Issue 4: © Scania CV AB 2003, Sweden
August 30, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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3=5=>-=> Bssuj >
jo
JKX Luohtb`o Njshrbptb`o
JHZ
: ; : > 3 3
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3 :91 =19
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`otjots
H`otjots Ajojrcd
JKX systjg............................................................... systjg...............................................................8 8
Xystjg njshrbptb`o
Xuksystjgs ............................................. ............................................................... ..................> > ^ij njsbao `l tij systjg systjg .......................................... ..........................................< < Q`rfboa prbohbpdjs ............................................ ................................................. ..... 3= CKX bo tij tij systjg ............................................. .................................................. ..... 3> ^H, ^rchtb`o H`otr`d ............................................. ............................................... 3: Lr`ot hbrhubt rjnuhtb`o rjnuhtb`o ........................................... ............................................. 31 ^KC, Cut`gctbh ^rcbdjr ^rcbdjr Krcfj Cncptctb`o ............ 39
Xystjg sbaocds
HCO h`gguobhctb`o.............................................. h`gguobhctb`o..............................................32 32 Xbaocds t` con con lr`g h`otr`d uobt ............................. ............................. ;=
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
H`otr`d uobt JKX ;.=/;.3 ;.=/;.3 .................... ........................................ ....................;> ;> H`otr`d uobt, uobt, JKX ;.; ..................... ............................................ ......................... ;1 Xjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj................................................. vcdvj.................................................83 83 Xboadj h`otr`d g`nudj............................................. g`nudj.............................................88 88 N`ukdj h`otr`d h`otr`d g`nudj....................... g`nudj ........................................... ....................8< 8< ^rcbdjr h`otr`d h`otr`d g`nudj ........................................... ............................................. >= D`cn sjosboa svcdvj prjssurj sjos`r ................................. ..................... ............ >8 [jdcy vjosboa cdvj l`r sjh`oncry sjh`oncry krcfj krcfj luohtb`o ..............>: .............. >: @tijr h`gp`ojots................................................... h`gp`ojots...................................................>< ><
Botjrchtb`o wbti `tijr systjgs
H`gguobhctb`o wbti tij JNH h`otr`d uobt............ := H`gguobhctb`o wbti @ptbhrubsj............................. @ptbhrubsj.............................:= := H`gguobhctb`o wbti tij cuxbdbcry krcfj krcfj systjg systjg ... :3 H`gguobhctb`o wbti JJK/JYK ............................ ............................ :3
Dbgbt vcdujs l`r r`ddboa hbrhugljrjohj
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Ckkrjvbctb`os
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Ajojrcd
Ajojrcd JKX systjg ^ij JKX systjg nblljrs lr`g co CKX systjg bo c ougkjr `l cspjhts.
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HCO h`gguobhctb`o wbti cuxbdbcry krcfj systjg
Co CKX systjg gjrjdy h`otr`ds krcfboa bl tij wijjds icvj d`hfjn `r tjon t` d`hf. ^ij CKX systjg tijo josurjs tict tij wijjds n` o`t d`hf s` cs o`t t` d`sj stjjrboa con t` bgpr`vj krcfboa. Zonjr o`rgcd krcfboa, tij nrbvjr chtbvctjs tij cbr t` tij krcfj hydbonjrs vbc tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj.
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D`cn sjosboa prjssurj sjos`r dbofjn t` tij n`ukdj h`otr`d g`nudj wibhi h`otr`ds cxdj tw`
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^HG ^rcbdjr H`otr`d G`nudj
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Cut`gctbh Krcfj Cncptctb`o, ^KC
JKX h`otr`ds tij jotbrj krcfboa sjqujohj, k`ti cppdyboa con rjdjcsboa `l tij krcfj. ^ij systjg acuajs i`w guhi krcfboa tij nrbvjr wcots con tijo cdd`ws tij h`otr`d g`nudjs ct tij wijjds t` chtbvctj tij cbr t` tij krcfj hicgkjrs. ^ibs abvjs c si`rtjr rjchtb`o tbgj con h`osjqujotdy c si`rtjr krcfboa nbstcohj.
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Cuxbdbcry krcfj vbc tij krcfj pjncd
JKX ;.= 322<
>-hicoojd systjg
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>x;
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^rcht`r
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Lr`ot hbrhubt rjnuhtb`o
JKX ;.3 3221 •
:-hicoojd systjg
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Xjvjrcd h`olbaurctb`os5 -=>
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Xystjg njshrbptb`o
Xystjg njshrbptb`o Xuksystjgs ^ij JKX systjg bs gcnj up `l suksystjgs.
^H
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J]K - Jdjhtr`obh ]ojugctbh Krcfj Xystjg
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CKX - Cotbd`hf Krcfboa Xystjg
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^H - ^rchtb`o H`otr`d
Bo tij jvjot `l wijjdspbo, tij JKX h`otr`d uobt wbdd sjon sbaocds t` tij h`otr`d g`nudj s` tict tibs krcfjs tij wijjds wibhi icvj d`st trchtb`o. Bl k`ti wijjds d`sj trchtb`o, tij joaboj wbdd rjhjbvjj bol`rgctb`o `o tir`ttdj-kchf. rjhjbv
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^KC - Cut`gctbh ^rcbdjr Krcfj Cncptctb`o
^ijsj l`ur systjgs l`rg pcrt `l con gcfj up tij h`gpdjtj JKX systjg. ^H con ^KC cssugj tict tij vjibhdj ics JNH.
J]K J]K bs rjsp`osbkdj l`r jdjhtr`obh krcfj prjssurj h`otr`d. ^ibs bs cds` kchfjn up ky c pojugctbh krcfj systjg bl tij jdjhtrbhcd hbrhubt st`ps w`rfboa.
CKX Bl tij wijjds tjon t` d`hf, tij systjg rjhjbvjs bol`rgctb`o `o tibs con rjdjcsjs tij krcfj prjssurj wibhi bs prjsjot `ut t` tij krcfj hicgkjrs. ^ibs bs pudsjn s` tict c nblljrjot pcrt `l tij tyrj bs cdwcys cacbost tij r`cn surlchj. Bl tij nrbvjr ics krcfjn usboa tij rjtcrnjr, tibs wbdd cds` kj swbthijn `ll nurboa h`otr`d.
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Xystjg njshrbptb`o
^KC ^KC hcdhudctjs tij prjssurj rjqubrjn l`r tij trcbdjr s` tict bt stcrts krcfboa ct tij scgj tbgj cs tij trcht`r uobt con krcfjs bts `wo wjbait ^ibs cdwcys josurjs `ptbgcd trcbdjr krcfboa. ^ibs luohtb`o bs cvcbdckdj `ody wijo tij vjibhdj bs lbttjn wbti c trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj con ^KC bs chtbvj.
Krcfboa hicrchtjrbstbhs `l tij systjg ^ibs systjg bs kubdt t` josurj jvjo wjcr `vjr tij krcfj pcns cs c rjsudt `l dbait krcfboa. Cdd krcfj pcns hco tijo kj rjojwjn ct tij scgj tbgj. Bo tij jvjot `l icrnjr krcfboa, tij nbstrbkutb`o `l tij krcfboa bs utbdbsjn bo `rnjr t` pr`vbnj tij g`st `ptbgcd lrbhtb`o pjr cxdj.
