Italian Basic Phrases

Basic Phrases English Good day Good evening Good night (going to bed) Hello / Hi / Bye Goodbye Thank you (very much) You're welcome Please How are you? (formal) How are you? (informal) I'm (really) good. I'm ok. Bad / not bad What's your name? (f) What's your name? (in) My name is… Where are you from? (f) Where are you from? (in) I'm from…. How old are you? How old are you? I'm ___ years old. Yes / No Do you speak … ? (f) Do you speak … ? (inf) I (don't) speak… I (don't) know Do you understand? (f) Do you understand? (inf) I (don't) understand Can you help me? (f) Can you help me? (inf) Of course. I would like… Where is / are … ? Excuse me Pardon me

French Bonjour Bonsoir Bonne nuit Salut Au revoir Merci (beaucoup) De rien S'il vous plaît Comment allez-vous ? Ça va? Je vais (très) bien. Comme ci, comme ça. Mal / pas mal Comment vous appelezvous ? Tu t'appelles comment ? Je m'appelle… D'où venez-vous ? Tu es d'où ? Je suis de… Quel âge avez-vous ? Tu as quel âge ? J'ai ___ ans. Oui / Non Parlez-vous … Est-ce que tu parles … Je (ne) parle (pas)… Je (ne) sais (pas). Comprenez-vous? Est-ce que tu comprends ? Je (ne) comprends (pas). Pouvez-vous m'aider ? Est-ce que tu peux m'aider ? Bien sûr Je voudrais… Où est / sont… ? Excusez-moi Pardonnez-moi

Italian Buongiorno Buona sera Buona notte Ciao Arrivederci Grazie (mille) Prego Per favore Come sta? Come stai? Sto (abbastanza) bene. Cosí cosí. Male / Non c'è male Come si chiama? Come ti chiami? Mi chiamo… Di dov'è Lei? Di dove sei? Sono di… Quanti anni ha? Quanti anni hai? Ho ___ anni. Si / No Parla… Parli… (Non) parlo… (Non) lo so. Capisce? Capisci? (Non) capisco. Può aiutarmi? Puoi aiutarmi? Certamente Vorrei… Dov'è / Dove sono… ? Con permesso Mi scusi

I'm sorry See you tomorrow See you later / soon Mister / Misses / Miss Pleased to meet you. Pardon? How do you say … ? What's the matter? What's happening? There is / are… What is it? Right? It doesn't matter. I have no idea. I don't care. I'm tired / sick. I'm hungry / thirsty. I'm cold / hot. I'm bored. I forgot. I have to go. Welcome! Let's go! Good luck! Have fun! (inf) Bless you! Cheers! Pay attention! / Be careful! Don't worry! (inf) Shut up! (f / inf) Congratulations! Happy New Year Happy Easter Merry Christmas Happy Birthday I love you. (singular) I miss you. (singular)

Je suis désolé(e). A demain A tout à l'heure / A bientôt Monsieur / Madame / Mademoiselle Enchanté(e). Comment ? Comment dit-on … ? Qu'est-ce qu'il y a ? Qu'est-ce qui se passe ? Il y a… Qu'est-ce que c'est que ça ? N'est-ce pas ? Ça ne fait rien. Je n'ai aucune idée Ça m'est égal.

Mi dispiace A domani A più tardi / A presto Signore / Signora / Signorina Piacere. / Molto lieto. Come? Come se dice … ? Cosa c'è? Che succede? C'è / Ci sono… Che cosa è?

Vero? Non importa Non ho idea Non m'importa Sono stanco(a) / Je suis fatigué(e) / malade. malato(a) J'ai faim / soif. Ho fame / sete. J'ai froid / chaud. Ho freddo / caldo. Je m'ennuie. Mi annoio. J'ai oublié. Ho dimenticato. Je dois y aller. Devo andare. Bienvenue Benvenuti Allons-y ! Andiamo! Bonne chance ! Buona fortuna! Amuse-toi ! Divertiti! A tes souhaits ! Salute! A la vôtre ! Cincin! Faites attention ! Fate attenzione! Ne t'en fais pas ! Non ti preoccupare! Taisez-vous ! / Tais-toi ! Sta zitto! / Stai zitto! Félicitations ! Congratulazioni! Bonne Année Buon Anno Joyeuses Pâques Buona Pasqua Joyeux Noël Buon Natale Bon Anniversaire Buon Compleanno Je t'aime Ti amo / Ti voglio bene Tu me manques Mi manchi

Adjectives in both languages must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular and plural) with the nouns they describe. For example. if you are

a man, you would use je suis fatigué in French and sono stanco in Italian for I am tired. If you are a woman, you would use je suis fatiguée in French and sono stanca in Italian. Vocabulary words are generally given in the masculine form, with the feminine ending in parentheses.(In French, you generally add -e to form the feminine; while in Italian, you change -o to -a). If there is only one form of an adjective given, then it is the same for masculine and feminine (such as malade in French). Pronunciation The major difference in pronunciation between the two languages is that French has several silent letters, while every letter must be pronounced in Italian. In addition, French contains four distinctive nasal vowels that do not exist in Italian. Vowels Vowels in French are somewhat complex (12). Vowels in Italian are much simpler (7). Vowels that do not exist in English are highlighted in blue. French Vowels [i] [y]

Italian Vowels [i] vita

vie, midi, lit, riz rue, jus, tissu, usine blé, nez, cahier, [e] [e] pied jeu, yeux, queue, [ø] bleu [ɛ] lait, aile, balai, reine [ɛ] sœur, œuf, fleur, [œ] beurre chat, ami, papa, [a] [a] salade bas, âne, grâce, [ɑ] château loup, cou, caillou, [u] [u] outil eau, dos, escargot, [o] [o] hôtel sol, pomme, cloche, [ɔ] [ɔ] horloge fenêtre, genou, [ə] cheval, cerise

vedi

English Pronunciation meet ee rounded wait ay rounded

era

bet eh rounded

kane

not ah longer

uva

boot

sole

coat

modo law rut

I'm using the International Phonetic Alphabet symbols for the vowels and a rough phonetic transcription for those who do not know the IPA. French has three front rounded vowels that do not exist in English, but you can learn to pronounce them correctly because their unrounded counterparts do exist in English. To pronounce [y], round your lips when saying [i]; to pronounce [ø], round your lips when saying [e]; and to pronounce [œ], round your lips when saying [ɛ].

The distinction between [a] and [ɑ] continues to disappear in modern French, so don't worry about trying to distinguish these two sounds. Pronouncing Italian vowels is rather easy. The only problems arise when distinguishing the two e's and o's. If the vowel is stressed, then it is always closed [e] and [o]. If the vowel is not stressed, it is always open [ɛ] and [ɔ]. This can change according to regional dialects in Italy, of course, but this is the standard rule. Nasal Vowels, Semi-Vowels/Consonants, & Diphthongs The four nasal vowels are a distinctive feature of French. There are also three semi-vowels. In Italian, there are two semi-vowels, several diphthongs and a few triphthongs. French nasal French semivowels vowels gant, banc, [ã] [w] oui, Louis dent pain, vin, [ɛ̃] [ɥ ] lui, suisse linge brun, lundi, oreille, [œ̃] [j] parfum Mireille rond, ongle, [õ] front

Italian semivowels quando, [w] uomo piano, ieri, [j] piove

The distinction between the two nasals [ɛ]̃ and [œ̃] is disappearing in French. Italian semi-vowels are written ua, ue, uo, ui for [w] and ia, ie, io, iu for [j]. If another vowel precedes u or i, then it is a diphthong: ai, ei, oi, au, eu. The combination iu + another vowel creates a triphthong. Consonants French consonants ex + vowel ex + consonant ch (Latin origin) ch (Greek origin) ti + vowel (except é)

egz examen, exercice eks sh

exceptionnel, expression architecte, archives orchestre, archéologie

eg-zah-mawn, eg-zehrsees ek-sehp-see-oh-nel, ekspreh-see-ohn ar-shee-tekt, ar-sheev

ohr-kehs-tr, ar-kay-oh-lohzhee day-moh-krah-see, nahsee démocratie, nation see-ohn k

Italian consonant + vowel combinations c + a, o, u, k he, hi c + ia, io, iu, ch e, i g + a, o, u, g he, hi

amica, amico, amiche bacio, celebre, cinema gara, gusto, spaghetti

ah-mee-kah, ah-mee-koh, ah-mee-keh bah-cho, cheh-leh-breh, chee-neh-mah gah-rah, goo-stoh, spahgeh-tee

g + ia, io, iu, Giotto, gelato, dj e, i magico sc + a, o, u, scala, scuola, sk he, hi scheda sc + ia, io, iu, sciarpa, sciupato, sh e, i scemo

djoh-toh, djeh-lah-toh, mah-djee-koh skah-lah, skoo-oh-la, skeh-dah shar-pah, shoo-pah-toh, sheh-moh

In both languages, s is generally pronounced the same as in English, except when it is between two vowels, then it is pronounced like z. H is always silent. Double consonants in Italian must be pronounced individually: il nonno (eel nohnnoh) is pronounced differently than il nono (eel noh-noh) Liaison in French forces a preceding consonant to be pronounced before the following vowel of the next word. Normally, this consonant is silent, but it must be pronounced at the beginning of the next word: très (treh) and heureux (uh-ruh) become treh zuh-ruh when pronounced together. S and x are pronounced as z, d as t and f as v in liaisons. Stress In general, stress falls on the last syllable in French and the second-to-last syllable in Italian. If stress falls on the last syllable in Italian, the vowel is written with an accent mark (la città). However, it is also possible for the stress in Italian to fall on the third-to-last syllable (America, telefono) and even the fourth-to-last syllable (telefonano) in third person plural verb conjugations. Alphabet English A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S

French ah bay say day uh eff zhay ahsh ee shee kah ell emm enn oh pay kew air ess

Italian ah bee chee dee eh eff-eh zhee ahk-kah ee ee loon-gah kahp-pah ehl-eh ehm-eh ehn-eh oh pee koo ehr-reh ehs-seh

T U V W X Y Z

tay ew vay doo-blah-vay eeks ee-grek zed

teh oo voo dohp-pyah voo eeks ee greh-kah dzeh-tah

Numbers English

French

Italian

English

French

zero

zéro

zero

one

un

two

Italian

uno

first

premier (ère) primo (a)

deux

due

second

deuxième

secondo (a)

three

trois

tre

third

troisième

terzo (a)

four

quatre

quattro

fourth

quatrième

quarto (a)

five

cinq

cinque

fifth

cinquième

quinto (a)

six

six

sei

sixth

sixième

sesto (a)

seven

sept

sette

seventh

septième

settimo (a)

eight

huit

otto

eighth

huitième

ottavo (a)

nine

neuf

nove

ninth

neuvième

nono (a)

ten

dix

dieci

tenth

dixième

decimo (a)

eleven

onze

undici

eleventh

onzième

undicesimo (a)

twelve

douze

dodici

twelfth

douzième

dodicesimo (a)

thirteen

treize

tredici

thirteenth

treizième

tredicesimo (a)

fourteen

quatorze

quattordici fourteenth

quatorzième

quattordicesimo (a)

fifteen

quinze

quindici

fifteenth

quinzième

quindicesimo (a)

sixteen

seize

sedici

sixteenth

seizième

sedicesimo (a) diciassettesimo (a)

seventeen dix-sept

diciassette seventeenth dix-septième

eighteen

dix-huit

diciotto

nineteen

dix-neuf

diciannove nineteenth

dixneuvième

diciannovesimo (a)

twenty

vingt

venti

twentieth

vingtième

ventesimo (a)

twenty-one vingt et un ventuno

twenty-first

vingt et unième

ventunesimo (a)

twenty-two vingt-deux ventidue

twenty-

vingt-

ventiduesimo (a)

eighteenth

dix-huitième diciottesimo (a)

second

deuxième

twentythree

vingt-trois ventitre

twenty-third

vingttroisième

ventitreesimo (a)

thirty

trente

trenta

twentyfourth

vingtquatrième

ventiquattresimo (a)

forty

quarante

quaranta

twenty-fifth

vingtcinquième

venticinquesimo (a)

fifty

cinquante cinquanta

sixty

soixante

sessanta

one-half

une moitié

un mezzo

seventy

soixantedix

settanta

one-third

un tiers

un terzo

eighty

quatrevingts

ottanta

one-fourth

un quart

un quarto

ninety

quatrevingt-dix

novanta

hundred

cent

cento

once

une fois

una volta

hundred one

cent un

centuno

twice

deux fois

due volte

two hundred

deux cents

duecento

three times

trois fois

tre volte

thousand

mille

mille

million

un million un milione

When writing numbers, switch the use of commas and periods. For example, 4.50 in English would be written as 4,50 in French and Italian. In French, cent has a plural form: cents, but mille is invariable (there is no plural form); while in Italian, cento is invariable and mille has a plural form: mila. French telephone numbers are ten digits, beginning with zero, and the country code is 33 (Belgium: 32, Switzerland: 41, Canada: 1). Italian telephone numbers are between 8 and 11 digits, most beginning with zero, and the country code is 39. Articles & Demonstratives Definite and Indefinite Articles Indefinite Definite French Italian Article (a, French Article (the) an) masculine masculine le il un singular singular begins with begins with l' l' un vowel vowel begins with begins with lo s + cons. s + cons. masculine les i masculine des

Italian un un uno dei

plural plural of l' and lo feminine la singular begins with l' vowel feminine les plural

gli

la l' le

plural plural: di + gli feminine une singular begins with une vowel feminine des plural

degli

una un' delle

Articles are slightly more complicated in Italian. The rows in italics only concern Italian and not French. If a masculine Italian noun begins with s + consonant, z, gn, ps, x, or i + vowel, you must use lo as the definite article (instead of il). However, la is still used for all feminine Italian nouns that begin with those same letters. Only il changes to i in the plural, while l' and lo change to gli. Feminine articles are more simple: la and l' change to le in the plural. The plural indefinite article can be expressed as some in English, but it is not always used. Demonstrative Adjectives this / these that / those French Italian French + noun + noun masculine masculine ce questo ce singular singular begins with begins with cet quest' cet vowel vowel begins with begins with questo s + cons. s + cons. masculine masculine ces questi ces plural plural plural of l' plural: di + questi and lo gli feminine cette singular begins with cette vowel feminine ces plural

feminine cette singular begins with quest' cette vowel feminine queste ces plural questa

Italian quel quell' quello quei quegli

quella quell' quelle

In French, ce, cet, and cette can be translated as this or that, while ces can be translated as these or those. If you would like to be precise, you can add -ci to the end of the noun to specify this/these (for what is close to you), and -là to the end of the noun to specify that/those (for what is further away from you). For example, cette chaise-ci means this chair while cette chaise-là means that chair. In Italian, two distinct forms exist to distinguish between what is close and what is far away: quest- for close, and quel- for far away.

