:

`prjvfal`rsf p`r` jtrjs prjkuatjs j sfrvhahjs:

ºFst` tfadjijnç` sf `ihdf` ajd i` fstr`tfnh` kfi prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahjs j kf sus ajdsughkjrfs kf sfrvhahjs:

ºFs ºFst` t` tfadjij tfadjijnç` nç` hdtr hdtrjkua jkuaf f dufvj dufvjss rhf rhfsnj snjss j rfs rfstr trhaa haahjdfs hjdfs p`r` i` jrn`dhz`ahñd (pjr fefgpij, oijquf`ri` fd ud prjvffkjr fspfaçbhaj):

fst` fst`

tfadjijn tfadjijnç` ç`

a`p`a a`p`ahk`kf hk`kfss

`khahjd`i `khahjd`ifs fs quf

pjkrç`d pjkrç`d

 

B`atjrfs fs quf `bfat`d ` i` tfadjijnç`5 B`atjr Vd` jrn`dhz`ahñd kfof ajdshkfr`r gualjs b`atjrfs p`r` fifnhr i`s tfadjijnç`s `kfau`k`s, ajgj i` auitur` jrn`dhz`ahjd`i y i` d`tur`ifz` kf ijs dfnjahjs.

Hdbjrg`ahñd y [fadjijnç`

 

Aijuk Ajgputhdn Vd gjkfij p`r` l`ohiht`r fi `aafsj ` i` rfk ` pfkhkj ` ud ajdeudtj ajgp`rthkj kf rfaursjs hdbjrgàthajs ajdbhnur`oifs ajdbhnur`o ifs quf sf pufkfd prjpjrahjd`r ràphk`gfdtf ràphk`gfdtf ajd ud gçdhgj fsbufrzj kf nfsthñd j hdtfr`aahñd ajd

Hdbjrg`ahñd y [fadjijnç`

fi prjvffkjr prjvffk jr.. Fi Aijuk Ajgputhdn sf l` ajdvfrthkj fd ud a`gohj `rquhtfatñdhaj fd [H, hdtrjkuahfdkj dufv`s jpjrtudhk`kfs y rhfsnjs, y i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs l`d tfdhkj quf rf`aahjd`r `dtf fiijs kf i` g`dfr` gàs ofdfbhahjs` p`r` fiijs ghsgjs, sus aihfdtfs y jtr`s p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s. I`s a`r`atfrçstha`s ai`vf kfi Aijuk Ajgputhdn hdaiuyfd5    Fd kfg`dk` kf khspjdhohihk`k (` gfdukj `utjsfrvhahj) gfdukj `aafsj ` Hdtf Hdtfrdft) rdft)    @aafsj ` i` rfk (` gfdukj    @nrup`ahñd kf rfaursjs rfaursjs (` gfdukj fdtrf gõithpifs jrn`dhz`ahjdfs) jrn`dhz`ahjdfs)    fi`sthahk`k ràphk` ràphk` (` gfdukj `utjg `utjgàtha`) àtha`)    sfrvhahj gfkhkj (` gfdukj kfskf i` pfrspfathv` pfrspfathv` kf sfrvhahj kfi ajdsughkjr). ajdsughkjr).

Jtrj fbfatj hgpjrt`dtf kfi Aijuk Ajgputhdn, ajgj rfsuit`kj kf i` fi`sthahk`k kf ijs rfaursjs kf añgputj, fs quf i` hdbr`fstruatur` kf i` duof pufkf pfrghthr ud kfspihfnuf shndhbha`thv`gfdtf gàs ràphkj kf sfrvhahjs dufvjs y gjkhbha`kjs, pjr ij quf `kghtf i` fdtrfn` kf sfrvhahjs kf `it` vfijahk`k. I` a`p`ahk`k a`p`ahk`k kf ajdbhnur ajdbhnur`r `r y kfspifn` kfspifn`rr rfaursjs rfaursjs hdbjrg hdbjrgàthaj àthajss ajd i` ghsg` ghsg` vfijahk`k vfijahk`k quf i`s dufv`s `piha`ahjdfs fs ud rfquhshtj prfvhj hgpjrt`dtf p`r` fi èxhtj kf KfvJps f hdhah`thv`s shghi`rfs. Fstj `pjy` ` i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs gjkfrd`s fd su dfafshk`k kf ud thfgpj kf ajgfrah`ihz`ahñd gàs ràphkj y i` khnht`ihz`ahñd kf sus sfrvhahjs. [fdhfdkj fd aufdt` i` hdbiufdah` kfi Aijuk Ajgputhdn fd i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs, fs hgpjrt`dtf tjg`r kfahshjdfs

sjorf fi usj kf fstf gjkfij fd fi dhvfi fstr`tènhaj kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd, hdvjiuar`dkj ` tjkjs ijs dhvfifs kf p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s, kfskf fi njohfrdj l`st` i`s jpfr`ahjdfs.

 

[fg`15

Qjahjs y ]rjvffkjrfs

 

Qjahjs y ]rjvffkjr ]rjvffkjrfs fs I` khgfdshñd kf sjahjs y prjvffkjrfs hdaiuyf i`s rfi`ahjdfs kf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd jrn`dhz`ahñd ajd jtr`s jrn`dhz`ahjdf jrn`dhz`ahjdfs. s. ▵A`sh tjk` jrn`dhz`ahñd y a`k` sfrvhahj kfpfdkf fd ahfrt` gfkhk` kf ijs sfrvhahjs prjpjrahjd`kjs pjr

Qjahjs y ]rjvffkjr ]rjvffkjrfs fs

jtr`s jtr `s jrn jrn`dh `dhz`a z`ahjd hjdfs. fs. ]jr ij t`dtj t`dtj,, tr tr`o` `o`e`d e`d ajd sjahjs sjahjs y prjvff prjvffkjr kjrfs fs p`r` p`r` ajd ajdsfn sfnuhr uhr fi joefth joefthvj vj jrn`dhz`thvj. ▵Ijs sjahjs y prjvffkjrfs pufkfd fst`r hdvjiuar`kjs fd a`k` b`sf kfi kfs`rrjiij kfi prjkuatj j i` nfsthñ nfs thñd d kf sfrvhah sfrvhahjs, js, t`i t`ifs fs ajgj ajgj fi khsfðj khsfðj,, kfs`rr kfs`rrjii jiij, j, hgpifg hgpifgfdt fdt`ahñ `ahñd, d, fdtrfn fdtrfn`, `, sjpj sjpjrtf rtf y gfejr gfejr` ` ajdthdu`. ▵G` G`dt dtfd fdfr fr rf rfi`a i`ahj hjdf dfss s`d` s`d`ss aj ajd d sjahj sjahjss y prjv prjvff ffkj kjrf rfss fs pj pjrr ij t` t`dt dtj, j, fsfda fsfdah`i h`i p`r` p`r` quf quf i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs jbrfza`d jbrfza`d fi v`ijr rfqufrhkj p`r` ijs aihfdtfs.

 

I`s rfi`ahjdfs jrn`dhz`ahjd`ifs ajd sjahjs y prjvffkjrfs5

Qjahjs y ]rjvffkjr ]rjvffkjrfs fs

I`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs tr`o`e`d ajd sjahjs j prjvffkjrfs ` tr`vès kf5 Qjah ahjs js kf Qfrv Qfrvha hahj hj5 Ajgp`rtfd joefthvjs y rhfsnjs ajgudfs, `sç ajgj aji`ojr`r p`r`  Qj ijnr`r ijs rfsuit`kjs kfsf`kjs.  Qjahjs kf Ohfdfs y Qfrvhahjs5 Ajdtr jdtr` `tjs bjrg`i rg`ifs fs y ai` i`rr` sfp`r fp`r`a `ahñ hñd d kf rfspjds`ohihk`kfs. Rf`gjs `inudjs kf ijs fefgpijs kf rfi`ahjdfs fdtrf jrn`dhz`ahjdfs.

 

@tfdkfr fdkfr ` sus sjahjs y prjvffkj prjvffkjrfs5 rfs5 @t ▵Vdj

Qjahjs y ]rjvffkjr ]rjvffkjrfs fs

kf ijs gètjkjs p`r` l`afr brfdtf ` ijs sjahjs

y prjvffkjrfs fs i` hdtfnr`ahñd y nfsthñd kf sfrvhahjs (QH@G). ▵N` N`rr`dth `dthzz` i` `kfa `kfau` u`k` k` aj ajjr jrkh khd` d`ah ahñd ñd kf i` i`ss rf rfi` i`ahj ahjdf dfss kf sfrv sfrvha hahj hj uthi uthihz hz`d `dkj kj ud hd hdtf tfnr nr`k `kjr jr fspfah`igfdtf fspfah`igfdt f fst`oifahkj. fst`oifahkj. ▵

Vnr`a d``ahñ jr jrn dhz hz`a `ahñ hñd dhahj uf f sthñ fifn fid fnhr hr kfi fifn fn`r `rj kf i` hdtf hdtfnr hñd dn`kf sf sfrv rvha hjsspufk y knfst nf hñd ` ud sj sjah ahj ajdbh`dz`.

 

Ijs prjvffkjrfs y su hgp`atj fd i` fstr` fstr`tfnh` tfnh` jrn`dhz`ahjd`i5 I` fstr`tfnh` kf ud` Jrn`dhz`ahñd p`r` uthihz`r sjahjs y prjvffkjrfs kfof o`s`rsf fd sus fdtjrdj fgprfs`rh`i, t`ifs ajgj5 Ij Ijss joefthvjs, b` b`at atjr jrfs fs auitur` quf quf pufk puyfkfd fd hd hdbi biuh uhrr fd i` fstr fs tr`t `tfn fnh` h` kf ud` ud` jrn` jrn`dh dhz` z`ah ahñd ñd `i us`r us`r prjvffkjrfs hdaiuyfd5 Qjahjs y ]rjvffkjr ]rjvffkjrfs fs

 

Ijs prjvffkjrfs y su hgp`atj fd i` fstr` fstr`tfnh` tfnh` jrn`dhz`ahjd`i5    Fdbjquf fstr`tènhaj5 @inud`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs pufkfd prfbfrhr afdtr`rsf

fd su ajgpftfda ajgpftfdah` h` afdtr`i afdtr`i y suoajdtr` suoajdtr`t`r t`r budahjdfs kf `pjyj `pjyj dj

Qjahjs y ]rjvffkjr ]rjvffkjrfs fs

afdtr`ifs ` tfrafrjs3 jtrjs prfbhfrfd qufk`rsf ij gàs `utjsubhahfdtfs pjshoi pjs hoif, f, g`dtfd g`dtfdhfd hfdkj kj fi ajdtrj ajdtrjii tjt`i tjt`i sjo sjorf rf tjk tjk`s `s i`s budahj budahjdfs dfs hgpjrt`dtfs.    Auitur` ajrpjr`thv`5 @inud`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs thfdfd ud` prfbfrfdah` lhstñrha` pjr ud fdbjquf sjorf jtrj. Fi sfsnj auitur`i kf i`rn` k`t` fs khbçahi kf a`goh`r shd r`zjdfs ajdvhdafdtfs. ajdvhdafdtfs. rfaursjs5 Qh ud rfaursj j ajdeudtj kf l`ohihk`kfs rfqufrhkj    Fsa`sfz kf rfaursjs

 

 

 

 

fs pufkf khbçahi p`r` fi prjvffk prjvffkjr jr kf sfrvhahjs `kquhrhr `kquhrhr ij quffsa`sj, sf dfafsht` shdsfr ajdtr`t`r ud prjvffkjr. ]rfjaup`ahjdfs kf ajstj ajstj5 Vd` kfahshñd pufkf vfrsf hdbiufdah`k` pjr sh fi prjvffkjr kfi sfrvhahj arff quf fs gàs fajdñghaj jotfdfr ud rfqufrhghfdtj p`rthaui`r kf ud prjvffkjr. Fxpfrhfdah` fd i` g`tfrh`5 Fi prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahjs pufkf arffr quf fs gfdjs rhfsnjsj uthihz`r ud prjvffkjr quf y` thfdf fxpfrhfdah` fd ud àrf` àr f` rfq rfqufr ufrhk` hk`,, fd iun iun`r `r kf tr` tr`t`r t`r kf kfs`rr kfs`rrjii jii`r `r y g`d g`dtfd tfdfr fr i` fxpfrhfdah` kf `qufii` g`tfrh` fd i` a`s`. _fstrhaahjdfs fxtfrd`s5 I` rfnui` rfnui`ahñ ahñd d j pji pjiçth çtha` a` kfi njohf njohfrdj rdj,, ijs añkhnjs kf ajdkuat` kf i` hdkustrh` y i`s rfstrhaahjdfs sjah`ifs, pjiçtha`s j ifn`if ifn`ifss pufkfd pufkfd `b `bfat fat`r `r i` fst fstr` r`tfn tfnh` h` kf prj prjvff vffkjr kjrfs fs kf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd. ]`trj ]`trjdfs dfs kf kfg`dk` kfg`dk`5 I` `athvhk` `athvhk`k k kfi aihfdtf aihfdtf j i` kfg`dk` kfg`dk` kf sfrvh sfrvhah ahjs js pufk pufkf f sfr sfr fs fst` t`ah ahjd jd`i `i j kfgj kfgjst str` r`rr ud `itj `itj nr`k nr`kj j kf

v`rh`ohihk v`rh `ohihk`k. `k. Fstjs p`trjdfs p`trjdfs pufkfd `bfat`r i` gfkhk` gfkhk` fd quf i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs uthihz`d prjvffkjrfs kf sfrvhahjs fxtfrdjs p`r` l`afr brfdtf ` i` kfg`dk` v`rh`oif.  

[fg`;5

]rjafsjs y biuejs kf v`ijr

 

]rjafsjs y biuejs kf v`ijr 5 @athvhk`kfs quf rf`ihz` i` Jrn`dhz`ahñd . ]rjafsjs y biuejs kf v`ijr. Ajgj sf jrn`dhz`d i`s `athvhk`kfs.

Ajgj sf n`r`dthz` i` arf`ahñd kf v`ijr p`r` tjkjs ijs hdtfrfs`kjs kf g`dfr` fbhahfdtf y fbfathv`.

 

Biuejs kf v`ijr (R (R`iuf `iuf Qtrf`gs)5 "Vd v`iuf strf`g fs ud` sfrhf kf p`sjs quf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd uthihz` p`r` arf`r y fdtr fd trfn fn`r `r pr prjk jkua uatj tjss y sf sfrv rvha hahj hjss ` ij ijss usu` usu`rh rhjs js kfi kfi sf sfrvh rvhah ahj. j. Ajgo Ajgohd hd`a `ahñ hñd d kf i` i`ss `athvhk`kfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd". jrn`dhz`ahñd". ]rjafsjs y biuejs kf v`ijr.

I` jpthghz`ahñd kfi biuej kf v`ijr pufkf hdaiuhr i` `utjg`thz`ahñd kf prjafsjs j i` `kjpahñd kf tfadjijnç`s fgfrnfdtfs y bjrg`s kf tr`o`ej p`r` jotfdfr fbhahfdah`s y gfejr`r i` fxpfrhfdah` kfi usu`rhj.

 

A`r`atfrçstha`s frçstha`s kf ijs biuejs kf v`ijr 5 A`r`at

]rjafsjs y biuejs kf v`ijr.

 

]rjafsjs 5 ]rjafsjs

]rjafsjs y biuejs kf v`ijr.

Vd prjafsj fs ud ajdeudtj kf `athvhk`kfs hdtfrrfi`ahjd`k`s quf hdtfr`atõ`d j quf tr`dsbjrg`r hdsugjs fd prjkuatjs. ]rjafsjs kfbhdfd i` sfaufdah` kf `aahjdfs y sus kfpfdkfdah`s. Vd prjafsj thfdf ud` j gàs fdtr`k`s kfbhdhk`s y i`s ajdvhfrtf fd s`ihk`s kfbhdhk`s. Ijs prjafsjs sjd nfdfr`igfdtf prjafkhghfdtjs kft`ii`kjs quf kfsarhofd quhèd fstà hgpiha`kj fd fi prjafsj y i`s hdstruaahjdfs kf tr`o`ej, quf fxpiha`d añgj sf iifv`d ` a`oj.

 

I` fstruatur` kf ijs sfrvhahjs 5

]rjafsjs y biuejs kf v`ijr.

I` ghsg` fstruatur` kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr, biuejs kf v`ijr, prjafsjs, prjafkhghfdtjs f hdstruaahjdfs kf tr`o`ej sf `piha` ` ijs sfrvhahjs. ]jr ij t`dtj, i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs kfofd ajdshkfr`r i`s shnuhfdtfs prfnudt`s ` i` ljr` kf arf`r, khstrhouhr y gfejr`r ud sfrvhahj.

I`s rfspufst`s fspfaçbha`s ` fst`s prfnudt`s v`rh`ràd sfnõd i` d`tur`ifz` y i` `rquhtfatur` kfi sfrvhahj.

 

[fg`65

B`atjrfs fxtfrdjs fxtfrdjs y fi Gjkfij ]FQ[FI.

 

Ijs b`atjrfs fxtfrdjs fxtfrdjs y fi Gjkfij ]FQ[IF 5 Ijs prjvffkj prjvffkjrfs rfs kf sfrvhahj sfrvhahj dj budahjd`d budahjd`d `hsi`k`gfdtf. `hsi`k`gfdtf. ]jr ij t`dtj, t`dtj, ijs b`atjr b`atjrfs fs fxtfrdjs fxtfrdjs pufkfd hdbiuhr fd i` bjrg` fd quf fiijs tr`o`e`d. Fi Gjkfij ]FQ[IF kfsarhof b`atjrfs quf ihght`d j hdbiuyfd fd ajgj jpfr` ud prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahjs. B`atjrfs fs fxtfrdjs y fi B`atjr Gjkfij ]FQ[FI.

 

Ijs b`atjrfs fxtfrdjs fxtfrdjs y fi Gjkfij ]FQ[IF 5

B`atjrfs fxtfrdjs y fi B`atjrfs Gjkfij ]FQ[FI.