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Xystjg njshrbptb`o
^ij njsbao `l tij systjg H`otr`d uobts con h`otr`d g`nudjs C hjotrcd h`otr`d uobt 3 h`gguobhctjs wbti h`otr`d g`nudjs ; con 8 con trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj 9 vbc HCO hckdjs. Ct tij scgj tbgj, h`otr`d uobt 3 h`gguobhctjs wbti tij JKX h`otr`d uobt `o tij trcbdjr bl lbttjn. ^ij sboadj h`otr`d g`nudjs ; con tij n`ukdj h`otr`d g`nudj 8 h`gguobhctj wbti tij h`otr`d uobt 3 con chtbvctj tij krcfj prjssurj t` tij krcfj hicgkjrs cs rjqujstjn ky tij h`otr`d uobt 3. I`wjvjr, tij n`ukdj h`otr`d g`nudj h`otr`ds `oj `r tw` nrbvj cxdjs. \jibhdjs wbti c tca cxdj icvj c sboadj h`otr`d g`nudj wibhi h`otr`ds k`ti wijjds `o tij tca cxdj. ^ij h`otr`d g`nudjs h`otcbo c h`otr`d uobt, s`djo`bn vcdvjs, vcdvjs, rjdcy vcdvj con prjssurj sjos`rs. Xjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj : bs jssjotbcddy c stconcrn sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj wbti co cnnbtb`ocd pcrt wibhi h`otcbos tw` p`tjotb`gjtjrs. ^ibs pr`vbnjs tij h`otr`d uobt wbti co jdjhtrbh rjljrjohj vcduj. ^ij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj 9 rjaudctjs tij h`otr`d prjssurj t` tij trcbdjr. Bt rjhjbvj r jhjbvjss tij rjqubrjn krcfj prjssurj lr`g tij h`otr`d uobt 3 con cneusts tibs njpjonboa `o tij trcbdjr con chtbvctjs tij h`rrjht krcfj prjssurj.
Xjos`r CKX sjos`r > sjosjs tij spjjn `l tij wijjds. Jchi wijjd bs lbttjn wbti c sjos`r. Qjcr sjos`r < bs d`hctjn `o tij krcfj hcddbpjr cneustboa njvbhj. ^ibs sjos`r gjcsurjs tij `vjrcdd wjcr `l tij krcfj pcns con krcfj nbshs. Qjcr wbrjs crj cds` lbttjn t` tij krcfj pcns bo vjibhdjs gcoulchturjn prb`r t` 3 Euoj 3222. ]rjssurj sjos`r 1 sjosjs tij wjbait `l tij vjibhdj ky gjcsurboa tij prjssurj bo tij cbr kjdd`ws l`r tij suspjosb`o `o tij nrbvboa cxdj (cxdj ;).
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
3=5=>-=>
Xystjg njshrbptb`o
JKX ;.;, wbti wbti
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
1
Xystjg njshrbptb`o
Xjh`oncry krcfj luohtb`o C sjh`oncry krcfj luohtb`o bs cvcbdckdj `o >x; vjibhdjs wbti`ut sprboa krcfj hicgkjrs `o tij lr`ot cxdj. ^ij sjh`oncry krcfj luohtb`o bs chtbvctjn chtbvctjn ky c rjdcy vcdvj 2 con c s`djo`bn s`djo `bn vcdvj 3=. ^ij vcdvjs crj d`hctjn uonjr tij hicssbs kjibon tij kcttjry k`x. Bl tij lr`ot hbrhubt d`sjs prjssurj, rjdcy vcdvj vcdvj 2 krcfjs tij djlt-icon lr`ot wijjd ct tij scgj tbgj cs tij krcfjs `o tij rjcr cxdj. ^ij rjdcy vcdvj usjs h`otr`d prjssurj lr`g tij rjcr hbrhubt con suppdy prjssurj lr`g tij pcrfboa krcfj hbrhubt. ^ij sjh`oncry krcfj luohtb`o krcfjs tij djlticon lr`ot wijjd ct gcxbgug 3.9 kcr. ^ibs pr`vbnjs eust tij scgj l`rhj cs bs rjqubrjn t` h`gpdy wbti tij rjtcrnctb`o rjqubrjgjots r jqubrjgjots usboa `ody tij rjcr hbrhubt. Nurboa CKX h`otr`d tij s`djo`bn vcdvj vcdvj kd`hfs tij h`otr`d prjssurj lr`g tij rjcr hbrhubt s` tict CKX h`otr`d `o tij lr`ot cxdj bs o`t clljhtjn.
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Xystjg njshrbptb`o
JKX ;.;, >x; wbti wbti sjh`oncry krcfj krcfj luohtb`o luohtb`o 3
H`otr`d uobt
;
Xboadj h`otr`d g`nudj
8
N`ukdj h`otr`d h`otr`d g`nudj
>
CKX sjos`r
:
Xjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
2
Xystjg njshrbptb`o
Q`rfboa prbohbpdjs Kchfup krcfboa ^ijrj crj tw` kchfup hbrhubts bo tij vjibhdj. ^ijsj `pjrctj bonjpjonjotdy `l jdjhtrbhcd sbaocds. ^ijsj hbrhubts crj chtuctjn ky tij rjaudcr sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj con crj h`oojhtjn nbrjhtdy t` tij h`otr`d g`nudjs. Bo tij jvjot `l jdjhtr`obhcddy h`otr`ddjn krcfboa, tij cbr bo tij kchfup hbrhubt bs fjpt kchf ct tij h`otr`d g`nudjs ky gjcos `l c s`djo`bn vcdvj. vcdvj. ^ij prjssurj lr`g tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj cds` pcssjs t` tij trcbdjr rjdcy vcdvj `r tij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj bl tij vjibhdj bs lbttjn wbti `oj `l tijsj.
^ij h`otr`d g`nudjs ; con 8 h`otcbo co botjrocd prjssurj sjos`r wibhi gjcsurjs tij krcfj prjssurj. Bl tij h`rrjht krcfj prjssurj bs o`t cttcbojn, tij systjg swbthijs t` kchfup p`sbtb`o `o tij cxdj wijrj krcfj prjssurj bs o`t kjboa cttcbojn.
^ij kchfup systjg krcfjs tij vjibhdj5 •
wijo tij p`wjr bs turojn `ll
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bl tij h`otr`d uobt swbthijs `ll `oj `r g`rj h`otr`d g`nudjs `o chh`uot `l c sjrb`us lcudt `hhurrboa bo tij systjg.
^ij h`otr`d g`nudjs crj wbti`ut p`wjr wijo tij kchfup systjg tcfjs `vjr. ^ij cbr lr`g tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj pcssjs bot` tij h`otr`d vcdvj, wibhi o`w `pjrctjs cs c rjdcy vcdvj. ^ibs gcfjs krcfboa pr`p`rtb`ocd t` tij trcvjd `l tij l``t pjncd.
Krcfboa wbti tij cbn `l jdjhtr`obhs Qijo tij p`wjr bs swbthijn `o, tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj > sjons jdjhtrbhcd sbaocds t` tij h`otr`d uobt 3. ^ij prjssurj sjos`r : bs h`oojhtjn t` tij n`ukdj h`otr`d g`nudj 8 bo JKX ;.;. HCO h`gguobhctb`o bs usjn t` trcosgbt tij sbaocd t` tij h`otr`d uobt 3 bo tij hck. Bo JKX ;.= / JKX ;.3, tij sbaocd bs swbthijn nbrjhtdy t` tij h`otr`d uobt. ^ij h`otr`d uobt, t`ajtijr wbti tij sbaocd lr`g tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj con tij d`cn sjosboa prjssurj sjos`r, hcdhudctjs tij krcfj prjssurj t` kj chtbvctjn ky tij h`otr`d g`nudjs ; con 8. ^ijsj tijo cut`gctbhcddy cneust tij krcfj prjssurj t` tij krcfj hydbonjrs H.
