Itba Kit Wind Energy Basics All in One
Short Description
Material de energía eólica...
Description
EUROPEAN INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY RESEARCH
Wind Energy Basics EUROPÄISCHES INSTITUT FÜR ENERGIEFORSCHUNG INSTITUT EUROPEEN DE RECHERCHE SUR L’ENERGIE EUROPEAN INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY RESEARCH
Wind Energy Basics An introduction to wind energy Karlshochschule 2014 Norbert Lewald
Outline
• • • • • • • •
Introduction History Resources Technics Surroundings Repowering Offshore Future 2
Introduction
Enercon E-126 – 7.6 MW – worlds largest wind turbine Tower 135m / Total 198.5m / Blades 56m / Hybrid
3
Introduction
Wind Energy Potential Worldwide 40 times the current power consumption or more than 5 times global use of all energy forms (Lu et al, 2009)
DOE NREL
4
Introduction
Energy Consumption
DOE NREL
5
Introduction Wind Notables
• Cost competitive in areas with good wind resource (IEA, 2006) • Most economically feasible and fastest growing ‚new‘ renewable energy • 5 countries count for roughly 75% of of total world usage – US, Germany, China, Spain, India • Share of wind as a % of total power in wind power leaders is on average 10-20% and continuing to increase 6
Introduction
Wind Energy Today
Global Wind Energy Council
7
Introduction
Wind Energy in Europe
BMU
8
Introduction
CO2 Emmissions
Vermiedene Treibhausgas-Emissionen durch die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien in Deutschland 2009 72,7 Mio. t Strom
16,5
29,9
22,4
3,8
1,1
31,3 Mio. t Wärme
29,9
0,4 5,1 Mio. t Kraftstoffe
Gesamt: rd. 109 Mio. t CO2-Äq., davon rd. 57 Mio. t CO2-Äq. durch EEG-Strom vermieden
5,1
0
10
20 Wasser
Wind
30 40 50 THG-Minderung [Mio. t CO2-Äq.] Biomasse
Photovoltaik
Geothermie
60 Solarthermie
70
80
Biokraftstoffe
THG: Treibhausgas;; Abweichungen in den Summen durch Rundungen;; Quelle: UBA nach Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat);; Bild: H. G. Oed;; Stand: September 2010;; Angaben vorläufig
9
Introduction
Job creation - employment
Entwicklung der Bruttobeschäftigung durch erneuerbare Energien 2004, 2007, 2008 und 2009 in Deutschland Windenergie
85.700
63.900
102.100 95.600
128.000 121.400 119.500
Biomasse 56.800 80.600 77.600
Solarenergie
49.200
25.100 7.800 7.900 8.100 9.500
Wasserkraft
Geothermie 1.800
Anstieg: rd. 112 %
14.500 14.700 10.300 160.500
6.500 Arbeitsplätze öffentl./gemein- 4.900 4.500 nützige Mittel 3.400 2004
0
20.000
40.000
60.000
277.300 Arbeitsplätze
322.100 Arbeitsplätze
2007
2008
80.000
100.000
339.500 Arbeitsplätze
2009 120.000
140.000
Angaben für 2008 und 2009 vorläufige Schätzungen;; Abweichungen in den Summen durch Rundungen;; Quelle: BMU-KI III 1;; "Erneuerbar beschäftigt! Kurz- und langfristige Arbeitsplatzwirkungen des Ausbaus der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland";; Bild: BMU / Christoph Busse / transit;; Stand: September 2010;;
10
Introduction
External Costs – Externalities
11
History
12
History of Wind Power Ancient Times
• • • •
First murals of wind powered sailboats from 1,400 B.C. (5,000) in the Grave of Menna King Hamurabi of Babylon 1,750 B.C. mentioned wind power in a law code Inventor Heron of Alexandria 100 AD mentioned a wind powered organ Proofed use of wind power from 700 AD – – –
•
Persian windmill
Persia (flour mills) Tibet (prayer wheels) China (water pumping)
Specific Characteristic – – –
Vertical axis Drag driven Preferred wind direction Chinese windmill
13
History of Wind Power
The Ages of Windmills – Europe Center and North
• Known since the 12th century • Horizontal Axis • Lift driven !!! • Historical circumstances – Culmination of handicraft – Labor shortage – Prosperity – Christianization
Bock-windmill 12th-15th cent.