In Italian, demonstrative adjectives (which precede nouns) and demonstrative pronouns (which take the place of nouns) have very similar forms. In French, the demonstrative pronouns have different forms. You can add -ci and -là to the French demonstrative pronouns to specify what is close (this/these) and what is far away (that/those): celui-ci means this one, while celui-là means that one. Demonstrative Pronouns this / these that / those French Italian French Italian + verb + verb masculine masculine celui questo celui quello singular singular masculine masculine ceux questi ceux quelli plural plural feminine singular feminine plural

feminine singular feminine celles queste plural celle

questa

celle

quella

celles quelle

Nouns: Gender & Number There are two genders of nouns in both languages, masculine and feminine, and two numbers, singular and plural. Adjectives agree in gender and number with nouns, so you must learn the gender with each noun in order to form grammatically correct phrases. Usually the last letter of the noun will tell you which gender it is. Gender In French, masculine singular nouns generally end with a consonant, - age or -ment. Feminine singular nouns generally end with -ure, -sion, -tion, -ence, -ance, -té, and -ette. In Italian, masculine singular nouns generally end with -o or -ore. Feminine singular nouns generally end with -a or -zione. Nouns ending with -e and -ista can be either gender, so you must learn those individually. A few masculine nouns end with -a: il problema, il tema, il teorema, il poeta, il cinema, il programma; and a few feminine nouns end with -o: la mano, la radio, la foto, la moto. In most cases, the gender of a noun is the same in French and Italian. But there are some cases in which the genders are reversed. (For example, names of cities and letters of the alphabet are masculine in French, but feminine in Italian.) Masculine in French / Feminine Feminine in French / in Italian Masculine in Italian English French Italian English French Italian affair, air l'air l'aria l'affaire l'affare case art l'art l'arte tooth la dent il dente calm le calme la calma oil l'huile l'olio number/digit le chiffre la cifra limit la limite il limite couple le couple la coppia sea la mer il mare Sunday le la method la il

dimanche domenica summer

l'été

l'estate

minute

forehead

le front

la fronte

panic

guide

le guide

la guida

period

spring

le la planet printemps primavera

sand

le sable

la sabbia second

evening

le soir

la sera

attempt

méthode la minute la panique la période la planète la seconde la tentative

metodo il minuto il panico il periodo il pianeta il secondo il tentativo

Number In French, singular nouns generally add -s (unless the noun already ends in -s, -z, or -x, then they change nothing for the plural), though nouns ending in -au, -eau, and -eu add -x instead (or change -al/-ail to -aux) to form the plural. (Exceptions: festival, carnaval, bal, pneu, bleu, landau, détail, chandail all add -s) There are also seven nouns ending in -ou that add -x instead of -s: bijou, caillou, chou, genou, pou, joujou, hibou French Irregular Plurals: l'œil - les yeux (eye-eyes); le ciel - les cieux (sky-skies); le jeune homme - les jeunes gens (young man-young men); and three nouns are masculine in the singular, but feminine in the plural: amour, délice, orgue In Italian, singular nouns that end with -o or -e, whether masculine or feminine, change to -i in the plural. Feminine nouns change -a to -e in the plural. Monosyllabic nouns, nouns that end with an accented letter, with a consonant, and with -i do not change in the plural. Nouns ending in -ca, -go, -ca, and -ga add an -h before the plural ending (as a rule of pronunciation). Nouns that end with -io can either change to -ii in the plural (if the i of -io is stressed), or to -i (if the i of -io is not stressed). Italian Irregular Plurals: l'uomo - gli uomini (man-men); il dio - gli dei (god-gods); il bue - i buoi (beef); il centinaio - le centinaia (century-centuries); il dito - le dita (finger-fingers); il riso - le risa (laughter); l'uovo - le uova (egg-eggs); l'ala - le ali (wing-wings); l'arma - le armi (weapon-weapons); la mano - le mani (hand-hands) Personal Pronouns Direct Object Pronouns English French Italian English French Italian I je io me me mi you (s, you (s, tu tu te ti inf) inf) you (s, you (s, vous Lei vous La f) f) Subject Pronouns

Indirect Object Pronouns English French Italian me me mi you (s, te ti inf) you (s, vous Le f)

Disjunctive Pronouns English French Italian me moi me you (s, toi te inf) you (s, vous Lei f)

he / she il / elle one / we we you (pl, inf/f) they (m/fem)

lui / lei

on

si

nous

noi

vous

voi

ils / elles

loro

him / her

le / la lo / la

us nous you (pl, vous inf)

ci

them

li

les

vi

him / her

gli / le

him / her

us nous you (pl, vous inf)

ci

them

loro

us nous you (pl, vous inf) eux / them elles

lui

leur

vi

lui /elle

lui / lei

noi voi loro

s = singular, pl = plural, inf = informal, f = formal, m = masculine, fem = feminine There is more than one you in both languages, depending on how many people you are speaking to and how informal or formal you are being. In French, tu is singular and informal (when speaking to one person, such as a family member); while vous is plural, whether informal or formal (when speaking to more than one person) AND singular and formal (when speaking to one person, whom you do not know well or to whom you'd like to show respect). In Italian, tu is informal and singular, while Lei is formal and singular and voi is plural, whether informal or formal. Keep in mind that Lei takes a third person singular form when conjugating verbs (same as for he/she - lui/lei). On and si are used as an abstract subject meaning one, they, you, we, people in general, etc. There are several translations of this into English where the subject doesn't refer to any person already mentioned: They say it's going to rain today. How are you supposed to do this? What should one do with $10 million? In addition, the French on is very commonly used to mean we instead of nous in everyday conversation. It always take a third person singular form when conjugating verbs, even though it refers to more than one person. In both languages, if you want to use it to refer to a noun, you must know the gender. For example, il in French can mean he or it, depending on what noun the pronoun refers to. Il est petit, le garçon. He is small, the boy. Il est petit, le lit. It is small, the bed. Notice that they can also be translated in two ways in French (ils and elles), depending on the gender of the noun. Verbs: Be, Have, Do Present Tense suis sono es sei è être / essere - est to be sommes siamo êtes siete sont sono

Past Tense étais ero étais eri était era étions eravamo étiez eravate étaient erano

Future Tense serai sarò seras sarai sera sarà serons saremo serez sarete seront saranno

avoir / avere - ai to have as a avons

avais avais avait avions

aurai auras aura aurons

ho hai ha abbiamo

avevo avevi aveva avevamo

avrò avrai avrà avremo

faire / fare to do, make

avez ont

avete hanno

aviez avaient

avevate avevano

aurez avrete auront avranno

fais fais fait faisons faites font

faccio fai fa facciamo fate fanno

faisais faisais faisait faisions faisiez faisaient

facevo facevi faceva facevamo facevate facevano

ferai feras fera ferons ferez feront

farò farai farà faremo farete faranno

Past tense here refers to the imperfect, not preterite. In French, the subject pronoun must always be used before the verb conjugations. When the verb begins with a vowel, je becomes j' and is connected to the verb (j'ai). In informal speech, the same happens with tu, it becomes t' and is connected to the following verb (t'as). In Italian, you do not have to use the subject pronouns, unless you want to emphasize the subject or to avoid ambiguity. There are several common and idiomatic expressions with the verbs avoir and avere, which translate to be in English: to be hungry to be thirsty to be warm to be cold to be right to be wrong to be sleepy to be afraid (of) to be # years old to need to want, feel like

avoir faim avoir soif avoir chaud avoir froid avoir raison avoir tort avoir sommeil avoir peur (de) avoir # ans avoir besoin de avoir envie de

avere fame avere sete avere caldo avere freddo avere ragione avere torto avere sonno avere paura (di) avere # anni avere bisogno di avere voglia di

There is another verb in Italian that means to be, stare. But this verb is only used in expressions relating to health and feelings and when expressing the progressive form (be + gerund in English).

stare to be

Present Tense sto stai sta stiamo state stanno

Past Tense stavo stavi stava stavamo stavate starano

Future Tense starò starai starà staremo starete staranno

Interrogatives / Conjunctions / Adverbs English

French

Italian

English French

Italian

who whose what where where from why when how how much which that

qui de qui qu'est-ce que / quoi où d'où pourquoi quand comment combien quel(le) que

chi di chi che cosa dove di dove perché quando come quanto quale che

because and or but if not very also while since although

parce que et ou mais si pas très aussi pendant depuis bien que

perché e o ma se non molto anche mentre da benché

Days / Months / Seasons English

French

Italian

English

French

Italian

Monday

lundi

lunedì

January

janvier

gennaio

Tuesday

mardi

martedì

February

février

febbraio

Wednesday mercredi

mercoledì

March

mars

marzo

Thursday

jeudi

giovedì

April

avril

aprile

Friday

vendredi

venerdì

May

mai

maggio

Saturday

samedi

sabato

June

juin

giugno

Sunday

dimanche

domenica

July

juillet

luglio

August

août

agosto

spring

le printemps

la primavera September septembre settembre

summer

l'été (m)

l'estate (f)

autumn

l'automne (m) l'autunno

November novembre novembre

winter

l'hiver (m)

December décembre dicembre

l'inverno

October

octobre

ottobre

The days of the week and months of the year are all masculine in both languages (except domenica in Italian). If you want to express an action that happens habitually on a certain day, use the definite article before the day: le lundi / il lunedì (on Mondays). In a season or a month is translated as en in French (except for in spring, which is au printemps) and in in Italian. When writing the date, use the definite article (le or il) plus the number and then the month: le 5 mai / il 5 maggio. For the first day of a month, you must use premier or primo instead of the number. Time / Weather / Directions Quelle What time heure estis it? il ?

Che ora è? / Che ore sono?

What's the weather like?

Quel temps Che tempo fait-il ? fa?

At what time?

A quelle heure ?

A che ora?

It's nice

Il fait bon

Fa tempo buono

1:00

Il est une heure

È l'una

It's beautiful

Il fait beau

Fa bel tempo

2:00

Il est deux heures

Sono le due

It's hot

Il fait chaud

Fa caldo

3:10

Il est trois heures dix

Sono le tre e dieci

It's cold

Il fait froid

Fa freddo

19:50

Il est vingt heures moins dix

Sono le venti meno dieci

It's sunny

Il fait du soleil

C'è il sole

18:15

Il est dixSono le diciotto huit heures It's windy e un cuarto et quart

Il fait du vent

Tira vento

7:45

Il est huit heures moins le quart

Il fait frais

Fa fresco

15:30

Il est quinze Sono le heures et quindici e demie mezzo

It's bad

Il fait mauvais

Fa brutto tempo

noon

midi

mezzogiorno

It's foggy

Il fait du brouillard

C'è la nebbia

midnight

minuit

mezzanotte

It's cloudy

Il fait nuageux

È nuvoloso

exactly

précise

in punto

It's stormy

Il fait orageux

Il tempo è burrascoso

in the morning

du matin

di mattina

It's raining

Il pleut

Piove

in the afternoon

de l'aprèsmidi

del pomeriggio

It's snowing

Il neige

Nevica

in the evening

du soir

di sera

It's freezing Il gèle

French l'après-midi (m)

