Iso 12643-4-2010
September 1, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download Iso 12643-4-2010...
Description
@KSF]KAS@LKAI ZSAKCA]C
@ZL 1=23:-3 B`rst fc`t`lk =515-5:-51
Hrapn`j tfjnklilhy – Zabfty rfqu`rfgfkts blr hrapn`j tfjnklilhy fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs – Uart 3? Jlkvfrt`kh fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs Sfjnklilh`f hrapn`quf – Fx`hfkjfs cf sàjur`tà plur ifs systîgfs ft i'àqu`pfgfkt cf tfjnklilh`f hrapn`quf – Uart`f 3? Zystîgfs ft àqu`pfgfkt cf baèlkkahf e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
]fbfrfkjf kugmfr @ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F)
© @ZL =515
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
UCB c`sjia`gfr Sn`s UCB b`if gay jlkta`k fgmfccfc typfbajfs. @k ajjlrcakjf w`tn Aclmf's i`jfks`kh pli`jy, tn`s b`if gay mf pr`ktfc lr v`fwfc mut snaii klt mf fc`tfc ukifss tnf typfbajfs wn`jn arf fgmfccfc arf i`jfksfc tl akc `kstaiifc lk tnf jlgputfr pfrblrg`kh tnf fc`t`kh. @k clwkilac`kh tn`s b`if, part`fs ajjfpt tnfrf`k tnf rfsplks`m`i`ty lb klt `kbr`kh`kh Aclmf's i`jfks`kh pli`jy. Snf @ZL Jfktrai Zfjrftar`at ajjfpts kl i`am`i`ty `k tn`s arfa. Aclmf `s a tracfgard tracfgard lb Aclmf Zy Zystfgs stfgs @kjlrplr @kjlrplratfc. atfc. Cfta`is lb tnf slbtwarf prlcujts usfc tl jrfatf tn`s UCB b`if jak mf blukc `k tnf Hfkfrai @kbl rfiat`vf tl tnf b`if4 tnf UCB-jrfat`lk paragftfrs wfrf lpt`g`zfc blr pr`kt`kh. Fvfry jarf nas mffk tadfk tl fksurf tnat tnf b`if `s su`tamif blr usf my @ZL gfgmfr mlc`fs. @k tnf uki`dfiy fvfkt tnat a prlmifg rfiat`kh tl `t `s blukc, pifasf `kblrg tnf Jfktrai Zfjrftar`at at tnf accrfss h`vfk mfilw.
JLUP]@HNS U]LSFJSFC CLJVGFKS CLJVGFKS © @ZL =515 Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc rfsfrvfc.. Vkifss ltnfrw`sf spfj`b`fc, kl part lb tn`s pumi`jat`lk gay mf rfprlcujfc lr ut`i`zfc `k aky blrg lr my aky gfaks, fifjtrlk`j lr gfjnak`jai, `kjiuc`kh pnltljlpy`kh akc g`jrlb`ig, w`tnlut pfrg`ss`lk `k wr`t`kh brlg f`tnfr @ZL at tnf accrfss mfilw lr @ZL's gfgmfr mlcy `k tnf jluktry lb tnf rfqufstfr. @ZL jlpyr`hnt lbb`jf Jasf plstaif 62 JN-1=11 Hfkfva =5 Sfi. + 31 == 83 830 0 51 11 Bax + 31 == 830 50 38 •
F-ga`i jlpyr`hntE`sl.lrh Xfm www.`sl.lrh Uumi`snfc `k Zw`tzfriak Zw`tzfriakc c
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
Jlktfkts
Uahf
Blrfwlrc ........................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................. .....v v @ktrlcujt`lk........................................................................................................................................................v` 1
Zjlpf ......................................................................................................................................................1 ......................................................................................................................................................1
=
Klrgat`vf rfbfrfkjfs............................................................................................................................1
:
Sfrgs akc cfb`k`t`lks .......................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................= .................................=
3 3.1 3.= 3.:
Fqu`pgfkt jlvfrfc my tn`s part lb @ZL 1=23:....................................................................................= Hfkfrai ...................................................................................................................................................= ...................................................................................................................................................= Gajn`kfs usfc pr`gar`iy `k a jlkvfrt`kh lpfrat`lk ..........................................................................= Gajn`kfs usfc `k mltn pr`kt`kh akc jlkvfrt`kh prljfssfs .............................................................=
6 6.1 6.= 6.: 6.3
Gajn`kfry blr tnf prlcujt`lk lb jlrruhatfc mlarc ...........................................................................: Aii gajn`kfs ..........................................................................................................................................: ..........................................................................................................................................: Vkw`kc`kh stat`lks ............................................................................................. ...............................................................................................................................3 ..................................3 Zpi`jfrs...................................................................................................................................................2 Urfnfatfr ................................................................................................................................................8 ................................................................................................................................................8
6.6 6.2 6.8 6.> 6.0 6.15 6.11 6.1= 6.1: 6.13 6.16 6.12
Z`khif bajfr ...................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................0 ......................................0 @kji`kfc mfit jlkvfylr.........................................................................................................................13 Mr`chf ...................................................................................................................................................13 ...................................................................................................................................................13 Mrad`kh akc wfm ai`hk`kh sfjt`lk ..................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................16 16 Hiu`kh gajn`kf....................................................................................................................................16 Nfat`kh akc puii`kh sfjt`lk................................................................................................................12 ]ltary snfar uk`t ............................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................1> ..................................1> Uuii`kh uk`t ..................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................1> ......................................1> Zi`ttfr-sjlrfr uk`ts...............................................................................................................................10 Xfm c`vfrtfr.........................................................................................................................................=5 Znfftfrs................................................................................................................................................=5 Ztajdfr cfv`jfs ...................................................................................................................................=1 ...................................................................................................................................=1