 

Gjkfij ]FQ[IF y i`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs Ijs b`atjrfs ]FQ[IF thfdfd ud nr`d hgp`atj fd i` g`dfr` fd quf i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs ajdbhnur`d rfaursjs y `ojrk`d i`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs. I` QRQ fs ` sus gfdukj hda`p`z kf ajdtrji`r ajdtrji `r fstjs b`atjrfs. Gjkfij ]FQ[IF y Au`trj Khgfdshjdfs

 

Fefrahahj5 ]rfnudt`s kf thpj fifaahñd gõithpif

]rfnudt`s

]rfnudt` 0 I` hda`p`ahk`k kf l`afr brfdtf ` i`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs pufkf ajdkuahr ` què hgp`atj `kvfrsj p`r` fi dfnjahj: @. Ijs pr prjvffk jvffkjrfs jrfs dj fdtrfn fdtrfn`d `d fi v`ijr `prjph`kj `prjph`kj p`r` fi khdfrj. khdfrj. O. Ijs ajdsughkjrf ajdsughkjrfss y ijs ijs prjvf prjvffkjr fkjrfs fs kf sfrvhahjs dj pufk`d tr`o`e`r tr`o`e`r eudtjs. eudtjs. A. Qfrvhahjs Qfrvhahjs dj sf fdtrfn`d fdtrfn`d kf kfdtrj dtrj kf i`s fxpfat fxpfat`thv` `thv`ss kf i` a`ihk`k a`ihk`k j i` fbhahfdah`. fbhahfdah`. K. [fadjijn fadjijnç` ç` dj ajgp`thoif ajgp`thoif ajd i`s fxhnfd fxhnfdah`s ah`s kf ijs ajdsughkjrf ajdsughkjrfss ]rfnudt` ? Ajdshkfr`dkj i` khgfdshñd kf hdbjrg`ahñd y tfadjijnç`, ºAuài kf fst`s prfnudt`s kfofrç` l`afrsf au`dkj sf hgpifgfdt`d dufv`s tfadjijnç`s: 0. ºFst` tfadjijnç` pi`dtf` `inõd prjoifg` rfnui`tjrhj j kf jtrj thpj: ?. ºFst` tfadjijnç` tfadjijnç` sf `ihdf` ajd i` fstr`tfnh` kfi prjvffkjr kfi sfrvhahj:

1. g`dtfdfr º[hfdf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd jrn`dhz `ahñd i`s l`ohihk`kfs `kfau`k`s fdtrf fdtrf su pfrsjd`i y prjvffkjrfs prjvffkjrfs p`r` p`r` rfsp`ik`r y i` tfadjijnç`: @. 0, ? y 1 O. 0 y 1 A. ? y 1

K. 0 sñij. sñij.

 

Fefrahahj5 ]rfnudt`s kf thpj fifaahñd gõithpif

]rfnudt`s

]rfnudt` 1 Auài kf ijs shnuhfdtfs fefgpijs sjd ajdshkfr`kjs b`atjrfs quf pufkfd hdbiuhr fd i` fstr`tfnh` kf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd `i uthihz`r prjvffkjrfs: 0. I` kfahshñd kfahshñd kf sfr ij gàs gàs `utjsubhahfd `utjsubhahfdtfs tfs ajg ajgj j sf` pjsho pjshoif. if. ?. Vd` kfahshñd kfahshñd p`r p`r` ` rfku rfkuahr ahr ijs ajstf ajstfss kf i` fgprfs`. fgprfs`. 1. I` kfah kfahshñ shñd d kf quf quf i`s i`s l`ohi l`ohihk hk`k `kfs fs rfqu rfqufr frhk hk`s `s p`r` p`r` ajds ajdstr truh uhrr ud` ud` hd hdha hah` h`th thv` v` sf df dfaf afsht sht`d `d

;. hdgfkh`t`gfdtf. Vd` kfahshñd kfahshñd kf quf ud sfrv sfrvhahj hahj j ud prjkuatj prjkuatj kfgjstr` kfgjstr`ràd ràd ud `itj nr nr`kj `kj kf v`rh`ohihk` v`rh`ohihk`k. k. @. ? y 1 O. 1 y ; A. 0, ? y 1 K. 0, ?, 1 y ;

 

Fefrahahj5 ]rfnudt`s kf thpj fifaahñd gõithpif ]rfnudt` Auàii kf ijs; shn Auà shnuhf uhfdtf dtfss b`atjr b`atjrfs fs quf pjkrç` pjkrç`d d ajdshk ajdshkfr fr`rs `rsf f ajgj ajgj b`atjr b`atjrfs fs fxtfr fxtfrdjs djs quf kfofrç kfofrç`d `d

]rfnudt`s

`d`ihz`rsf ` gfkhk` quf hdbiuyfd fd añgj jpfr` ud prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahjs: 0. Ifnhsi`ahñd nuofrd`gfdt`i nuofrd`gfdt`i p`r` g`dtfdfr tjkjs ijs k`tjs hdtfrdjs kf i`s brjdtfr`s kfi p`çs. ?. I`s hdbiufdah`s hdbiufdah`s sjah`ifs kf hdvjiuar hdvjiuar`r `r ` tjk` i` b`ghih`. 1. Ijs b`atjrfs fajdñghajs quf `ugfdt`d i` auitur` kf `ljrrj kf ajstfs. @. O. A. K.

0y? 0y1 ?y1 0, ? y 1

 

_fsugfd kfi gñkuij Fd fstf fstf gñ gñku kuij ij,, us ustf tfk k l` `prf `prfdk dkhk hkj j qu quf5 f5 ▵ Vdj kf ijs gètjkjs p`r` p`r` khrhnhr ` sjahjs y prjv prjvffkjrfs ffkjrfs fs fi QH@G. QH@G. ▵  Vd biuej kf v`ijr (v`iuf strf`g) fs ud` ajgohd`ahñd kf i`s `athvhk`kfs

_fsugfd

kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd, `yuk` ` tfdfr ud rfdkhghfdtj gfejr`kj y ud` gfejr ajgprfdshñd, fi `ugfdtj kf i` p prjkuathvhk`k rjkuathvhk`k y gfejr` ajdthdu`. ▵ Vd prjafsj fs ud ajdeudtj kf `athvhk`kfs hdtfrr hdtfrrfi`ahjd`k`s fi`ahjd`k`s quf hdtfr`at hdtfr`atõ`d õ`d j quf tr`dsbjrg`r hdsugjs fd prjkuatjs. ▵  I`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs kfofrç`d ajdshkfr`r i`s shnuhfdtfs prfnudt`s ` i` ljr` kf arf`r, khstrhouhr y gfejr`r ud sfrvhahj5 •   ºAuài fs fi gjkfij kf fdtrfn fdtrfn` ` nfdèrha nfdèrhaj j p`r` fi sfrvhahj sfrvhahj,, y añg añgj j budahjd` fi • •

sfrvhahj:   ºA ºAuà uàif ifss sj sjd d ijs ijs v` v`iu iuf f st strf rf`g `gss hg hgpi piha ha`k `kjs js fd i` fd fdtr trfn fn` ` kf rfsu rfsuit it`k `kjs js `ajrk`kjs kfi sfrvhahj:   ºPuè j quhèd rf`ihz` i`s `aahjdf `aahjdfss kf sfrvhahj dfafs`rh`s:

 

_fsugfd kfi gñkuij Fd fstf fstf gñ gñku kuij ij,, us ustf tfk k l` `prf `prfdk dkhk hkj j qu quf5 f5 ▵

_fsugfd

 I`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs kfbhdhk`s pjr yH[HI p`r` i` nfsthñd sfrvhahjs sjd jrn`dhz`ahjdfs y pfrsjd`s, hdbjrg`a hdbjrg`ahñd hñd y tfadjijnç`, sjahjs prjvffkjrfs, v`iuf kf strf`gs y prjafsjs. khgfdshñd kf i`s jrn` jrn`dhz dhz`ah `ahjdf jdfss y i`s pfr pfrsjd sjd`s `s sf afdtr afdtr` ` fd tfdfr tfdfr ud` fstruatu fstruatur` r` ▵   I` khgfdshñd jrn`dhz`thv` ohfd kfbhdhk`, auitur` s`d`, ajdjahghfdtjs y ajgpftfdah`s `atu`ihz`k`s y joefthvj ajgõd. ▵   @i tr tr`t `t`r `r ajd ajd i` p`rtf p`rtf kf hdbjrg hdbjrg`ah `ahñd ñd kf i` khgfds khgfdshñd hñd kf hdbjrg hdbjrg`ah `ahñd ñd y tfadji tfadjijnç jnç`, `, ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd kfof rfspjdkfr ` i`s shnuhfdtfs prfnudt`s5 jrn`dhz`ahñd   ºPuè hdbjrg`ahñd hdbjrg`ahñd nfsthjd`rà ijs sfrvhahjs: •   ºPuè hdbjrg`ahñd y ajdjahghfdtj ajdjahghfdtj kf `pjyj sf rfquhfrf rfquhfrf p`r` jbrfafr y nfsthjd`r nfsthjd`r ijs sfrvhahjs: •   ºAñgj ºAñgj v` ` pr prjt jtfn fnfr fr,, nf nfst sthj hjd` d`rr, `ral `ralhv hv`r `r y khsp khspjd jdfr fr kf ijs ijs `athv `athvjs js kf hdbj hdbjrg rg`a `ahñ hñd d y ajdjahghfdtjs: •

▵

 Ijs prjvffkjrfs kf sfrvhahjs kfofd fst`rsfprfp`r`kjs ajd i` i`stfadjijnç` rfspufst`sp`r` ` i`ssus prfnudt`s quf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd pufk` `ugfdt`r au`dkj kfahkf uthihz`r prjkuatjs j sfrvhahjs. ▵  I`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs tr`o`e`d ajd sjahjs y prjvffkjrfs p`r` ijnr`r fi joefthvj jrn`dhz`ahjd`i. ]jr ajdshnuhfdtf, g`dtfdfr rfi`ahjdfs s`d`s ajd sjahjs y prjvffkjrfs, fs pjr ij t`dtj, fsfdah`i p`r` quf i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs jrn`dhz`ahjdfs jbrfza`d fi v`ijr rfqufrhkj p`r` ijs aihfdtfs.

 

GJKVIJ ;5 KF R@IJ_ KFI FI QHQ[FG@ QF_RHAHJ KF H[HI  

Joefthvjs kf `prfdkhz`ef kfi gñkuij5 @i bhd`i kf fstf gñkuij, ustfk pjkrà5  Fxpiha`r fi shstfg` kf v`ijr kf sfrvhahj.  Fdtfdkfr sus ajgpjdfdtfs5 QRQ

  Ijs ]rhdahphjs _fatjrfs   Njofrd`dz`    A`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj y i` bhd`ihk`k kf sus `athvhk`kfs.   ]r`atha`s   Gfejr` Ajdthdu`

 

Ijs tfg`s auohfrtjs5 QHQ[FG@ KF R@IJ_ KF QF_RHAHJ

QRQ y ARQ

A@KFD@ KF R@IJ_ KF QF_RHAHJ  

[fg`05 Qhstfg` kf R`ijr R`ijr kf Qfrvhahj (QRQ)

 

Qh Qhsstfg fg`` kf R`i `ij jr kf kfii sf sfrv rvha hahj hj Vd ajgpjdfdtf ai`vf kfi g`raj H[HI ;, fs fi shstfg` kf v`ijr kf sfrvhahj H[HI (QRQ). Fi prjpñshtj kf  ’Fi  QRQ kf  H[HI‗ fs `s `sfn fnur ur`r `r yquf i` jr jrn` n`dhz dhz`a `ahñ hñd d aj-ar aj-arff aj ajdt dthd hdu` u`gf gfdt dtf f v` v`ij ijrr  ajd tjk`s i`s p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s ` tr`vès kfi usj i` nfsthñd kf prjkuatjs yff sfrvhahjs. I` QRQ thfdf 6 ajgpjdfdtfs oàshajs y i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj sfrvh ahj fs udj kf fiijs. I` fstruatur` kf ’Fi QRQ kf H[HI‗ sf gufstr` fd i` bhn. QRQ

 

Qhstfg` kf R`ijr Q frvhahj5 R`ijr kf Qfrvhahj5 Fi i`kj hzquhfrkj kf i` bhnur` gufstr` i` jpjrtudhk`k y i` kfg`dk` kf `ihgfdt`ahñd fd f fii QRQ kfskf bufdtfs hdtfrd`s y fxtfrd`s. Fi i`kj kfrfalj gufstr` fi v`ijr arf`kj p`r` i` jrn`dhz jrn`dhz`ahñd, `ahñd, sus aihfdtfs y jtr`s p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s Qhstfg` kf R`ijr kf Qfrvhahj

 

QRQ - Aj Ajgp gpjd jdfd fdtf tfss

QRQ - Ajgpjdfdtfs

Fi QRQ hdaiuyf ijs shnuhfdtfs ajgpjdfdtfs5    ]rhdahphjs rfatjrfs5  _fajgfdk`ahjdfs quf pufkfd nuh`r ` ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd fd tj tjk`s k`s i`s ahr ahraud audst st`da `dah`s h`s,, hdk hdkfpf fpfdkh dkhfdt fdtfgf fgfdt dtf f kf ijs a` a`goh gohjs js fd sus joefthvjs, fstr`tfnh`s, thpj kf tr`o`ej j fstruatur` kf nfsthñd.    Njofrd`dz`5   Ijs Ijs gf gfkh khjs js pj pjrr ij ijss au au`i `ifs fs ud` jr jrn n`d `dhz hz`a `ahñ hñd d fs kh khrh rhnh nhk` k` y ajdtrji`k`.

   A`kf A`kfd` d` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvh sfrvhahj ahj5   Vd ajdeudtj kf `athvhk`kfs hdtfrajdfat`k`s

quf rf`ihz` ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd p`r` fdtrfn`r ud prjkuatj j sfrvhahj v`ihjsj ` sus ajdsughkjrfs y p`r` b`ahiht`r i` rf`ihz`ahñd kf v`ijr.    ]ràatha`s5 Ajdeudtjs kf rfaursjs jrn`dhz`ahjd`ifs khsfð`kjs p`r` rf`ihz`r ud tr`o`ej j ijnr`r ud joefthvj.    Gfejr` ajdthdu`5  Vd` `athvhk`k jrn`dhz`ahjd`i rfaurrfdtf quf sf rf`ihz` fd tjkjs ijs dhvfifs p`r` n`r`dthz`r quf fi kfsfgpfðj kf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd augpi` ajdthdu`gfdtf ajd i`s fxpfat`thv`s kf ijs hdtfrfs`kjs.

H[HI ; `kghtf i` gfejr` ajdthdu` ajd fi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu` H[HI.

 

Qhstfg` kf R`ijr Qfr vhahj R`ijr kfi Qfrvhahj

Qhstfg` kf R`ijr kf Qfrvhahj

Fi QRQ QRQ kf H[H [HII fxp xpih ihaa` añgj ijs ajgpjdfdtfs y `athvhk`kfs kf i` jrnn`dhz jr `dhz`a `ahñ hñd d tr tr`o `o`e `e`d `d eudt eudtjs js aj ajgj gj ud sh shst stfg fg``  p`r` pfrghthr i` arf`ahñd kf v`ijr. ’Fi   QRQ kf   H[HI‗   kfsar kfsarhof hof ijs `pj `pjrt rtfs fs ` fstf fstf shs shstf tfg` g` (jp (jpjr jrtud tudhk` hk`k k y kfg`dk`), ijs fifgfdtjs kf fstf shstfg` (njohfrdj jrn`dhz`thvj, nfsthñd kf sfrv sfrvha hahj hjs, s, gfej gfejrr` ajd ajdth thdu du` ` y i` i`ss a` a`p` p`ah ahk` k`kf kfss y rfaur faursj sjss kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd), jrn`d hz`ahñd), y ijs rfsuit`kjs (ijnrj kf joefthvjs jrn`dhz`ahjd`ifs jrn`dhz`ahjd`ifs y v`ijr p`r` i` jrn`dhz`ahñd).

 

Qhstfg` kf R`ijr Qfr vhahj R`ijr kfi Qfrvhahj   Fi QRQ kf a`k` jrn`dhz`ahñd thfdf hdtfrb`afs ajd jtr`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs, bjrg`dkj ud

Qhstfg` kf R`ijr kf Qfrvhahj

fajshstfg` quf ` su vfz pufkf b`ahiht`r fi v`ijr p`r` fs`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs, sus aihfdtfs y jtr`s jtr`s p`rtfs p`rtfs hdtfrfs hdtfrfs`k`s. `k`s. ]`r` ]`r` budahjd`r budahjd`r ajrrfat`g ajrrfat`gfdt fdtf, f, i` `kghdhst `kghdhstr`ah r`ahñd ñd kfi sfrvhahj kfof budahjd`r ajgj ud shstfg`. shstfg`.   Fi QRQ l` shkj khsfð`kj fspfaçbha`gfdtf p`r` pfrghthr bifxhohihk`k y kfs`ifdt`r fi tr`o`ej fd shijs.

 

I` supfr`ahñd kf shijs jrn`dhz`thvjs 5 Fi g`yjr kfs`bçj p`r` i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs kf ljy fd kç` fs i` prfsfdah` kf shijs jrn`dhz`thvjs.

Fv Fvht` ht`rr pr pràat àatha` ha`ss ajgj ajgj shij shijs. s.

Qhijs Jrn`dhz Jrn`dhz`thvjs `thvjs

Ijs Qhijs jrn jrn`dhz `dhz`thv `thvjs5 js5 bàahi ` hdbjrg`ahñd hdbjrg`ahñd y fxpfrhfdah`    Hgphkf fi `aafsj bàahi a`gohj    _fshstfdah` `i a`gohj fbhahfdah` y `ugfdt` ijs ijs ajstfs    _fkuaf i` fbhahfdah` aji`ojr`ahñd    L`af khbçahi i` ajgudha`ahñd y aji`ojr`ahñd jrn`dhz`ahjdfs dj pufk`d `prjvfal`r `prjvfal`r ràphk`gfdtf i`s jpjrtudhk` jpjrtudhk`kfs kfs    L`af quf i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs    L`af quf i` tjg` kf kfahshjdfs sf` hdfbha`z kfohkj ` i` vhshohihk`k ihght`k` y

`nfdk`s jauit`s. ajdvfrthrsf fd shijs. [ [jk`s jk`s i`s pràatha`s kfofd tfdfr    I`s pràatha`s t`gohèd pufkfd ajdvfrthrsf

gõithpifs hdtfrb`afs fdtrf sç. Fi hdtfra`gohj kf hdbjrg`ahñd fdtrf pràatha`s kfof `ath `athv` v`rs rsf f fd pudt pudtjs js ai`v ai`vf f kfi kfi bi biue uej j kf tr`o tr`o`e `ej j y fs fsfd fsfdah ah`i `i p`r` p`r` fi ajrr ajrrfa fatj tj budahjd`ghfdtj kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd. jrn`dhz`ahñd.

I` QRQ l` shkj fspfaçbha`gfdtf khsfð`k` p`r` pfrghthr bifxhohihk`k y kfs`ifdt`r tr`o`e`r fd shijs.