Italian

English

il pomeriggio

sunrise

century

le siècle

il secolo

sunset

dawn day daybreak

l'aube le jour le point du

l'alba il giorno la spuntar del

time today tomorrow

English afternoon

Sono le otto It's cool meno un quarto

Fa un freddo gelido

French le lever du soleil le coucher du soleil le temps aujourd'hui demain

Italian il levar del sole il tramonto il tempo oggi domani

giorno

evening fortnight

jour la tombée de la nuit le soir la quinzaine

holiday

la fête

la festa

hour

midnight minute month morning

l'heure (f) une demiheure un quart d'heure une heure et demi l'année bissextile la minuit la minute le mois la matin

night

la nuit

noon

le midi

season second

dusk

half hour quarter hour hour and half leap year

il far della notte week

la semaine

la sera la quindicina

l'an (m) hier dernier (ère)

ultimo

l'ora

year yesterday last, previous next

la settimana l'anno ieri

prochain(e)

prossimo

una mezz'ora

north

nord

nord

un quarto d'ora south

sud

sud

un'ora e mezzo east

est

est

l'anno bisestile west

ouest

ovest

la mezzanotte il minuto il mese la mattina

northeast northwest southeast southwest to/on the la notte left to/on the il mezzogiorno right

nord-est nord-ouest sud-est sud-ouest

nord-est nord-ovest sud-est sud-ovest

à gauche

a sinistra

à droite

a destra

la saison

la stagione

tout droit

sempre diritto

la seconde

il secondo

straight

Colors & Shapes English French

Italian

English

French

Italian

red

rouge

rosso

square

le carré

il quadrato

pink

rose

rosa

circle

le cercle

il cerchio

orange orange

arancione

triangle

le triangle

il triangolo

yellow

jaune

giallo

rectangle

le il rectangle rettangolo

green

vert

verde

oval

l'ovale

l'ovale

blue

bleu

azzurro

box

la boîte

la scatola

purple

lila / violet

viola

sphere

la sphère la sfera

brown

brun / marron

marrone

cube

le cube

il cubo

pyramid

la la pyramide piramide

blanc(he) bianco

cone

le cône

il cono

gray

gris

grigio

cylinder

le cylindre

il cilindro

silver

argent

argento

heart

le cœur

il cuore

gold

or

oro

star

l'étoile

la stella

diamond

le diamant

il diamante

crescent

le la croissant mezzaluna

black

noir

white

nero

Family family

la famille

la famiglia

stepson

le beau-fils il figliastro

mother

la mère

la madre

stepsister

la bellesœur

la sorellastra

mom

maman

mamma

stepbrother

le beaufrère

il fratellastro

father

le père

il padre

half-sister

la demisœur

la sorellastra

dad

papa

papà

half-brother

le demifrère

il fratellastro

parents

les parents

i genitori

mother-inlaw

la bellemère

la suocera

daughter

la fille

la figlia

father-in-law

le beaupère

il suocero

son

le fils

il figlio

daughter-inlaw

la belle-fille la nuora

children

les enfants

i figli

son-in-law

le gendre

il genero

sister

la sœur

la sorella sister-in-law

la bellesœur

la cognata

brother

le frère

il fratello

brother-inlaw

le beaufrère

il cognato

wife

la femme / l'épouse

la sposa

godmother

la marraine la madrina

husband

le mari / l'époux

lo sposo

godfather

le parrain

il padrino

grandmother

la grandmère

la nonna

girl

la jeune fille

la ragazza

grandfather

le grand-

il nonno

boy

le garçon

il ragazzo

père grandparents

les grandsparents

i nonni

baby

le bébé

il bambino

granddaughter la petite-fille la nipote

woman

la femme

la donna

grandson

le petit-fils

il nipote

man

l'homme

l'uomo

grandchildren

les petitsenfants

i nipoti

adult

l'adulte

l'adulto

cousin (f)

la cousine

la cugina relatives

les parents i parenti

cousin (m)

le cousin

il cugino

twins

les jumeaux

i gemelli

aunt

la tante

la zia

birth

la naissance

la nascita

uncle

l'oncle

lo zio

death

la mort

la morte

niece

la nièce

la nipote

marriage

le mariage

il matrimonio

nephew

le neveu

il nipote

divorce

le divorce

il divorzio

stepmother

la belle-mère

la matrigna

single

célibataire

celibe/nubile

stepfather

le beau-père

il patrigno

married

marié(e)

sposato (a)

stepdaughter

la belle-fille

la figliastra

divorced

divorcé(e)

divorziato (a)

Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns

adjective + noun my your (s) his / her our your (pl) their

Possessive Adjectives French Italian French Italian French Italian masculine singular masculine plural feminine singular mon il mio mes i miei ma la mia ton il tuo tes i tuoi ta la tua son il suo ses i suoi sa la sua notre il nostro nos i nostri notre la nostra votre il vostro vos i vostri votre la vostra leur il loro leurs i loro leur la loro

French Italian feminine plural mes le mie tes le tue ses le sue nos le nostre vos le vostre leurs le loro

In Italian, you must always use the definite article before the possessive adjective, except with singular family members that are not modified by an adjective. However, loro is invariable and always preceded by the definite article. In both languages, you generally use the definite article instead of a possessive adjective when referring to parts of the body (because it is obvious who they belong to). In Italian, possessive adjectives (which precede nouns) and possessive pronouns (which take the place of nouns) have the same form. However, in French, there are different words for the possessive pronouns. Possessive Pronouns

verb + pronoun mine yours (s) his / hers ours yours (pl) theirs

French Italian masculine singular le mien il mio le tien il tuo le sien il suo le nôtre il nostro le vôtre il vostro le leur il loro

French Italian masculine plural les miens i miei les tiens i tuoi les siens i suoi les nôtres i nostri les vôtres i vostri les leurs i loro

French Italian feminine singular la mienne la mia la tienne la tua la sienne la sua la nôtre la nostra la vôtre la vostra la leur la loro

French Italian feminine plural les miennes le mie les tiennes le tue les siennes le sue les nôtres le nostre les vôtres le vostre les leurs le loro

Remember that the forms for her/hers in Italian can also be capitalized and use for the singular formal your/yours: il Suo / i Suoi / la Sua / le Sue. Adjectives: Gender & Number Adjectives are placed after the noun they describe in French and Italian, though there are a few common adjectives that are placed before the noun (adjectives of beauty, age, goodness and size). They also must agree in gender and number with the noun. Most of the rules for changing gender and number in both languages are the same for adjectives as they are for nouns. Gender In French, add -e to the masculine adjective to form the feminine. If the masculine adjective already ends in -e, then add nothing (the masculine and feminine forms are the same). There are several other rules for forming feminine adjectives in French: -x changes to -se, -il, -el, and -eil change to -ille, -elle, and -eille, -et changes to -ète, -en and -on change to -enne and -onne, -er changes to -ère, -f changes to -ve, -c changes to -che, -g changes to -gue, -eur changes to -euse if adjective is derived from verb, -eur changes to -rice if adjective is not same as verb, -eur changes to -eure with adjectives of comparison. Three common adjectives are irregular, and generally precede the noun: beau - belle (beautiful); nouveau - nouvelle (new); vieux - vieille (old). These three adjectives also have an alernate form that is used before masculine adjectives that begin with a vowel: bel, nouvel, vieil. In Italian, masculine adjectives change -o to -a for the feminine. Adjectives that end in -e can be masculine or feminine. Number In French, add -s to a singular adjective to form the plural, unless it already ends in -s, -x, or -z (adjectives ending in these letters are the same in the singular and plural). In Italian, singular masculine adjectives change -o to -i and singular feminine adjectives change -a to -e to form the plural. Adjectives ending in -e (regardless of gender) change to -i for the plural. Same as for nouns, adjectives ending in -ca, -go, -ca, and -ga add an -h before the plural ending. Adjectives that end with -io can either change to -ii in the plural (if the i of -io is stressed), or to -i (if the i of -io is not stressed). In both languages, when an adjective describes more than one noun of different genders, the adjective will be masculine plural. Mes amis et mes amies sont tous italiens. / I miei amici e le mie amiche sono tutti italiani. My male friends and

my female friends are all Italian. However, in Italian, the adjective can also agree with the noun that is closest to it. nice mean great / large small long short (length) tall short (height) new young old first next last same different good bad beautiful

gentil / gentille méchant/e grand/e petit/e long/ue court/e grand/e petit/e nouveau / nouvelle jeune vieux / vieille premier / première prochain/e dernier / dernière même différent/e bon / bonne mauvais/e beau / belle

gentile meschino/a grande piccolo/a lungo/a corto/a alto/a basso/a nuovo/a giovane vecchio/a primo/a prossimo/a ultimo/a stesso/a differente buono/a cattivo/a bello/a

ugly open closed wide narrow hot cold dirty clean quiet loud thin big / fat empty full slow fast happy sad

laid/e ouvert/e fermé/e large étroit/e chaud/e froid/e sale propre tranquille bruyant/e maigre gros / grosse vide plein/e lent/e vide content/e triste

brutto/a aperto/a chiuso/a largo/a stretto/a caldo/a freddo/a sporco/a pulito/a zitto/a rumoroso/a magro/a grasso/a vuoto/a pieno/a lento/a veloce felice triste

Remember for adjectives, you add -e to form the feminine in French; while in Italian, you change -o to -a. Verbs: Come, Go

venir / venire to come

aller / andare to go

Present Tense viens vengo viens vieni vient viene venons veniamo venez venite viennent vengono

Past Tense venais venivo venais venivi venait veniva venions venivamo veniez venivate venaient venivano

Future Tense viendrai verrò viendras verrai viendra verrà viendrons verremo viendrez verrete viendront verranno

vais vas va allons allez vont

allais allais allait allions alliez allaient

irai iras ira irons irez iront

vado vai va andiamo andate vanno

andavo andavi andava andavamo andavate andavono

andrò andrai andrà andremo andrete andranno

Aller and andare can both be used to indicate the future, as does go in English: to be going to + infinitive. In French, aller is followed directly by the infinitive, but in Italian, the preposition a is placed between andare and the infinitive.

Je vais partir. / Vado a partire. I'm going to leave. Asking Questions Yes / No Questions The easiest way to form yes/no questions in both languages is to add n'est-ce pas to the end of French statements and non è vero to the end of Italian statements. These phrases are similar to the tags that English adds to the end of questions, and therefore there are several translations into English. Tu es une étudiante, n'est-ce pas ? / Sei una studentessa, non è vero? You're a student, aren't you? You can also change the word order to form yes/no questions. In French, you invert the subject and verb and write them together with a hypen. If the verb ends in a vowel, you must add -t- between the verb and subject for ease of pronunciation. And if there is a subject other than the subject pronoun, you leave the subject at the beginning and invert the subject pronoun and verb. In Italian, you simply add a question mark to the end of the sentence and raise the intonation of your voice. Or if there is a subject, you can move it to the end of the sentence. Parlez-vous allemand ? / Parlate tedesco? Do you speak German? Le garçon a-t-il faim ? / Ha fame, il ragazzo? Is the boy hungry? Another way to form yes/no questions in French involves adding est-ce que before the statement: Est-ce que vous parlez allemand ? You can also simply add a question mark and raise the intonation of your voice to form questions in French, but this is informal and not advised in writing: Vous parlez allemand ? Interrogative Questions For questions that begin with wh- words or phrases in English, you use question word + inversion of subject and verb in French and simply the question word + verb in Italian. You can also use question word + est-ce que + subject + verb in French if you do not want to use inversion. A third, and informal, way of forming whquestions in French is to use the question word + subject + verb (no est-ce que and no inversion). Quelle heure est-il ? / Che ore sono? What time is it? Negatives In French, ne and pas are placed around the verb to make the phrase negative. (In everyday spoken French, ne is often dropped, but it must always be written). In Italian, non is placed before the verb. Il n'est pas triste. / Non è triste. He is not sad. Tu n'es pas parti ? / Non è partito? You haven't left? Je ne joue pas au foot. / Non gioco a calcio. I don't play soccer. Other negatives use two words in both languages. Ne or non is placed before the verb, and the other word is placed after. Unlike English, it is possible to use two negative words in a sentence. never ne...jamais no longer, no more ne...plus nothing ne...rien

non...mai non...più non...niente

nobody neither...nor

ne...personne non...nessuno ne...ni...ni non...nè...nè

Work & School English actor

French l'acteur

Italian l'attore

English lawyer

actress

l'actrice

l'attrice

mechanic

author

l'écrivain

l'autore

musician

le boulanger le libraire le businessman commerçant butcher le boucher

il fornaio il libraio il commerciante il macellaio

nurse optician

Italian l'avvocato il le mécanicien meccanico il/ la le musicien musicista l'infirmière l'infermiera l'opticien l'ottico

painter

le peintre

clerk

le vendeur

il commesso

cook

le cuisinier

il cuoco

customer

le client

il cliente

baker bookseller

dentist

French l'avocat

pharmacist

le chimiste le photographer photographe l'agent de policeman police postman

le facteur

il pittore il chimico il fotografo la guardia il portalettere il prete

le dentiste il dentista priest le curé le médecin / il medico / doctor publisher l'éditeur l'editore docteur dottore employee l'employé l'impiegato shoemaker le cordonnier il calzolaio engineer l'ingénieur l'ingegnere singer le chanteur il cantante fisherman le pêcheur il pescatore soldier le soldat il soldato gardener le jardinier il giardiniere student l'étudiant lo studente hairdresser le coiffeur il parrucchiere surgeon le chirurgien il chirurgo jeweler le bijoutier il gioielliere teacher l'instituteur il maestro le le il journalist il giornalista typist journaliste dactylographe dattilografo judge le juge il giudice workman l'ouvrier l'operaio English French Italian English French Italian le accounting la ragioneria history l'histoire (f) la storia comptabilité la architecture l'architecture l'architettura law le droit giurisprudenza art l'art l'arte (f) linguistics le linguistique la linguistica astronomy l'astronomie l'astronomia literature la littérature le lettere les biology la biologie la biologia mathematics la matematica mathématiques les il business medicine la médecine la medicina commerces commercio

chemistry computer science earth science economics

la chimie

la chimica

music

la musique

la musica

l'informatique l'informatica philosophy

la philosophie

la filosofia

la science de la scienza la terra della terra l'économie l'economia

l'éducation physique la physique la science politique

l'educazione fisica la fisica le scienze politiche

physical education physics political engineering l'ingénieur l'ingegneria science foreign les langues la lingua psychology languages étrangères straniera geography la géographie la geografia science geometry la géométrie la geometria sociology

la pyschologie la psicologia la science la sociologie

la scienza la sociologia

In the French school system, foreign languages is referred to as les langues vivantes (living languages). Countries & Nationalities English Africa African Albania Albanian America American

French Italian l'Afrique (f) l'Africa africain/e africano/a l'Albanie l'Albania albanais/e albanese l'Amérique (f) l'America américain/e americano/a l'Argentine Argentina l'Argentina (f) Argentine argentin/e argentino/a Asia l'Asie (f) l'Asia Asian asiatique asiatico/a Australia l'Australie (f) l'Australia Australian australien/ne australiano/a Austria l'Autriche (f) l'Austria Austrian autrichien/ne austriano/a Belgium la Belgique il Belgio Belgian belge belga Bosnia la Bosnie la Bosnia Bosnian bosniaque bosniaco/a Brazil le Brésil il Brasile Brazilian brésilien/ne brasiliano/a Bulgaria

la Bulgarie

la Bulgaria

Bulgarian bulgare

bulgaro/a

Canada

il Canada

le Canada

English Indonesia Indonesian Ireland Irishman Israel Israeli

French l'Indonésie (f) indonésien/ne l'Irlande (f) irlandais/e l'Israël israélien