3=
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Xystjg njshrbptb`o
JKX ;.;, >x; wbti wbti sjh`oncry krcfj krcfj luohtb`o. luohtb`o. 3
H`otr`d uobt
2
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Xboadj h`otr`d g`nudj
3= [jdcy
8
N`ukdj h`otr`d h`otr`d g`nudj
33
]crfboa krcfj hbrhubt vcdvj, sjh`oncry sjh`oncry krcfj krcfj luohtb`o
X`djo`bn vcdvj, sjh`oncry krcfj luohtb`o
Xjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj
C. CKX sjos`r sjos`r
D`cn sjosboa sjosboa prjssur prjssurjj sjos`r ^rcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj
K. Qjcr Qjcr sjos`r H. Krcfj hicgkjr
1
^rcbdjr `utdjt, `pjrctboa cbr
N. HCO hckdj t` trcbdjr trcbdjr
9
^rcbdjr `utdjt, suppdy cbr
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Xystjg njshrbptb`o
\jibhdj wbti trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj HCO h`gguobhctb`o bs usjn ky tij h`otr`d uobt t` sjon c sbaocd t` tij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj
Xystjg sbaocds
Xystjg sbaocds HCO h`gguobhctb`o ^ij vjibhdj h`otcbos c ougkjr `l systjgs wibhi h`gguobhctj wbti `oj co`tijr vbc HCO. ^ij JKX systjg ics tirjj HCO kusjs5 •
HCO
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HCO-krcfj
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HCO-trcbdjr
HCO h`gguobhctjs wbti `tijr jdjhtr`obh h`otr`d uobt systjgs bo tij vjibhdj. HCO-krcfj h`gguobhctjs wbti tij h`otr`d g`nudjs `o tij vjibhdj. HCO-trcbdjr h`gguobhctjs wbti tij trcbdjr h`otr`d uobt.
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Xystjg sbaocds
Xbaocds t` con lr`g h`otr`d uobt 3 ^H dcgp. ^ibs si`udn h`gj `o wijo tij stcrtjr fjy bs sjt t` tij nrbvj p`sbtb`o con a` `ut cltjr 8 sjh`ons. ^ij dcgp ldcsijs wijo ^H-@ll [`cn bs swbthijn `o.
; CKX wcroboa dcgp l`r vjibhdj. ^ibs si`udn
h`gj `o wijo tij baobtb`o bs turojn `o con a` `ut cltjr 8 sjh`ons, pr`vbnjn tict tict tijrj crj o` lcudts `o tij systjg. ^ij dcgp h`gjs `o wijo coy sbaocd lcbds t` `pjrctj bo tij JKX systjg. Bl tibs dcgp h`gjs `o, JJK cds` rjhjbvjs bol`rgctb`o bonbhctboa tict CKX bs o`o-`pjrctb`ocd. ^ij CKX wcroboa dcgp cds` h`gjs `o nurboa CKX h`otr`d.
8 ^ij d`w cbr prjssurj wcroboa dcgp si`udn h`gj `o wijo tij baobtb`o bs swbthijn `o con a` `ut cltjr 8 sjh`ons. ^ibs dcgp ldcsijs bl coy `l tij h`otr`d g`nudjs swbthijs bot` tij kchfup dcgpd`w ldcsijs wijo cbr prjssurj prp`sbtb`o. jssurj bs ^ibs d`w. ^ij d`w cbr prjssurj kuzzjr s`uons ct tij scgj tbgj.
> ^ij JKX h`otr`d uobt rjcns tij prjssurj sjos`r sbaocd bo tij pcrfboa krcfj hbrhubt. ^ibs sbaocd bs usjn `ody wijo c trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj bs lbttjn t` tij vjibhdj.
: ^ij nbcao`stbhs swbthi con dcgp crj lbttjn s` tict ldcsi h`njs hco kj rjcn con jrcsjn (tij scgj sbaocd cs tij ^H dcgp).
< ^ij krcfj pcn wjcr dcgp h`gjs `o wijo tij `vjrcdd wjcr `r wjcr kjtwjjo wijjds `o `oj tij `o scgj t``njvjd`pjn arjct. ^ijbo dcgp cds` con h`gjs bl ccxdj lcudtbsics tij hbrhubt.
1 ^ibs h`otr`d uobt jgbts c sbaocd t` tij NK[ rjdcy nurboa CKX h`otr`d.
9 Nbcao`stbh s`hfjt l`r h`oojhtboa ]H wbti tij Xhcobc Nbcao`s con Xhcobc ]r`arcggjr pr`arcgs. r jaudctjs tij 2 ^ij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj rjaudctjs h`otr`d prjssurj t` tij trcbdjr. trcbdjr. ^ij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj bs jdjhtr`obh con cut`gctbhcddy cneusts tij krcfboa `l tij trcbdjr t` tict `l tij trcht`r uobt.
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Xystjg sbaocds
JKX-systjg, 8 cxdj vjibhdj wbti
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
;3
Xystjg sbaocds
3= ^ij n`ukdj h`otr`d g`nudj rjaudctjs tij krcfj prjssurj t` tij nrbvj cxdjs. ^ibs bs cds` c "h`ddjhtboa p`bot" l`r sbaocds lr`g CKX sjos`rs, wjcr sjos`rs con prjssurj sjos`rs. ^ijsj sbaocds crj tijo sjot t` tij h`otr`d uobt ky gjcos `l HCO h`gguobhctb`o.
33 Xboadj h`otr`d g`nudjs rjaudctj tij krcfj prjssurj t` `oj `r tw` wijjds, `r t` `oj cxdj ( JKX ics tw`-wcy h`gguobhctb`o wbti tij JNH h`otr`d uobt. JKX rjqujsts tir`ttdjkchf nurboa ^H h`otr`d. JNH pr`vbnjs bol`rgctb`o `o tij hurrjot joaboj t`rquj con cg`uot `l lujd kjboa boejhtjn.
3: JKX h`gguobhctjs wbti tij rjtcrnjr h`otr`d uobt. JKX rjqujsts tij krcfboa t`rquj lr`g tij rjtcrnjr. JKX pr`vbnjs bol`rgctb`o `o CKX h`otr`d.
3< ^ij krcfj pjncd's p`tjotb`gjtjrs pr`vbnj tij h`otr`d uobt wbti c sbaocd bonbhctboa tij krcfboa t`rquj rjqujstjn ky tij nrbvjr. 31 ^H-@ll [`cn bs usjn s` cs t` kj ckdj t` bohrjcsj tij dbgbt l`r wijjdspbo, suhi cs wijo nrbvboa uonjr gunny h`onbtb`os.