• Fields of application – Milling, Threshing, Pumping, Sawing, Hammering, Fulling Holland-windmill 16th cent.
14
History of Wind Power
The Ages of Windmills – Europe Center and North
• • • • • • •
Ø 20 – 25 m Hub : 20 – 30 m Weight : 40 – 50 t 8 kW < P < 12 kW Up to 1 t meal/day Efficiency 80m with car or lift • 15-20% of investment costs – Balance of costs versus annual energy yield 2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
5 Drive Train & Structure
WEC Tower (size)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
5 Drive Train & Structure
WEC Tower (construction)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
5 Drive Train & Structure
WEC tower (types)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
5 Drive Train & Structure
WEC Foundation (onshore)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
5 Drive Train & Structure
WEC foundation (offshore)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
5 Drive Train & Structure
WEC foundation (offshore – Alpha Ventus)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
5 Drive Train & Structure
WEC offshore – Alpha Ventus
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
5 Drive Train & Structure
WEC foundation (offshore II floating)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
WEC foundation (offshore II floating)
5 Drive Train & Structure
First floating turbine 2009 Norway (Hywind)
Second floating turbine 2011 Portugal (WindFLoat)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
5 Drive Train & Structure
WEC foundation (offshore II floating)
Blue H - tension
WindFloat Hywind - catenary 60t additional ballast
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
5 Drive Train & Structure
WEC Subsystems (Nacelle)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
WEC Produced Power
electrical limit
5 Drive Train & Structure
PN ≡ Prated
P(v) structural limit
vE ≡ ventry
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
vN ≡ vrated
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
vA ≡ vstop
Overview
• Project Development 6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
– Annual Energy Yield – Environmental Issues
• Cost Structures
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
• Phases
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
– Planning – Erection – Operation
• In Parallel – Technical aspects – Permits and legal aspects – Economic aspects
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development Technical Aspects
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
• Wind Siting • Local Framework – Foundation / Soil – Transport Infrastructure – Electrical Infrastructure
• Capacity • Energy Yield
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Technical Aspects - Draft Planning – Soil – Local Framework
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development Technical Aspects – Foundation / Soil – Local Framework
•
Investigation on Soil for each wind turbine – Subsoil must be able to take the load for each turbine – Flat gravity foundation or pile foundation (costs)
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
•
Investigation on transport roads and space for construction – – – – – – – –
•
2015
Buildings Underpasses Overhead Lines Traffic Signs Train Lines Antennas Curved alleys Bodies of water Climatic conditions
Location and type (voltage level) of grid access
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Energy Yield – Power Production
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Energy Yield – Power Production
electrical limit
PN ≡ Prated P(v) structural limit
vE ≡ ventry
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
vN ≡ vrated
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
vA ≡ vstop
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Energy Yield – frequency distribution
K "v% f (v) = ⋅ $ ' A # A&
K−1
⋅e
" v %K −$ ' # A&
)%, +m. *s-
Weibull Distribution K = shape parameter A = scale parameter
" %"
%2
π v π " v % −$# 4 '&⋅$# vm '& f (v) = ⋅ $ 2 ' ⋅ e 2 # vm & Weibull Distribution Rayleigh Distribution
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
)%, +m. *s-
Project Development Annual Energy Yield
vA
Ea = ∑ P(v)⋅ f (v)⋅ Δv ⋅ 8760h vE
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Ea =
∫ P(v)⋅ f (v)⋅ dv ⋅ 8760h
•
f(v) has to be recalculated to the hub height
•
8760h are never reached
•
Substract at least 48-72h for maintanance
Example: 1,5 MW 100m hub height 4,5 Mio. kWh/a
f (v)
P(v)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development Annual Energy Yield – Capacity Factor – Full Load Hours
• Capacity Factor CF
• Full Load Hours
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Prated – The fraction of the year the turbine generator is 3000 1560 operating at rated full load (peak) power – Capacity Factor = partial load Average Output / Peak Output ≈ 30% – Depends on the characteristics of the operating hours per year turbine and the site characteristics
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development Annual Energy Yield –Full Load Hours