Italian l'Indonesia indonesiano/a l'Irlanda irlandese l'Israele israeliano/a

Italy

l'Italie (f)

l'Italia

Italian Japan Japanese Latvia Latvian Lithuania Lithuanian Luxembourg Luxembourger Malta Maltese Netherlands Dutch

italien/ne le Japon japonais/e la Lettonie letton/ne la Lituanie lituanien/ne le Luxembourg luxembourgeois/e Malte (f) maltais/e Pays Bas néerlandais/e la NouvelleNew Zealand Zélande New néo-zélandais/e Zealander Norway la Norvège

italiano/a il Giappone giapponese la Lettonia lettone la Lituania lituano/a il Lussemburgo lussemburghese Malta (f) maltese i Paesi Bassi olandese la Nuova Zelanda neozelandese la Norvegia

Canadian China Chinese Croatia Croatian

canadese la Cina cinese la Croazia croato/a la Repubblica Ceca ceco/a la Danimarca danese l'Egitto egiziano/a

Norwegian Macedonia Macedonian Poland Polish

norvégien/ne la Macédoine macédonien/ne la Pologne polonais/e

norvegese la Macedonia macedone la Polonia polacco/a

Portugal

le Portugal

il Portogallo

Portuguese Romania Romanian Russia Russian

portugais/e la Roumanie roumain/e la Russie russe

portoghese la Romania romeno/a la Russia russo/a

l'Inghilterra

Scotland

l'Ecosse

la Scozia

inglese l'Estonia estone l'Europa europeo/a la Finlandia finlandese la Francia francese

Scottish Serbia Serbian Slovakia Slovak Slovenia Slovene Spain Spanish

écossais/e la Serbie serbe la Slovaquie slovaque la Slovénie slovène l'Espagne (f) espagnol/e

scozzese la Serbia serbo/a la Slovacchia slovacco/a la Slovenia sloveno/a la Spagna spagnolo/a

la Germania Sweden

la Suède

la Svezia

German Great Britain British Greece Greek Hungary Hungarian

canadien/ne la Chine chinois/e la Croatie croate la République Tchèque tchèque le Danemark danois/e l'Egypte (f) égyptien/e l'Angleterre (f) anglais/e l'Estonie estonien/ne l'Europe (f) européen/ne la Finlande finnois/e la France français/e l'Allemagne (f) allemand/e la GrandeBretagne brittanique la Grèce grec/grecque la Hongrie hongrois/e

tedesco/a la Gran Bretagna britannico/a la Grecia greco/a l'Ungheria ungherese

Swedish

suédois/e

svedese

Switzerland

la Suisse

la Svizzera

suisse la Turquie turc/turcque l'Ukraine ukrainien/ne

svizzero/a la Turchia turco/a l'Ucraina ucraino/a

Iceland

l'Islande

l'Islanda

la Royaume-Uni

il Regno Unito

Icelandic India Indian

islandais/e l'Inde indien/ne

islandese l'India indiano/a

Swiss Turkey Turk Ukraine Ukrainian United Kingdom United States Wales Welsh

Czech Republic Czech Denmark Danish Egypt Egyptian England English Estonia Estonian Europe European Finland Finnish France French Germany

les Etats-Unis gli Stati Uniti le Pays-de-Galles Galles gallois/e gallese

The article is not used with Malta in either language. Prepositions & Contractions

Prepositions are highly idiomatic in any language, so it is always better to learn them in common phrases. Nevertheless, here are the most common prepositions: English to, in, at in, to on with without for from, by of over / above under / below in front of behind near far

French à en / dans sur avec sans pour de de au-dessus au-dessous devant derrière près de loin de

Italian a in su con senza per da di sopra sotto dietro di fronte a vicino a lontano a

In both languages, possession is shown by using de or di (of) rather than the - 's in English: le chat de Luca / il gatto di Luca Luca's cat (or the cat of Luca) In French à and de combine with the definite articles: à + le = au, à + les = aux, de + le = du, de + les = des. Italian has several more contractions involving prepositions and articles: il

lo

l'

la

i

gli

le

a

al

allo

all'

alla

ai

agli

alle

da

dal dallo dall' dalla dai dagli dalle

di

del dello dell' della dei degli delle

in

nel nello nell' nella nei negli nelle

su

sul sullo sull' sulla sui sugli sulle

con col collo coll' colla coi cogli colle Usually no article is used with in before words denoting rooms in a house or buildings in a city. The contractions with con are rarely used nowadays, but you will see them in older writings. Verbs: Know

savoir / sapere to know facts

Present Tense sais so sais sai sait sa savons sappiamo savez sapete savent sanno

Past Tense savais sapevo savais sapevi savait sapeva savions sapevamo saviez sapevate savaient sapevano

Future Tense saurai saprò sauras saprai saura saprà saurons sapremo saurez saprete sauront sapranno

connaître / conoscere to know people, places; to be acquainted with

connais connais connaît connaissons connaissez

conosco conosci conosce conosciamo conoscete

connaissent conoscono

connaissais connaissais connaissait connaissions connaissiez

conoscevo conoscevi conosceva conoscevamo conoscevate

connaissaient conoscevano

connaîtrai connaîtras connaîtra connaîtrons connaîtrez

conoscerò conoscerai conoscerà conosceremo conoscerete

connaîtront conosceranno

Food & Meals English bacon beef beer beverage

French le bacon le bœuf la bière la boisson

Italian il lardo il manzo la birra la bevanda

English lunch meal meat milk

biscuit

le biscuit

il biscotto

mustard

bread

le pain

il pane

mutton

le mouton

la carne di montone

breakfast

le petit déjeuner

la colazione

oil

l'huile (f)

l'olio

butter

le beurre

il burro

omelet

cake candy cheese chicken chocolate

la gâteau le bonbon le fromage le poulet le chocolat

la torta la caramella il formaggio il pollo il cioccolato

pepper pie pork rice roast

coffee

le café

il caffè

roll

il biscotto

salad

l'omelette (f) le poivre la tarte le porc le riz le rôti le petit pain la salade

la ricotta

salami

le salami

il salame

salt

le sel

il sale

sauce sausage soup steak stew sugar supper

la sauce la salsa la saucisse la salsiccia la soupe la minestra le bifteck la bistecca la ragoût lo stufato le sucre lo zucchero le souper la cena

cookie cottage cheese

le biscuit le fromage blanc la barbe à cotton candy papa cream la crème dessert le dessert dinner le dîner egg l'œuf (m) fat la graisse flour la farine ham le jambon

lo zucchero filato la panna la frutta la cena l'uovo il grasso la farina il prosciutto

French le déjeuner le repas la viande le lait la moutarde

Italian il pranzo il pasto la carne il latte la mostarda

la frittata il pepe la torta il maiale il riso l'arrosto il panino l'insalata

hamburger

le hamburger l'hamburger

tea

honey

le miel

il miele

toast

hot dog

le hot-dog

l'hot dog

ice ice cream jam juice lollipop

la glace la glace la confiture le jus la sucette

le thé le pain grillé

il tè il pane tostato

la carne di vitello il ghiaccio vegetables le légume il legume il gelato vinegar le vinaigre l'aceto la marmellata water l'eau l'acqua il succo wine le vin il vino il leccalecca yogurt le yaourt lo yogurt veal

la veau

Verbs: Can, Want, Must Present Tense peux posso puoi pouvoir / peux può potere - peut to be able pouvons possiamo to, can pouvez potete peuvent possono

Past Tense pouvais potevo pouvais potevi pouvait poteva pouvions potevamo pouviez potevate pouvaient potevano

Future Tense pourrai potrò pourras potrai pourra potrà pourrons potremo pourrez potrete pourront potranno

veux veux vouloir / veut volere voulons to want voulez veulent

voglio vuoi vuole vogliamo volete vogliono

voulais voulais voulait voulions vouliez voulaient

volevo volevi voleva volevamo volevate volevano

voudrai voudras voudra voudrons voudrez voudront

vorrò vorrai vorrà vorremo vorrete vorranno

dois devoir / dois dovere - doit to have devons to, must devez doivent

devo devi deve dobbiamo dovete devono

devais devais devait devions deviez devaient

dovevo dovevi doveva dovevamo dovevate dovevano

devrai devras devra devrons devrez devront

dovrò dovrai dovrà dovremo dovrete dovranno

Fruits & Vegetables English

French

almond

l'amande (f)

apple apricot artichoke asparagus avocado

la pomme l'abricot (m) l'artichaut (m) l'asperge (f) l'avocat

Italian la mandorla la mela l'albicocca il carciofo l'asparago l'avocado

English

French

Italian

lemon

le citron

il limone

lentil lettuce lime melon mint

la lentille la laitue le citron vert le melon la menthe

la lenticchia la lattuga la limetta il melone la menta

banana

le banane

la banana

mushroom

barley bean (broad) bean (kidney) berry

l'orge (f)

l'orzo

oats

le il fungo champignon l'avoine (f) l'avena

la fève

la fava

olive

l'olive (f)

l'oliva

le haricot

il fagiolo

onion

l'oignon (m)

la cipolla

la baie

la bacca

orange

l'orange (f)

broccoli

le brocoli

i broccoli

parsley

le persil

cabbage carrot cauliflower celery cherry

le choux la carotte le chou-fleur le céleri la cerise la châtaigne, le marron

il cavolo la carota il cavolfiore il sedano la ciliegia

pea peach pear pine pineapple

le pois la pêche la poire le pin l'ananas (m)

l'arancia il prezzemolo il pisello la pesca la pera il pino l'ananasso

la castagna plum

la prune

la susina

chives

la ciboulette

la cipollina potato

la pomme de la patata terre

corn

la maïs

cucumber currant cypress date

le concombre la groseille le cyprès la datte

eggplant

l'aubergine (f)

fig

la figue

il granoturco il cetriolo il ribes il cipresso il dattero la melanzana il fico

fruit

le fruit

la frutta

garlic

l'ail (m) le pamplemousse le raisin la noisette l'herbe (f)

l'aglio il pompelmo l'uva la nocciola l'erba la barbaforte la foglia

chestnut

grapefruit grapes hazelnut herb horseradish leaf

le raifort la feuille

pumpkin

le potiron

la zucca

radish raspberry rice rye

le radis la framboise le riz le seigle

il ravanello il lampone il riso la segale

sage

la sauge

la salvia

seed

la graine les épinards spinach (m) strawberry la fraise

il seme

tomato

la tomate

il pomodoro

turnip vine walnut

le navet la vigne la noix

la rapa la vite la noce

gli spinaci la fragola

watermelon la pastèque

l'anguria

wheat

il frumento

le froment

To specify the type of tree that a certain fruit grows on, just make the noun masculine and add -ier to the French fruit / change the last letter of the Italian fruit to -o (sometimes the fruit and the tree will be the same). la pomme / la mela apple; le pommier / il melo - apple tree

There is, are : Il y a / C'e, ci sono Il y a is the French expression for there is or are. C'è is Italian for there is, while ci sono means there are. il y a une chaise / c'è una sedia there is a chair il y a trois chats / ci sono tre gatti there are three cats Il y a also means ago in French when it precedes a time period. In Italian, you add fa after the time period. il y a un mois / un mese fa one month ago Necessity: Il faut / Bisogna, Occorre, Ci vuole To express necessity, such as must, have to, need (to), require, it's necessary to, etc. French uses il faut + verb or a noun (whether singular or plural). Italian has several more expressions: bisogna + verb; or occorre + verb; occorre + singular noun / occorrono + plural noun; or ci vuole + singular noun / ci vogliono + plural noun. The verbs will always be in the infinitive. Il faut faire des courses. / Bisogna fare la spesa. You must / It's necessary to go grocery shopping. Il faut acheter du pain. / Occorre comprare pane. You must buy bread. Il faut du lait. / Occorre il latte. We need milk. Il faut des biscuits. / Ci vogliono i biscotti. We need cookies. Partitive In French, you must always express some, especially when speaking about food, even though you do not have to do this in English. Partitives are formed by using de (of) + definite article: du, de l', de la and des in the positive; but in the negative, only de or d' are used. The partitive (contractions with di) is not required in Italian. You may use it in positive sentences, but never in negative sentences. Est-ce que tu prends du vin ou de l'eau ? / Prendi (del) vino o (dell') acqua? Are you having (some) wine or (some) water? J'ai acheté des livres interresants. / Ho comprato (dei) libri interessanti. I bought (some) interesting books. Je n'ai pas passé de bonnes vacances. / Non ho passato buone vacanze. I didn't have a good vacation. Verbs: Present & Past Tenses In both languages, there are three types of verbs grouped according to the last letters of the infinitive. In French, there are -er, -re, and -ir verbs; while in Italian, there are -are, -ere, and -ire verbs. The following chart uses aimer/amare (to love); vendre/vendere (to sell); and finir/finire (to finish) as examples for all regular verbs in the present and imperfect tenses. (There is another simple past tense, the preterite, but it is rarely used in modern spoken French or Italian).