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Xystjg sbaocds
JKX-systjg, 8 cxdj vjibhdj wbti
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
;8
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o H`otr`d uobt JKX ;.=/;.3 H`oojhtb`os JKX ;.=/;.3 ^ij h`otr`d uobt ics c :: pbo h`oojht`r. JKX ;.= con ;.3 icvj h`otr`d uobts wibhi d``f bnjotbhcd. ^ij s`ltwcrj, `o tij `tijr icon, bs nblljrjot. ^ij nblljrjohj kjtwjjo tijsj bs tict JKX ;.3 ics bgpr`vjn lcudt nbcao`stbhs. Lcudt h`njs wibhi clljht h`otr`d g`nudjs bo JKX ;.= crj uonjrst``n lr`g tij h`otr`d g`nudjs. Lr`g JKX ;.3, tijsj lcudt h`njs crj st`rjn bo tij h`otr`d uobt.
; > 3 : 3 3
;9 :>
Qijo tij sjrvbhj bs BG]@[^CO^! rjojwjn, tij tyrj sbzj hicoajn, `rkrcfj bl tij vcdvj vjibhdj bs g`nblbjn con hicoajs h`olbaurctb`o, tij h`otr`d uobt gust kj rjpr`arcggjn.
:8 :; >2 >9
;1 ;< ;: ;8
>1 >< >> >8 >; >3 >= 8< 8: 8> 88 83 8= ;2
< : > 8 ; 3
> 9 > : 3 3
^ij h`otr`d uobt's h`oojht`r
;>
©
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
3=5=>-=>
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
H`oojhtb`os
O`t usjn ::
;9
Xystjg v`dtcaj (8=-suppdy)
Xystjg v` v`dtcaj l` l`r hh` `otr` r`dd g` g`nudj N :>
;1
Xystjg v` v`dtc tca aj l` l`r h` h`otr`d r`d g` g`nudj C
Xystjg v` v`dtcaj ll` `r hh` `otr`d r`d g` g`nudj J :8
;<
Xystjg v` v`dtc tca aj ll` `r h` h`otr`d r`d g` g`nudj K
Xystj tjg g v` v`dtc tca aj ll` `r hh` `otr`d r`d g` g`nudj L :;
;:
Xystjg v` v`dtc tca aj ll` `r h` h`otr`d r`d g` g`nudj H
O`t usjn :3 O`t usjn := ^H swbthi >2*
;> O`t usjn ;8* ^H h`otr`d dcgp ;;
O`t usjn
HCO I l`r trcbdjr >9
;3
O`t usjn
HCO D l`r trcbdjr >1
;=
O`t usjn
HCO I l`r vjibhdj ><
32
O`t usjn
O`t usjn >:
39
O`t usjn
HCO D l`r vjibhdj >>
31
O`t usjn
HCO I l`r h`otr`d g`nudjs >8
3<
O`t usjn
HCO D l`r h`otr`d g`nudjs >;
3:
O`t usjn
* ^ij sbaocd bs chtbvctjn wijo tij hbrhubt bs jcrtijn
3=5=>-=>
©
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
;:
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
H`oojhtb`os,, h`otboujn H`oojhtb`os
NBC F >3
3>
O`t usjn
NBC D >=
38
O`t usjn
O`t usjn 82
3;
O`t usjn
O`t usjn 89
33
O`t usjn
O`t usjn 81 Jcrti l`r h`otr`d g`nudjs 8<
3= 2
O`t usjn O`t usjn
Cocd`auj sbaocd lr`g sjrvbhj krcfj 8: vcdvj t` rjtcrnjr
9
O`t usjn
: \ suppdy t` cocd`auj sjos`rs 8>
1
O`t usjn
D`cn sjosboa prjssurj sjos`r 88
<
Xbaocd XG XG ; lr`g ssjjrvbhj krcfj v vccdvj
O`t usjn 8;
:
Xbaocd XG 3 lr`g sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj
Xystjg jcrti 83
>
Jcrti l`r cocd`auj sbaocds
D`w cbr pr prjssurj wcroboa dcgp 8=*
8*
Krcfj pcn wjcr dc dcgp
CKX wcroboa dcgp l`r vjibhdj ;2*
;
NK[ rjdcy
3
Xystjg v` v`dtcaj (3 (3:-suppdy)
* ^ij sbaocd bs chtbvctjn wijo tij hbrhubt bs jcrtijn
;<
©
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
3=5=>-=>
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
H`otr`d uobt, JKX ;.; H`oojhtb`os JKX ;.; ^ij h`otr`d uobt ics l`ur l `ur h`oojht`rs. ^ijsj crj nbvbnjn bot` luohtb`o ar`ups.
BG]@[^CO^! Qijo tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj bs rjojwjn, tij tyrj sbzj hicoajn, `r bl tij vjibhdj bs g`nblbjn con hicoajs h`olbaurctb`o, tij h`otr`d uobt gust kj rjpr`arcggjn.
3=5=>-=>
©
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
> 9 = > 3 3
;1
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
C
K
H
N
>
1
3
>
1 3=
3
>
1 3=38
; :
9 33 3> 31
; :
9
; :
9 33
; :
9 33 3>
8 <
2 3;3: 39
8 <
2
8 <
2 3;
8 <
2 3;3:
3
> 1 3=38 3<
3
: 9 = > 3 3
H`oojht`r •
H`oojht`r C ics pbo h`oojhtb`os l`r systjg v`dtcaj con systjg jcrti, h`gp`ojots bo tij hck con ajojrcd h`gp`ojot h`oojhtb`os wibhi crj o`t njpjonjot `o tij h`olbaurctb`o.
•
H`oojht`r K ics pbo h`oojhtb`os t` cocd`auj h`gp`ojots, j.a. p`wjr t` con sbaocds lr`g tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj p`tjotb`gjtjrs.
•
H`oojht`r H bs h`oojhtjn t` tij h`otr`d g`nudjs wibhi pr`vbnj tij krcfboa luohtb`o l`r tij lr`ot cxdj.
•
H`oojht`r N bs h`oojhtjn t` tij h`otr`d g`nudjs `l tij rjcr cxdjs. ^ij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj bs cds` dbofjn t` tibs h`oojhtb`o.
^ij h`otr`d uobt ics c t`tcd `l :> tjrgbocds, kut o`t cdd `l tijsj crj usjn.