2 2.1 2.= 2.: 2.3 2.6 2.2
Blic`kh mlx hiufr gajn`kfs...............................................................................................................=6 Fkt`rf gajn`kf.....................................................................................................................................=6 Bffcfr ...................................................................................................................................................=6 ...................................................................................................................................................=6 Blic`kh sfjt`lk ....................................................................................................................................=6 ....................................................................................................................................=6 Hiu`kh sfjt`lk......................................................................................................................................=8 Blic`kh mfit ..........................................................................................................................................=8 ..........................................................................................................................................=8 Urfss`kh sfjt`lk..................................................................................................................................=>
8 8.1 8.=
Urf-bffcfrs...........................................................................................................................................=0 Urf-bffcfr w`tn p`if jarr`fr piatf........................................................................................................=0 Urf-bffcfr w`tn p`if turkfr..................................................................................................................:5
> >.1 >.= >.: >.3 >.6 >.2 >.8
@k-i`kf gajn`kfs ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................:= .............................................:= Fkt`rf gajn`kf.....................................................................................................................................:= Bffc`kh uk`t .........................................................................................................................................:: .........................................................................................................................................:: Ur`kt`kh uk`t ................................................................................................ .........................................................................................................................................:6 .........................................:6 Zi`ttfr-sjlrfr uk`t, rltary c`f-juttfr...................................................................................................:2 Blic`kh uk`t (blic`kh mlx hiufr) .........................................................................................................:2 .........................................................................................................:2 Sap`kh uk`t ................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................:8 ........................................:8 Zt`tjn`kh uk`t........................................................................................................................................:8
0 0.1 0.=
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
Autlgat`j biatmfc c`f-jutt`kh gajn`kfs ........................................................................................... ...........................................................................................:> :> Fkt`rf gajn`kf.....................................................................................................................................:> Bffcfr ...................................................................................................................................................:0 ...................................................................................................................................................:0
```
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
0.: 0.3 0.6 0.2
Uukjn`kh sfjt`lk ........................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................:0 .........................................:0 Ztr`pp`kh sfjt`lk..................................................................................................................................35 sfjt`lk..................................................................................................................................35 Miakd sfparat`kh sfjt`lk, miakd cfi`vfry ..........................................................................................35 ..........................................................................................35 Sr`gg`kh akc cfi`vfry lb hr`ppfr fchf .......................................................................................... .............................................................................................35 ...35
15
]liifr prfss c`f-juttfrs.......................................................................................................................35
11 11.1
Sumf w`kc`kh gajn`kfs ......................................................................................................................35 ......................................................................................................................35 Uiy rffis ........................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................35 ......35
11.= 11.: 11.3 11.6 11.2 11.8
@k-rukk`kh lk snabtw`kc`kh mfar`khs......................................................................................................35 @k-rukk`kh k`ps k`p mftwffk mfit akc w`kc`kh gatfr`ai ............................................................35 @k-rukk`kh k`ps .....................................................................................................................................3= .....................................................................................................................................3= @k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk hiuf rliifrs.................................................................................................3= Sumf jutt`kh akc saw`kh sfjt`lk ........................................................................................ .......................................................................................................3= ...............3= Sumf traksbfr ........................................................................................................................................3= ........................................................................................................................................3=