Present Tense

aimer aime aimes

French vendre finir vends finis vends finis

amare amo ami

Italian vendere vendo vendi

finire finisco finisci

Imperfect Tense

aime aimons aimez aiment

vend vendons vendez vendent

finit finissons finissez finissent

ama amiamo amate amano

vende vendiamo vendete vendono

finisce finiamo finite finiscono

aimais aimais aimait aimions aimiez aimaient

vendais vendais vendait vendions vendiez vendaient

finissais finissais finissait finissions finissiez finissaient

amavo amavi amava amavamo amavate amavano

vendevo vendevi vendeva vendevamo vendevate vendevano

finivo finivi finiva finivamo finivate finivano

Not all French verbs that end in -ir or all Italian verbs that end in -ire use the above endings. Some -ir / -ire verbs have slightly different endings in the present tense. In French, verbs such as partir, dormir, sortir (to leave, to sleep, to go out) are conjugated thus: for the singular forms, take off the last three letters, and add -s, -s, -t; for the plural forms, take off the last two letters, and add -ons, -ez, -ent. For example, je pars, tu pars, il part, nous partons, vous partez, ils partent. In Italian, verbs such as partire, dormire, aprire (to leave, to sleep, to open) are conugated without the -isc- before the regular endings. For example, parto, parti, parte, partiamo, partite, partono. to like, love to sing to look for to begin to study to close to live to play to eat to show to speak to think to work to find to jump

aimer chanter chercher commencer étudier fermer habiter jouer manger montrer parler penser travailler trouver sauter

amare cantare cercare cominciare studiare chiudere abitare giocare mangiare mostrare parlare pensare lavorare trovare saltare

to sell to wait for to listen to lose to answer to go down to live to understand to finish to choose to punish to fill to obey to succeed to cure, heal

vendre attendre écouter perdre répondre (à) descendre vivre comprendre finir choisir punir remplir obéir (à) réussir guérir

vendere aspettare ascoltare perdere rispondere (a) scendere vivere capire finire scegliere punire riempire ubbidire (a) riuscire guarire

Spelling Changes in the Present Tense There are a few spelling changes in regular verbs in the present tense. These changes are usually made to reflect the pronunciation of the conjugated verb. In French, verbs that end in -ger will use -geons as the first person singular form (nous mangeons); while verbs that end in -cer will use -çons as the first person singular form (nous commençons). Verbs that end in -yer change the y to i in all forms except nous and vous (j'essaie, tu essaies, nous essayons). Some verbs add an accent grave to the letter e to all forms except nous and vous (j'achète, il

achète, vous achetez). Some verbs double the consonant before the verb endings in all forms except nous and vous (tu appelle, elle appelle, vous appelez). In Italian, verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h before the -i of the second person singular and first person plural forms (tu and noi). Verbs ending in -ciare and -giare do not add an extra -i before the tu and noi forms. Irregular Imperfect Verbs In French, there is only one verb in the imperfect that is irregular, être. It uses the stem ét- and the regular imperfect endings. être étais étions étais étiez était étaient In Italian, the stem of essere becomes er- for io, tu, lui/lei and loro, and it does not take the v, while the stem for noi and voi is era- and it does take the v. The stems for bere, dire and fare are derived from the old Latin infinitives, and are beve-, dice-, and face-. They also take the regular endings of the imperfect. essere bere dire fare ero eravamo bevevo bevevamo dicevo dicevamo facevo facevamo eri eravate bevevi bevevate dicevi dicevate facevi facevate era erano beveva bevevano diceva dicevano faceva facevano Pronominal Verbs Pronominal verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, but have an extra pronoun before them that agrees with the subject of the verb. Most of these verbs indicate a reflexive action - that reflects back on the subject. You can translate the pronouns as myself, yourself, etc. but we rarely use these words in English. Some other verbs indicate a reciprocal action, translated by each other in English. myself yourself himself/herself/itself ourselves yourselves themselves

me te se nous vous se

mi ti si ci vi si

Reflexive verbs to break (arm, se casser leg, etc.)

rompersi

to hurry

se dépêcher sbrigarsi

to relax

se détendre rilassarsi

to rest

se reposer s'entendre avec

to get along

riposarsi intendersi con

to fall asleep to get dressed to get married to get up to have a good time

s'endormir addormentarsi s'habiller

vestirsi

se marier

sposarsi

se lever

alzarsi

s'amuser

divertirsi

to train/practice to be interested in to be bored to be called to complain about

to s'entraîner allenarsi remember to s'intéresser interessarsi to shave à di (the face) to stop s'ennuyer annoiarsi (oneself) s'appeler chiamarsi to wake up lamentarsi se plaindre to wash up di

se souvenir ricordarsi di de se raser

farsi la barba

s'arrêter

fermarsi

se réveiller svegliarsi se laver

lavarsi

Notice in French that the reflexive pronoun precedes the infinitive, whereas in Italian, it is connected to the end of the infinitive. When conjugating verbs, the reflexive pronoun is always placed before the conjugated verb in both languages. However, in sentences where the pronominal verb remains in the infinitive, the reflexive pronoun must agree with the subject of the main verb in the sentence. Nous nous levons à 8h chaque matin. / Ci alziamo alla 8 ogni mattina. We get up at 8 am every morning. Il s'appelle Michael. / Si chiama Michael. He's called Michael. Vous allez vous amuser ce soir. / Andate a divertirvi stasera. You're going to have fun tonight. Etre sur le point de / Stare per + infinitive If you want to express to be about to do something, French uses être sur le point de + infinitive and Italian uses stare per + infinitive. You can use these expressions in the present and imperfect, just as in English. J'étais sur le point de réussir. / Stavo per riuscire. I was about to succeed. On est sur le point de manger. / Stiamo per mangiare. We're about to eat. Vous êtes sur le point de finir. / State per finire. You are about to finish. Etre en train de / Stare + gerund To translate that an action is currently happening (the progressive form in English: be + gerund), French uses the phrase être en train de + infinitive, while Italian uses stare + gerund. Remember that être and stare can be conjugated in other tenses besides the present or imperfect. To form the gerund in Italian, just replace the verb endings: -are becomes -ando, -ere becomes -endo, and -ire also becomes -endo. There are three irregular forms: fare - facendo, dire - dicendo, bere - bevendo. Je suis en train de lire. / Sto leggendo. I am reading. / I'm busy reading. / I'm in the middle of reading. Il était en train de parler. / Stava parlando. He was talking. Elles sont en train de partir. / Stanno partendo. They are leaving. On / Si To translate you, we, they, the people (in general, abstract terms), French uses on + 3rd person singular conjugation whereas Italian uses si + 3rd person conjugation (which agrees with the subject for number). However, on in French is a regular subject pronoun while si is not in Italian. It is actually a reflexive pronoun

normally used with pronominal verbs. But this should not cause many problems as you rarely use the subject pronouns in Italian anyway. The subject for the Italian expression is placed after the verb and the verb agrees with it - singular or plural. En France, on boit beaucoup de café. / In Francia, si beve molto caffè. In France, they drink a lot of coffee. / In France, a lot of coffee is drunk. En Italie, on mange beaucoup de glaces. / In Italia, si mangiano molti gelati. In Italy, they eat a lot of ice cream. / In Italy, a lot of ice cream is eaten. French uses this same construction (reflexive pronoun + 3rd person conjugation) for the impersonal form and as a subsitute for the passive mood. For example, in the French Le pain s'achète à la boulangerie the verb is constructed the same as in the Italian Al panificio si compra il pane. It's just the word order that is slightly different. Both sentences mean Bread is bought at the bakery, but the French construction is not used as often because active expressions with on are more common: On achète le pain à la boulangerie. Plaire / Piacere Because the verbs aimer and amare means to like and to love, it would be better to use the verbs plaire and piacere when talking about things that you like. The construction of these verbs can be confusing though because the word order is different from English. In French, the word order is subject + indirect pronoun + plaire. In Italian, the word order is indirect pronoun + piacere + subject. You can think of these verbs as meaning to please rather than to like. Note that the verbs are only conjugated for third person singular and plural, because they agree with the subjects, and not the indirect pronouns. Le football me plaît. Le ski te plaît. Les pommes lui plaisent. Le sport nous plaît. Les films vous plaisent. La natation leur plaît.

Mi piace il calcio. Ti piace lo sci. Gli / Le piacciono le mele. Ci piace lo sport. Vi piacciono i film. A loro piace il nuoto.

I like soccer. You like skiing. He / she likes apples. We like sports. You like films. They like swimming.

Verbs: Imperative The imperative is the command form of the verb. The subject (you) is implied and doesn't need to be expressed. You can also use the we form of verbs to express Let's... The imperative conjugations are very similar to the present tense conjugations in both languages. Imperatives in French are slightly easier to form. The you singular form is identical to the tu conjugations, except -er verbs drop the -s. The you singular formal / you plural and we forms are identical to the vous and nous conjugations. To form the negative of an imperative, just place ne before the verb and pas after. For pronominal verbs, the affirmative imperative is formed connecting the reflexive pronoun to the verb with a hyphen (te becomes toi in imperatives). To form the negative pronominal imperative, the reflexive pronoun is once again placed before the verb and ne is placed before the pronoun and verb, and pas is placed after the verb. Reste là. Stay there. Finis ton travail. Finish your work.

Ecoutez le professeur. Listen to the teacher. Commençons. Let's begin. Ne fume pas. Don't smoke. Ne parlez pas. Don't speak. Dépêche-toi. Hurry. Ne vous levez pas. Don't get up. Italian imperatives are not quite as similar to the present tense conjugations. The you singular form is -a for -are verbs and -i for -ere/-ire verbs. The you singular formal (the Lei form) is the opposite: -i for -are verbs and -a for -ere/-ire verbs. The you plural and we forms are identical to the voi and noi conjugations (just as in French). To make a command negative, just add non before the verb; except for you singular imperatives, where you use non + the infinitive. Pronominal verbs form the imperative by placing the reflexive pronoun after the verb, and they are written together as one word. Negative imperatives for pronominal verbs just add non before the verb; except for you singular pronominal verbs, which use non + the infinitive. However, the reflexive pronoun attached to this infinitive must still agree with the subject, so it will be -ti and not -si. Resta lì. Stay there. Finisci il tuo lavoro. Finish your work. Ascoltate il professore. Listen to the teacher. Cominciamo. Let's begin. Non fumare. Don't smoke. Non parlate. Don't speak. Sbrigati. Hurry. Non alzatevi. Don't get up.

you singular you sing. formal you plural Let's…

French Irregular Imperatives être avoir savoir

andare

venire

fare

dare

dire

essere avere

stare

sois

aie

sache

va'

vieni

fa'

da'

di'

sii

abbi

sta'

soyez

ayez

sachez

vada

venga

faccia

dia

dica

sia

abbia

stia

soyez

ayez

sachez

andate

venite

fate

date

dite

siate

abbiate state

Italian Irregular Imperatives

soyons ayons sachons

andiamo veniamo facciamo diamo diciamo siamo abbiamo stiamo

In Italian, dare is to give and dire is to tell. Verbs: Present Perfect / Past Perfect Tenses The perfect tenses in French and Italian are formed with to have or to be as auxiliary verbs and a past participle. (In English, to have is always the auxiliary verb.) To have or to be are in the present tense for the present perfect, and in the imperfect tense for the past perfect. The majority of verbs will use to have as the auxiliary verb; however, all prononimal/reflexive verbs in both languages use to be as the auxiliary. To form the past participle of a verb, use the following endings: French Italian

-er / -é -are -ir / -i -ire -re / -u -ere

-ato -ito -uto

Verbs using to have (avoir/avere) as an auxiliary Verbs that can take a direct object use to have as an auxiliary. Word order is simply present/imperfect form of have + past participle. In the negative, word order becomes ne + present/imperfect of have + pas + past participle for French, and non + present/imperfect of have + past participle for Italian. There is no agreement with the past participle in gender or number unless there is a preceding direct object. Follow the same rules for agreement as you do with nouns and adjectives: add -e for feminine and -s for plural in French; change -o to -a for feminine, -o to -i for masculine plural, and -o to -e for feminine plural in Italian. French Tu as mangé la pomme.

Italian Hai mangiato Positive la mela. Non hai Tu n'as pas Negative mangiato la mangé la pomme. mela. Preceding Tu ne l'as pas Non la hai Direct Object mangée. mangiata.

English You ate the apple. You didn't eat the apple. You didn't eat it.

Verbs using to be (être/essere) as an auxiliary Verbs that cannot take a direct object (i.e. intransitive verbs), as well as all pronominal verbs, generally use to be as an auxiliary. Word order is present/imperfect form of be + past participle for intransitive verbs and reflexive pronoun + present/imperfect form of be + past participle for prononimal verbs. In the negative, word order becomes ne + reflexive pronoun + present/imperfect of be + pas + past participle for French, and non + reflexive pronoun + present/imperfect of be + past participle for Italian. The past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject for all verbs using to be as an auxiliary.

Positive Negative Positive Pronominal Negative Pronominal

French Elle est allée à la poste. Elle n'est pas allée à la poste. Nous nous sommes lavé(e)s. Nous ne nous sommes pas lavé(e)s.

Italian E andata alla posta. Non è andata alla posta. Ci siamo lavati/e. Non ci siamo lavati/e.

English She went to the post office. She didn't go to the post office. We washed ourselves. We didn't wash ourselves.