;9
©
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
3=5=>-=>
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
^ij tckdjs kjd`w si`w wibhi sbaocds tij h`otr`d uobt hco rjhjbvj con wibhi pbos crj usjn l`r l `r jchi rjspjhtbvj sbaocd. H`oojht`r C
C3
HCO D h`gguobhctb`o
C3=
Xystjg jcrti
C33*
^H h`otr`d dcgp
C3;
Jcrti l`r h`otr`d g`nudjs
C>
C38
NBC F
C:
C3>
NBC D
C; C8
HCO I h`gguobhctb`o
C
Xbaocd XG ; lr`g sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj
K2
Xbaocd lr`g jxicust krcfj
K: * ^ij sbaocd bs chtbvctjn wijo tij hbrhubt bs jcrtijn
3=5=>-=>
©
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
;2
3=5=> =>
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
H`oojht`r H
H3
H1
H;
Jcrti l` l`r hh` `otr`d g` g`nudj C (djlt ssbbnj cxdj 3)
H9
HCO I h`otr`d g`nudj C
H8
Jcrt rti i l`r l`r h`otr` tr`d g`nudj K (rb (rbait sbnj cxdj 3)
H2
HCO I h`otr`d g`nudj K
H>
H3=
H:
HCO D h`otr`d g`nudj C
H33
Xystjg v`dtcaj l`r h`otr`d g`nudj C
H<
HCO D h`otr`d g`nudj K
H3;
Xystjg v`dtcaj l`r h`otr`d g`nudj K
H`oojht`r N
N3
HCO D trcbdjr
N2
HCO D trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj
N;
Jcrti l`r h`otr`d g`nudj J, cxdj 8
N3=
HCO I h`otr`d g`nudj H, cxdj ;
N8
HCO I trcbdjr
N33
HCO I h`otr`d g`nudj J, cxdj 8
N>
Jcrti l`r h`otr`d g`nudj H, cxdj ;
N3;
HCO I trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj
N:
Xystjg v` v`dtcaj l` l`r s` s`djo`bn vc vcdvj, sjh`oncry krcfj luohtb`o
N38 N3 8
Xyst stjjg v`dtc `dtca aj l`r l`r hh`o `otr tr` `d g` g`nu nudj dj H, cxdj ;
N<
Jcrti l`r trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj
N3>
Xystjg v`dtcaj l`r h`otr`d g`nudj J, cxdj 8
N1
HCO D h`otr`d g`nudj H, cxdj ;
N3:
Xystjg v`dtcaj l`r trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj
N9
HCO D h`otr`d g`nudj J, cxdj 8
©
8=
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
3=5=> =>
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
Xjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj Xjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj p`tjotb`gjtjr luohtb`o ^ij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj ics tw` jdjhtrbhcd p`tjotb`gjtjrs. ^ijsj crj chtbvctjn cd`oa wbti tij `rnbocry pojugctbh h`otr`d wijo tij pjncd bs njprjssjn. ^ij p`tjotb`gjtjrs crj jdjhtrbhcddy h`oojhtjn t` tij JKX h`otr`d uobt. ^ij sbaocds lr`g tijsj crj gutucddy `pp`sjn. 1 1 > : 3 3
^ij sbaocds lr`g tij p`tjotb`gjtjrs crj njsbaoctjn XG3 con XG;. ^ij vcduj lr`g tij sbaocd XG3 bohrjcsjs wibdj tij vcduj lr`g sbaocd XG; njhrjcsjs cs tij pjncd bs njprjssjn. ^ij sbaocds crj pr`hjssjn bo tij JKX h`otr`d uobt s` cs t` kj ckdj t` hcdhudctj tij h`rrjht krcfboa prjssurj l`r tij trcbdjr con h`otr`d g`nudjs.
R7\`dt Y7]jncd njldjhtb`o
©
3=5=> =>
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
BG]@[^CO^! ^ij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj bs lcht`ry-hcdbkrctjn. @o tij vcdvj bs c dckjd si`wboa c spjhblbh ougkjr wibhi ics t` kj fjyjn bo wijo rjpr`arcggboa con hcdbkrctb`o tcfjs pdchj. ^ibs cppdbjs t` JKX ;.; wbti`ut ^KC. @o vjibhdjs wbti ^KC, tij systjg btsjdl hcdhudctjs tibs vcduj (h`gl`rt vcduj). JKX ;.=/;.3 .bs[jhcdbkrctb`o hcdbkrctjn usboa ]r`arcggjr. ]r`arcggjr gustXhcobc kj hcrrbjn `ut bl tij h`otr`d uobt ics kjjo rjpr`arcggjn `r tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj ics kjjo rjojwjn. [jljr t` Q`rfsi`p Gcoucd gcbo ar`up 3=, Lr`ot con rjcr hbrhubts, hbr hubts, h`gp`ojots, Luohtb`o con w`rf njshrbptb`o.
©
83
8;
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
3=5=> =>
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
Xboadj h`otr`d g`nudj H`otr`d g`nudj luohtb`o ^ibs h`otr`d g`nudj bs c h`gpdjtj vcdvj wibhi bs h`otr`ddjn ky gjcos `l jdjhtr`obh sbaocds. Bo tij jvjot `l c lcudt bo tij jdjhtr`obhs, tijrj bs c pojugctbh kchfup hbrhubt wibhi bs chtbvctjn con bgpdjgjots krcfboa. ^ij h`otr`d g`nudj h`otcbos c prjssurj sjos`r, sjos`r, c rjdcy vcdvj con s`djo`bn vcdvjs l`r tij kchfup luohtb`o, prjssurj bohrjcsj con prjssurj njhrjcsj.
BG]@[^CO^! Xboadj h`otr`d g`nudjs icvj kjjo rjpdchjn `o rjcr nrbvj cxdjs wbti c n`ukdj h`otr`d g`nudj lr`g =3.33.22 (JKX ;.;). ^ij uppjr pcrt h`osbsts `l c tjrgbocd kd`hf h`oojhtjn t` co jdjhtr`obh uobt. ^ij h`otr`d g`nudj cds` chts cs c "h`ddjhtboa p`bot" l`r CKX sjos`rs con wjcr sjos`rs. ^ijsj sbaocds crj tijo sjot lr`g tij h`otr`d g`nudj t` tij JKX h`otr`d uobt ky gjcos `l HCO h`gguobhctb`o.
©
< 1 = > 3 3
3=5=> =>
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
Jdjhtr`obh krcfboa ^ij s`djo`bn vcdvj l`r tij kchfup systjg bs p`wjrjn up nurboa krcfboa. ^ibs prjvjots tij h`otr`d cbr lr`g tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj lr`g krcfboa tij vjibhdj. Bostjcn, tij h`otr`d g`nudj's h`otr`d uobt chtbvctjs chtbvctjs tij prjssurj pr jssurj bohrjcsj vcdvj, vcdvj, wibhi rjdjcsjs tij h`rrjht cbr prjssurj bo pudsjs lr`g tij h`otr`dwibdj g`nudj. ^ij krcfj prjssurj vcduj bs gjcsurjn bo tij prjssurj sjos`r. ^ij h`otr`d g`nudj rjhjbvjs lr`g tij JKX h`otr`d uobt c rjqujst cs t` t ` wibhi krcfj prjssurj bs t` krcfj tij vjibhdj. Qijo tij krcfj prjssurj bs rjnuhjn, tij prjssurj njhrjcsj vcdvj bs chtbvctjn, chtbvctjn, wibhi rjnuhjs r jnuhjs tij prjssurj bo pudsjs.
Kchfup krcfboa Kchfup krcfboa tcfjs pdchj wijo c lcudt ics `hhurrjn. ^ij s`djo`bn vcdvj l`r tij kchfup systjg bs o`t p`wjrjn up. ^ibs gcfjs tij s`djo`bn vcdvj `pjo con cdd`ws bt t` rjdjcsj tij h`otr`d prjssurj lr`g lr `g tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj. ^ibs prjssurj tijo `pjos tij rjdcy vcdvj luohtb`o bo tij h`otr`d g`nudj. ^ij kchfup luohtb`o bs chtbvctjn cxdj ky cxdj.