 

@nhihk`k Jrn`dhz`ahjd`i y _fshihfdah` Jrn`dhz`ahjd`i 5 Fi QRQ kf H[HI H[H I prjpjrahjd` ijs gfkhjs p`r` ijnr`r i` `nh `nhihk ihk`k `k y rf rfshi shihf hfdah` dah` jrn`dhz`ahjd`i, b`ahiht`r i`

@nhihk`k y _fshihfdah`

`kjpahñd kf ud` khrfaahñd sñihk` y udhbha`k`, fdbja`k` fd fi v`ijr y fdtfdkhk` pjr tjkjs fd i` jrn`dhz`ahñd. ]`r` quf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd tfdn` èxhtj, kfof ijnr`r `nhihk`k jrn`dhz`thv` p`r` sjpjrt`r a`gohjs hdtfrdjs y rfshihfdah` jrn`dhz`ahjd`i p`r` rfshsthr f hdaiusj prjspfr`r fd ahraudst`dah`s fxtfrd`s a`goh`dtfs. I` jrn`dhz`ahñd t`gohèd kfof sfr ajdshkfr`k` ajgj p`rtf kf ud fajshstfg` gàs `gpihj kf jrn`dhz`ahjdfs, jrn`dhz` ahjdfs, tjk`s fdtrfn`dkj, ajjrkhd`dkj y ajdsughfdkj prjkuatjs y sfrvhahjs. I` `nhihk `nhihk`k `k jrn`dh jrn`dhz` z`thv thv`` fs i` a`p`ahk`k kf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd p`r` gjvfrsf y `k`pt`r `k`pt`rsf sf kf g`dfr` ràphk`, bifxhoif y kfahshv` p`r` sjpjrt`r a`gohjs hdtfrdjs. Fstjs pufkfd hdaiuhr a`gohjs fd fi `ia`daf kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd, bushjdfs y `kquhshahjdfs, a`gohjs fd i`s pràatha`s jrn`dhz`thv`s j tfadjijnç` tfadj ijnç`ss quf rfquhfrfd rfquhfrfd khbfrfdtfs khbfrfdtfs l`ohihk`kfs l`ohihk`kfs j fstru fstruatur atur` ` jrn`dhz` jrn`dhz`thv` thv` y a`gohjs a`gohjs fd i`s rfi`ahjdfs ajd ijs sjahjs y prjvffkjr prjvffkjrfs. fs. I` rf rfsh shih ihfd fdah ah`` jr jrn` n`dhz dhz`a `ahj hjd` d`ii   fs i` a`p`ahk`k a`p`ahk`k kf ud` jrn`dhz` jrn`dhz`ahñd ahñd p`r` p`r` `dthahp`r `dthahp`r,, prfp`r`r prfp`r`rsf, sf, rfspjdkfr y `k`pt`rsf t`dtj ` ijs a`gohjs hdarfgfdt`ifs ajgj ` i`s hdtfrrupahjdfs rfpfdthd`s kfskf kfs kf ud` pfrspf pfrspfath athv` v` fxtfrd fxtfrd`. `. I`s hdbiuf hdbiufdah dah`s `s fxt fxtfrd frd`s `s pufkfd pufkfd sfr pjiçtha pjiçtha`s, `s, fajdñg fajdñgha` ha`s, s, sjah`ifs, tfadjiñnha`s, ifn`ifs j `gohfdt`ifs.

I` rfshihfdah` dj sf pufkf ijnr`r shd ud fdtfdkhghfdtj ajgõd kf i`s prhjrhk`kfs y ijs joefthvjs kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd, quf fst`oifaf i` khrfaahñd y prjgufvf i` `ihdf`ahñd hdaiusj au`dkj a`goh`d i`s ahraudst`dah`s ahraudst` dah`s fxtfrd`s. [`gohèd pfrghtf i` gfejr` ajdthdu` fd tjk` i` jrn`dhz`ahñd jrn`dhz`ahñd  

[fg`?5

]rhdahphjs _fatjrfs _fatjrfs

 

Jo Joeefth thvvjs kf `p `prrfdk dkhz hz`e `ef f kf kfii gñ gñku kuij ij55 @i bhd`i kf fstf gñkuij, ustfk pjkrà5 ▵ Fdugfr`r ]rhdahphjs _fatjrfs

ijs prhdahphjs rfatjrfs kf H[HI. ▵ Khsauthr i` d`tur`ifz` kf ijs prhdahp`ifs rfatjrfs. ▵   @pih @piha` a`rr ijs ijs pr prhd hdah ahph phjs js rf rfat atjr jrfs fs fd fi ajdt ajdtf fxtj xtj kf i` nf nfst sthñ hñd d kf sfrvhahjs.

 

]rh ]rhdah dahphj phjss _fat fatjr jrfs5 fs5 ]rhdahphj _fatjr ‑

Fs ud ud` ` rfa fajg jgfd fdk` k`ah ahñd ñd quf quf nu nuç` ç` ` ud ud` ` jrn jrn`dhz `dhz`a `ahñ hñd d fd tjk` tjk`ss i` i`ss ahraudst`dah`s ]rhdahphjs _fatjrfs

prhda hdahph hphjs js rfatj rfatjrf rfss puf pufkf kfd d `yuk` `yuk`rr ` i`s jrn` jrn`dhz dhz`ah `ahjd jdfs fs `    Ijs pr

`kjp `k jpt` t`rr y `k`p `k`pt` t`rr H[HI ` su ajdtfxtj.

  @yuk`d ` hdtfnr`r gõithpifs gètjkjs fd ud fdbjquf kf nfsthñd kf

sfrvhahjs.   Qjd udhvfrs`igfdtf `piha`oifs ` a`sh au`iquhfr hdhah`thv` .   Bjgfdt`d y `pjy`d i` gfejr` ajdthdu` fd tjkjs ijs dhvfifs.

 

Hkfdthbha`r ]rhdahphjs rfatjrfs 5

]rhdahphjs _fatjrfs

0. Afdtr`rsf fd fi v`ijr ?. Fgpfz`r kjdkf fstà 1. ]rjnrfsj htfr`thv`gfdtf ajd rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd ;. Aji`ojr`r y prjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k 6. ]fds`r y tr`o`e`r ljiçstha`gfdtf. 2. G`dtfdfrij shgpif y pràathaj >. Jpthghz`r y `utjg`thz`r

 

Ijs tfg`s auohfrtjs5

]rhdahphjs _fatjrfs

 

Ijs shftf prhdahphjs rfatjrfs5

Ijs > ]rhdahphjs _fatjrfs

 

]rhdahphjs _fatjrfs ]rhdahphj _fatjr

Afdtr`rsf fd fi v`ijr

Fgphfz` kjdkf fst`s

Ijs > ]rhdahphjs _fatjrfs ]rjnrfsj htfr`thv`gfdtf ajd rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd

Aji`ojr`r y prjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k.

]fds`r y tr`o`e`r ljiçstha`gfdtf

G`dtfdij shgpif y pràathaj

Kfsarhpahñd [ ij quf l`af i` jrn`dhz` jrnfd `dhz`ahñd g`pf`r , khrfat` khrf at` j hdkhr hdkhrfat`gf dtf,i`fifxpfr v`ijr p`r`kf ijsijs hdtfrfs`kj hdtf rfs`kjs. s. Fijkj prhdahph prhdahphj j kf fdbjquf fdbjquf fiahñd v`ijrkfof `o`ra` gual`s pfrspfathv`s pfrspfa thv`s,fat`gfdtf, , hdaiu hdaiuhk` hk` fxpfrhfdah` hfdah` aihfdtfs y usu`rhjs. Dj ajghfdaf kf afrj y arff `inj dufvj shd tfdfr fd aufdt` ij quf y` fstà khspjdhoif p`r` `prjvfal`r. Fs prjo`oif quf l`y` gualj fd ijs sfrvhahjs, prjafsjs, prjnr`g`s, prjyfatjs y pfrsjd`s `atu`ifs quf sf pufkfd us`r p`r` arf`r fi rfsuit`kj kfsf`kj. Fi fst`kj `atu`i kfof hdvfsthn`rsf y josfrv`rsf khrfat`gfdtf p`r` `sfnur`rsf kf quf sf fdthfdkf ajgpift`gfdtf. Dj hdtfdtfs l`afr tjkj ` i` vfz. Hdaiusj nr`dkfs hdhah`thv`s kfofd sfr rf`ihz`k`s htfr`thv`gfdtf. htfr`thv`gfdtf. @i jrn`dhz`r fi tr`o`ej fd sfaahjdfs gàs pfquf pfqufð`s ð`s y g`dfe g`dfe`oifs `oifs quf sf pufkf pufkfd d fefaut`r y ajgpift`r kf g`dfr` jpjrtud`, fs gàs bàahi g`dtfdfr ud fdbjquf gàs prfahsj fd a`k` fsbufrzj. Fi usj kf ajgfdt`rhjs `dtfs, kur`dtf y kfspuès kf a`k` htfr`ahñd n`r`dthz`rà quf i`s `aahjdfs sf`d fdbja`k`s y `prjph`k`s, hdaiusj sh i`s ahraudst`dah`s a`goh`d. [r`o`e`r [r`o`e`r eudtjs ` tr`vès kf i`s brjdtfr`s prjkuaf rfsuit`kjs quf thfdfd g`yjr `afpt`ahñd, g`yjr rfifv`dah` p`r` ijs joefthvjs y g`yjr prjo`ohihk`k kf èxhtj ` i`rnj pi`zj. Ijnr`r joefthvjs rfquhfrf hdbjrg`ahñd, ajgprfdshñd y ajdbh`dz`. Fi tr`o`ej y i`s ajdsfaufdah`s kfofd l`afrsf vhshoifs, fvht`r i`s `nfdk`s jauit`s y ajgp`rthr i` hdbjrg`ahñd fd i` g`yjr gfkhk` pjshoif. Dhdnõd Dhdnõ d sfrvhahj, sfrvhahj, j fifgfd fifgfdtj tj uthihz`kj uthihz`kj p`r` prjp prjpjrahj jrahjd`r d`r ud sfrvha sfrvhahj, hj, fs hdkfp hdkfpfdkhf fdkhfdtf. dtf. Ijs rfsuit`kj rfsuit`kjss ijnr`kjs pjr fi prjvffkjr kfi sfrvhahj y fi ajdsughkjr kfi sfrvhahj subrhràd ` gfdjs quf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd tr`o`ef fd fi sfrvhahj fd su tjt`ihk`k, dj sjij fd sus p`rtfs. Ijs rfsuit`kjs sf fdtrfn`d ` ijs aihfdtfs hdtfrdjs y fxtfrdjs ` tr`vès kf i` nfsthñd fbha`z y fbhahfdtf y i` hdtfnr`ahñd khdàgha` kf i` hdbjrg`ahñd, i` tfadjijnç`, i` jrn`dhz`ahñd, i`s pfrsjd`s, i`s pràatha`s, ijs sjahjs y ijs `aufrkjs, quf kfofd ajjrkhd`rsf p`r` prjpjrahjd`r prjpjrahjd`r ud v`ijr kfbhdhkj. Qh ud prjafsj, sfrvhahj, `aahñd j gètrha` dj prjpjrahjd` v`ijr j dj prjkuaf ud rfsuit`kj õthi, fihgçdfij. Fd ud prjafsj j prjafkhghfdtj, usf fi dõgfrj gçdhgj kf p`sjs dfafs`rhjs p`r` ijnr`r fi joefthvj (s). Qhfgprf

usf fi pfds`ghfdtj o`s`kj fd rfsuit`kjs p`r` prjkuahr sjiuahjdfs pràatha`s quf kfd rfsuit`kjs.

Jpthghz`r y `utjg`thz`r

Ijs rfaursjs kf tjkjs ijs thpjs, fspfah`igfdtf ijs rfaursjs lug`djs, kfofd uthihz`rsf p`r` su gf ejr fbfatj. Fihghdf tjkj ij quf sf` rf`igfdtf hdõthi y usf i` tfadjijnç` p`r` ijnr`r ij quf sf` a`p`z kf l`afr. I` hdtfrvfdahñd lug`d` sjij kfof jaurrhr kjdkf rf`igfdtf `pjrtf v`ijr.

 

Afdtr`rsf fd fi v`ijr

Afdtr`rsf fd fi R`ijr

Fi prhdahphj kf "F "Fd dbjq jquf uf fd v`i `ij jr", r", `pu pud dt` ` i` arf`a f`ahñd hñd kf v`ijr ijr p`r p`r` ijs ijs us usu` u`rrhjs kfi sfr sfrvha vhahj hj. ]`r` ]`r` ijnr` ijnr`rr fstf fstf v`ijr v`ijr,, i`s jr jrn` n`dhz dhz`ah `ahjdf jdfss dfafsh dfafsht` t`d d vjiv vjivfr fr ` udhr udhr i`s khbfrf khbfrfdt dtfs fs `athvhk`kfs (khrfat` j hdkhrfat`gfdtf) hdkhrfat`gfdtf) quf ij l`n`d kf ud` bjrg` iñnha`. Vd sf sfrvh rvhah ahj, j, t`go t`gohè hèd d aj ajdt dtrh rhou ouyf yf `i v` v`ij ijrr p`r` p`r` i` jr jrn n`dhz `dhz`a `ahñ hñd d y jtr` jtr`ss p` p`rt rtfs fs hdtfrfs`k`s. Fstf v`ijr pufkf vfdhr fd v`rh`s bjrg`s, t`ifs ajgj hdnrfsjs, bhkfihz`ahñd kf aihfdtfs, gfdjr ajstf j i`s jpjrtudhk`kfs kf arfahghfdtj.

 

Afdtr`rsf fd fi v`ijr @spfatjs ` ajdshkfr`r Ijs shnuhfdtfs `spfatjs pufkfd `yuk`r ` i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs jrn`dhz`ahjdfs ` arf`r v`ijr5 Afdtr`rsf fd fi R`ijr

 

Afdtr`rsf fd fi v`ijr @piha`ahñd Afdtr`rsf fd fi R`ijr Ajgprfdkfr f hkfdthbha`r `i ajdsughkjr kfi sfrvhahj sfrvh ahj

Ajgprfdkfr i` pfrspfathv` kf v`ijr kfi ajdsughkjr @shnd`r fi v`ijr ` ijs i js rfsuit`kjs prfvhstjs, quf a`goh`d ajd fi thfgpj Ajgprfdkfr i` fxpfrhfdah` kfi Aihfdtf

 

Fgpfz`r kjdkf fstàs

Fgpfz`r Kjdkf Fstàs

Fi prhdahphj "Ajg Ajghfd hfdz` z` kjd kjdkf kf fstè fstè" sf afdtr` fd ajdshkfr`r ij quf y` fstà khspjdhoif, fd iun`r kf fgpfz`r kfskf afrj (j i` rfuthihz`ahñd). rfuthihz`ahñd). ]`r` ijnr`r fstj, sf `d`ihz` fi fst`kj fxhstfdtf, fs fsfdah`i p`r` hkfdthbha`r ij quf pufkf sfr õthi p`r` fst`oifafr fi dufvj v`ijr. hdbjrg`ahñd prfahs` jotfdhk jotfdhk` ` ` tr`vès kf i`    I`s kfahshjdfs kfofd o`s`rsf fd hdbjrg`ahñd josfrv`ahñd khrfat` khrfat` rfsp`ik`k` pjr i` gfkhahñd `kfau`k`. iun`r kf    I` gfkhahñd kfof rfsp`ik`r fi `dàihshs kf ij quf sf l` josfrv`kj fd iun`r rffgpi`z`rij. I` fxafshv` kfpfdkfdah` kf ijs `dàihshs f hdbjrgfs kf k`tjs pufkf hdtrjkuahr sfsnjs y rhfsnjs fd i` tjg` kf kfahshjdfs.

   Fi `atj kf gfkhr pufkf `bfat`r ijs rfsuit`kjs.

 

gpf fz`r Kjd jdkf kf Fs Fsttàs Fgp @spfatjs ` ajdshkfr`r Au`dkj ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd kfahkf fihghd`r ijs sfrvhahjs fxhstfdtfs, prjafsjs, pfrsjd`s y lfrr`ghfdt`s, sf kfofd ajdshkfr`r ijs shnuhfdtfs `spfatjs5 Fgpfz`r Kjdkf Fstàs

 

gpf fz`r Kjd jdkf kf Fs Fsttàs Fgp @piha`ahñd Fgpfz`r Kjdkf Fstàs Ghr`r ij quf fxhstf kf i` g`dfr` gàs joefthv` pjshoif Kftfrghd`r sf i`s pr`atha`s j sfrvhahjs fxhtjsj pufkfd rfpiha`rsf j fxp`dkhrsf @piha`r sus l`ohihk`kfs kf nfsthñd kf rhfsnjs fd fi prjafsj kf tjg` kf kfahshjdfs _fajdjafr quf ` vfafs dj sf pufkf rfuthihz`r d`k` kfi fst`kj `atu`i

 

]rjnrfsj htfr`thvj ajd rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd "]rj ]rjnr nrfsj fsj htfr htfr`t `thv hvj j ajd ajd rftr rftrj`i j`ihgf hgfdt dt`a `ahñd hñd" sf afdtr` fd fvht`r tjkj f hr y rfajphi`r i` hdbjrg`ahñd jpjrtud`. ]rjnrfsj Htfr`thvj ajd _ftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd

Vd ahaij kf rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd (bffko`ac) fs ud` shtu`ahñd quf hdhah` fd i` s`ihk` kf ud` `athvhk`k y sf us` p`r` ud` dufv` fdtr`k`. fdtr`k`. •

•

  I` hd hdha hah` h`th thv v` y sus sus htfr htfr`a `ahj hjdf dfss kfof kfofd d sfr sfr rffv ffv`iu` `iu`k` k`ss ajdthdu`gfdtf p`r` rfbife`r ijs a`gohjs fd i`s ahraudst`dah`s.   Ousquf y usf ajgfdt`rhjs ajgfdt`rhjs `dtfs, kur`dtf kur`dtf y kfspuès kfspuès kf a`k` htfr`ahñd.

Ijs ouaifs ouaifs kf rf rftr trj`i j`ihgf hgfdt dt`ah `ahñd ñd fdtr fdtrf f ijs p`rtha p`rthahp` hp`dt dtfs fs ifs `yuk`d ` ajgprfdkfr kf kjdkf vhfdf fi tr`o`ej, ijs rfsuit`kjs y ajgj sus `aahjdfs `bfat`d ijs rfsuit`kjs.