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Energy Full Load Hours (2007) Nuclear 7.710 Brown Coal 6.640 Biomass ca. 5.000 a) Wind offshore 4.450 Black Coal 3.550 Water(L&S) 3.510 Natural Gas 3.170 Wind b) 1.680 Mineral Oil 1.640 Pump Storage 970 Photovoltaic 910
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Technical Aspects – Wind Park Design – Wind F armer
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development Permits and legal aspects
• Permits – According to local/regional/national construction law
• Other legal aspects – General environmental aspects 6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
• Contruction & o peration acceptable in terms o f n ature conservation
– Ecological aspects • Additional contraints to assess the impact o n flora & fauna
• Typical Indicators – – – – – 2015
Areas with rare birds (bats) Specific aspect on animal and plant protection Noise impact / Infrasound (subsonic noise) Shadow casting Heritage and landscape conservation
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Permits and legal aspects – Bird Areas - Offshore
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Noise Impact
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development Noise Impact (Wind Park Tauern – Austria)
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
30 db: quite room
40 db: nighttime in hospital 50 db: normal talking
80 db: car in the city
Germany: Max. 45 db for housing.
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Shadow Casting
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Shadow Casting
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Shadow Casting (Wind Park Tauern – Austria)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Economics (Example Wind Park Tauern – Austria)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Economics Cashflow (Example Wind Park Tauern – Austria)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Time Schedule (Example Wind Park Tauern – Austria)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Technology (Example Wind Park Tauern – Austria)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Report Structure – Economics o f Wind (Risö)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Overview on Cost Structure
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Cost Structure for Total Investment Cost (2MW)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
C€/kWh (2MW)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
C€/kWh – Interest Rate (2MW)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
C€/kWh – Interest Rate 7.5% d evelopment (2MW)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Cost Comparison 2010
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Cost Comparison 2010 – Sensitivity Analysis CO2 p rice& fuel cost
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Estimation of additional b alancing & o perating costs
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Variations in Total investment Costs – IEA – Turbine, F oundation, Grid- Connection
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Cost Structure
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Wind Turbine Cost Structure (2007)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
O&M Costs
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Cost Structure Offshore (Denmark)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Cost c€/kWh Offshore (Denmark)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
US Projection Wind
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Greenpeace Study - Subsidies
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
6 Proj. Develop. – Cost Structures
Greenpeace Study – Public Economy Costs
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Overview
7 Market and Grid Integration
• • • •
2015
Market Integration Operation Control Grid Integration Supergrids
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
„Market“ Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Renewable Energy Policies
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
„Market“ Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Renewable Energy Policies / F eed-In versus Quota Share
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Market Integration „Martprämie“ – Market Bonus
7 Market and Grid Integration
• Possibility to sell wind energy on the market • Difference between feed-in tarification and monthly average stock exchange price for energy (EPEX/EEX) • Marktprämie = EEG – (MW-Pm) – MW : monthly average price (EEX) – Pm : management bonus (1,0 ct/kWh)
• Trading at EEX needs blocks of 1 MWh – Buying the control energy – Producing the control energy 2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Market Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
„Martprämie“ – Market Bonus
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Market Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Supply Demand Curve