©
88
8>
3=5=>-=>
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
Jdjhtrbhcd h`oojhtb`os
NL K
NL C
CKX sjos`r
NL K
CKX sjos`r
K\X
Qjcr sjos`r, krcfj pcns
]bo 3
Jcrti
]bo ;
Xbaocd lr`g sjos`r
]bo 8
Xbaocd lr`g sjos`r
3
;
NLK
]bo >
]`wjr suppdy t` sjos`rs
HCO+ HC O+ & Zg` Zg`
HCO HCO h`gg h`gguo uobh bhct ctb` b`o o con con p`wjr suppdy t` tij h`otr`d g`nudj
]bo 3
Jcrti l`r h`otr`d g`nudj
]bo ;
]`wjr suppdy t` h`otr`d g`nudj
]bo 8
HCO I
]bo >
HCO D
K\X HCO HCO Z Z G@ NL C >
3
>
3
8
;
8
;
K\X
kdchf kdchf
3
;
HCO+ NLC Z G@ arjy
arjy
8 : 9 : 3 3
Cbr h`oojhtb`os 3
Xuppdy
;
H`otr`d `ut
8
\jotboa
>
H`otr`d bo
>
;
3
8
©
8 9 = < 3 3
3=5=>-=>
8:
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
N`ukdj h`otr`d g`nudj H`otr`d g`nudj luohtb`o ^ij n`ukdj h`otr`d g`nudj bs usjn `o nrbvj cxdjs wbti JKX ;.;. ^ibs h`otr`d g`nudj bs c h`gpdjtj vcdvj wibhi bs h`otr`ddjn ky gjcos `l jdjhtr`obh sbaocds. Bo tij jvjot `l c lcudt bo tij jdjhtr`obhs, tijrj bs c pojugctbh kchfup hbrhubt wibhi bs chtbvctjn con bgpdjgjots krcfboa. N`ukdj h`otr`d g`nudjs h`otr`d tw` `r l`ur wijjds. ^ij h`otr`d g`nudj h`otcbos c prjssurj sjos`r, rjdcy vcdvjs con s`djo`bn vcdvjs l`r tij kchfup luohtb`o, prjssurj bohrjcsj con prjssurj njhrjcsj. ^ij uppjr pcrt h`osbsts `l c tjrgbocd kd`hf h`oojhtjn t` co jdjhtr`obh uobt. ^ij h`otr`d g`nudj cds` chts cs c "h`ddjhtboa p`bot" l`r CKX sjos`rs, wjcr sjos`rs con prjssurj sjos`rs lr`g tij cbr suspjosb`o. ^ijsj sbaocds crj tijo sjot lr`g tij h`otr`d g`nudj t` tij JKX h`otr`d uobt ky gjcos `l HCO h`gguobhctb`o.
©
2 1 = > 3 3
©
8<
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
3=5=>-=>
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
Jdjhtr`obh krcfboa ^ij s`djo`bn vcdvj l`r tij kchfup systjg bs p`wjrjn up nurboa krcfboa. ^ibs prjvjots tij h`otr`d cbr lr`g tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj lr`g krcfboa tij vjibhdj. Bostjcn, tij h`otr`d g`nudj's h`otr`d uobt chtbvctjs chtbvctjs tij prjssurj pr jssurj bohrjcsj vcdvj, vcdvj, wibhi rjdjcsjs tij h`rrjht cbr prjssurj bo g`nudj. pudsjs t`^ij tij krcfj rjdcy vcdvj luohtb`o bo tij h`otr`d prjssurj bs gjcsurjn wibdj bo tij prjssurj sjos`rs. ^ij h`otr`d g`nudj rjhjbvjs lr`g tij JKX h`otr`d uobt c rjqujst cs t` wibhi krcfj prjssurj bs t` krcfj tij vjibhdj. Qijo tij krcfj prjssurj bs rjnuhjn, tij prjssurj njhrjcsj vcdvj bs chtbvctjn, chtbvctjn, wibhi rjnuhjs r jnuhjs tij prjssurj bo pudsjs.
Kchfup krcfboa Kchfup krcfboa tcfjs pdchj wijo tij h`otr`d g`nudj bs uockdj t` cttcbo tij h`rrjht krcfj prjssurj. ^ij s`djo`bn vcdvjs l`r tij kchfup systjg crj o`t p`wjrjn up. ^ibs gcfjs tij s`djo`bn vcdvjs `pjo con cdd`ws tijg t` rjdjcsj tij h`otr`d prjssurj lr`g tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj. ^ibs prjssurj tijo `pjos tij rjdcy vcdvj luohtb`o bo tij h`otr`d g`nudj. ^ij kchfup luohtb`o bs chtbvctjn cxdj ky cxdj.
©
3=5=>-=>
81
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
Jdjhtrbhcd h`oojhtb`os NL C
CKX sjos`r
3
;
> 8
NL K
CKX sjos`r
NL H
CKX sjos`r
NL N
CKX sjos`r
K\X 3/8
Qjcr sjos`rs, krcfj pcns
NL C
3C ;K
]bo 3
Jcrti 8N
]bo ;
Xbaocd lr`g sjos`r
]bo 8
Xbaocd lr`g sjos`r
]bo >
]`wjr suppdy t` sjos`rs
K\X ;/>
Qjcr sjos`rs, krcfj pcns
]bo 3
Jcrti
]bo ;
Xbaocd lr`g sjos`r
]bo 8
Xbaocd lr`g sjos`r
]bo >
]`wjr suppdy t` sjos`rs
CDK 3/;
]rjssurj sjos`r
]bo 3
Jcrti
]bo ;
Xbaocd lr`g prjssurj sjos`r
]bo 8
O`t usjn
]bo >
]`wjr suppdy t` sjos`rs
HCO+ HC O+ & Zg` Zg`
HCO HCO h`g h`ggu guob obhc hctb` tb`o o ccon on p`wjr suppdy t` tij h`otr`d g`nudj
]bo 3
Jcrti l`r h`otr`d g`nudj
]bo ;
]`wjr suppdy t` h`otr`d g`nudj
]bo 8
HCO I
]bo >
HCO D
>H
3
3
>
; 8
K\X3/8
CDK3/;
a N r L j y C k d c h f k r ` w o a r j j o
3
;
3
;
K \ X 3 / 8 C D K 3 / ; N L H
> 8
;
NLH
NL N
3
>
; 8
3
3
;
;
HCO+Zg` K\X;/> NL K
K f h L d c N k + ` o O G j C j Z r H a j > / a ; o X c r \ ` K o N w L ` r N k
:K -=>
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
Cbr h`oojhtb`os 3
Xuppdy bo
;3 H`otr `otr` `d `u `ut
>
;; H`otr `otr` `d `u `ut 8
\jotboa
>
H`otr`d bo
;;
3 ;3
8
> 9 = < 3 3
3=5=>-=>
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82
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
^rcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj ^ij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj bs c h`gpdjtj vcdvj wibhi bs h`otr`ddjn ky gjcos `l jdjhtr`obh sbaocds. Bo tij jvjot `l c lcudt, tijrj bs c kchfup hbrhubt wibhi bs chtbvctjn chtbvctjn con bgpdjgjots krcfboa.
^rcbdjr h`otr`d g g`nudj `nudj luohtb`o ^ij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj josurjs tict tij h`otr`d prjssurj t` tij trcbdjr bs h`rrjht. Bt cds` kcdcohjs tij prjssurj s`trcbdjr tict tij krcfj cncptctb`o kjtwjjo tij con tij vjibhdj bs h`rrjht. ^ij pcrfboa krcfj `pjrctjs bo tij scgj wcy cs bo c h`ovjotb`ocd systjg. ^ij JKX h`otr`d uobt sjons sbaocds t` tij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj ky gjcos `l HCO h`gguobhctb`o. \jibhdjs lbttjn lbtt jn wbti c trcbdjr h`otr`d h` otr`d g`nudj g`nud j icvj Cut`gctbh ^rcbdjr Krcfj Cncptctb`o (^KC).