 

]rjnrfsj htfr`thvj ajd rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd • •

]rjnrfsj Htfr`thvj ajd _ftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd • •

•

  _fshst _fshsthr hr i` tfdt` tfdt`ahñ ahñd d kf l`afr l`afr tjkj tjkj ` i` vfz, vfz, hdaius hdaiusj j ijs nr`dkfs nr`dkfs hdhah`thv hdhah`thv`s `s kfofd kfofd rf`ihz`rsf kf bjrg` htfr`thv`.   Jrn`dhz Jrn`dhz`dk `dkj j fi tr`o` tr`o`ej ej fd sfaahj sfaahjdfs dfs gàs pfqufð`s pfqufð`s y g`dfe`o g`dfe`oifs, ifs, quf pufkf pufkf sfr fefaut`kj y tfrghd`kj fd bjrg` jpjrtud`, fi fdbjquf fd a`k` fsbufrzj sfrà gàs dçthk` y bàahi kf g`dtfdfr.   Htfr`ahjdfs kf gfejr` pufkf sfr sfaufdah`i j shguitàdf`, fd budahñd kf ijs rfquhshtjs kf i` gfejr` y què rfaursjs fstàd khspjdhoifs.   A`k` A`k` htfr` htfr`ahñd ahñd kfof kfof sfr g`dfe` g`dfe`oif oif y nfsthjd nfsthjd`kj `kj,, `sfnur `sfnur`dk `dkj j quf ijs rfsuit rfsuit`kj `kjss t`dnhoi t`d nhoifs fs sjd kfvufit kfvufitjs js fd ud` g`dfr` g`dfr` jpjrtu jpjrtud` d` y o`s`r o`s`rsf sf p`r` p`r` arf`r arf`r dufv` dufv`ss gfejr`s.   [r [r`o`e` o`e`rr kf bjrg` jrg` ht htfr fr`t `thv hv` ` y fd ud th thfg fgpj pj kft kftfr frgh ghd d`k `kj j ajd ouai ouaifs fs kf rftr rftrj` j`ihg ihgfd fdt` t`ahñ ahñd d hdtf hdtfnr nr`kj `kjss fd fi pr prja jafsj fsj,, pfrgh pfrghtf tf ud` g`yj g`yjrr bif bifxh xhoh ohihk ihk`k `k,, rfspufst`s g`s ràphk`s ` i`s dfafshk`kfs kfi Aihfdtf y kfi dfnjahj, i` a`p`ahk`k kf kfsauorhr y rfspjdkfr ` b`ii`s ajd `dthahp`ahñd y ud` gfejr` hdtfnr`i fd i` a`ihk`k.

 

]rjnrfsj htfr`thvj ajd rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd

]rjnrfsj Htfr`thvj ajd _ftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd

Htfr`ahjdfs t`gohèd `yuk`d fd i` rfajifaahñd kf ijs prhgfrjs k`tjs. Htfr`ahjdfs _fahohfdkj i` hdbjrg`ahñd `dtfs, kur`dtf kur`dtf y kfspuès kf a`k` htfr`ahñd sf `sfnur` quf tjkj fstà prjnrfs`dkj sfnõd i`s fxpfat`thv`s, y djs afdtr`gjs fd fi v`ijr.

 

]rjnrfsj htfr`thvj ajd rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd @spfatjs ` ajdshkfr`r ]rjnrfsj Htfr`thvj ajd _ftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd

Au`dkj Au`dk j i`s jrn` jrn`dhz dhz`ah `ahjdf jdfss pi`df` pi`df`d d tr`o` tr`o`e`r e`r fd ud` hdh hdhah` ah`thv thv` ` kf gfejr gfejr` ` kfofd kfofd ajdshkfr`r ijs shnuhfdtfs `spfatjs p`r` su èxhtj5

 

]rjnrfsj htfr`thvj ajd rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd @piha`ahñd ]rjnrfsj Htfr`thvj ajd _ftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd

Ajgprfdkf tjkj, pfrj l`z `inj Fi fajshstfg` a`goh` ajdst`dtfgfdtf, pjr ij quf rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd fs fsfdah`i _àphkj dj shndhbha` hdajgpiftj hdajgpiftj

 

Aji ji``oj ojrr`r y pr prjg jgj jvfr i` vh vhsh sho ohi hihhk` k`k k

Aji`ojr`r y ]rjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k

afdt dtrr` fd i` Fi prhd prhdah ahph phj j kf "Aji`ojr`r y prjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k’   sf af fihghd`ahñd kf ijs shijs y bjgfdt`dkj i` ajdbh`dz`. ]`r` ijnr`r fstj, i` nfdtf kf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd dfafsht` tr`o`e`r eudtjs y ajgp`rthr hdbjrg`ahñd fd fi g`yjr nr`kj pjshoif. [r`o`e`dkj eudtjs fd ud a`ghdj quf ajdkuaf `i `utèdthaj ijnrj rfquhfrf hdbjrg`ahñd, ajgprfdshñd y ajdbh`dz`. Fi tr`o`ej y sus rfsuit`kjs kfofd sfr vhshoifs, ijs tr`o`ejs jauitjs kfofd sfr fvht`kjs y i` hdbjrg`ahñd kfof sfr ajgp`rthk` fd fi g`yjr nr`kj pjshoif. Au`dt` gàs nfdtf sf` ajdsahfdtf kf ij quf fstà suafkhfdkj y pjr què, gàs fst`ràd khspufstjs ` `yuk`r.

_fajdjahghfdtj kf i` dfafshk`k kf ud` nfduhd` aji`ojr`ahñd, l` shkj udj kf ijs b`atjrfs fd i`fbha`z, fvjiuahñd kf IF@D ij qufdh`ljr` sfjtrj ajdjaf ajgj KfvJps. Qhd ud`fsfdah`ifs aji`ojr`ahñd dh ànhi, dhdnõd g`raj kf H[QG j gètjkj budahjd`rç`  

Aji`ojr Aji`ojr`r `r y prjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k

Aji`ojr`r y ]rjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k

Au`dkj i`s hdhah`thv`s hdvjiuar`d ` i`s pfrsjd`s `kfau`k`s fd ijs rjifs ajrrfat`s, ijs fsbufrzjs sf ofdfbhah`d kf ud` gfejr `afpt`ahñd, g`s rfifv`dah` y g`yjr prjo`ohihk`k kf èxhtj ` i`rnj pi`zj.

Hdtfra`gohj kf hdbjrg`ahñd

Ajgprfdshñd

Ajdbh`dz`

Ijnrj rf`i

 

Aji`ojr Aji`ojr`r `r y prjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k @spfatjs ` ajdshkfr`r Aji`ojr`r y ]rjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k

I`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs kfofd tfdfr fd aufdt` ijs shnuhfdtfs `spfatjs au`dkj pi`df`d tr`o`e`r fd ud gjkj ajjpfr`thvj5

 

Aji`ojr Aji`ojr`r `r y prjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k

Aji`ojr`r y ]rjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k

 

Aji`ojr Aji`ojr`r `r y prjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k Hkfdthbha`r ajd quhèd aji`ojr`r

Aji`ojr`r y ]rjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k

Vd` hdtfr`aahñd fbha`z ajd ijs aihfdtfs tfdhfdkj fd aufdt` su hgpjrt`dah`, fs fsfdah`i p`r` quf i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs jrn`dhz`ahjdfs pufk`d fdtrfn`r ijs rfsuit`kjs fspfr`kjs. I` hdtfr`aahñd hdfbha`z ajd ijs aihfdtfs pufkf iifv`r ` i`s shnuhfdtfs shtu`ahjdfs.

 

Aji`ojr Aji`ojr`r `r y prjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k Qhd tr`dsp`rfdah` ud` hgprfshñd hgprfshñd kf quf fi tr`o`ej tr`o`ej dj fs ud` prhjrhk`k. prhjrhk`k.    ]ufkf l`ofr ud` Aji`ojr`r y ]rjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k

gfejr`r, pufkf tfdfr gfdjs prhjrhk`k quf jtr jtr`s `s t`rf`s ajd urnfdah`    Fi tr`o`ej kf gfejr`r, kh`rh`. vhshohihk`k hdsubhahfdtf kfi tr`o`ej tr`o`ej ajdkuaf ` ud` g`i` kf tjg` kf kfahshjdfs, kfahshjdfs,    I` vhshohihk`k    Ajgprfdkfr fi biuej kf tr`o`ej. ojtfii` y fxafsj kf a`p`ahk`k.    Hkfdthbha`r ijs aufiijs kf ojtfii`   Kfsauorhr kfspfrkhahjs.

 

Aji`ojr Aji`ojr`r `r y prjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k Ajgudha`r y gfejr`r Aji`ojr`r y ]rjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k

Au`dkj sf tr`o`e` fd hdhah`thv`s kf gfejr`ghfdtj, ijs prjvffkjrfs kf sfrvhahjs kfofd ajdjafr fi nr`kj fd quf a`k` udj kf ijs hdtfrfs`kjs ajdtrhouyf ` gfejr`r fi sfrvhahj fd a`k` dhvfi.

]jr fefgpij, fefgpij, ijs prjvffkjr prjvffkjrfs fs kf sfrvhahjs sfrvhahjs t`i vfz vfz dfafsht`d dfafsht`d hdvjiuar hdvjiuar`r `r ` `inud `in udjs js st st`c `cflj fljikf ikfrs rs ` ud dhvfi dhvfi kft`i kft`ii`k i`kj, j, y `inudj `inudjss ajgj ajgj rfvhs rfvhsjrf jrfss j `prjo`kjrfs.

 

Aji`ojr Aji`ojr`r `r y prjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k Arfahfdtf urnfdah` gfkh`dtf i` vhshohihk`k Arf`r i` urnfdah` kfi tr`o`ej fs fsfdah`i p`r` quf tjkjs sfp`d `afra` kf su prhjrhk`k. Aji`ojr`r y ]rjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k

]jr fefgpij, au`dkj ijs st`cfljikfrs dj ajdjafd auài fs i` a`rn` kf tr`o`ej y i` bjrg` fd quf fi tr`o`ej fstà prjnrfs`dkj, phfds`d quf fi tr`o`ej dj fs ud` prhjrhk`k. Kf i` ghsg` g`dfr`, sh ijs fgpif`kjs thfdfd pja` vhshohihk`k `afra` kf i` hdhah`thv` kf gfejr`ghfdtj, gfejr`ghfdtj, i` ajdshkfr`d ajgj ud` `athvhk`k kf o`e` prhjrhk`k.

 

Aji ji``oj ojrr`r y pr prjg jgj jvfr i` vh vhsh sho ohi hihhk` k`k k @piha`ahñd Aji`ojr`r y ]rjgjvfr i` vhshohihk`k

I` aji`ojr`ahñd dj shndhbha` ajdsfdsj Ajgudha`rsf Ajgudha`r sf kf g`dfr` quf i` `ukhfdah` pufk` fsaual`r Qjij sf pufkfd tjg`r kfahshjdfs sjorf k`tjs vhshoifs

 

]fds`r y tr`o`e`r Ljiçstha`gfdtf

]fds`r y tr`o`e`r ljiçstha`gfdtf

Fi prhdahphj "]fds`r y tr`o`e`r kf g`dfr` ljiçstha`" sf afdtr` fd tr`o`e`r kf ud` g`dfr` hdtfnr`k`. hdtfnr`k`. ]`r` ijnr`r fstj, i`s khvfrs`s `athvhk`kfs kf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd jrn`dhz`ahñd kfofd afdtr`rsf fd i` fdtrfn` kf v`ijr. . Fi fdbjquf ljiçstha`gfdtf ljiçstha`gfdtf kf i` nfsthñd kf sfrvhahjs, rfquhfrf ud` ajgprfshñd kf ajgj tjk`s i`s p`rtfs kf ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd jrn`dhz`ahñd tr`o`e`d eudt`s kf g`dfr` hdtfnr`k`. hdtfnr`k`.

 

]fds`r y tr`o`e`r Ljiçstha`gfdtf @piha`ahñd ]fds`r y tr`o`e`r ljiçstha`gfdtf

_fajdjafr i` ajgpifehk`k kf ijs shstfg`s I` aji`ojr`ahñd fs budk`gfdt`i p`r` pfds`r y tr`o`e`r kf g`dfr` hdtfnr`i Kjdkf sf`fdtrf pjshoif p`trjdfs kf hdtfr`aahjdfs ijsousquf fifgfdtjs kfi shstfg` I` `utjg`thz`ahñd pufkf b`ahiht`r fi tr`o`ej kf

g`dfr` hdtfnr`i

 

G`dtfdfrij shgpif y pràathaj

G`dtfdfrij Qhgpif y ]ràathaj

Fi prhdahphj kf "G` G`d dtfdf tfdfri rij j sh shgp gpif if y pr pràa àath thaj aj" sf afdtr` fd i` shgpihbha`ahñd kf ijs ajgpifejs ajgp ifejs gètjkjs gètjkjs kf tr`o`ej. tr`o`ej. ]`r` ]`r` ijnr`r ijnr`r fstj, fstj, hkfdthbh hkfdthbhquf quf y fihghdf fihghdf prjafsjs prjafsjs,, sfrvhahjs, `aahjdfs j gètrha`s quf dj `ð`kfd dhdnõd v`ijr ` ijs rfsuit`kjs.

 

G`dtfdfrij shgpif y pràathaj

G`dtfdfrij Qhgpif y ]ràathaj

Fi pfds`ghfdtj o`s`kj fd rfsuit`kjs, kfof us`rsf p`r` prjkuahr sjiuahjdfs pràatha`s quf qu f or orhd hdkf kfd d rf rfsu suit it`k `kjs js v` v`ih ihjs jsjs js,, ghfd ghfdtr tr`s `s sf us` us` fi dõgf dõgfrj rj gçdh gçdhgj gj kf p`sj p`sjss dfafs`rhjs. Fst`oifafr ud` vhshñd ljiçstha` kfi tr`o`ej kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd

Ajghfdaf ajgj ud fdbjquf shd ajgpiha`ahjdfs, `nrfnuf g`s t`rkf

Dj hdtfdtf prjkuahr ud` sjiuahñd p`r` a`k` fxafpahñd fxafpahñd

Qf` ajdsahfdtf kf ijs joefthvjs fd ajgpftfdah`

 

G`dtèdn`ij shgpif y pràathaj @spfatjs ` ajdshkfr`r G`dtfdfrij Qhgpif y ]ràathaj

I`s jrn` jrn`dhz dhz`ah `ahjdf jdfss kfofd kfofd tfdfr tfdfr fd aufdt aufdt` ` ijs shnuhf shnuhfdt dtfs fs `spfat `spfatjs js au`dk au`dkj j fs fstàd tàd pi`df`dkj iifv`r i` shgpihahk`k kfi shstfg`.

 

G`dtèdn`ij shgpif y pràathaj @piha`ahñd G`dtfdfrij Qhgpif y ]ràathaj

N`r`dthz` v`ijr Qhgpihahk`k fs i` gàxhg` sjbhstha`ahñd L`z gfdjs ajs`s, pfrj l`zi`s gfejr _fspft`r fi thfgpj kf i`s pfrsjd`s hdvjiuar`k`s G`s bàahi kf fdtfdkfr, g`s prjo`oif kf `kjpt`r

I` shgpihahk`k fs i` gfejr rut` p`r` ijnr`r ’quhac whds‗

 

Jpthghz`r y `utjg`thz`r

Jpthghz`r y @utjg`thz`r

Fi prhdahphj kf "jp jpth thgh ghz` z`rr y `u `utj tjg` g`th thz` z`rr" sf afdtr` fd i` jpthghz`ahñd kf i` i`ojr iifv iifv`k `k` ` ` a` a`oj oj pjr pjr sus sus rfaur faursj sjss lug` lug`dj djss y tèad tèadha hajs js.. ]`r` `r` ij ijnr nr`r `r fstj fstj,, i` i`ss jrn`dhz`ahjdfs jrn`dh z`ahjdfs kfofd `utjg`thz`r fi tr`o`ej fd i` gfkhk` kf ij pjshoif y quf rfquhfrf ud` gçdhg` hdtfrvfdahñd lug`d`. I` jpthghz`ahñd shndhbha` l`afr `inj t`d fbfathvj y õthi ajgj tfdn` sfdthkj. @dtfs kf quf ud` `athvhk`k pufk` `utjg`thz`rsf kf g`dfr` fbfathv`, kfof jpthghz`rsf fd au`iquhfr nr`kj quf sf` pjshoif y r`zjd`oif. r`zjd`oif. I` `utjg`thz`ahñd fs fi usj kf tfadjijnç` p`r` rf`ihz`r ud p`sj ` ud` sfrhf kf p`sjs kf g`dfr` ajrrfat` y ajdshstfdtf ajdshstfdtf ajd hdtfrvfdahñd lug`d` ihght`k` j dui`. I` `utjg`thz`ahñd kf t`rf`s brfaufdtfs y rfpfththv`s `yuk` ` i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs ` fsa`i` fsa `i`rr y pfrgh pfrghtf tf uthihz uthihz`r `r ijs rf rfaur aursjs sjs lug`dj lug`djss p`r` p`r` i` tj tjg` g` kf kfahsh kfahshjdf jdfss gàs

ajgpife`s. I` bjrg` gàs shgpif kf `utjg`thz`ahñd hgpiha` fst`dk`rhz`r y shgpihbha`r i`s t`rf`s g`du`ifs p`r` pfrghthr quf i`s kfahshjdfs sf tjgfd `utjgàtha`gfdt `utjgàtha`gfdtf. f.

 

Jpthghz`r y `utjg`thz`r @spfatjs ` ajdshkfr`r Jpthghz`r y @utjg`thz`r

I`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs kfofd tfdfr fd aufdt` ijs shnuhfdtfs `spfatjs au`dkj sf prjpjdfd jpthghz`r jpthghz `r fi v`ijr kfi tr`o`ej ` tr`vès kf i` `utjg`thz`ahñd `utjg`thz`ahñd.

 

Jpthghz`r y `utjg`thz`r Fdajdtr`r fi a`ghdj ajrrfatj ` i` jpthghz`ahñd Jpthghz`r y @utjg`thz`r

Hdkfpfdk Hdkfp fdkhfd hfdtfg tfgfdt fdtf f kf i`s pràat pràatha` ha`ss quf shn` shn` ud` jr jrn` n`dhz dhz`ah `ahñd ñd,, fi a`ghdj a`ghdj kf i` jpthghz`ahñd jpthghz`a hñd ajdshstf fd ijs shnuhfdtfs p`sjs5

 

Jpthghz`r y `utjg`thz`r Gfkh`dtf i` `utjg`thz`ahñd I` `ut `utjg jg`t `thz` hz`ahñ ahñd d   fs fi prjafsj kf us`r i` tfadjijnç` p`r` g`xhghz`r fi v`ijr kf Jpthghz`r y @utjg`thz`r

tr`o`e`r ajd ud` gçdhg` hdtfrvfdahñd lug`d`.