The verbs that require to be (être) as an auxiliary in French are: aller-to go, sortirto go out, venir-to come, mourir-to die, arriver-to arrive, partir-to leave, devenirto become, monter-to go up, entrer-to enter, tomber-to fall, revenir-to come back, rester-to stay, rentrer-to return home, naître-to be born, passer-to go by (pass), descendre-to go down. Only a few of these verbs have irregular past participles:

venir-venu, devenir-devenu, revenir-revenu, mourir-mort, and naître-né. And five of these verbs (monter, descendre, sortir, rentrer, and passer) can sometimes be conjugated with avoir if they are followed by a direct object. The verbs that require to be (essere) as an auxiliary in Italian are: arrivare-to arrive, andare-to go, uscire-to go out, entrare-to enter, costare-to cost, venire-to come, essere-to be, partire-to leave, stare-to stay/be, sparire-to disappear, tornare-to come back, nascere-to be born, morire-to die. Five of these verbs have irregular past participles: venire-venuto, essere-stato, stare-stato, nascere-nato, and morire-morto. Note that avoir and être both use avoir as an auxiliary in French, but that avere uses avere and essere uses essere as an auxiliary in Italian! And remember that the past participle agrees with a preceding direct object when the auxiliary is to have; but the past participle agrees with the subject when the auxiliary is to be. Venir de / Appena To express that something has just happened, use a form of venir + de + infinitive in French, and a form of the correct auxiliary verb + appena + past participle in Italian. Le train vient de partir. / Il treno è appena partito. The train just left. House & Furniture English alarm clock armchair

French

Italian

English

French

Italian

le réveil

la sveglia

hook

le crochet

l'uncino

le fauteuil

la poltrona

house

la casa

ashtray

le cendrier

il portacenere iron (flat)

attic balcony basement basket bathroom

le grenier le balcon le sous-sol la corbeille le bain

kerosene key kitchen ladder lamp

bathtub

la baignoire

lawn

la pelouse

il prato

batteries bed bedroom

la pile le lit la chambre

la soffitta il balcone il sottosuolo la cesta il bagno la vasca da bagno le pile il letto la camera

la maison le fer á repasser le pétrole la clef la cuisine l'échelle (f) la lampe

bell (door) la sonnette

il campanello

blanket blinds

la coperta la persiana

la couverture le store le bookcase bibliothèque box la boître broom le balai

la libreria la scatola la scopa

light bulb l'ampoule living room le living lock la serrure la boîte á mailbox lettres matches les allumettes mattress le matelas microwave le four á oven micro-ondes mirror le miroir oven le four

il ferro da stiro il petrolio la chiave la cucina la scala la lampada

la lampadina il soggiorno la serratura la cassetta postale i fiammiferi il materasso il forno microonde lo specchio il fornello

il secchio

pantry

camcorder la caméra l'appareilcamera photo (m) candle la bougie

la telecamera la macchina fotografica la candela

picture

le gardemanger le tableau

pillow

l'oreiller (m)

il cuscino

la pipe

la pipa

carpet

il tappeto

le tuyau

il condotto

la cassetta

pipe pipe (water) poker

le tisonnier

l'attizzatoio

il lettore CD

radio

le radio

la radio

il soffito la sedia il camino il sigaro la sigaretta l'orologio l'armadio

record refrigerator roof room rug sheet shelf

le disque le réfrigerateur le toit la pièce le tapis le drap l'étagère

il disco il frigorifero il tetto la stanza il tappeto il lenzuolo lo scaffale

il compact disc shovel

la pelle

la pala

il computer

shower

la douche

la doccia

l'angolo l'armadio la cortina / tenda

sideboard sink sink (bathroom) sitting room smoke

le buffet l'évier

la credenza il lavandino

le lavabo

il lavandino

le salon

il salotto

la fumée

il fumo

sofa

le canapé

il sofà

stairs steps story

l'escalier (m) les marches l'étage (m)

la scala lo scalino il piano

stove

le poêle

la stufa

bucket

le seau

le tapis

cassette

la cassette la lecteur de CD player CD ceiling le plafond chair la chaise chimney la cheminée cigar le cigare cigarette la cigarette clock la pendule closet le placard compact le CD disc l'ordinateur computer (m) corner le coin cupboard l'armoire (f) curtain

le rideau

cushion

le coussin

il cuscino

desk dining room door drawer dresser

le bureau la salle á manger la porte le tiroir la commode

driveway

l'allée

la scrivania la sala da pranzo la porta il cassetto il comò il viale d'accesso

DVD player

film

le lecteur de DVD le portail / clôture la pellicule

fire

le feu

il fuoco

flame

la flamme

la fiamma

fence

le cabinet de travail le commutateur la table

il lettore DVD

study

lo steccato

switch

il rullino

table tap le robinet (faucet) telephone le téléphone

la dispensa il quadro

lo studio l'interruttore la tavola il rubinetto il telefono

la lampe de poche l'appartement (m) la plancher

la pila tascabile

il pavimento

toilet (WC) le cabinet

il gabinetto

l'étage (m)

il piano

towel

la serviette

la salvietta

flower

la fleur

il fiore

vacuum cleaner

l'aspirateur (m)

l'aspiratore (m)

freezer

la congélateur

il congelatore

vase

le vase

il vaso

flashlight flat floor floor (levels)

television

l'appartamento toaster

front walk la promenade la passeggiata VCR furniture garage garden ground floor hearth

les meubles (m) le garage le jardin le rez-dechaussée la cheminée

la télévision

il televisore

le grille-pain

il tostapane

la il magnétoscope videoregistratore

il garage il giardino

wall le mur (house) wall (room) la paroi window la fenêtre

il pianterreno

yard

i mobili

le jardin

il muro la parete la finestra il giardino

il caminetto

Buildings & Materials English airport bakery bank

French l'aéroport la boulangerie le banc

Italian l'aeroporto la panetteria la banca

il granaio

English port prison restaurant road (highway) school

French le port la prison le restaurant le chemin / la route l'école

bar

le bar

il bar

barn

le grange

barracks

la caserne

la caserma

sidewalk

le trottoir

bench le banc bridge le pont bookstore le librairie

la panchina il ponte la libreria

square stable stadium

building

le bâtiment

l'edificio

butcher's castle cathedral cemetery church cinema consulate corner

la boucherie le château la cathédrale le cimetière l'église le cinéma le consulat le coin

la macelleria il castello il duomo il cimitero la chiesa il cinema il consolato l'angolo

la place l'étable le stade le signe stop sign d'arrête store le magasin street la rue suburb la banlieue theater le théâtre tower la tour town la ville town hall la mairie traffic light le feu de

Italian il porto la prigione il ristorante il cammino / la via la scuola il marciapiede la piazza la stalla lo stadio lo stop il negozio la strada il sobborgo il teatro la torre la città il municipio il semaforo

la cour le passage crosswalk pour piétons dock le bassin dry le pressing cleaner's l'ambassade embassy (f) factory l'usine (f) farm la ferme la bouche à fire hydrant incendie fountain la fontaine

il cortile il passaggio pedonale il bacino

university

circulation l'université

village

le village

il villaggio

alloy

l'alliage (m)

la lega

la tintoria

brass

le laiton

l'ottone (m)

l'ambasciata

brick

la brique

il mattone

la fabbrica la fattoria

cement chalk

le ciment la craie

il cemento la creta

l'idrante

clay

l'argile (f)

l'argilla

la fontana

coal

le charbon

garage

le garage

il garage

concrete

le béton

il carbone il calcestruzzo

l'épicerie

la drogheria

copper

le cuivre

il rame

l'hôpital (m) l'hotel la maison la hutte l'auberge (f) la ruelle la library bibliothèque market le marché ministry le ministère monument le monument

l'ospedale (m) l'albergo (m) la casa la capanna l'osteria il vicolo

cork glass gold iron lead leather

le liège le verre l'or (m) le fer le plomb le cuir

il sughero il vetro l'oro il ferro il piombo il cuoio

la biblioteca

lime

la chaux

la calce il marmo il mercurio il metallo

museum

le musée

il museo

rubber

palace path pavement pharmacy pier police station

le palais le sentier le trottoir la pharmacie la jetée le commisariat

il palazzo il sentiero il marciapiede la farmacia il molo

silver steel stone tar tin

le marbre le mercure le métal le caoutchouc l'argent (m) l'acier (m) la pierre le goudron l'étain (m)

la questura

wood

le bois

il legno

courtyard

grocery store hospital hotel house hut inn lane (town)

il mercato marble il ministero mercury il monumento metal

Comparatives / Superlatives Comparatives of Superiority, Inferiority, and Egality English more ...

French plus ... que / plus

Italian più ... che / più ...

l'università (f)

la gomma l'argento l'acciaio la pietra il catrame lo stagno

than less ... than as ... as

de ... que moins .... que / moins de... que aussi ... que / autant de ... que

di meno ... che / meno ... di così... come / tanto ... quanto

French comparatives are less complicated than Italian comparatives. Plus... que, moins... que, and aussi... que are used with adjectives, while plus de... que, moins de... que and autant de... que are used with nouns. In Italian, più...che and meno... che are used when comparing two qualities of the same thing, and with adjectives, verbs or adverbs; while più... di and meno... di are used when comparing two different things. Così... come and tanto... quanto are used interchangeably with adjectives, but tanto...quanto can also compare two quantities (in which case, the words agree in gender and number with the noun they describe). Marc a plus d'amis qui d'amies. / Marco ha più amici che amiche. Mark has more male friends than female friends. Paul est plus grand que Franco. / Paolo è più alto di Franco. Paul is taller than Frank. Paris est aussi belle que Rome. / Parigi è così bella come Roma. Paris is as beautiful as Rome. Superlatives Use the correct form of the definite article if using an adjective, or just the masculine singular form if using an adverb, and plus / moins or più / meno. If the adjective follows the noun, you must repeat the definite article before the superlative form in French, but not in Italian. The preposition de / di (plus contractions, if needed) means in with all superlatives. C'est la ville la plus riche d'Italie. / È la città più ricca d'Italia. It's the richest city in Italy. Irregular Forms English

French Italian adjective - comparative - superlative bon - meilleur/e - le/la buono - migliore - il/la good - better - best meilleur/e migliore cattivo - peggio - il/la bad - worse - worst mauvais - pire - le/la pire peggiore piccolo - minore - il/la little - less - least petit - moindre - le/la moindre minimo adverb - comparative - superlative bien - mieux - le mieux bene - meglio - il meglio

well - better - best badly - worse mal - pis - le pis worst little - less - least peu - moins - le moins much - more - most beaucoup - plus - le plus Clothing & Toiletries

male - peggio - il peggio poco - meno - il meno molto - più - il più

English apron barrette bathrobe

French le tablier la barrette le peignoir

Italian il grembiale il fermaglio l'accappatoio

English silk skirt sleeve

belt

la ceinture

la cintura

slippers

blouse

le chemisier

la camicetta

soap

boot

la botte

lo stivale

sock

bra

le soutiengorge

il reggiseno

stocking

bracelet

le bracelet

il braccialetto suit

brush

la brosse

buckle button

la boucie le bouton

la spazzola per capelli la fibbia il bottone

cap

la casquette

il berretto

clothes coat collar comb

les vêtements le manteau le col le peigne

glasses

les lunettes

gli occhiali

makeup

glove

les gants

il guanto

lipstick

handbag

le sac à main la borsa

nail polish

handkerchief le mouchoir

il fazzoletto

hat

le chapeau la veste / le blouson

il cappello

nail polish remover mascara

la giacca

le jean

jeans

jeans

Italian la seta la gonna la manica

le bas

la calza

le costume / le tailleur les lunettes sunglasses de soleil suspenders les bretelles sweater le pull-over le maillot de swimsuit bain thread le fil tie la cravate T-shirt le t-shirt umbrella le parapluie les sousunderwear vêtements waistcoat le gilet watch la montre

gli abiti il cappotto il colletto il pettine le lenti a contact lens les lentilles (f) contatto cotton le coton il cotone dress la robe il vestito le cacheil earmuffs wool oreilles paraorecchie la boucle earrings l'orecchino toothbrush d'oreille fashion la mode la moda toothpaste

jacket

French la soie la jupe la manche les pantoufles le savon les chaussettes

la laine la brosse à dents le dentifrice le maquillage le rouge le vernis à ongles

la pantofola il sapone il calzino

l'abito / il vestito gli occhiali da sole le bretelle il maglione il costume da bagno il filo la cravatta la maglietta l'ombrello le mutandine il panciotto l'orologio la lana lo spazzolino il dentifricio il trucco il rossetto lo smalto per unghie

le dissolvant l'acetone (m) le mascara

il mascara

blush

le blush

il fard

eyeliner

l'eyeliner

lo spazzolino per unghie

mittens necklace needle nightgown outfit overcoat pajamas pants pin pocket purse raincoat ribbon ring sandals scarf shirt shoe shoelace shorts

l'ombre à paupière le fond de le collier la collana foundation teint l'aiguille (f) l'ago lotion la lotion la chemise de la camicia da le shampoo nuit notte shampooing l'aprèsl'ensemble il corredo conditioner shampooing shaving la mousse à le pardessus il soprabito cream raser le pyjama il pigiama razor le rasoir les pinces à le pantalon i pantaloni tweezers épiler le coupel'épingle (f) lo spillo nail clippers ongles la poche la tasca nail file la lime le fil la bourse la borsetta floss dentaire les moufles

le manopole

eyeshadow

l'ombretto il fondotinta la lozione lo sciampo il balsamo la crema da barba il rasoio le pinzette le forbicine

la lima il filo interdentale il ferro l'imperméable l'impermeable curling iron le fer à friser arricciacapelli straightening la piastra le ruban il nastro le lisseur iron stiracapelli la bague l'anello hairspray la laque la lacca le sècheles sandales i sandali hairdryer l'asciugacapelli cheveux l'écharpe la sciarpa powder la poudre la polvere la chemise la maglia perfume le parfum il profumo la chaussure la scarpa cologne le cologne la colonia la lotion l'emulsione le lacet il laccio suntan lotion solaire solare le short i pantaloncini sponge l'éponge (f) la spugna

Verbs: Other common irregular verbs Other irregular verbs to memorize in French in the present tense: mettre - to wear mets mets met mettons mettez mettent

vivre - to live vis vis vit vivons vivez vivent

lire - to read lis lis lit lisons lisez lisent

croire - to believe écrire - to write recevoir - to

dire - to say dis dis dit disons dites disent

voir - to see vois vois voit voyons voyez voient

suivre - to

mourir - to die

crois crois croit croyons croyez croient

receive reçois reçois reçoit recevons recevez reçoivent

écris écris écrit écrivons écrivez écrivent

follow suis suis suit suivons suivez suivent

meurs meurs meurt mourons mourez meurent

Other irregular verbs to memorize in Italian in the present tense: dare - to give do dai dà diamo date danno

bere - to drink bevo bevi beve beviamo bevete bevono

dire - to say, tell dico dici dice diciamo dite dicono

salire - to go up salgo sali sale saliamo salite salgono

uscire - to go out esco esci esce usciamo uscite escono

Human Body English ankle arm artery back beard belly bladder blood body bone

French la cheville le bras l'artère le dos la barbe le ventre la vessie le sang le corps l'os (m)

Italian la caviglia il braccio l'arteria il dorso la barba il ventre la vescica il sangue il corpo l'osso

brain

la cervelle

il cervello

breast breath calf cheek chest

le sein la haleine le mollet la joue la poitrine

il seno l'alito il polpaccio la guancia il petto

chin

le menton

coccyx cold complexion cough disease

le coccyx le rhume le teint la toux la maladie

English mouth muscle nail neck nerve pain nose palm pulse rib shin / tibia shoulder skeleton skin skull sole

French la bouche le muscle l'ongle (m) le cou le nerf la douleur le nez la paume le pouls la côte