; 9 = > 3 3
^rcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
3=5=>-=>
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
Jdjhtr`obh krcfboa ^ij suppdy prjssurj pcssjs vbc tij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj, wibhi ics c rcpbn jgptyboa luohtb`o, t` c rjdcy vcdvj. [jljr t` Q`rfsi`p Gcoucd, Gcbo Ar`up 3=, ^rcbdjr krcfj hbrhubt, h`gp`ojots, Luohtb`o con w`rf njshrbptb`o. ^ij h`otr`d prjssurj h`gjs tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj's wibhi rjcr con lr`otlr`g hbrhubt luohtb`o bs bgpjnjn ky tij kchfup vcdvj, vcdvj, wibhi bs chtbvctjn nurboa jdjhtr`obh krcfboa. ^ij prjssurj bohrjcsj s`djo`bn vcdvj rjdjcsjs tij cg`uot `l cbr rjqubrjn bo `rnjr t` cttcbo tij h`rrjht krcfj prjssurj t` tij h`otr`d dboj con `ut t` tij trcbdjr. ^ibs bs gjcsurjn usboa tij prjssurj sjos`r. ^ij prjssurj njhrjcsj vcdvj vcdvj nrcbos `ut tij cbr bo pudsjs. ^ij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj cneusts tij h`otr`d prjssurjh`gkboctb`o `ut t` tij trcbdjr s` bts tict`wo jchi pcrt `l tij vjibhdj krcfjs wjbait. Bl tij vjibhdj bs lbttjn wbti cut`gctbh krcfj cncptctb`o, tij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj wbdd cncpt tij krcfj prjssurj s` tict tijrj bs o` pusiboa `r puddboa l`rhj bo tij h`updboa kcr kjtwjjo tij trcht`r uobt con tij trcbdjr.
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>3
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
Kchfup ^ij kchfup luohtb`o h`gjs bot` `pjrctb`o wijo coy lcudt `hhurs. ^ij prjssurj lr`g tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvj trcvjds vbc tij kchfup vcdvj, wibhi bs o`t p`wjrjn up. ^ibs prjssurj tijo chtuctjs tij rjdcy vcdvj wibhi kubdt `pjos kubdt bot` tij trcbdjr h`otr`d g`nudj. ^ibs rjdcybsvcdvj con rjdjcsjs h`otr`d prjssurj t` tij trcbdjr t rcbdjr..
>
3
Jdjhtrbhcd h`oojhtb`os ;
3
8
3
\`dtcaj su suppdy
;
Jcrti
3
8
HCO I.
;;
HCO D
;3
>
>3
>8 >;
Cbr h`oojhtb`os 3
Xuppdy bo 8
;3 Xuppd uppdy y `u `utt ;; H`otr`d `ut 8
Jvchuctb`o
>3 H`otr H`otr`d `d bo bo lr`g lr`g rjcr rjcr hbrhu hbrhubt bt >; H`otr`d bo lr`g lr`ot hbrhubt >8 H`otr`d bo lr`g pcrfboa krcfj hbrhubt
; 9 = < 3 3
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
D`cn sjosboa prjssurj sjos`r ]rjssurj sjos`r luohtb`o ^ibs prjssurj sjos`r bs g`uotjn `o tij nrbvboa cxdj cbr kjdd`ws. ^ibs prjssurj sjos`r gjcsurjs tij prjssurj bo tij cbr kjdd`ws. ^ij h`otr`d uobt usjs tibs vcduj t`ajtijr wbti tij vcduj lr`g tij sjrvbhj krcfj vcdvjj bo `rnjr t` hcdhudctj wibhi krcfj prjssurj vcdv bs t` kj chtbvctjn chtbvctjn lr`g tij h`otr`d g`nudjs. > < 3
O`tj5 Krcfj cncptctb`o wbdd o`t w`rf bl c prjssurj sjos`r bs lcudty.
Bl tij prjssurj sjos`r bonbhctjs c ludd d`cn con tij vjibhdj bs uod`cnjn5 •
^ij nbrjhtb`ocd stckbdbty `l vjibhdjs wbti lr`ot hbrhubt rjnuhtb`o wbdd kj clljhtjn.
•
^ij nbstrbkutb`o `l wjcr `vjr tij cxdjs wbdd kj clljhtjn.
•
^ij ^KC luohtb`o wbdd kj clljhtjn.
•
[jtcrnjr botjarctb`o wbdd kj clljhtjn.
> 3 3
]rjssurj sjos`r
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>8
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
]bo d`hctb`o bo h`oojhtb`o 3. : \ p`wjr suppdy ;. Jcrti
3 ;
8
8. Xbaocd
9 9 = < 3 3
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
[jdcy vcdvj l`r sjh`oncry krcfj luohtb`o Luohtb`o ^ij rjdcy vcdvj bs d`hctjn uonjr tij hicssbs kjibon tij kcttjry k`x. Bl tij lr`ot krcfj hbrhubt d`sjs prjssurj, tij sjh`oncry krcfj luohtb`o bs chtbvctjn. ^ij rjdcy vcdvjj usjs h`otr`d prjssurj lr`g tij rjcr hbrhubt vcdv con suppdy prjssurj lr`g tij pcrfboa krcfj hbrhubt t` krcfj tij djlt lr`ot wijjd. ^ij rjdcy vcdvj bs njsbaojn s` tict wijo h`oojhtb`o 3; bs njprjssurbsjn, bs suppdbjs c gcxbgug `l 3.9 kcr ct tij gcxbgug prjssurj rjqujstjn bo h`oojhtb`o >. ^ibs josurjs h`gpdbcohj wbti tij djacd rjqubrjgjots l`r rjtcrnctb`o bl tij lr`ot krcfj hbrhubt d`sjs prjssurj.
Cbr h`oojhtb`os 3
Xuppdy bo lr`g pcrfboa krcfj hbrhubt
3; H`otr`d bo lr`g lr`ot hbrhubt ;
H`ot H`otr` r`dd ` `ut ut t` krcf krcfjj hic hicgk gkjr jr
>
H`ot H`otr` r`dd bbo o lr lr`g `g rjcr rjcr hbrh hbrhub ubtt
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
@tijr h`gp`ojots Krcfj pcn wjcr sjos`r ^ijsj wjcr sjos`rs crj d`hctjn `o tij krcfj hcddbpjrs. ^ijy gjcsurj tij `vjrcdd wjcr `l tij krcfj pcns con krcfj nbshs.
Jdjhtrbhcd h`oojhtb`os C. Xbaocd K. : \ p`wjr suppdy C
H. Jcrti
K H
8 = 3 < 3 3
]cn wjcr wbrjs ^ij wjcr wbrjs bo tij krcfj pcns socp bl tij krcfj pcns kjh`gj t`` w`ro. ^ijsj wjcr wbrjs crj h`oojhtjn bo sjrbjs t` tij wjcr sjos`r. O`tj5 Qjcr wbrjs crj o`t bohdunjn bo vjibhdjs lr`g hicssbs ougkjrs 3;:=;912 con >>38>:<
= = 3 : 3 3
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
CKX sjos`r ^ibs sjos`r bs h`oojhtjn t` tij h`otr`d g`nudjs, con bol`rgctb`o `o tij rctj `l r`tctb`o `l tij wijjd bs sjot kjtwjjo tij h`otr`d g`nudjs con tij JKX h`otr`d uobt ky gjcos `l HCO h`gguobhctb`o.