 

Jpthghz`r y `utjg`thz`r @piha`ahñd Jpthghz`r y @utjg`thz`r

Qhgpihbhquf y/j jpthghaf `dtfs kf `utjg`thz`r

Vthihaf ijs jtrjs prhdahphjs rfatjrfs au`dkj `pihquf fstf ]rjnrfsj Htfr`thvj ajd rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd

G`dtfdij shgpif y pràathaj

Afdt Afdtrr`rsf `rsf fd fi v`ij v`ijrr

Fgpf Fgpfz` z`rr kñdk kñdkf f fs fstà tàss

Kfbhdhr sus gètrha`s

 

@ath thvhk vhk`k `k55 _f _fa` a`ph phtu tui` i`ah ahñd ñd kf ij ijss ]r ]rhd hdahp ahphj hjss _f _fat atjr jrfs fs (a (ajd jdt. t.)5 )5 @a Bjaus

Fefgpij - ]rhdahphjs _fatjrfs

Ijs shftf shftf prhdahp prhdahphjs hjs rf rfatj atjrfs rfs sjd prhdah prhdahphj phjss udhvfr udhvfrs`i s`ifs fs quf pufkfd pufkfd `piha` `piha`rs rsf f ` khbfr khbfrfdt fdtfs fs shtu`ahjdfs y pufkf uthihz`rsf p`r` nuh`r ` ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd ` ij i`rnj kf su ahaij kf vhk`. Hkfdthbha`r què prhdahphjs rfatjrfs fs `piha`kj j rfqufrhkj fd ijs shnuhfdtfs f fsafd`rhjs5 safd`rhjs5 0.

Fi Ajdsfej @sfsjr @sfsjr kf A`gohj (A@O (A@O)) sñij sf rfõd rfõdf f ud` vfz `i gfs. Kfd Kfdtrj trj kf fstf fstf gfs, l`y gàs kf ?= `rtç `rtçauijs auijs hdbjrg`kjs quf kfofd fst`r fd fspfr` l`st` quf fi A@O ijs `prufof. Kfohkj ` i` o`e` brfaufdah` kf rfudhñd, ijs prjoifg`s sf `augui`d. [r`s [r`s orfvfs rfudhjdfs rfudhjdfs quhdafd`ifs g`dthfdf fi biuej fd g`ral`.

?.

@u @ugfd gfdt` t`rr fi dhv dhvfi fi kf ajgud ajgudha ha`ah `ahñd ñd y ajj ajjpfr pfr`ah `ahñd ñd fd fdtr trf f ijs fq fquhp uhpjs js kf kfs`r kfs`rrj rjiij iij y ijs ijs fqu fquhpj hpjss kf jpfr`ahjdfs p`r` prjpjrahjd`r fi dhvfi `kfau`kj kf uthihk`k (rfquhshtjs budahjd`ifs) y n`r`dtç` (rfquhshtjs dj budahjd`ifs) y arf`r ud` fxpfrhfdah` kf usu`rhj pjshthv` kf aihfdtf y usu`rhj.

1.

I`s jrn`d jrn`dhz hz`ah `ahjd jdfs fs fstàd fstàd `kjpt `kjpt`dk `dkj j i` hkf hkf` ` kf ijs fquh fquhpj pjss Kf KfvJp vJps. s. Fd fs fsf f nrupj nrupj kf pfrsjd pfrsjd`s `s fs fstà tàd d tr`o`e`dkj eudtjs p`r` l`afr fi tr`o`ej vhshoif ` tr`vès, pjr fefgpij, t`oifrjs C`do`d. Fi aihfdtf t`gohèd fstà rfprfsfdt`kj fd fi rji kf prjphft`rhj kf prjkuatj fd fstjs fdtjrdjs.

;.

Au`dkj ud dufvj dufvj sfrvhahj sf l` khs khsfð`kj, fð`kj, aj ajdstruhk dstruhkj j f hgpifgfdt`kj hgpifgfdt`kj o`ej ud dufvj dufvj sfrvhahj sfrvhahj fd prjkuaahñd, prjkuaahñd, fs fsfdah`i tjg`r i`s au`trj khgfdshjdfs (jrn`dhz`ahjdfs y pfrsjd`s, hdbjrg`ahñd y tfadjijnç`, sjahjs y prjvff prj vffkjr kjrfs, fs, y biuej kf v`ij v`ijrr (R`iuf (R`iuf Qtrf`g Qtrf`gs)) s)) fd aufd aufdt`. t`. Qh `inu `inudj dj kf fiij fiijss fs hndjr`k hndjr`kj, j, tfdkr tfdkrà à ud` hgpjrt`dtf hdbiufdah` dfn`thv` sjorf i` a`ihk`k nijo`i kfi sfrvhahj.

 

@athvhk`k5 _fa`phtui`ahñd kf ijs ]rhdahphjs _fatjr _fatjrfs fs (ajdt.)5 6. Ij qu quf f l` sh shkj kj aj ajds dstru truhk hkj, j, df dfaf afsh sht` t` sf sfrr pr prjo jo`k `kj. j. ]j ]jrr v` v`rh rhjs js gjthv gjthvjs js,, i`s pr pruf ufo` o`ss pu pufk fkfd fd sf sfrr `utjg`thz`kjs3 pfrj `dtfs kf i` `utjg`thz`ahñd kf i`s ruthd`s kf prufo`, ustfk prhgfrj kfof jpthghz`r i`s ruthd`s.

Fefgpij - ]rhdahphjs _fatjrfs

2. Fi Kfp`rt`gfdtj sf fstà tr`si`k`dkj ` i` dufv` vfrshñd kf Ql`rf]jhdt. Ajd i` `atu`ihz`ahñd `dtfrhjr, gualjs k`tjs sf l`d pfrkhkj y i` nfdtf dj pjkç` `aafkfr ` i` hdtr`dft kur`dtf kç`s. I`s ifaahjdfs `prfdkhk`s kf fstf prjyfatj kfofd tfdfrsf fd aufdt` ` i` ljr` kf rf`ihz`r i` `atu`ihz`ahñd. @kfgàs, fi fquhpj kfof `ihdf`r i` pi`dhbha`ahñd kf i` `atu`ihz`ahñd ajd ijs kfgàs prjyfatjs quf sf fstàd fefaut`dkj p`r` rfkuahr i` pfrturo`ahñd. [`gohèd [`gohèd fs pjshoif quf jtrj fquhpj y` fstà tr`o`e`dkj fd i` i ` dufv` vfrshñd kf Ql`rf]jhdt. >. @i arf`r ud dufvj prjnr`g` kf s`iuk, fi fquhpj dfafsht`o` rfudhr hdbjrg`ahñd sjorf i` ajdafptu`ihz`ahñd kf i` wfo, i` fstruatur` kf hdtfrvfdahñd y `k`pt`ahñd kf ajdtfdhkj y fxpfat`thv`s `afra` kf i` budahjd`ihk`k . kf i` hdtfrvfdahñd. Ajd i` fstruatur` hdhah`i kf i` hdtfrb`z kfi shthj wfo, sf fefaut`d ahdaj htfr`ahjdfs p`r` jpthghz`r fi khsfðj vhsu`i kf i` pànhd` wfo, ajgj fi ajijr ajijr,, fi khsfðj kf i` pànhd` prhdahp`i y suo pànhd`s ^fo, `sç ajgj fi bjrg`tj kfi ajdtfdhkj y pfst`ð`s/au`krjs pfst`ð`s/au`krjs kf gfds`ef/vçdauijs aruz`kjs fd tjkj fi shthj wfo. p`sjs

Fi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

 

]`sj 05 ºAuài fs i` vhshñd:

Fi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

Fstf p`sj sf afdtr` fd kjs àrf`s ai`vf5   I` vhshñd kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd y ijs joefthvjs dfafsht`d sfr tr`kuahkjs p`r` i` udhk`k kf dfnjahj, kfp`rt`gfdtj, fquhpj j hdkhvhkuj, pjr ij quf fi ajdtfxtj, ijs joefthvjs y ijs içghtfs kf au`iquhfr hdhah`thv` kf gfejr` kfofd sfr ajgprfdshoifs.

   Vd` vhshñd kf `itj dhvfi p`r` fi gfejr`ghfdtj pi`dhbha`kj kfof sfr

arf`kj. Qh sf jghtf fstf p`sj, i`s gfejr`s pjkrç`d dj fst`r jpthghz`k`s p`r` fi ajdeudtj kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd.

 

]`sj ?5 ºKñdkf fst`gjs `ljr`:

Fi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

Vd fifgfdtj ai`vf kf fstf p`sj fs ud` fv`iu`ahñd kfi fst`kj `atu`i. Fv`iu`ahñd kfi fst`kj `atu`i hdaiuyf5   Fv`iu`ahñd kf ijs sfrvhahjs fxhstfdtfs.   Ajgprfdshñd kf i` Auitur` Jrn`dhz`ahjd`i. Qh sf jghtf fstf p`sj, fi fst`kj `atu`i dj sf fdthfdkf, y dj sfrà ud joefthvj kf gfkhahñd kf rfbfrfdah`.

 

]`sj 15 ºKñdkf qufrfgjs fst`r: Fstf p`sj kf Fstf kfsarho sarhof f què fi shnuhfd shnuhfdtf tf pud pudtj tj O, sfrà sfrà fi fst fst`kj `kj kf k kfsth fsthdj dj p`r` fi shnuhfdtf p`sj kfi vh`ef. Vd vh`ef dj pufkf sfr tr`z`kj sç fi kfsthdj dj fstà ai`rj. Fi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

 

]`sj ;5 ºAñgj sf ajdshnuf: Fd fstf p`sj, sf arf` ud pi`d p`r` `ojrk`r ijs kfs`bçjs y` quf ijs pudtjs kf hd hdha hahj hj y kf bhd bhd kf kfii a`g `ghd hdj j kf gf gfej ejrr` sj sjd d hk hkfd fdth thbh bhaa`kjs `kjs fd ij ijss kj kjss p` p`sj sjss `dtfrhjrfs. Fi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

I` gfejr rut` pufkf dj fst`r ai`r`, ` vfafs fs dfafs`rhj khsfð`r fxpfrhgfdtjs fxpfrhgfdtjs y jpahjdfs kf prufo`. Qh sf jghtf fstf p`sñ, i` fefauahñd kf i` gfejr` prjo`oifgfdtf br`a`s`rà y dj ijnr`rà ij quf sf if fxhnf.

 

]`sj 65 [jg`r `aahñd Fd fstf p`sj, sf `atõ` sjorf fi pi`d kf gfejr`. I`s pràatha`s H[HI quf sjd hgpjrt`dtfs p`r` `ia`dz`r fi èxhtj fd fst` ft`p` sjd5 Fi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

 

]`sj 25 ºIifn`gjs `iiç:

Fi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

Fstf p`sj ajdshstf fd vfrhbha`r fi kfsthdj kfi vh`ef kf gfejr` p`r` `sfnur`r quf fi pudtj kfsf`kj l` shkj `ia`dz`kj. ]`r` v`ihk`r fi èxhtj5    Ajgprjo`r y ajdbhrg`r fi prjnrfsj y fi v`ijr kf a`k` htfr`ahñd.   [jg`r `aahjdfs `khahjd`ifs, ` gfdukj kfsfda`kfd` ud` dufv` htfr`ahñd sh dj sf augpifd. Qh sf jghtf fstf p`sj, fs khbçahi `sfnur`r sh ijs rfsuit`kjs kfsf`kjs j prjgfthkjs bufrjd rf`igfdtf rf`igfdt f ajdsfnuhkjs.

 

]`sj >5 ºAñgj pjkfgjs g`dtfdfr g` dtfdfr fi rhtgj:

Fi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

Fi joefthvj kf fstf p`sj fs ajgfrah`ihz`r ijs èxhtjs y rfbjrz`r ijs dufvjs gètjkjs. Fstj `sfnur` quf ijs prjnrfsjs rf`ihz`kjs dj sf pfrkfràd y quf sf `ugfdt`rà fi `pjyj y fi hgpuisj p`r` i`s prñxhg`s gfejr`s. Qh sf jghtf jghtf fstf p`sj, p`sj, fdtj fdtjdaf dafss fs pr prjo` jo`oif oif quf i`s gfejr` gfejr`ss pfrg`d pfrg`dfz fza` a` `hsi`k `hsi`k`, `, hdkfpfdkhfdtf. I`s hdhah`thv`s y au`iquhfr prjnrfsj rf`ihz`kj pufkfd pfrkfrsf kf dufvj ajd fi thfgpj.

 

_fi`ahñd kf i` Gfejr` ajd ijs ]rhdahphjs rfatjrfs kf H[HI5 I` shnuhfdtf t`oi` gufstr` ijs prhdahphjs rfatjrfs kf H[HI `piha`oifs ` i`s gfkhk`s kf gfejr` ajdthdu`. _fi`ahñd fdtrf i` gfejr` ajdthdu` y prhdahphjs rfatjrfs

 

_fsugfd kfi gñkuij Fd fstf fstf gñ gñku kuij ij,, us ustf tfk k l` `prf `prfdk dkhk hkj j qu quf5 f5

_fsugfd

I` pr pràat àatha` ha` kf hkfdthbh hkfdthbha`r a`r y gfejr` gfejr`rr sfrvhahj sfrvhahjs, s, ajgpjd ajgpjdfdt fdtfs, fs, j au`iqu au`iquhfr hfr jtrj jtrj fifgfdt fifgfdtj j hgpiha`kj fd i` nfsthñd fbhahfdtf y fbha`z kf ijs prjkuatjs y sfrvhahjs p`r` `ihdf`r i`s pràatha`s kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd y sfrvhahjs ` i`s a`goh`dtfs dfafshk`kfs fgprfs`rh`ifs. R`rh`s `athvhk`kfs ai`vf quf l`afd fspfah`i ajdtrhouahjdfs ` i` gfejr` gf ejr` ajdthdu`. Fi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu`, quf pufkf `piha`rsf ` au`iquhfr thpj kf gfejr`, kfskf a`gohjs jrn`dhz`thvjs jrn`dhz`thvjs kf `itj dhvfi l`st` sfrvhahjs hdkhvhku`ifs y fifgfdtjs kf ajdbhnur`ahñd. Ijs p`sjs hgpiha`kjs fd fi gjkfij sjd5   ºAuài fs i` vhshñd:   ºKñdkf fst`gjs `ljr`:   ºKñdkf qufrfgjs fst`r:

  ºAñgj sf ajdshnuf:   [jg`r `aahñd   ºIifn`gjs `iiç:   ºAñgj pjkfgjs g`dtfdfr fi rhtgj:

Vd` jrn`dhz`ahñd pufkf ofdfbhah`rsf shndhbha`thv`gfdtf kf `piha`r ijs prhdahphjs rfatjrfs kf H[HI shnuhfdkj fi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu`.

 

Fefrahahj5 ]rfnudt`s kf thpj fifaahñd gõithpif ]rfnudt ]rf nudt`` 0

ºPuhèd fs fi rfspjds`oif kf i` gfejr` ajdthdu` fd ud` jrn`dhz`ahñd: jrn`dhz`ahñd:

]rfnudt`s

@. Fi prjphft`rhj kfi sfrvhahj sji`gfdtf O. Ijs `atjrfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj A. Ijs khrfatjrfs kf prjyfatj rfspjds`oif kf hdhah`thv`s kf gfejr` K. [jkjs fd i` jrn`dhz`ahñd

]rfnudt ]rf nudt`` ? ºAuài fs i` kfsarhpahñd ajrrfat` kfi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu` kf H[HI: @. ºAuài fs i` vhshñd:, ºkñdkf fst`gjs `ljr`: ºKñdkf qufrfgjs fst`r: ºAñgj sf ajdshnuf: ºIifn`gjs `iiç:

O. ºKñdkf qufrfgjs fst`r: ºAuài fs i` vhshñd: ºAñgj sf ajdshnuf: ºIifn`gjs `iiç: ºAñgj pjkfgjs g`dtfdfr fi rhtgj: A. ºAuài fs i` vhshñd:, ºkñdkf fst`gjs `ljr`: ºKñdkf qufrfgjs fst`r: ºAñgj sf ajdshnuf: ºIifn`gjs `iiç: ºAñgj pjkfgjs g`dtfdfr fi rhtgj: K. ºAuài fs i` vhshñd:, ºkñdkf fst`gjs `ljr`: ºKñdkf qufrfgjs fst`r: ºAñgj sf ajdshnuf: [jg`r `aahñd. ºIifn`gjs `iiç: ºAñgj º Añgj pjkfgjs g`dtfdfr fi rhtgj:

 

Fefrahahj5 ]rfnudt`s kf thpj fifaahñd gõithpif ]rfnudt ]rf nudt`` 1 ºAuài fs i` prhdahp`i `athvhk`k kfi "kñdkf fst`gjs `ljr`:" Fi p`sj kfi gjkfij kf gfejr` ajdthdu`: ]rfnudt`s

@. O. A. K.

I` ajgprjo`ahñd ajgprjo`ahñd kf kf ijs ijs `v`dafs `v`dafs Fv`iu`ah Fv`iu`ahñd ñd kfi fst`kj fst`kj `atu`i `atu`i @dàihsh @dàihshss N`p ]i`d p`r` p`r` rfsjivfr ijs prjoifg`s prjoifg`s

]rfnudt ]rf nudt`` ; @athvhk`kfs t`ifs ajgj i` gfkhahñd kfi prjnrfsj l`ah` i` vhshñd, i` nfsthñd kf rhfsnjs, y n`r`dthz`r fi ajdjahghfdtj nfdfr`i kf i`s hdhah`thv`s sjd ai`vf fd auàifs kf ijs p`sjs kfi gjkfij AQH:

@. O. A. K.

ºAuài fs i` vhshñd: vhshñd: ºAñgj sf ajdshnuf: ajdshnuf: [jg`r `aahñd. `aahñd. ºAñgj pjkfgjs g`dtfdfr fi rhtgj: rhtgj:

 

_fsugfd kfi gñkuij5 Fd fstf fstf gñ gñku kuij ij,, us ustf tfk k l` `prf `prfdk dkhk hkj j qu quf5 f5

_fsugfd

Fi v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj H[HI Qystfg (QRQ) fxpiha` añgj ijs ajgpjdfdtfs y `athvhk`kfs kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd tr`o`e`d eudtjs ajgj ud shstfg` p`r` pfrghthr i` arf`ahñd kf v`ijr. I`s prhdahp`ifs `pjrt`ahjdfs ` i` QRQ sjd i` jpjrtudhk`k y i` kfg`dk`. Fi v`ijr rfprfsfdt` i` pfrafpahñd kf ijs ofdfbhahjs, i` uthihk`k y i` hgpjrt`dah` kf `inj.