Italian la bocca il muscolo l'unghia il collo il nervo il dolore il naso la palma il polso la costola

le tibia

la tibia

l'épaule (f) la spalla le squelette lo scheletro la peau la pelle le crâne il cranio la plante la pianta l'épine la spina il mento spine dorsale (f) dorsale il coccige stomach l'estomac (m) lo stomaco il raffreddore tear la larme la lacrima la carnagione temple la tempe la tempia la tosse thigh la cuisse la coscia la malattia throat la gorge la gola

ear

l'oreille (f)

l'orecchio

thumb

le pouce

elbow

la coude

il gomito

toe

l'orteil (m)

eye eyebrow eyelid

l'occhio il sopracciglio la palpebra la faccia / il viso la febbre il dito il pugno la carne il piede la fronte la gengiva i capelli la mano la testa il mal di testa la salute il cuore il tallone l'anca il intestino la mascella il rene il ginocchio la gamba

tongue tooth vein

la langue la dent la veine

wound

la blessure

la ferita

fever finger fist flesh foot forehead gum hair hand head headache health heart heel hip intestine jaw kidney knee leg

l'œil le sourcil la paupière le visage / la figure la fièvre le doigt le poing la chair le pied le front la gencive les cheveux la main la tête le mal de tête la santé le cœur le talon la hanche l'intestin (m) la mâchoire le rein le genou la jambe

il pollice il dito del piede la lingua il dente la vena

waist wrist

la taille le poignet

la vita il polso

see hear smell taste touch

voir entendre sentir goûter toucher

vedere udire annusare assaggiare toccare

la lèvre

il labbro

l'émail le plombage la couronne la gencive l'os la racine la nerf l'iris la cornée la pupille la rétine le nerf optique le cristallin

lo smalto l'otturazione la corona la gengiva l'osso la radice il nervo l'iride la cornea la pupilla la retina

lip

enamel filling crown gum bone root nerve iris cornea pupil retina optic nerve lens

face

liver la foie il fegato lung le poumon il polmone moustache la moustache i baffi

il nervo ottico la lente

Verbs: Future / Conditional Tenses Rather than using auxiliary verbs before the infinitive to form the future and conditional tenses (will and would in English), French and Italian add different endings to the infinitives. There are several irregular stems, but these stems are used to form both the future and conditional tenses. You must drop -e from -re verbs in French and drop -e from all infinitives in Italian, as well as change -ar to -er, before adding the endings. For example, you add the endings to parler-, partir-, and prendr- in French and to parler-, partir-, and prenderin Italian.

Endings for Future and Conditional Tenses for all verbs Future French Italian -ai -ò -as -ai -a -à -ons -emo -ez -ete -ont

Conditional French Italian -ais -ei -ais -esti -ait -ebbe -ions -emmo -iez -este -anno -aient ebbero

Irregular Stems for Future and Conditional French Stems aller iravoir aurcourir courrdevoir devrenvoyer enverrêtre serfaire ferfalloir faudrmourir mourrpleuvoir pleuvrpouvoir pourrrecevoir recevrsavoir saurtenir tiendrvaloir vaudrvenir viendrvoir verrvouloir voudr-

Italian Stems avere avrandare andrbere berrdare dardovere dovressere sarfare farpotere potrsapere saprstare starvedere vedrvenire verrvolere vorr-

For the past future and past conditional tenses, you use the future or conditional of the auxiliary verb (to have or to be) + past participle. Future Tense avoir avere aurai avrò auras avrai aura avrà aurons avremo aurez avrete auront avranno

Conditional Tense avoir avere aurais avrei aurais avresti aurait avrebbe aurions avremmo auriez avreste auraient avrebbero

Future Tense être essere serai sarò seras sarai sera sarà serons saremo serez sarete seront saranno

Conditional Tense être essere serais sarei serais saresti serait sarebbe serions saremmo seriez sareste seraient sarebbero

Agreement of Tenses: Hypothetical Sentences Clauses beginning with if (si / se) require different tenses in French and Italian. In French, si is followed by the present tense, and the verb in the following clause is in the future tense. In Italian, both verbs must be in the future tense. Si j'ai le temps, je viendrai chez toi. / Se avrò il tempo, verrò a casa tua. If I have the time, I will go to your place. Y & en / Ci & ne Y and ci are pronouns used to replace a prepositional phrase beginning with any preposition except de / di, and they translate as it or there in English. J'y pense. / Ci penso. I'm thinking about it. J'y suis allé. / Ci sono andato. I went there. N'y pense pas. / Non pensarci. Don't think about it. En and ne are pronouns used to replace a prepositional phrase beginning with de / di, da or to replace the noun following a number, and they translate as about it/them or of it/them in English. J'en ai quatre. / Ne ho quattro. I have four (of them). Parles-en. / Parlane. Talk about it. Je n'en doute pas. / Non ne dubito. I don't doubt it. In French, y and en are placed before a conjugated verb and between a conjugated verb and infinitive, but after an imperative (and connected to it by a hypen). In Italian, ci and ne are placed before a conjugated verb, but after an imperative, infinitive or gerund (and they are written together as one word). Verbs: Subjunctive Mood Present Subjunctive of Regular Verbs Add these endings to the ils/elles present tense stem of French (ils boivent; boiv-) and the regular verb stem (parlare; parl-) in Italian: French all verbs -e -es -e -ions -iez -ent

Italian -ere / -are -ire -i -a -i -a -i -a -iamo iamo -iate -iate -ino -ano

Present Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs Irregular verbs in the French subjunctive still use the same endings as above, with a few exceptions. être - to be sois

avoir - to have aie

faire - to do fasse

aller - to go aille

sois soit soyons soyez soient

aies ait ayons ayez aient

fasses fasse fassions fassiez fassent

ailles aille allions alliez aillent

savoir - to know vouloir - to want

pouvoir - to be able to pleuvoir - to rain

sache saches sache sachions sachiez sachent

puisse puisses puisse puissions puissiez puissent

veuille veuilles veuille voulions vouliez veuillent

pleuve

Most irregular verbs in the Italian subjunctive are formed from the io form of the present indicative, and add the -ere / -ire endings to this stem. essere sia sia sia siamo siate siano

avere abbia abbia abbia abbiamo abbiate abbiano

andare vada vada vada andiamo andiate vadano

bere beva beva beva beviamo beviate bevano

dare dia dia dia diamo diate diano

dire dica dica dica diciamo diciate dicano

dovere debba debba debba dobbiamo dobbiate debbano

fare faccia faccia faccia facciamo facciate facciano

potere possa possa possa possiamo possiate possano

sapere sappia sappia sappia sappiamo sappiate sappiano

stare stia stia stia stiamo stiate stiano

uscire esca esca esca usciamo usciate escano

venire venga venga venga veniamo veniate vengano

volere voglia voglia voglia vogliamo vogliate vogliano

The subjunctive mood must be used in subordinate clauses when the verb in the dependent clause expresses want, wish, doubt, fear, necessity, feelings, etc. for both French and Italian. Italian also requires the subjunctive after verbs of hope and opinion, while French uses the indicative after these verbs (however, verbs of opinion in the negative or interrogative do in fact use the subjunctive in French). Je veux que Paul me réponde. / Voglio che Paolo mi risponda. I want Paul to answer me. Il faut que Giacomo visite le centre. / Bisogna che Giacomo visiti il centro. Giacomo must visit the center. Je suis triste qu'il parte. / Sono triste che lui parta. I'm sad that he's leaving. Je pense qu'elle comprend l'allemand. / Penso che lei capisca il tedesco. I think that she understands German.

The subjunctive must also be used after certain impersonal phrases and conjunctions: il est (im)possible que / è (im)possibile che it's (im)possible that il est probable que / è probabile che it's probable that il est utile que / è utile che it's useful that il est juste que / è giusto che it's right that il suffit que / basta che it's enough that bien que / benché, sebbene, nonostante although pourvu que, à condition que / purché, a condizione che, a patto che provided that afin que / affinché so that pour que / perché in order that à moins que / a meno che unless sans que / senza che without avant que / prima che before The imperfect subjunctive is rarely used nowadays in French, but it is still very common in Italian. Imperfect Subjunctive of Regular Verbs French uses the il/elle form of the simple past to form the stem for the imperfect subjunctive; while Italian uses the regular stem. French Italian all verbs -are -ere -ire -sse -assi -essi -issi -sses -assi -essi -issi -^t -asse -esse -isse -ssions -issimo assimo essimo -ssiez -aste -este -iste -ssent -assero -assero -issero The third person singular in French should also add a circonflexe accent over the vowel that occurs before the t. Imperfect Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs Verbs that are irregular in the imperfect indicative are also irregular in the imperfect subjunctive in Italian. essere fossi fossi fosse fossimo foste fossero

avere avessi avessi avesse avessimo aveste avessero

bere bevessi bevessi bevesse bevessimo beveste bevessero

dare dessi dessi desse dessimo deste dessero

dire dicessi dicessi dicesse dicessimo diceste dicessero

fare facessi facessi facesse facessimo faceste facessero

stare stessi stessi stesse stessimo steste stessero

Agreement of tenses is stricter in Italian, so you must use the imperfect sujunctive in a subordinate clause if the dependent clause is in a past indicative or conditional

tense. Furthermore, the imperfect subjunctive is required in Italian after come se (as if) and se (if) in hypothetical sentences; whereas the imperfect indicative is used in French. Il parle comme s'il était italien. / Parla come se fosse italiano. He speaks as if he were Italian. Si j'étais riche, j'achèterais un palais. / Se fossi ricco, comprerei un palazzo. If I were rich, I would buy a palace. Animals & Insects English

ant antelope

Italian l'animale l'animal (m) (m) la fourmi la formica l'antilope l'antilope (f)

antenna

l'antenne

l'antenna

antler badger

le corna il tasso

beak bear

la ramure le badger la chauvesouris le bec l'ours (m)

bee

l'abeille (f)

animal

bat

French

beetle bird blackbird bull butterfly calf carp cat caterpillar cheetah chicken

la scarabée l'oiseau (m) le merle le taureau le papillon le veau la carpe le chat le chenille le guépard le poulet le chimpanzee chimpanzé claw la griffe cockroach

le cafard

cod cocoon cow

la morue le cocon la vache

English

French

Italian

lark

l'alouette (f)

l'allodola

lion lizard lobster (spiny) louse mackerel

le lion le lézard

il leone la lucertola

la langouste

l'aragosta

le pou la maquereau

il pidocchio lo sgombro

la taupe

la talpa

il pipistrello mole il becco l'orso

monkey mosquito

le singe la moustique le papillon de l'ape (f) moth nuit lo scarabeo mouse la souris l'uccello mule le mulet il merlo mussel la moule il toro nest le nid la farfalla nightingale le rossignol il vitello octopus la pieuvre la carpa ostrich l'autruche il gatto owl le hibou il bruco ox le bœuf il ghepardo oyster l'huître (f) il pollo parrot le perroquet lo partridge la perdrix scimpanzé l'artiglio paw la patte lo penguin le pingouin scarafaggio il merluzzo pig le cochon il bozzolo pigeon le pigeon la vacca pike le brochet

la scimmia la zanzara la falena il topo il mulo il pidocchio il nido l'usignolo il polpo lo struzzo il gufo il bue l'ostrica il pappagallo la pernice la zampa il pinguino il porco il piccione il luccio

crab

le crabe il granchio pony l'écrevisse il gambero rabbit (f) il le crocodile raccoon coccodrillo

le poney

il pony

le lapin

il coniglio

crow

le corbeau il corvo

rat

le rat

deer dog donkey dragonfly duck

le cerf le chien l'âne (m) la libellule le canard

il cervo il cane l'asino la libellula l'anitra

rooster salmon scale scorpion sea gull

eagle

l'aigle (m)

l'aquila

seahorse

eel egg

l'anguille (f) l'œuf l'éléphant (m)

l'anguilla l'uovo l'elefante (m)

seal shark

le coq le saumon l'écaille (f) le scorpion la mouette l'hippocampe (m) le phoque le requin

il ratto / il sorcio il gallo il salmone la squama lo scorpione il gabbiano il cavalluccio marino la foca lo squalo

sheep

la mouton

la pecora

crayfish crocodile

elephant

le raton laveur il procione

shrimp

la crevette

la nageoire la pinna le poisson il pesce la puce la pulce

skin slug snail

fly

la mouche

la mosca

snake

fox

la volpe

sole

il ranocchio sparrow

le moineau

il passero

fur gill giraffe

le renard la grenouille la fourrure la branchie la girafe

le peau la limace l'escargot (m) le serpent / la couleuvre la sole

il gamberetto / il gambero la pelle la lumaca la chiocciola il serpente / la biscia la sogliola

la pelliccia spider la branchia squid la giraffa squirrel

l'araignée (f) le calmar l'écureuil (m)

goat

la chèvre

la capra

starfish

l'oca il gorilla

stork swallow

feather

la plume

fin fish flea

frog

goose gorilla

l'oie (f) le gorille la grasshopper sauterelle hamster le hamster hare le lièvre hedgehog le hérisson hen la poule heron le héron

la penna

il ragno il calamaro la scoiattolo la stella di l'étoile de mer mare la cigogne la cicogna l'hirondelle (f) la rondine

la cavalletta swan

le cygne

il cigno

il criceto la lepre il riccio la gallina l'airone (m)

le têtard la queue le tigre le crapaud la truite

il girino la coda la tigre il rospo la trota

tadpole tail tiger toad trout

herring hoof horn horse hummingbird iguana insect jellyfish kitten ladybug lamb

la hareng le sabot la corne le cheval le colibri l'iguane l'insecte (m) la méduse le chaton la coccinelle l'agneau (m)

l'aringa lo zoccolo il corno il cavallo il colibrì l'iguana

tuna turkey turtle wasp weasel whale

le thon le dindon la tortue la guêpe la belette la baleine

il tonno il tacchino la tartaruga la vespa la donnola la balena

l'insetto

wing

l'aile (f)

l'ala

la medusa il gattino la coccinella

wolf worm

le loup le ver

il lupo il verme

zebra

le zèbre

la zebra

l'agnello

Nature & Geography English air

French l'air (m)