1= 1=.1 1=.= 1=.: 1=.3 1=.6 1=.2 1=.8 1=.> 1=.0
Gajn`kfry blr tnf prlcujt`lk lb fkvfilpfs......................................................................................3= Ur`kt`kh uk`t huarc`kh .........................................................................................................................3= .........................................................................................................................3= Ilkh`tuc`kai akc jrlss-sjlr`kh sfjt`lk ...........................................................................................3: ...........................................................................................3: Blrg jutt`kh sfjt`lk ...........................................................................................................................3: ...........................................................................................................................3: Cr`vfk hu`cf rliifrs .............................................................................................................................3: .............................................................................................................................3: X`kclw jutt`kh sfjt`lk ......................................................................................................................3: ......................................................................................................................3: X`kclw gatfr`ai jlkvfy`kh sfjt`lk w`tn ukw`kc`kh uk`t...............................................................3: Zjrapfr hiu`kh uk`t .................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................33 ............................................33 Zfparat`kh jutt`kh sfjt`lk..................................................................................................................33 Mlttlg biap blic`kh sfjt`lk ................................................................................................................33 ................................................................................................................33
1=.15 1=.11 1=.1= 1=.1: 1=.13 1=.16 1=.12 1=.18 1=.1>
Sraksplrt rliis................................................................................................................ rliis......................................................................................................................................36 ......................36 Ztahhfr`kh wnffi ..................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................36 ............................36 ]liifr hiu`kh uk`t ..................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................36 ............................................36 Nlt a`r cryfrs........................................................................................................................................38 cryfrs........................................................................................................................................38 Zfparat`lk rliifr mfblrf ai`hkfr sfjt`lk............................................................................................38 Ai`hkfr sfjt`lk .....................................................................................................................................38 .....................................................................................................................................38 Zfai biap blic`kh sfjt`lk .....................................................................................................................38 .....................................................................................................................38 Zfparat`kh c`sj cfi`vfry ................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................3> ..................................3> Ztart`kh tnf gajn`kf w`tn `ktfriljd`kh huarcs lpfk.......................................................................3>
1: 1:.1 1:.=
@kstrujt`lk nakcmlld ..........................................................................................................................3> ..........................................................................................................................3> Jlrruhatfc mlarc gajn`kfry ................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................3> ............3> Gajn`kfs blr tnf prlcujt`lk lb fkvfilpfs .......................................................................................30 .......................................................................................30
M`mi`lhrapny ......................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................61 .............................................................61
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
Blrfwlrc @ZL (tnf @ktfrkat`lkai Lrhak`zat`lk blr Ztakcarc`zat`lk) `s a wlricw`cf bfcfrat`lk lb kat`lkai stakcarcs mlc`fs (@ZL gfgmfr mlc`fs).Fajn Snf gfgmfr wlrd lb prfpar`kh @ktfrkat`lkai Ztakcarcs `s klrgaiiy jarr`fc lut tnrluhn @ZL tfjnk`jai jlgg`ttffs. mlcy `ktfrfstfc `k a sumofjt blr wn`jn a tfjnk`jai jlgg`ttff nas mffk fstami`snfc nas tnf r`hnt tl mf rfprfsfktfc lk tnat jlgg`ttff. @ktfrkat`lkai lrhak`zat`lks, hlvfrkgfktai akc klk-hlvfrkgfktai, `k i`a`slk w`tn @ZL, aisl tadf part `k tnf wlrd. @ZL jliiamlratfs jilsfiy w`tn tnf @ktfrkat`lkai Fifjtrltfjnk`jai Jlgg`ss`lk (@FJ) lk aii gattfrs lb fifjtrltfjnk`jai stakcarc`zat`lk. @ktfrkat`lkai Ztakcarcs arf crabtfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn tnf ruifs h`vfk `k tnf @ZL/@FJ C`rfjt`vfs, Uart =. Snf ga`k tasd lb tfjnk`jai jlgg`ttffs `s tl prfparf @ktfrkat`lkai Ztakcarcs. Crabt @ktfrkat`lkai Ztakcarcs aclptfc my tnf tfjnk`jai jlgg`ttffs arf j`rjuiatfc tl tnf gfgmfr mlc`fs blr vlt`kh. Uumi`jat`lk as ak @ktfrkat`lkai Ztakcarc rfqu`rfs apprlvai my at ifast 86 % lb tnf gfgmfr mlc`fs jast`kh a vltf. Attfkt`lk `s crawk tl tnf tn f plss`m`i`ty tnat slgf lb tnf fifgfkts lb tn`s cljugfkt cljug fkt g gay ay mf tnf sumofjt lb patf patfkt kt r`hnts. @ZL snaii klt mf nfic rfsplks`mif blr `cfkt`by`kh aky lr aii sujn patfkt r`hnts. @ZL 1=23:-3 was prfparfc my Sfjnk`jai Jlgg`ttff @ZL/SJ 1:5, Hrapn`j tfjnklilhy . @t `s tnf `ktfkt lb @ZL/SJ @ZL/S J 1:5 tnat tn`s b`rst fc`t`lk lb @ZL 1=23:-3 mfjlgf appi`jamif tl kfw fqu`pgfkt f qu`pgfkt gakubajturfc brlg =511-51-51. @ZL 1=23: jlks`sts lb tnf bliilw`kh parts, ukcfr tnf hfkfrai t`tif Hrapn`j tfjnklilhy – Zabfty rfqu`rfgfkts blr hrapn`j tfjnklilhy fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs? systfgs ?