Fi H[ H[HI HI QR QRQQ hd hdai aiuy uyf f ij ijss sh shnu nuhf hfdt dtfs fs ajgp ajgpjd jdfd fdtf tfs5 s5   ]rhdahphjs rfatjrfs •   I` njofrd`ohihk`k •   I` a`kfd` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj •

• •

  ]ràatha`s   Gfejr` ajdthdu`

Fi g`yj g`yjrr kfs` kfs`bç bçj j p`r` p`r` i`s i`s jr jrn` n`dh dhz` z`ah ahjd jdfs fs kf ljy ljy fd kç kç` ` fs i` prfs prfsfd fdah ah` ` kf shij shijss jrn`dhz`thvjs. Fi H[HI QRQ kfs`ihfdt` fi tr`o`ej fd shijs.

 

_fsugfd kfi gñkuij5

_fsugfd

Fi H[HI H[HI QRQ QRQ kfsarh kfsarhof of añgj añgj tjkjs tjkjs ijs ajgpjd ajgpjdfdt fdtfs fs y `athvh `athvhk`k k`kfs fs kf i` jr jrn` n`dhz dhz`ah `ahñd ñd tr`o`e`d eudtjs ajgj ud shstfg` p`r` pfrghthr i` arf`ahñd kf v`ijr. Fi QRQ kf a`k` jrn`dhz`ah jrn`dhz`ahñd ñd thfdf thfdf hdtfrb hdtfrb`afs `afs ajd jtr`s jtr`s jrn`dhz jrn`dhz`ahjd `ahjdfs, fs, bjrg`dkj bjrg`dkj ud fajshstfg` quf b`ahiht` i` arf`ahñd kf v`ijr p`r` i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs, sus aihfdtfs y jtr`s p`rtfs hdtfrfs`k`s. ’Fi   QRQ kf  H[HI‗   fs ud pjkfrjsj ajdstruatj ljiçsthaj p`r` fi njohfrdj y i` nfsthñd kf prjkuatjs y sfrvhahjs gjkfrdjs quf pfrghtf ` i`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs arf`r v`ijr ajd ijs ajdsughkjrfs. Fi QRQ hdaiuyf i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj rfsp`ik`k`s pjr pràatha`s udhvf udh vfrs rs`if `ifss y ljiçs ljiçstha tha`s `s quf pfrght pfrghtfd fd ` i` jr jrn` n`dhz dhz`ah `ahñd ñd nfsthj nfsthjd`r d`r y s`ths s`thsb`a b`afr fr i`s

kfg`dk kfg `dk`s `s kf tjkj tjkj thpj. thpj. Fstjs Fstjs v`d v`d kfskf kfskf kfg`dk kfg`dk`s `s fstr` fstr`tèn tènha` ha`ss quf pfrgh pfrghtfd tfd ` i`

jrn`dhz`ahñd prjspfr`r y arfafr fd ud fdtjrdj ajgpfththvj, ` sjihahtukfs jpfr`thv`s kf hdbjrg`ahñd, hdbjrg`ahñ d, sfrvhahjs j sjpjrtf. A`k` jrn`dhz`ahñd p`rthahp` fd `inud` bjrg` kf i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfsa kf sarh rht` t`ss `q `quç uç,, hd hdai aius usj j au au`d `dkj kj gual gual`s `s kf fst` fst`ss `ath `athvh vhk` k`kf kfss sj sjd d rf`i rf`ihz hz`k `k`s `s pjr pjr prjvffkjrfs y sjahjs. I` jrhf jrhfd dt` t`ah ahñd ñd kf H[ H[HHI ; sf pufk pufkf f `kjpt`r y `k`pt`r   p`r` p`r` b`ah b`ahih iht` t`rr fi v` v`ij ijrr, i` rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd y i` gfejr` ajdthdu` fd fi QRQ.

 

GJKVIJ =65 I@Q ]_ÀA[HA@Q KF H[HI  

Joefthvjs kf `prfdkhz`ef kfi gñkuij5 @i bhd bhd`i kf fst fstf gñk gñkuij ij,, ust ustfk pj pjk krà5

]ràatha`s

Fxpiha`r fi prjpñshtj kf i`s khvfrs`s pràatha`s kf H[HI. Kfsarhohr i`s shnuhfdtfs pràatha`s kf H[HI5   Gfejr` ajdthdu`   Ajdtrji kf a`gohj    Nfsthñd kf hdahk hdahkfdah`s fdah`s   Nfsthñd kf ]rjoifg`s   Qfrvhaf _fqufst G`d`nfgfdt   Qfrvhaf Kfsc

   Nfsthñd kfi dhv dhvfi fi kf sfrvhahj

 

]ràatha`s kf nfsthñd H[HI

]ràatha`s

Fd H[H H[HI, I, ud` pr pràat àatha` ha` kf `kg `kghdh hdhst str` r`ahñ ahñd d fs ud aj ajdeu deudt dtj j kf rf rfaur aursjs sjs jrn`dhz`ahjd`ifs khsfð`kjs p`r` rf`ihz`r ud tr`o`ej j ijnr`r ud joefthvj. Ijs jrçnfdfs kf i`s pràatha`s sjd ijs shnuhfdtfs5    I`s pràatha`s kf nf nfsth sthñd ñd nfdfr nfdfr`i `i sf l`d `kjpt`kj y sf l`d `k`pt`kj p`r` i` nfst p`r` nfsthñd hñd kfi sfr sfrvha vhahj hj kfs kfskf kf kjg kjghdh hdhjs js nfdfr nfdfr`if `ifss kf nf nfsth sthñd ñd fgprfs`rh`i.    I`s pr pràat àatha` ha`ss kf nfsthñd kf sfrvhahjs   sf l`d l`d kfs` kfs`rr rrji jii` i`kj kj fd i` i`ss hdkustrh`s kf nfsthñd kf sfrvhahjs f H[QG. I`ss pr pràa àath tha` a`ss kf    I`

l`d d `k`p `k`ptt`kj `kj kf ij ijss `kgh `k ghdh dhst str` r`ah ahñd ñd tèad tèadha ha``   sf l`

kjghdhjs kf `kghdhstr`ahñd kf tfadjijnç` p`r` bhdfs kf `kghdhstr`ahñd kf sf sfrvh rvhah ahjs js `i fxp`d xp`dkh khrr j a` a`go goh` h`rr su fd fdbbjquf jquf kf sj sjiu iuah ahjd jdfs fs kf tfadjijnç` ` sfrvhahjs kf [H. I`s 1; pràatha`s kf nfsthñd kf H[HI sf fdugfr`d fd i` shnuhfdtf t`oi`

 

]ràatha`s kf nfsthñd H[HI 5

Ai`sfs kf ]ràatha`s

 

Ijs tfg`s auohfrtjs5

]ràatha`s

 

Ijs tfg`s auohfrtjs

]ràatha`s

 

[fg`05 I` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

 

Fi prjpñshtj kf i` gfejr` ajdthdu`5

I` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

"I` bhd`ihk`k kf i` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu` fs `ihdf`r i`s pràatha`s kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd y i` prfst`ahñd kf sfrvhahjs ajd i`s a` a`g goh`d h`dtfs dfaf dfafsh shk` k`kf kfss fgpr fgprfs fs`r `rh` h`if ifss gfkh gfkh`d `dttf i` hkfdthbha hkfd thbha`ahñd `ahñd y gfejr` gfejr` ajdthdu` ajdthdu` kf sfrvhahjs, sfrvhahjs, ajgpjdfd ajgpjdfdtfs, tfs, pr pràat àatha` ha`s, s, j au`iqu au`iquhfr hfr fifgfd fifgfdtj tj hd hdvj vjiua iuar`k r`kj j fd i` nfsthñ nfsthñd d fbhahfdtf y fbha`z kf ijs prjkuatjs y sfrvhahjs". Fd fi àgohtj kf i` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu` sf hdaiuyf fi kfs`rrjiij kf gètjkjs y tèadha`s rfi`ahjd`kjs ajd i` gfejr` y i` prjp`n`ahñd kf ud` auitur` kf gfejr` ajdthdu` fd tjk` i` jrn jrn`dhz `dhz`a `ahñ hñd, d, fd içdf içdf` ` aj ajd d i` fstr fstr`t `tfn fnh` h` nf nfdf dfrr`i kf i`

jrn`dhz`ahñd. Fi aj ajgp gprj rjgh ghsj sj y i` pr pràa àath tha` a` kf i` gfej gfejr` r` aj ajdt dthd hdu` u` kfof kfofd d hdtfnr`rsf hdtfnr `rsf fd a`k` bhor` kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd. jrn`dhz`ahñd. Qh dj ij fs, fxhstf ud rhfsnj rf`i kf quf i`s prfjaup`ahjdfs jpfr`thv`s kh`rh`s y fi tr tr`o` `o`ej ej hgpjrt hgpjrt`dt `dtf f kfi prjy prjyfat fatj j faihps faihpsfd fd ijs fs fsbuf bufrz rzjs js kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

 

Gètjkjs y tèadha`s p`r` i` gfejr` ajdthdu` "I` bhd`ihk`k kf i` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu` fs `ihdf`r i`s pràatha`s kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd y i` prfst`ahñd kf sfrvhahjs ajd i`s a`goh`dtfs dfafshk`kfs fgprfs`rh`ifs gfkh`dtf i` hkfdthbha`ahñd y gfejr` ajdthdu` kf sfrvhahjs, ajgpjdfdtfs, pràatha`s, j au`iquhfr fifgfdtj hdvjiuar`kj fd i` nfsthñd fbhahfdtf y fbha`z kf ijs prjkuatjs y sfrvhahjs". I` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

 

@athvhk`kfs ai`vfs kf gfejr` ajdthdu` I` pr pràa àath tha` a` kf prhdahp`ifs5 I` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

gfej gfejrr` aj ajd dthdu thdu` ` hd hdai aiuy uyf f i` i`ss sh shnu nuhf hfd dtfs `a `ath thvh vhk` k`kf kfss

 

Gfejr` ajdthdu`5 I` rfspjds`ohihk`k kf tjkjs

I` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

I` gfejr gfejr` ` ajdt ajdthdu hdu` ` fs rf rfspj spjds` ds`ohi ohihk` hk`k k kf tjkjs tjkjs.. [jkjs jkjs fd i` jr jrn` n`dhz dhz`ah `ahñd ñd kfofd kfofd ajgprf ajg prfdkf dkfrr i` dfafsh dfafshk`k k`k kf ud` p`rtha p`rthahp` hp`ahñ ahñd d `athv `athv` ` fd i`s `athvh `athvhk`k k`kfs fs kf gfejr gfejr` ` ajdthdu` ajgj p`rtf fsfdah`i kf su tr`o`ej. I` gfejr` ajdthdu` kfof hdaiuhrsf fd i` kfsarhpahñd kf i`s budahjdfs y joefthvjs kf a`k` fgpif`kj, `sç ajgj fd ijs ajdtr`tjs ajd prjvffkjrfs y ajdtr`thst`s fxtfrdjs

 

_fnhstrj kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

I` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

I`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs uthihz`d ud kjaugfdtj fstruatur`kj j o`sf kf k`tjs kfdjghd`k` _fnhstrj kf Gfejr` Ajdthdu` (AH_) p`r` r`strf`r y nfsthjd`r hkf`s kf gfejr`ghfdtj. Fi budk`gfdtj p`r` i` gfejr` fs auhk`kjs`gfdtf auhk`kjs`gfdtf `d`ihz`k` ajd k`tjs prfahsjs. @quç @q uç fs kjdk kjdkf f i`s i`s hk hkf` f`ss kf gfej gfejr` r` sj sjd d a` a`pt ptur ur`k `kjs js,, kjau kjaugf gfdt dt`k `kjs js y fv fv`i `iu` u`kj kjs, s, prhjrhz`kjs y sf kfof `atu`r `kfau`k`gfdtf p`r` `sfnur`r quf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd y sus sfrvhahjs fstèd gfejr`dkj ajdthdu`gfdtf.

I` t`oi` gufstr` ud fefgpij kf AH_.

 

Ajdtrhouahñd kf i` Gfejr` ajdthdu` ` i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` A`kfd` kf R`ijr

I` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu`

Fd i` bhnur` gufstr` i` ajdtrhouahñd kf i` gfejr` ` v`ijr5 i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj, ajd i` pràatha` hdvjiuar hdvjiuar`k` `k` fd tjk`s i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` ajdthdu` a`kfd` kf ]i`d5 I` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu` sf `piha` ` i`s `athvhk`kfs, gètjkjs y tèadha`s kf pi`dhbha`ahñd p`r` `sfnur`rsf `sfnur`rsf kf quf sf`d rfifv`dtfs p`r` ijs joefthvjs y fi ajdtfxtj `atu`ifs `atu`ifs kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd. Gfejr`r5   I` pràat pràatha` ha` kf gfejr gfejr` ` ajdth ajdthdu` du` fs ai`vf ai`vf p`r` p`r` fst` fst` `athvh `athvhk`k k`k kf i` a`kfd` a`kfd` kf v`ijr v`ijr.. Jrn`dhz` rfaursjs y `athvhk`kfs quf pfrghtfd i` gfejr` fd tjkjs ijs dhvfifs kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd y fi QRQ.

Rh Rhda daõi õifs fsf, f, kh khsf sfðf ðf y rf`i rf`iha haf f i` tr`d tr`dsh shah ahñd ñd,, jo jotf tfdn dn`` / aj ajds dstr truy uy`, `, fdtr fdtrfn fnuf uf y rf rfsp sp`i `ikf kf55  A`k` ud` kf fst`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr fstà sueft` ` ud` gfejr` ajdthdu`, y i` pràatha` kf gfejr` ajdthdu` sf `piha` ` tjk`s fii`s.

 

[fg`?5

I` pràatha` kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs

 

Joefthvj kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs A`gohj "Fi a`gohj sf rfbhfrf ` i` `khahñd, fihghd`ahñd y gjkhbha`ahñd kf au`iquhfr ajs` quf pufk` tfdfr fbfatj sjorf ijs sfrvhahjs". I` pràatha` kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs

"I` bhd`ihk`k kf i` pràatha` kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs fs g`xhghz`r fi dõgfrj kf èxhtjs fd [H. A`gohjs pjr5 ▵ @sfnur`r quf ijs rhfsnjs l`d shkj gfkhkjs `kfau`k`gfdtf ▵ @utjrhz`ahñd kf a`gohjs p`r` ajdthdu`r ▵ I` nfsthñd kfi a`gohj ljr`rhj"

 

Khsthdnuhr fi Ajdtrji kf A`gohj kf i` Nfsthñd kfi A`gohj Jrn`dhz` Jrn`dhz`ahjd`i ahjd`i I` pràatha` kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs

 

[hpjs kf a`gohjs5

I` pràatha` kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs

Khbfrfdtfs a`gohjs tr`t`d i` `utjrhz`ahñd kf g`dfr` khsthdt`.

 

@utjrhk`k kfi a`gohj `utjrhk`k `k kfi a`gohj.    I` pfrsjd` j nrupj quf `utjrhz` ud a`gohj, sf ajdjaf ajgj `utjrhk

I` pràatha` kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs

   [jkjs ijs a`gohjs sjd fv`iu`kjs y `utjrhz`kjs pjr i`s pfrsjd`s quf fdthfdkfd ijs

rhfsnjs y ofdfbhahjs fspfr`kjs, `dtfs kf quf sf hgpifgfdtfd ijs a`gohjs.

 

Ajgudha`r ijs a`gohjs5 A`goh`r prjnr`g`ahñd I` pràatha` kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs

Kfspuès quf ijs a`gohjs hkfdthbha`kjs l`d shkj kfspifn`kjs, t`gohèd sf pufkf us`r fi prjnr`g` kf a`gohjs p`r` prjpjrahjd`r i` hdbjrg`ahñd hdbjrg`ahñd dfafs`rh` p`r` i` nfsthñd kf hdahkfdtfs, nfsthñd nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s, y i` pi`dhbha`ahñd kf i` gfejr`.

 

A`tfnjrhz`r ijs a`gohjs @athvhk`k5 A`tfnjrhz`r Fd ajdshkfr`ahñd ` i` kfbhdhahñd kf ijs khsthdtjs thpjs kf a`gohjs, ºañgj ai`shbha`r fstjs a`gohjs: I` pràatha` kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs

susthtuahñd kf ud` udhk`k kfbfatujs` kfbfatujs`    I` susthtuahñd dufv` budahjd`ihk`k ` ud` `piha`ahñd    @nrfn`r ud` dufv`    A`goh`r j `ð`khr ud dufvj hdbjrgf    A`goh`r ud` khrfaahñd H] kf ud sfrvhkjr.    Hdst`i`r p`quftf dufvj kf sjbtw`rf    ]rjpjrahjd`r gàs fsp`ahj kf khsaj (kfdtrj kf udjs içghtfs

prfkfbhdhkjs)

prfkfbhdhkjs)

 

Ajdtrhouahñd kfi Ajdtrji kf A`gohjs ` i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` A`kfd` kf R`ijr

I` pràatha` kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs

I` bhnur` bhnur` gufstr gufstr` ` i` ajdtrh ajdtrhoua ouahñd hñd kfi ajdtrji ajdtrji kf a`gohj a`gohjss ` i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj, ajd i` pràatha` hdvjiuar`k` fd tjk`s i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr5 ]i`d5 ijs a`gohjs fd i`s a`rtfr`s, pjiçtha`s y pràatha`s kf prjkuatjs y sfrvhahjs rfquhfrfd ud ahfrtj dhvfi kf ajdtrji, y i` pràatha` kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs sf uthihz` p`r` prjpjrahjd`rijs.   gual`s gfejr`s rfqufrhràd quf sf rf`ihafd a`gohjs, y Gfejr`5 fstjs fst js kfo kfofd fd fv`iu fv`iu`rs `rsf f y `utjrh `utjrhz` z`rsf rsf kf i` ghsg ghsg` ` g`df g`dfr` r` quf tjkjs ijs kfgàs a`gohjs. ]`rthahp`r5  ijs aihfdtfs y usu`rhjs pufkfd dfafsht`r sfr ajdsuit`kjs j hdbjrg`kjs sjorf ijs a`gohjs, kfpfdkhfdkj kf i` d`tur`ifz` kfi a`gohj.  gualjs a`gohjs sf hdhah`d ajgj rfsuit`kj kf

Khsfðj Khs fðj y tr`ds tr`dshah hahñd5 ñd5

sfrvhahjs dufvjs j gjkhbha`kjs. I` `athvhk`k kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs fs ud hgpjrt`dtf ajdtrhouyfdtf ` i` tr`dshahñd. a`gohjs fd ijs ajgpjd ajgpjdfdt fdtfs fs fstàd fstàd Jot otf fdf dfrr / ajds jdstr truh uhrr5   Ijs a`gohjs sueftjs ` ajdtrji kf a`gohjs, y` sf` quf sf ajdstruy`d fd a`s` j sf jotfdn`d kf prjvffkjrfs.