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Market Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Influence on spot price (Merit Order Effect)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Market Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Development u ntil 2015 (DENA)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Market Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Net additional cost of wind energy (DENA)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Market Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Regulatory Market
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration Known Problems
• Control Energy – Prognosis 7 Market and Grid Integration
• Reserve Energy (Capacity Factor) – Difference Min – Max Power Output
• Fault Right Through – Short Circuit Power – Cut-off large production
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Fluctuation / Intermediate p ower source
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Variability
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Missing when needed
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Positive Control Energy
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Negative Control Energy
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Difficult to predict
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Difficult to predict
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Huge prediction error
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
New prediction apporach ANN (Artifical neural networks)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
New Requirements
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration New Requirements
• Wind Park Cluster
7 Market and Grid Integration
– – – –
Control Energy Constant Power Output Power Limitation Planned Output
• Wind Park – – – – –
Power Limitation Short Circuit Power Cut-off in case of grid faults but ... Fault Right Through enabling Gradient Limitation
• Wind Converter – Safe Operation – Maximum Energy Yield 2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration Energy Yield – Power Production
7 Market and Grid Integration
electrical limit
PN ≡ Prated P(v) structural limit
vE ≡ ventry
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
vN ≡ vrated
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
vA ≡ vstop
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Grid Extension Germany
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
7 Market and Grid Integration
Power Production Park (DENA)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Operation Control
7 Market and Grid Integration
UCTE etc.
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Operation Control
7 Market and Grid Integration
Idealized
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Operation Control Idealized
• Frequency response – full automatic – large generators (≈ 97.5 % Prated)
7 Market and Grid Integration
• Spinning reserve
– unused capacity that can be activated – generator is synchronized with the grid – load that can be cut off quickly
• Non-spinning reserve – pumped storage
• Replacement reserve – changing the dispatchment scheme 2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Operation Control
7 Market and Grid Integration
Example Austria
2015
failure
frequency response
spinning & n on-spinning
replacement
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Operation Control
7 Market and Grid Integration
Italian Black-Out 28.09.2003
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Operation Control
7 Market and Grid Integration
Italian Black-Out 28.09.2003 – Frequency Slope
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Operation Control Droop Control – Frequency Control
7 Market and Grid Integration
frequency versus r eal power
voltage versus r eactive power
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Supergrid
7 Market and Grid Integration
HVDC ? New ?
Source : Wikimedia
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Supergrid
7 Market and Grid Integration
HVDC ? Why ?
Source : p owerelectronics.com
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Supergrid
7 Market and Grid Integration
DESERTEC
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Supergrid
7 Market and Grid Integration
Dii (Desertec Industrial Initiative)
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Supergrid
7 Market and Grid Integration
Production - Demand
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Supergrid
7 Market and Grid Integration
Dii 2050
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Supergrids ?
7 Market and Grid Integration
US ?
A 7 65 kV A C transmission grid designed to carry 4 00 GW o f wind p ower to cities from Midwest at a cost of $60 b illion.
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Supergrids ?
7 Market and Grid Integration
Asia ? GobiTec ...
Source: Japan Renewable Energy Foundation, S eptember 2 011
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Supergrids ?