8 8 ; : 3 3
; 8 ; : 3 3
^ijrj crj tw` typjs `l sjos`r, sjos`r, `oj strcbait con `oj coadjn.
^ij bonuhtbvj sjos`r jssjotbcddy h`gprbsjs c pjrgcojot gcaojt wbti c h`bd con c r`uon p`dj pbo. Qijo tij t``tijn wijjd r`tctjs, tij gcaojtbh ld`w bo tij h`bd bs h`ovjrtjn h`ovjrtjn t` cdtjroctboa v`dtcaj, tij lrjqujohy `l wibhi bs pr`p`rtb`ocd t` tij rctj `l r`tctb`o `l tij wijjd. ^ibs cdtjroctboa v`dtcaj bs tijo h`ovjrtjn t` nbabtcd sbaocds bo tij h`otr`d uobt.
; 1 : = P = 3
3 ;
]`dj pbo H`bd
8
]jrgcojot gcaojt
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
D`w cbr prjssurj wcroboa dcgp C rjn wcroboa dcgp h`gjs `o wijo tij stcrtjr fjy bs sjt t` tij nrbvj p`sbtb`o con a`js `ut cltjr ck`ut 8 sjh`ons. ^ij d`w cbr prjssurj kuzzjr s`uons ct tij scgj tbgj. ^ibs dcgp ldcsijs wijo c lcudt ics `hhurrjn, con bl b l tij systjg prjssurj bs t`` d`w.
CKX wcroboa dcgp C yjdd`w wcroboa dcgp h`gjs `o wijo tij stcrtjr fjy bs sjt t` tij nrbvj p`sbtb`o con a`js `ut cltjr ck`ut 8 sjh`ons `r ct c spjjn `l :-1 fg/i bl tij vjibhdj systjg bs lcudt-lrjj. Bl c lcudt `hhurs, tij dcgp h`gjs `o bggjnbctjdy `r ct c spjjn `l :-1 fg/i. ^ibs dcgp d cgp stcys `o up t` c spjjn `l ;= fg/i wijo c lcudt ics kjjo jrcsjn. ^ibs cppdbjs `ody wijo tijrj ics kjjo c wijjd spjjn boput sbaocd lcudt. @ody tij CKX wcroboa dcgp h`gjs `o bo tij jvjott `l c HCO lcudt kjtwjjo JKX con JNH, jvjo cd`oa wbti rjtcrnjr (JKX ;.;). ^ij dcgp cds` h`gjs `o bl tijrj bs c lcudt `o tij CKX sjos`r con nurboa CKX h`otr`d.
>1
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>9
Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
3=5=>-=>
H`gp`ojot njshrbptb`o
^H h`otr`d dcgp ^ij ^H systjg usjs tij scgj dcgp l`r hijhfboa con wcroboa. ^ibs si`udn h`gj `o wijo tij stcrtjr fjy bs sjt t` tij nrbvj p`sbtb`o con a` `ut cltjr 8 sjh`ons. ^ij ^H dcgp cds` h`gjs `o wijo5 • •
krcf krcfjj h`o h`otr tr`d `d `r `r jjoa oabo bojj h`o h`otr tr`d `d bs bs chtb chtbv vj c llcu cudt dt `h `hhu hurs rs bo tij tij HCO HCO hbrh hbrhub ubtt k kjt jtwj wjjo jo JKX con JNH. ^ibs cppdbjs t` JKX ;.=/;.3
Bl ^H @ll-[`cn bs joacajn, tij ^H dcgp ldcsijs l`r cs d`oa cs tij swbthi bs sjt t` @ll-[`cn.
Krcfj pcn wjcr wcroboa dcgp C yjdd`w wcroboa dcgp h`gjs `o wijo tij t`tcd wbnti `l tij krcfj nbsh con krcfj pcns bs djss tico -=>
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
Botjrchtb`o wbti `tijr systjgs
Botjrchtb`o wbti `tijr systjgs H`gguobhctb`o wbti tij JNH h`otr`d uobt JKX h`gguobhctjs wbti JNH vbc HCO. ^ij bol`rgctb`o kjtwjjo tij h`otr`d uobts bs tw`wcy. C rjqujst l`r tir`ttdj-kchf nurboa ^H bs sjot lr`g JKX. JKX rjhjbvjs bol`rgctb`o `o tir`ttdj-kchf lr`g JNH.
H`gguobhctb`o wbti @ptbhrubsj JKX h`gguobhctjs wbti @ptbhrubsj vbc HCO. ^ij bol`rgctb`o kjtwjjo tij h`otr`d uobts bs `oj-wcy. @ptbhrubsj rjhjbvjs bol`rgctb`o ck`ut CKX/^H h`otr`d con wijjd spjjns. H`gguobhctb`o kjtwjjo @ptbhrubsj con JKX bs usjn t` njtjrgboj co cppr`prbctj ajcr.
>2
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Botjrchtb`o wbti `tijr systjgs
H`gguobhctb`o wbti tij cuxbdbcry krcfj systjg JKX h`gguobhctjs wbti tij cuxbdbcry krcfj systjg vbc HCO. ^ij bol`rgctb`o kjtwjjo tij h`otr`d uobts bs tw`-wcy (cppdbjs `ody t` JKX ;.;). JKX rjqujsts tij krcfboa t`rquj lr`g tij rjtcrnjr's h`otr`d uobt. JKX pr`vbnjs bol`rgctb`o `o CKX h`otr`d t` tij t ij rjtcrnjr.. ^ibs hcusjs tij rjtcrnjr t` kj swbthijn rjtcrnjr `ll. JKX cds` pr`vbnjs bol`rgctb`o `o CKX lcudts.
H`gguobhctb`o wbti JJK/JYK JKX h`gguobhctjs wbti tij jxicust krcfj ky gjcos `l co cocd`auj sbaocd. JKX rjhjbvjs bol`rgctb`o lr`g JJK/JYK rjacrnboa tij lcht tict tij jxicust krcfj ics kjjo chtbvctjn. ^ibs sbaocd bs usjn ky Cut`gctbh ^rcbdjr Krcfj Cncptctb`o, ^KC.
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
Dbgbt vcdujs l`r r`ddboa hbrhugljrjohj
Dbgbt vcdujs l`r r`ddboa hbrhugljrjohj Bo vjibhdjs wbti JKX, t`` arjct c nblljrjohj kjtwjjo tij r`ddboa hbrhugljrjohj `l tij lr`ot con rjcr wijjds hco rjsudt bo jrr`oj`us sbaocds t` tij h`otr`d uobt, wbti d`oajr krcfboa nbstcohjs cs c rjsudt. Zsboa tij tyrj gcoulchturjr's vcdujs l`r r`ddboa hbrhugljrjohj, hi``sj tyrjs s` tict tij nblljrjohj bs gcxbgug5 + 3;.=% bl tij lr`ot wijjds crj dcrajr tico tij rjcr wijjds --=>
Dbgbt vcdujs l`r r`ddboa hbrhugljrjohj
Jxcgpdj ^yrjs, lr`ot cxdj5
83:/9=[ ;;.:
[`ddboa hbrhugljrjohj5
88;2 gg
^yrjs, rjcr cxdj5
3;[ ;;.:
[`ddboa hbrhugljrjohj5
88
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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Xhcobc H\ CK ;==8, Xwjnjo
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