Fd Fdtr trfn fn`` y sjpj sjpjrt rtf5 f5  ijs a`gohjs pufkfd tfdfr ud hgp`atj fd i`

fdtrfn` y fi sjpjrtf, y i` hdbjrg`ahñd sjorf ijs a`gohjs kfof ajgudha`rsf `i pfrsjd`i quf iifv` ` a`oj fst` `athvhk`k kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr. Fst`s pfrsjd`s t`gohèd pufkfd p`rthahp`r fd i` fv`iu`ahñd y `utjrhz`ahñd kf a`gohjs.  

[fg`15 I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf hdahkfdah`s

 

Nfsthñd kf hdahkfdtfs Hdahkfdtf I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf hdahkfdah`s

"Hdahkfdtf sf rfbhfrf ` ud` hdtfrrupahñd kf ud sfrvhahj, j ud` rfkuaahñd fd i` a`ihk`k kf ud sfrvhahj". "Fi pr "Fi prjpñ jpñsht shtj j kf i` `kg `kghdh hdhst str` r`ahñ ahñd d kf hdahkf hda hkfdt dtfs fs fs ghdhghz`r fi hgp`atj dfn`thvj   kf ijs hdahkfdtfs rfst`ur`dkj

f i budahtj`d d`pr ghjdtj fdtj tj ajgj djrg foif" ij. s sfrvhahjs prjd ajgj sf` sf``i pjsh pjkshoi f".

 

@athvhk`kfs ai`vfs kf i` nfsthñd kf hdahkfdah`s I`s `athvhk`kfs shnuhfdtfs sjd hgpjrt`dtfs p`r` rfsjivfr ijs hdahkfdtfs I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf hdahkfdah`s

 

Fi khsfðj kf i` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf hdahkfdah`s I`s jrn`dhz`ahjdfs kfofd khsfð`r sus pràatha`s kf nfsthñd kf hdahkfdah`s5 I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf hdahkfdah`s

 

Kh`ndñsthaj y rfsjiuahñd kf hdahkfdah`s Kh`ndñsthaj y rfsjiuahñd kf hdahkfdah`s hdvjiuar` ` ijs usu`rhjs fd ijs khbfrfdtfs nrupjs / fquhpjs5 I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf hdahkfdah`s

 

Ajdtrhouahñd kf Hdahkfdtfs ` i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` A`kfd` kf R`ijr

I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf hdahkfdah`s

I` bhn bhnur ur` ` gufs gufstr tr` ` i` ajdtrh ajdtrhoua ouahñd hñd kf i` nf nfsth sthñd ñd kf hdahkf hdahkfdtf dtfss ` i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj, ajd i` pràatha` `piha`k` prhdahp`igfdtf `i ajgprjghsj,, y fdtrfn` y `pjyj ` i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr ajgprjghsj v`ijr.. Fxafptj pjr fi pi`d, jtr`s `athvhk`kfs pufkfd us`r hdbjrg`ahñd sjorf hdahkfdtfs p`r` `yuk`r ` fst`oifafr prhjrhk`kfs5 Gfejr`5   ijs rfnhstrjs kf hdahkfdtfs sjd ud` fdtr`k` ai`vf p`r` i`s `athvh `athvhk`k k`kfs fs gf ejr` ` y sf prhjrh prhjrhz`d z`d fd tèrghd tèrghdjs js kf brfauf brfaufdah dah` ` y nr`vfk`k kf kf ijs gfejr hdahkfdtfs. ]`rthahp`ahñd5   ij ijss hda hdahkf hkfdt dtfs fs sjd sjd vhshoi vhshoifs fs p`r` p`r` ijs usu usu`rhj `rhjss y ijs hdahkfdtf hdahk fdtfss shnd shndhbha` hbha`thvjs thvjs t`gohèd sjd vhshoifs vhshoifs p`r` p`r` ijs aihfdtfs. aihfdtfs. I` oufd` nfsthñd kf hdahkfdtfs rfquhfrf ud` ajgudha`ahñd rfnui`r p`r` ajgprfdk ajgp rfdkfr fr ijs prjoifg`s prjoifg`s,, fst fst`oifaf `oifafrr fxp fxpfat` fat`thv`s thv`s,, prjp prjpjrahj jrahjd`r d`r `atu`ihz`ahjdfs kf fst`kj y `afpt`r quf fi prjoifg` sf l`y` rfsufitj

p`r` quf sf pufk` afrr`r fi hdahkfdtf. Kh Khsf sfðj ðj y tr tr`d `dsh shah ahñd ñd55   ijs hdahkfdtfs pufkfd jaurrhr fd fdtjrdjs kf prufo`, prufo `, `sç ajg ajgj j kur`dtf kur`dtf fi i`dz i`dz`ghfd `ghfdtj tj y i` hgpifgfd hgpifgfdt`ahñ t`ahñd d kfi sfrvhahj. sfrvha hj. I` pràa pràatha` tha` kf nfs nfsthñd thñd kf hdahk hdahkfdtf fdtfss n`r`dthz n`r`dthz` ` quf fstjs hdahkfdtfs sf rfsufiv`d kf g`dfr` jpjrtud` y ajdtrji`k`. Jotf Jotfdf dfrr / ajds ajdstr truh uhr5 r5   Ijs hdahkfdtfs pufkfd jaurrhr fd fdtjrdjs kf kfs`rrjiij. I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf hdahkfdtfs n`r`dthz` quf fstjs hdahkfdtfs sf rfsufiv`d kf g`dfr` jpjrtud` y ajdtrji`k`. Fd Fdtr trfn fnuf uf y sj sjpj pjrt rtf5 f5  I` nfsthñd kf hdahkfdtfs l`af ud` ajdtrhouahñd shndhbha`thv` `i sjpjrtf. Fst` `athvhk`k kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr hdaiuyf rfsjivfr hdahkfdtfs y prjoifg`s.  

[fg`;5

I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s

 

]rjpñshtj kf i` nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s ]rjoifg`5 "F "Fii prjoif joifg g` sf rfbh bhfr frf f ` ud` ud` a`us` `us` j a`u a`us` pjtfdah`i, kf udj j gàs hdahkfdtfs". hdahkfdtfs". I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s

Fi prjpñshtj kf i` nfsthñd kfi prjoifg` fs5 •   _fku _fkuah ahrr i` prjo prjo`o `ohi hihk hk`k `k y fi hgp` hgp`at atj j kf ij ijss hdah hdahkf kfdt dtfs fs gfkh gfkh`d `dtf tf i` hkfd hkfdth thbh bha` a`ah ahñd ñd kf i` i`ss a`us`s pjtfdah`ifs y rf`ifs kf hdahkfdtfs sjiuahjdf s y frrjrfs ajdjahkjs" •   @kghdhstr`r sjiuahjdfs

Frrjr Frr jr ajdjahkj5 ajdjahkj5 "Fs ud ]rjoifg` auy` r`çz y sjiuahñd tfgpjr`i l`d shkj kjaugfdt`k`s ‗

 

ºFi prjoifg` fs khbfrfdtf kfi hdahkfdtf: Ijs prjoifg`s f hdahkfdtfs fstàd rfi`ahjd`kjs fdtrf sç, pfrj kfof khsthdnuhrsf khsthdnuhrsf ajgj sjd @kghdhstr`kj fd khbfrfdtfs g`dfr`s. I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s

 

I`s b`sfs kf i` nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s G`dfej kf prjoifg`s hgpiha` trfs b`sfs khsthdt`s5

I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s

Qjiuahñd5 "Vd` sjiuahñd quf rfkuaf j fihghd` fi hgp`atj kf ud hdahkfdtf j prjoifg` . @inud`s sjiuahjdfs rfkuafd i` prjo`ohihk`k prjo`ohihk`k kf hdahkfdtfs

 

_fi`ahñd kf g`dfej kf prjoifg`s ajd jtr`s pràatha`s

I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s

 

_fi`ahñd kfi g`dfej kf prjoifg`s ajd pfrsjd`s, l`oh l` ohih ihk` k`kf kfss y aj ajgp gpft ftfd fdah ah`s `s I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s

I`s I`s `ath `athvh vhk` k`kf kfss kf nf nfst sthñ hñd d kf prjo prjoif ifg` g`ss sjd sjd `i `itt`gfd `gfdtf tf kfpf kfpfdk dkhf hfdt dtfs fs kf ij ijss ajdjahghfdtjs y i` fxpfrhfdah` kfi pfrsjd`i, fd vfz kf prjafkhghfdtjs kft`ii`kjs. ]`r` kh`ndjstha`r prjoifg`s, fs dfafs`rhj fdtfdkfr ijs shstfg`s ajgpifejs y pfds`r añgj khbfrfdtfs frrjrfs quf pufkfd l`ofr jaurrhkj. Fi kfs`rrjiij kf i` ajgohd`ahñd kf i` a`p`ahk`k arf`thv` y `d`içtha` rfquhfrf thfgpj y

tutjrç`, `sç ajgj ud` bjrg`ahñd `kfau`k`.

 

Ajdtrhouahñd kf ]rjoifg`s ` i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` A`kfd` kf R`ijr

I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s

I` nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s sufif afdtr`rsf fd ijs frrjrfs fd fdtjrdjs jp jpfr fr`t `thv hvjs js.. I` bhnu bhnur` r` gufs gufstr tr` ` i` ajdt ajdtrh rhou ouah ahñd ñd kf i` nfst nfsthñ hñd d kf prjoifg`s ` i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj, ajd i` pràatha` `piha`k` prhdahp`igfdtf ` i` gfejr`, y fdtrfn` y `pjyj ` i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr5 Gfejr`r5   Fs Fst` t` fs fi àrf` àrf` kf fd fdbjq bjquf uf prhdah prhdahp`i p`i p`r` i` nfst nfsthñd hñd kf pr prjo joif ifg` g`s. s. I`dfafs`rh` nfst nfsthñ hñd d p`r` fbha fbha`z `z kf ij ijs pr prjo joif ifg` g`s s pr prjp jpjr jrah ahjd jd` `y fi i` ajgprfdshñd rfkuahr i`s a`dthk`k kf hdahkfdtfs hgp`atj kf ijs hdahkfdtfs quf dj sf pufkfd prfvfdhr. Ajgprjghsj5  ijs prjoifg`s quf thfdfd ud hgp`atj shndhbha`thvj fd ijs sfrvhahjs sfràd vhshoifs p`r` ijs aihfdtfs y usu`rhjs. Fd `inudjs a`sjs, fs pjshoif quf ijs aihfdtfs kfsffd hdvjiuar`rsf fd i` prhjrhz`ahñd kf prjoifg`s, y sf kfof ajgudha`r fi fst`kj y ijs pi`dfs p`r` g`dfe`r

ijs prjoifg`s. I`s sjiuahjdfs ` gfdukj sf prfsfdt`d ` ijs usu`rhjs ` tr`vès kf ud pjrt`i kf sfrvhahjs. Khsfðj Khs fðj y tr tr`ds `dshah hahñd5 ñd5 i` nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s prjpjrahjd` hdbjrg`ahñd quf `yuk` ` gfejr`r i`s i `s prufo`s y i` tr`dsbfrfdah` tr`dsbfrfdah` kf ajdjahghfdtjs. Jotfdfr/ajdstruhr5  ijs kfbfatjs kfi prjkuatj pufkfd sfr hkfdthbha`kjs pjr i` nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s3 fstjs sf nfsthjd`d ajgj p`rtf kf fst` `athvhk`k kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr. v`ijr. Fd Fdtr trfn fnuf uf y sj sjpj pjrt rtf5 f5  I` nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s l`af ud` ajdtrhouahñd shndhb shndhbha` ha`thv thv` ` `i pr prfvf fvfdhr dhr i` rfpf rfpfthah thahñd ñd kf hda hdahkf hkfdtf dtfss y `i `pjy` `pjy`rr i` rfsjiuahñd jpjrtud` kf hdahkfdtfs.

 

[fg`65 I` pràatha` kf i` nfsthñd kf i` sjihahtuk kf sfrvhahj

 

Fi prjpñshtj kf i` Nfsthñd kf Qjihahtuk kf Qfrvhahj5 Qjih Qj ihah ahtu tuk k kf sf sfrvh rvhah ahj j I` pràatha` kf i` nfsthñd kf i` sjihahtuk kf sfrvhahj

"Vd` sjihahtuk kf sfrvhahj fs ud` pfthahñd kf ud usu`rhj j su rfprfsfdt`dtf `utjrhz`kj kfi usu`rhj quf qu f hd hdha hah` h` ud` ud` `a `aah ahñd ñd kf sfrv sfrvha hahj hj quf quf l` sh shkj kj `afpt`kj ajgj ud` p`rtf djrg`i kf prfst`ahñd kf sfrvhahjs". Fi prjpñshtj kf i` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf sjihahtuk kf sfrvhahj fs5

•

  ]r ]rjp jpjr jrah ahjd jd`r `r i` a` a`ih ihk` k`k k prjg prjgft fthk hk` ` kf ud sf sfrv rvha hahj hj,, g`df g`dfe` e`dk dkj j tjkj tjkjss i`s i`s sj sjih ihah ahtu tukf kfss prfkfbhdhkjs f hdhah`kj pjr fi usu`rhj `utjrhz`kj.

 

Fefgpijs kf sjihahtuk kf sfrvhahj

I` pràatha` kf i` nfsthñd kf i` sjihahtuk kf sfrvhahj

 

Fdtrfn Fdtrfn`` kf sjihahtukfs kf sfrvhahj I`s sjihahtukfs kf sfrvhahj bjrg`d p`rtf djrg`i kf i` prfst`ahñd kfi sfrvhahj, y dj ud` b`ii` j kfnr`k`ahñd kf sfrvhahj. I` pràatha` kf i` nfsthñd kf i` sjihahtuk kf sfrvhahj

Ajgj Ajg j i`s sjihah sjihahtuk tukfs fs fs fstà tàd d prfkfb prfkfbhdh hdhk`s k`s y `ajrk `ajrk`k` `k`s, s, nfdfr nfdfr`ig `igfdt fdtf f sf pufkfd pufkfd bjrg`ihz`r ajd ud ai`rj prjafkhghfdtj fstàdk`r p`r`5    Hdhahj

  @prjo`ahñd    Augpihghfdtj    Nfsthñd

   @inud`s sjihahtukfs sjd guy shgpifs shgpifs (t`ifs ajgj5 sjihahtuk kf hdb hdbjrg`ahñd). jrg`ahñd).    @inud`s sjihahtukfs sjd ajgpife`s (ajgj i` ajdbhnur`ahñd ajdbhnur`ahñd kf ud dufvj fgpif`kj `

i` rfk) y rfquhfrfd i` p`rthahp`ahñd kf jtrjs fquhpjs.    Hdkfpfdkhfdtfgfdtf kf i` ajgpifehk`k, ijs p`sjs p`r` augpihr ajd i` sjihahtuk kfof sfr ajdjahk` y prjo`k`. Fstj pfrghtf quf fi prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahjs pufk` `ajrk`r ijs thfgpjs p`r` fi augpihghfdtj kfi rfqufrhghfdtj y prjpjrahjd`r ud` ajgudha`ahñd ai`r` ai`r` kf i` shtu`ahñd kf i` kfg`dk` kf ijs usu`rhjs.

 

I`s khrfatrhafs kf Nfsthñd kf Qjihahtuk kf Qfrvhahj ]`r` sfr g`dfe`kj ajrrfat`gfdtf, i` `kghdhstr`ahñd kf sjihahtukfs kf sfrvhahj kfof sfnuhr fst`s p`ut`s5 I` pràatha` kf i` nfsthñd kf i` sjihahtuk kf sfrvhahj

 

Ajdtrhouahñd kf _fqufrhghfdtjs ` i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` A`kfd` kf R`ijr

I` pràatha` kf i` nfsthñd kf i` sjihahtuk kf sfrvhahj

I` bhn bhnur ur` ` guf gufstr str` ` i` aj ajdtr dtrhou houahñ ahñd d kf i` nf nfsth sthñd ñd kf sjihah sjihahtuk tukfs fs kf sfrvhahj ` i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj, ajd i` pràatha` hdvjiuar`k` fd tjk`s i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj, fxafptj i` `athvhk`k kfi pi`d5 Gfejr`5  i` nfsthñd kf sjihahtukfs kf sfrvhahj pufkf prjpjrahjd`r ud a`d`i p`r` hdhah`thv`s kf gfejr`, augpihkjs y qufe`s kf ijs usu`rhjs. [`goh `gohèd èd ajdtrhouy ajdtrhouyf f ` i` gfejr` gfejr` `i prjpjrahj prjpjrahjd`r d`r hdbjrg`ah hdbjrg`ahñd ñd sjorf tfdkfdah`s, a`ihk`k y rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd sjorf fi augpihghfdtj kf i`s sjihahtukfs. ]`rthahp`r5   i` nf nfssthñd thñd kf sj sjih ihah ahtu tukf kfss kf sfrv sfrvha hahj hj hdai hdaiuy uyf f ud` ud` ajgudha`a ajgu dha`ahñd hñd rfnui`r rfnui`r p`r` rfaj rfajphi`r phi`r ijs rfqu rfquhshtj hshtjss fspf fspfaçbha açbhajs js kfi usu`rhj, usu`r hj, fst`oifa fst`oifafr fr fxpfat` fxpfat`thv`s thv`s y prjpjrah prjpjrahjd`r jd`r `atu`ihz`a `atu`ihz`ahjdf hjdfss kf fst`kj.

Kh Khsf sfðj ðj y tr tr`d `dsh shah ahñd ñd55  ijs a`gohjs fstàdk`r fd ijs sfrvhahjs sf pufkfd hdhah`r y augpihr ajgj sjihahtukfs kf sfrvhahj. Jotf Jotfdf dfrr / ajds ajdstr truh uhr5 r5   Fi augpihghfdtj kf i`s sjihahtukfs kf sfrvhahj pufkf puf kf rf rfquf qufrhr rhr i` `kquhs `kquhshah hahñd ñd kf ajgpjd ajgpjdfd fdtfs tfs kf sfrvha sfrvhahj hj prf `prjo`kjs. Fdtr Fdtrfn fnuf uf y sj sjpj pjrt rtf5 f5   i` nfsthñd kf sjihahtukfs kf sfrvhahj l`af ud` ajdtrh ajd trhoua ouahñd hñd shndhb shndhbha` ha`thv thv` ` ` i` fdt fdtrfn rfn` ` djrg` djrg`ii kfi sfr sfrvha vhahj. hj. Fst` Fst` `athvhk`k kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr sf afdtr` prhdahp`igfdtf fd n`r`dthz`r quf ijs usu`rhjs ajdthdõfd shfdkj prjkuathvjs y, ` vfafs, kfpfdkf fd nr`d gfkhk` kfi augpihghfdtj kf sus sjihahtukfs.