7 Market and Grid Integration
Asia-Pacific Subgrids
Source : E SCAP
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Future Why renewables are cheaper on the long run
Gestehungskosten production cost
7 Market and Grid Integration
conventional Konventionelle production Energieerzeugung
Regenerative renewable Energieerzeugung
production
Zeit time
2015
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Overview
s Summary … Cost Market
• • • •
WS 2014/15
Energy Yield Cost Structure Market Operation Control
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development
s Summary … Cost Market
Energy Yield – Power Production
WS 2014/15
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development Energy Yield – Power Production
electrical limit
s Summary … Cost Market
PN ≡ Prated P(v) structural limit
vE ≡ ventry
WS 2014/15
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
vN ≡ vrated
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
vA ≡ vstop
Project Development
s Summary … Cost Market
Energy Yield – frequency distribution
K "v% f (v) = ⋅ $ ' A # A&
K−1
⋅e
" v %K −$ ' # A&
)%, +m. *s-
Weibull Distribution K = shape parameter A = scale parameter
" %"
%2
π v π " v % −$# 4 '&⋅$# vm '& f (v) = ⋅ $ 2 ' ⋅ e 2 # vm & Weibull Distribution Rayleigh Distribution
WS 2014/15
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
)%, +m. *s-
Project Development Annual Energy Yield
vA
Ea = ∑ P(v)⋅ f (v)⋅ Δv ⋅ 8760h vE
s Summary … Cost Market
Ea =
∫ P(v)⋅ f (v)⋅ dv ⋅ 8760h
•
f(v) has to be recalculated to the hub height
•
8760h are never reached
•
Substract at least 48-72h for maintanance
Example: 1,5 MW 100m hub height 4,5 Mio. kWh/a
f (v)
P(v)
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development Annual Energy Yield – Capacity Factor – Full Load Hours
• Capacity Factor CF
• Full Load Hours
s Summary … Cost Market
Prated – The fraction of the year the turbine generator is 3000 1560 operating at rated full load (peak) power – Capacity Factor = partial load Average Output / Peak Output ≈ 30% – Depends on the characteristics of the operating hours per year turbine and the site characteristics
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Project Development Annual Energy Yield –Full Load Hours
s Summary … Cost Market
Energy Full Load Hours (2007) Nuclear 7.710 Brown Coal 6.640 Biomass ca. 5.000 a) Wind offshore 4.450 Black Coal 3.550 Water(L&S) 3.510 Natural Gas 3.170 Wind b) 1.680 Mineral Oil 1.640 Pump Storage 970 Photovoltaic 910
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
s Summary … Cost Market
Cost Structure for Total Investment Cost (2MW)
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
s Summary … Cost Market
C€/kWh (2MW)
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
s Summary … Cost Market
C€/kWh – Interest Rate (2MW)
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
s Summary … Cost Market
Wind Turbine Cost Structure (2007)
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
s Summary … Cost Market
O&M Costs
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
s Summary … Cost Market
Greenpeace Study - Subsidies
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Economics
s Summary … Cost Market
Greenpeace Study – Public Economy Costs
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
„Market“ Integration
s Summary … Cost Market
Renewable Energy Policies
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Market Integration
s Summary … Cost Market
Supply Demand Curve
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Market Integration
s Summary … Cost Market
Influence on spot price (Merit Order Effect)
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration Known Problems
• Control Energy – Prognosis s Summary … Cost Market
• Reserve Energy (Capacity Factor) – Difference Min – Max Power Output
• Fault Right Through – Short Circuit Power – Cut-off large production
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
s Summary … Cost Market
Variability
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
s Summary … Cost Market
Missing when needed
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
s Summary … Cost Market
Positive Control Energy
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
s Summary … Cost Market
Negative Control Energy
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration
s Summary … Cost Market
New prediction apporach ANN (Artifical neural networks)
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Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Grid Integration New Requirements
• Wind Park Cluster – – – –
Control Energy Constant Power Output Power Limitation Planned Output
s Summary … Cost Market
• Wind Park – – – – –
Power Limitation Short Circuit Power Cut-off in case of grid faults but ... Fault Right Through enabling Gradient Limitation
• Wind Converter – Safe Operation – Maximum Energy Yield WS 2014/15
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Operation Control
s Summary … Cost Market
UCTE etc.
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European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Operation Control
s Summary … Cost Market
Idealized
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European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
Operation Control Idealized
• Frequency response – full automatic – large generators (≈ 97.5 % Prated)
• Spinning reserve s Summary … Cost Market
– unused capacity that can be activated – generator is synchronized with the grid – load that can be cut off quickly
• Non-spinning reserve – pumped storage
• Replacement reserve – changing the dispatchment scheme WS 2014/15
Renewable Energy Wind- & Hydropower
European Inst. f or Energy Research Dipl.-Phys. N. Lewald
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