English rain

la côte

Italian l'aria (f) l'arcipelago (m) la riva la baia la stalla la spiaggia il ramo il ponte il bocciolo l'arbusto (m) il capo / promontorio la caverna la città il clima la nube / nuvola la costa

archipelago

l'archipel

bank bay barn beach branch bridge bud bush

la rive la baie la grange la plage la branche le pont le bouton le buisson

cape

le cap

cave city climate

la caverne la ville le climat

cloud

le nuage

coast comet

la comète

la cometa

storm

la constellation country le pays country(side) la campagne current le courant constellation

la costellazione il paese la campagna la corrente

river rock root rose sand sea shadow sky

French la pluie l'arc-en-ciel (m) la fleuve le rocher la racine la rose le sable la mer l'ombre (f) le ciel

Italian la pioggia l'arcobaleno (m) il fiume lo scoglio la radice la rosa la sabbia il mare l'ombra il cielo

snow

la neige

la neve

rainbow

soil la terre south le sud spring (water) la source

il terreno il sud la sorgente

star

l'étoile

la stella

stem

la tige il gambo l'orage (f) / la il temporale tempête

strait

le détroit

lo stretto

stream street sun

le ruisseau la rue le soleil

il ruscello la strada il sole

daffodil daisy darkness desert dew dust earth east farm field flower foam fog foliage

la jonquille la marguerite l'obscurité le désert la rosée la poussière la terre l'est (m) la ferme le champ la blume l'écume (f) le brouillard le feuillage

forest

la forêt

frost grass gulf hail hay

hill

la gelée l'herbe (f) la golfe la grêle le foin la marée haute la colline

ice

la glace

il ghiaccio

island

I'île (f)

I'isola (f)

isthmus

l'isthme

l'istmo (m)

Arctic Circle

jungle

la jungle

la giungla

equator

lake

le lac

il lago

Arctic Ocean

leaf

la feuille

la foglia

Atlantic Ocean

light

la lumière

la luce

Pacific Ocean

lightning

l'éclair (m)

il fulmine / lampo

Indian Ocean

lily

le lis

il giglio

low tide

la marée

la bassa

high tide

il narciso la margherita l'oscurità (f) il deserto la rugiada la polvere la terra l'est (m) la tenuta il campo il fiore la schiuma la nebbia il fogliame il bosco / la foresta il gelo l'erba (f) il golfo la grandine il fieno

sunflower thaw thunder tornado tree trunk tulip valley view water fresh water salt water watering can waterfall

weather west wind world

le tournesol la fonte le tonnerre la tornade l'arbre le tronc la tulipe la vallée la vue l'eau (f) l'eau douce l'eau salée l'arrosoir la cascade la vague / l'onde (f) le temps l'ouest (m) le vent le monde

l'alta marea

North Pole

le pôle Nord il Polo Nord

la collina

South Pole Northern Hemisphere Soutern Hemisphere

le pôle Sud l'hémisphère nord l'hémisphère sud la cercle polaire l'équateur (m) l'océan Arctique l'océan Atlantique l'océan Pacifique l'océan Indien la mer des Antilles la

wave

Caribbean Sea Mediterranean

il girasole il disgelo il tuono il turbine l'albero il tronco il tulipano la valle la vista l'acqua l'acqua dolce l'acqua salata l'annaffiatoio la cascata l'onda (f) il tempo l'ovest (m) il vento il mondo

il Polo Sud l'emisfero settentrionale l'emisfero meridionale il circolo polare artico l'equatore (m) l'Oceano Artico l'Oceano Atlantico l'Oceano Pacifico l'Oceano Indiano il Mar dei Caraibi il Mar

meadow

basse

marea

Sea

le pré

il prato

North Sea

moon mountain mountain range

la lune la montagne la chaîne de montagnes l'embouchure mouth (river) (f) mud la vase nature la nature north le nord peninsula la péninsule plain planet plant pond pot (for plants)

la luna Red Sea la montagna Black Sea la catena montuosa l'imboccatura Mercury

il fango la natura il nord la penisola il piano / la la plaine pianura la planète il pianeta la plante la pianta l'étang (m) lo stagno il vaso da le pot à fleurs fiori

Méditerranée Mediterraneo la mer du il Mare del Nord Nord la mer Rouge il Mar Rosso la mer Noire il Mar Nero

Mercure

Mercurio

Venus Earth Mars Jupiter

Vénus Terre Mars Jupiter

Venere Terra Marte Giove

Saturn

Saturne

Saturno

Uranus Neptune Pluto

Uranus Neptuno Pluton

Uranio Nettuno Plutone

Indefinite Pronouns & Adjectives English

French

each

chacun

each / every everyone everything

Italian ciascuno / ognuno

chaque

ogni

tout le monde

tutti

tout

tutto

everywhere partout

dappertutto / ovunque

someone

quelqu'un

qualcuno

something

quelque chose

qualcosa da qualche parte nessuno niente / nulla da nessuna parte

somewhere quelque part no one nothing

personne rien

nowhere

nulle part

whoever whichever

n'importe qui / chiunque quiconque n'importe quel / qualunque /

English

French

Italian

some

quelque

alcuno

as autant de much/many other autre some / certain certain beaucoup a lot of de not one / aucun none several plusieurs few

altrettanto altro certo molto nessuno

parecchio poco / peu de pochi quelque(s) qualche tel tale / tali

some such a so tant de much/many

tanto

too much

trop de

troppo

everything

tout

tutto

whatever wherever

quelconque n'importe quoi / quelconque n'importe où

qualsiasi qualunque / qualsiasi dovunque

various

différents

vario / vari

Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are slightly easier to learn in Italian than French. French who / that (subject) qui who / that (object) que about which / dont whom whose dont from where d'où preposition + prep. + qui whom preposition + prep. + form of which lequel

Italian che che di cui il/la/i/le cui da cui prep. + cui prep. + cui

Notice that cui remains invariable at all times; however, when translating whose in Italian, you must change the article before cui to agree with the noun and not the antecedent. Il quale can always replace cui, but it does agree with the gender and number of its antecedent (comparable to how lequel agrees in French). Plus you have to remember to use the prepositional contractions with the article before quale, so in general, it is easier to just use cui in everyday speech. Il quale is preferred in formal writing. Forms of lequel and il quale masc. sing. fem. sing. masc. plural fem. plural

French lequel laquelle lesquels lesquelles

Italian il quale la quale i quali le quali

Sample Sentences La fille qui parle est sympathique. La ragazza che parla è simpatica. La femme que je rencontre s'appelle Lorenza. La donna che incontro si chiama Lorenza. Les livres dont je parle sont d'Elsa. I libri di cui parlo sono di Elsa. L'homme dont les cheveux sont blancs est mon grand-père. L'uomo i cui capelli sono bianchi è mio nonno. Les personnes à qui je pense sont loin. Le persone a cui penso sono lontane.

The girl who is talking is nice. The woman that I'm meeting is named Lorenza. The books about which I'm talking are Elsa's. The man whose hair is white is my grandfather. The people about whom I'm thinking are far away.

La maison dans laquelle je vis est très grande. La casa in cui vivo è grande. = La casa nella quale vivo è grande.

The house in which I live is very big.

Verbs: Passive Voice Only verbs that can take a direct object can be made passive in French and Italian. The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent in the passive sentence (expressed by par in French and da + contractions in Italian), and the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. The verb becomes a form of be (in the same tense as in the active sentence) + a past participle, which agrees with the subject of the passive sentence. Remember that you can avoid the passive voice by using on / si as explained earlier (especially for verbs that only take indirect objects). The passive voice is used more often in English than in French or Italian, and it is usually best to avoid it in formal writing. Active English The cat eats the mouse. (present) The cat ate the mouse. (past) The cat has eaten the mouse. (pres. perf.) The cat will eat the mouse. (future) Le chat mange la souris. Le chat mangeais la souris. French Le chat a mangé la souris. Le chat mangera la souris.

Il gatto mangia il topo. Il gatto mangiava il topo. Italian Il gatto ha mangiato il topo. Il gatto mangerá il topo.

Passive The mouse is eaten by the cat. The mouse was eaten by the cat. The mouse has been eaten by the cat. The mouse will be eaten by the cat. La souris est mangée par le chat. La souris étais mangée par le chat. La souris a été mangée par le chat. La souris sera mangée par le chat. Il topo é mangiato dal gatto. Il topo era mangiato dal gatto. Il topo é stato mangiato dal gatto. Il topo sará mangiato dal gatto.

Faire / Fare Causative You can use the verbs faire / fare + an infinitive to the express the idea of having or getting something done or having or making someone do something (instead of doing it yourself.) If the object of the verb is a noun, it is placed after the infinitive. If it is a pronoun, then it is placed before faire or fare (except for loro, which is always placed after the infinitive). In the present perfect tense, the past participle does not agree with the preceding direct object as it normally would in French. Je fais réparer la voiture. / Faccio riparare la macchina. I'm having the car fixed. Je la fais réparer. / La faccio riparare. I'm having it fixed. Je l'ai fait réparer. / La ho fatta riparare. I had it fixed. [No agreement with preceding direct object in French only.]

The reflexive verbs se faire / farsi can also be used in this way when expressing having something done or made for oneself. Remember that être / essere are used as the auxiliary verb in compound tenses. Je me fais couper les cheveux. / Mi faccio tagliare i capelli. I'm getting my hair cut. Je me suis fait couper les cheveux. / Mi sono fatto tagliare i capelli. I got my hair cut. Italian only: When a causative sentence has two objects, the person being made to do something becomes the indirect object. In Italian, the indirect object is introduced by a. Il maestro fa leggere lo studente. The teacher makes the student read. Il maestro fa leggere la lettura allo studente. The teacher makes the student read the passage. To avoid ambiguity with the indirect object, the preposition da instead of a can be used. The sentence Abbiamo fatto mandare il pacco a Maria can mean two things: 1) We had Mary send the package or 2) We had the package sent to Mary. If the first meaning is intended, then da can replace a. Verbs followed by Prepositions before an Infinitive Many verbs require the prepositions à / a or de / di before an infinitive. In French, de contracts to d' before an infinitive beginning with a vowel. In Italian, a becomes ad before infinitives beginning with a-. Before infinitives beginning with other vowels, either a or ad may be used. French verbs + à + infinitive aider à to help apprendre à to learn arriver à to manage chercher à to look for commencer à to begin consister à to consist continuer à to continue demander à to ask to donner à to give encourager à to encourage enseigner à to teach hésiter à to hesitate inciter à to incite insister à to insist inviter à to invite obliger à to force to parvenir à to succeed persister à to persist in pousser à to push

Italian verbs + a + infinitive abituarsi a to get used to aiutare a to help andare a to be going to apprendere a to learn aspettare a to wait cominciare to begin consentire a to agree continuare a to continue convincere a to convince correre a to run dare a to give decidersi a to decide divertirsi a to have fun esitare a to hesitate fare bene a to do well fare in tempo a to be on time fare meglio a to be better off fare presto a to hurry up forzare a to force

provoquer à renoncer à réussir à s'acharner à s'amuser à s'appliquer à s'apprêter à s'attacher à s'attendre à se décider à se mettre à se plaire à se préparer à se refuser à se résigner à se résoudre à se risquer à s'employer à servir à s'exercer à s'habituer à s'obstiner à songer à tarder à tendre à tenir à veiller à viser à

to provoke to give up to succeed to be bent on to have fun to apply oneself to to prepare to to become attached to expect to to decide to begin to to enjoy to get ready to refuse to to resign oneself to to resolve to to risk to use to be useful for to practice/learn to get used to to insist to consider to be slow to to tend to to be anxious to to look after to aim

French verbs + de + infinitive accepter de to accept arrêter de to stop avoir envie de to feel like to be avoir honte de ashamed avoir peur de to be afraid avoir raison de to be right avoir tort de to be wrong cesser de

to stop

choisir de

to choose

giocare a godere a imparare a insegnare a invitare a mandare a mettersi a passare a pensare a persuadere a preparare a procedere a provare a restare a rimanere a rinunciare a ritornare a riuscire a salire a scendere a seguitare a servire a stare a stare attento a tardare a temere a tornare a venire a

to play to enjoy to learn to teach to invite to send to begin to to go on to think of to persuade to prepare to proceed to try to stay to remain to give up to come back to succeed to go up to come down to keep on to be good for to stay, stand to be careful to be late to be afraid to to return to come to

Italian verbs + di + infinitive accettare di to accept ammettere di to admit aspettare di to wait for aspettare di aspettarsi di augurare di avere bisogno di

to wait

to expect to wish to need to have the avere il piacere di pleasure avere intenzione di to intend

conseiller de convenir de craindre de décider de défendre de demander de désespérer de dire de dissuader de empêcher de entreprendre de envisager de essayer de être heureux de être obligé de éviter de finir de interdire de menacer de négliger de oublier de permettre de persuader de prier de promettre de recommander de refuser de regretter de remercier de reprocher de rêver de risquer de se dépêcher de se garder de s'étonner de s'excuser de venir de

to advise to agree upon to fear to decide to forbid to ask to despair to say to dissuade to prevent to undertake to contemplate to try to be happy to be required to avoid to finish to forbid to threaten to neglect to forget to permit to persuade to beg to promise to recommend to refuse to regret to thank to reproach to dream to risk to hurry up to keep oneself to astonish to apologize to have just

avere paura di avere voglia di avvertire di cercare di cessare di chiedere di comandare di credere di decidere di dimenticare di dire di dispensare di domandare di dubitare di fingere di finire di lamentarsi di mancare di minacciare di offrire di ordinare di pensare di permettere di proibire di promettere di rendersi conto di ricordare di sapere di sbagliare di scrivere di scusarsi di smettere di sognare di sperare di suggerire di tentare di tratarre di

to be afraid to feel like to warn, caution to try to cease to ask to command to believe to decide to forget to say, tell to excuse to ask to doubt to pretend to finish to complain to lack to threaten to offer to order to plan to permit to prevent, prohibit to promise to realize to remember to know to make a mistake to write to apologize to stop, cease to dream to hope to suggest to try, attempt to bargain