 

[fg`25 I` pràatha` kfi Qfrvhaf Kfsc

 

Qfrvhaf Kfsc5 Fi jo joef efth thvvj kf i` pr pr`a `ath thaa` kf Qfrv Qfrvha haf f kfsc kfsc fs5 fs5 i` kfg`dk` kf rfsjiuahñd kf hdahkfdah`s y sjihahtu sjihahtukfs kfs kf sfrvhahj.    Ajgprfdkfr i`    @atu`r ajgj pudtj kf ajdt`atj p`r` fi prjvffkjr kf sfrvhahj eudtj ajd sus usu`rhjs

I` pràatha` kfi Qfrvhaf Kfsc

   Jbrfafr ud` rut` ai`r` p`r` quf ijs usu`rhjs pufk`d hdbjrg`r `afra` kf prjoifg`s,

ajdsuit`s y pfthahjdfs, y rfajdjafr, ai`shbha`r, prjphj, y tjg`r `aahjdfs sjorf fiijs.

 

@spfatjs ai`vf kf Qfrvhaf Kfsc5

I` pràatha` kfi Qfrvhaf Kfsc

 

A`d`ifs kf Qfrvhaf Kfsc5

I` pràatha` kfi Qfrvhaf Kfsc

Ijs Qfrvhaf Kfsc fstàd sjgfthkjs ` ud` prfshñd a`k` vfz g`yjr p`r` prjpjrahjd`r ud` v`rhfk`k kf a`d`ifs, p`r` quf ijs usu`rhjs pufk`d pjdfrsf fd ajdt`atj ajd fiijs, shd fgo`rnj fs guy kfpfdkhfdtf kf a`k` jrn`dhz`ahñd y ij quf fstàd tr`t`dkj kf ijnr`r.

 

Fstruatur`s `s kf Qfrvhaf Kfsc Fstruatur Vd Qfrvhaf kfsc pufkf tr`o`e`r fd ud` õdha` uoha`ahñd afdtr`ihz`k`, j quf rfquhfrf v`rh`s tfadjijnç`s kf `pjyj, t`ifs ajgj5 I` pràatha` kfi Qfrvhaf Kfsc

  Qhstfg`s kf tfifbjdç` hdtfihnfdtf.   Qhstfg`s kf biuej kf tr`o`ej p`r` fi fdrut`ghfdtj y i` fsa`i`k`.   Nfsthñd kf i` bufrz` kf tr`o`ej y ijs shstfg`s kf pi`dhbha`ahñd kf

rfaursjs.   O`sf kf ajdjahghfdtjs.

  I` nr`o`ahñd kf ii`g`k`s y ajdtrji kf a`ihk`k.   Lfrr`ghfdt`s kf `aafsj rfgjtj.   [`oifrj kf hdstrugfdtjs y lfrr`ghfdt`s kf gjdhtjrfj.   Qhstfg`s kf nfsthñd kf i` ajdbhnur`ahñd.

 

Qfrvhaf Kfsc Qt`bb Qfrvhaf kfsc st`bb rfquhfrf a`p`aht`ahñd y ajgpftfdah` ` tr`vès kf ud` sfrhf kf `gpih` n`g` kf àrf`s kf dfnjahj I` pràatha` kfi Qfrvhaf Kfsc

 

Ajdtrhouahñd kf Qfrvhaf Kfsc ` i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` A`kfd` kf R`ijr

I` pràatha` kfi Qfrvhaf Kfsc

I` bhnur` gufstr` i` ajdtrhouahñd kf i` gfs` kf sfrvhahj ` i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj, ajd i` pràatha` hdvjiuar`k` fd tjk`s i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr, v`ijr, fxafptj fi pi`d5 Gfejrf5 i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` gfs` kf sfrvhahj sf gjdhtjrf`d y fv`iõ`d ajdst`dtfgfdtf p`r` rfsp`ik`r i` gfejr` ajdthdu`, i` `ihdf`ahñd y i` arf`ahñd kf v`ijr v`ijr.. Ijs ajgfdt`rhjs kf ijs usu`rhjs sjd rfajphi`kjs pjr i` gfs` kf sfrvhahj p`r` `pjy`r i` gfejr` ajdthdu`. Ajgprjghsj5   i` gfs` kf sfrvhahj fs fi a`d`i prhdahp`i p`r` fi ajgprjghsj tàathaj y jpfr`thvj ajd ijs usu`rhjs. Kh Khsf sfðj ðj y tr tr`d `dsh shah ahñd ñd55  i` gfs` kf sfrvhahj prjpjrahjd` ud a`d`i

p`r` ajgudha`r ajgudha`rsf sf ajd ijs usu`rhjs usu`rhjs sjorf ijs sfrvhahjs dufvjs y gjkhbha`kjs. Fi pfrsjd`i kf i` gfs` kf sfrvhahj p`rthahp` fd i` pi`dhbha`ahñd kf i` ihofr`ahñd, i`s prufo`s y fi sjpjrtf kf vhk` tfgpr`d` Jotf Jo tfdf dfrr / ajds ajdstru truhr5 hr5 fi pfrsjd`i kf i` gfs` kf sfrvhahj pufkf p`rt p`rtha hahp hp`r `r fd i` `k `kquh quhsh shah ahñd ñd kf aj ajgp gpjd jdfd fdtf tfss kf sfr sfrvh vhah ahj j uthihz`kjs p`r` augpihr ajd i`s sjihahtukfs kf sfrvhahj y rfsjivfr hdahkfdtfs. fs` kf sfrv sfrvha hahj hj fs fi pudt pudtj j kf Fdtrfn` y sjpjrtf5   i` gfs` ajjrk ajj rkhd` hd`ahñ ahñd d p`r` p`r` i` nfsthñ nfsthñd d kf hda hdahkfd hkfdtfs tfs y sjihah sjihahtuk tukfs fs kf sfrvhahj.  

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I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj

 

Nfsthñd kfi dhvfi kf Qfrvhahj5

I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj

"I` bhd`ihk`k kf i` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj fs fst`oifafr ai`rjs joefthvjs fgprfs`rh`ifs p`r` fi kfsfgpfðj kfi sfrvhahj, ` bhd kf quf i` prfst`ahñd kf ud sfrvhahj pufk` sfr fv`iu`k` `kfau`k`gfdtf, supfrvhs`kj y `kghdhstr`k` fd ajdtr` kf fstjs joefthvjs".

 

I`s `athvhk`kfs ai`vfs kf i` nfsthñd kfi dhvfi kf sfrvhahj5 I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj

I` pr pràa àath tha` a` kf nfs fsth thñd ñd kf dh dhvf vfii kf sfrv sfrvha hahj hj hgpi hgpiha ha` ` i` kf kfbh bhdh dhah ahñd ñd,, kjaugfdt`ahñd kjaugfd t`ahñd y nfsthñd `athv` kf ijs dhvfifs kf sfrvhahj. ]rjpjra ]rjpj rahjd hjd` ` vhs vhshoh hohihk ihk`k `k kf fxtr fxtrfg fgj j ` fxtr fxtrfg fgj j kf ijs sfrvha sfrvhahjs hjs kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd, pjr fiij, i` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj5   Fst`oifaf ud` vhshñd ajgp`rthk` kf ijs sfrvhahjs y ijs dhvfifs kf

sfrvhahj ajd ijs aihfdtfs kf kfsthdj.

  N`r`dthz` quf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd augpi` ajd ijs dhvfifs kf sfrvhahj

kfbhdhkjs.   _f`ihz` rfvhshjdfs kf sfrvhahj. 

  rfdkhghfdtj A` A`p ptur tur` f hdb hd bjr jrg` g`dhvfifs sjor sjorf fkftsfrvhahj fg`s fg`s kf sf sfrv rvha hahj hj,, hd hdai aiuy uyfd fdkj kj fi ajdtr` kfbhdhkjs.

 

Ijs `aufrkjs kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj5

I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj

Kfskf l`af `ðjs, i` nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj uthihz` ud` lfrr`ghfdt` p`r` gfkhr fi rfdkhghfdtj kf ijs sfrvhahjs kfskf fi pudtj kf vhst` kfi aihfdtf. Fst` lfrr`ghfdt` sf ajdjaf ajgj ijs `aufrkjs kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj (QI@), sf uthihz` p`r` `ajrk`r fi sfrvhahj fdtrf fi prjvffkjr y fi aihfdtf.

 

_fquhshtjs kf i` Nfsthñd kf Dhvfi kf Qfrvhahj5

I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj

I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj rfquhfrf5    Fd Fdbbjq jquf uf y fs fsbu bufr frzzj p` p`rr` hd hdvj vjiu iuar ar`r `rsf sf y fs fsau aual al`r `r ij ijss rf rfqu quhs hsht htjs js,, `sudtjs, hdquhftukfs hdquhftukfs y dfafshk`kfs kh`rh`s kf ijs aihfdtfs.    Ajgprjghsj p`r` fdtfdkfr y ajdbhrg`r i`s dfafshk`kfs y rfqufrhghfdtjs kf ijs aihfdtfs.  Fsaual`r   p`r` ajdstruhr rfi`ahjdfs kf ajdbh`dz` y kfgjstr`r ` ijs aihfdtfs quf sjd v`ijr`kjs y ajgprfdkhkjs.

 

Bufd fdtf tfss p` p`rr` rf rfaj ajph phi` i`rr y `d `d`i `ihz hz`r `r hd hdbbjr jrg` g`ah ahñd ñd55 Bu I` `kghdhstr`ahñd kfi dhvfi kf sfrvhahj ajdshstf fd rfajphi`r y `d`ihz`r hdbjrg`ahñd kf khvfrs`s Bufdtfs. Fstjs hdaiuyfd5 I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj

 

Ajdtrhouahñd kf Dhvfifs kf Qfrvhahj ` i`s `athvhk`kfs kf i` A`kfd` kf R`ijr

I` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj

I` bhnur` gufstr` i` ajdtrhouahñd kf i` nfsthñd kfi dhvfi kf sfrvhahj ` i` a`kfd` kf v`ijr kfi sfrvhahj, ajd i` pràatha` `piha`k` prhdahp`igfdtf `i pi`d y `athvhk`kfs kf ajgprjghsj ajgprjghsj55 ]i`d5   i` nfsthñ nfsthñd d kfi dhvfi kf sfr sfrvha vhahj hj `kghtf `kghtf i` pi`dhb pi`dhbha` ha`ahñ ahñd d kf i` a`rt a`rtfr fr` ` kf pr prjk jkua uatj tjss y sf sfrvh rvhah ahjs js y i`s jbfr jbfrt` t`ss kf sf sfrv rvha hahj hjss aj ajd d hdbjrg`ahñd sjorf fi rfdkhghfdtj y i`s tfdkfdah`s rf`ifs kfi sfrvhahj.

Gfejr`5 ijs ajgfdt`rhjs kf ijs usu`rhjs sjorf fi sfrvhahj, `sç ajgj ijs rfquhshtjs kf ijs aihfdtfs, pufkfd sfr ud` bufrz` hgpuisjr` p`r` i` gfejr` kfi sfrvhahj. Ajgprjghsj5  i` nfsthñd kfi dhvfi kf sfrvhahj n`r`dthz` fi ajgprjghsj ajdthduj ajd ijs aihfdtfs y usu`rhjs gfkh`dtf fi prjafs`ghfdtj kf ajgfdt`rhjs y i` rfvhshñd ajdthdu` kfi sfrvhahj.

khsfðj fðj kf y kfs`r kf s`rrj rjiij iij kf t`dtj sfrvha sfrvhahjs dufvj dufvjs Kh Khsf sfðj ðj y tr tr`d `dsh shah ahñd ñd5 5   Fi khs gjkhbha`kjs rfahof hdbjrg`ahñd fst` pràatha`, `hjs tr`vès kfs i`y hd hdtf tfrr`a `aah ahñd ñd aj ajd d ij ijss aihf aihfd dtfs tfs aj ajgj gj aj ajgj gj p`rt p`rtf f kfi kfi ahai ahaij j kf rftrj`ihgfdt`ahñd rftrj`ihgfd t`ahñd fd tr`dshahñd. Jo Jottfdfr fdfr / ajds jdstr tru uhr5 i` nfsthñ nfsthñd d kfi dhv dhvfi fi kf sfrvhah sfrvhahj j prjpj prjpjrah rahjd` jd` joefthvjs p`r` ijs ajgpjdfdtfs y fi rfdkhghfdtj kfi sfrvhahj, `sç ajgj p`r` i`s a`p`ahk`kfs kf gfkhahñd y nfdfr`ahñd kf hdbjrgfs kf ijs prjkuatjs y sfrvhahjs. Fd Fdtr trfn fnu uf y sj sjp pjr jrttf5   i` nfs nfsthñ thñd d kf dhv dhvfi fi kf sfrvha sfrvhahj hj ajgud ajgudha` ha` ijs joefthvjs kf rfdkhghfdtj kfi sfrvhahj ` ijs fquhpjs kf jpfr`ahjdfs y sjpjrtf, y rfajphi` sus ajgfdt`rhjs ajgj hdbjrg`ahñd p`r` gfejr`r fi sfrvhahj.  

_fsugfd kfi gñkuij Fd fstf fstf gñ gñku kuij ij,, ustf ustfk k l` `p `prf rfdk dkhk hkj j quf5 quf5    Vd` pr pràat àatha ha` ` kf nf nfsth sthñd ñd fs ud aj ajdeu deudt dtj j kf rf rfaur aursjs sjs jrn` jrn`dhz dhz`th `thvj vjss

_fsugfd

khsfð`kjs p`r` rf`ihz`r ud tr`o`ej j fi augpihghfdtj kf ud joefthvj.   I` gfejr` ajdthdu`, sf rfbhfrf ` i` pràatha` kf i` hkfdthbha`ahñd y gfejr` kf sfrvhahjs, ajgpjdfdtfs, j au`iquhfr jtrj fifgfdtj hgpiha`kj fd i` nfsthñd fbhahfdtf y fbha`z kf ijs prjkuatjs y sfrvhahjs p`r` `ihdf`r i`s pràatha`s kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd y sfrvhahjs ` i`s a`goh`dtfs dfafshk`kfs fgprfs`rh`ifs.

   Fi prjpñshtj kf i` pràatha` kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs fs g`xhghz`r fi

dõgfrj kf a`gohjs kf [H fxhtjsjs, ajdbhrg`dkj quf ijs rhfsnjs l`d shkj gfkhkjs `kfau`k`gfdtf.    Fi àgohtj kf ajdtrji kf a`gohjs fs kfbhdhkj pjr a`k` jrn`dhz`ahñd.

Djrg`igf Djrg`i gfdt dtf f hda hdaiuh iuhrà rà tjk` tjk` i` hd hdbr br`fs `fstru truatu atur` r` kf [H, `pi `piha` ha`ahj ahjdfs dfs,, kjaugfdt`ahñd, kjaugfd t`ahñd, prjafsjs, rfi`ahjdfs ajd prjvffkjrf prjvffkjrfss y au`iquhfr jtr` ajs` quf pufk` khrfat` j hdkhrfat`gfdtf ud prjkuatj j sfrvhahj.  

_fsugfd kf gñkuij (ajdt.) I` nfsthñd kf hdahkfdtfs hdahkfdtfs rfkuaf fi hgp`atj kf ijs hdahkfdtfs hdahkfdtfs hdkfsf`oifs, rf`ajdkhahjd`dkj fi sfrvhahj djrg`i kf i`s jpfr`ahjdfs t`d prjdtj ajgj sf` pjshoif. I`s `athvhk`kfs ai`vf quf sjd hgpjrt`dtfs p`r` rfsjivfr ijs hdahkfdtfs kf _fsugfd

g`dfr` fbhahfdtf y fbha`z hdaiuyfd5   _fnhstrj y nfsthñd kf hdahkfdah`s.    @ajr @ajrk` k`rr, kj kjau augf gfdt dt`r `r y ajgu ajgudh dha` a`rr ij ijss th thfg fgpj pjss kf rfsj rfsjiu iuah ahñd ñd kf kfsthdj.

hdahkfdtfs o`s`k` fd ud` ai`shbha`ahñd.    ]rhjrhz`r ijs hdahkfdtfs Fi pr prjp jpñs ñsht htj j kf i` nfs nfsth thñd ñd kf pr prjo joif ifg` g`ss fs rfk fkua uahr hr `i gçdh gçdhgj gj i` prjo`ohihk`k y fi hgp`atj kf ijs hdahkfdtfs gfkh`dtf fi `dàihshs rf`i y pjshoifs a`us`s kf hdahkfdt hdahkfdtfs. fs. Nfsthñd kf prjoifg`s hgpiha` trfs b`sfs5 hkfdthbha`ahñd   kfi prjoifg`, ajd aj dtr trji ji kf pr prjo joif ifg` g`ss y fi ajd ajdtr trji ji kf frrj frrjrf rfss.  

_fsugfd kf gñkuij (ajdt.) Fi prjp prjpñsh ñshtj tj kf i` pràat pràatha ha` ` kf nfsth nfsthñd ñd kf sjihah sjihahtuk tukfs fs kf sfrvha sfrvhahjs hjs fs prjp pr jpjr jrah ahjd jd`r `r i` a`ihk `ihk`k `k kf ud sfrv sfrvha hahj hj prjg prjgft fthk hkj j kf ud sfrv sfrvha hahj hj,, g`dfe`dkj tjk`s i`s sjihahtukfs kf sfrvhahj prfkfbhdhk`s f hdhah`k` pjr fi usu`rhj kf g`dfr` guy fbfathv` y kf g`dfr` ajgprfdshoif. _fsugfd

Fi prjpñshtj kf i` pràatha` kf Qfrvhaf kfsc fs fdtfdkfr i` kfg`dk` p`r` i` rfsjiuahñd kf hdahkfdah`s y sjihahtukfs kf sfrvhahj. Vd Qfrvhaf kfsc `atõ` ajgj pudtj kf fdtr`k` y ud õdhaj pudtj kf

ajdt`atj p`r` i` jrn`dhz`ahñd kf H[ j kf sfrvhahjs kf i` jrn`dhz`ahñd. Fi prjpñshtj kf i` pràatha` kf nfsthñd kf dhvfi kf sfrvhahj fs fst`oifafr ai`rjs joefthvjs fgprfs`rh`ifs p`r` fi kfsfgpfðj kfi sfrvhahj, ` bhd kf quf qu f i` pr prfs fstt`a `ahñ hñd d kf ud sf sfrv rvha hahj hj pufk pufk` ` fv fv`i `iu` u`rrsf, sf, su supf pfrv rvhs hs`r `rsf sf y nfsthjd`rsf fd ajdtr` kf fstjs joefthvjs.

 

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