Uart 1? Hfkfrai rfqu`rfgfkts Uart =? Urfprfss akc prfss fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs Uart :? M`kc`kh akc b`k`sn`kh fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs Uart 3? Jlkvfrt`kh fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs Uart 6? Ztakc-ailkf piatfk prfssfs
v
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
@ktrlcujt`lk Snf purplsf lb tn`s part lb @ZL 1=23: `s tl rfcujf tnf r`sd lb `koury tl lpfrat`kh pfrslkkfi wlrd`kh lk jlkvfrt`kh fqu`pgfkt. Sn`s part lb @ZL 1=23: prlv`cfs rfqu`rfgfkts blr tnf cfs`hk akc jlkstrujt`lk lb jlkvfrt`kh fqu`pgfkt usfc `k tnf pajdahf pr`kt`kh, jlkvfrt`kh akc hrapn`j tfjnklilhy `kcustr`fs. @t jlvfrs fqu`pgfkt klt accrfssfc my tnf ltnfr parts lb @ZL 1=23:. @t `s `ktfkcfc tl mf usfc `k jlkoukjt`lk w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 akc prlv`cfs acc`t`lkai rfqu`rfgfkts tnat arf spfj`b`j tl jlkvfrt`kh fqu`pgfkt. Cur`kh tnf cfvfilpgfkt lb tn`s part lb @ZL 1=23:, fx`st`kh rfifvakt stakcarcs lb ltnfr jluktr`fs wfrf tadfk `ktl jlks`cfrat`lk. Ak fbblrt nas mffk gacf tl tadf `ktl jlks`cfrat`lk tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb gaky jluktr`fs, rfjlhk`z`kh tnat kat`lkai stakcarcs lr iaws gay c`jtatf kat`lkai rfqu`rfgfkts. Jasfs wnfrf a kat`lkai rfqu`rfgfkt was dklwk tl c`bbfr brlg tn`s part lb @ZL 1=23: navf mffk kltfc. Sn`s part lb @ZL 1=23: was cfvfilpfc tl narglk`zf tnf bliilw`kh VZ akc Furlpfak sabfty stakcarcs? AKZ@/UGG@ M166.1, Zabfty ]fqu`rfgfkts blr Uajdah`kh Gajn`kfry akc Uajdah`kh-]fiatfc Jlkvfrt`kh Gajn`kfry FK 1515-3, Zabfty lb gajn`kfry – Zabfty rfqu`rfgfkts blr tnf cfs`hk akc jlkstrujt`lk lb pr`kt`kh akc papfr jlkvfrt`kh gajn`kfs – Uart 3? Mlldm`kc`kh, papfr jlkvfrt`kh akc b`k`sn`kh gajn`kfs FK 1515-6, Zabfty lb gajn`kfry – Zabfty rfqu`rfgfkts blr tnf cfs`hk akc jlkstrujt`lk lb pr`kt`kh akc papfr jlkvfrt`kh gajn`kfs – Uart 6? Gajn`kfs blr tnf prlcujt`lk pr lcujt`lk lb jlrruhatfc jlrruha tfc mlarc akc gajn`kfs blr tnf jlkvfrs`lk lb biat akc jlrruhatfc mlarc
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
@KSF]KAS@LKAI @KSF]KAS@L KAI ZSAKCA]C
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F)
Hrapn`j tfjnklilhy – Zabfty rfqu`rfgfkts blr hrapn`j tfjnklilhy fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs – Uart 3? Jlkvfrt`kh fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs
1
Zjlpf
Sn`s part lb @ZL 1=23: prlv`cfs sabfty rfqu`rfgfkts blr tnf cfs`hk akc jlkstrujt`lk lb jlkvfrt`kh fqu`pgfkt usfc `k tnf pajdahf pr`kt`kh, jlkvfrt`kh akc hrapn`j tfjnklilhy `kcustr`fs. @t `s appi`jamif tl jlkvfrt`kh fqu`pgfkt klt jlvfrfc my ltnfr parts lb @ZL 1=23:. @t `s `ktfkcfc tl mf usfc `k jlkoukjt`lk w`tn tnf hfkfrai rfqu`rfgfkts h`vfk `k @ZL 1=23:-1.
=
Klrgat`vf rfbfrfkjfs
Snf bliilw`kh rfbfrfkjfc cljugfkts arf `kc`spfksamif blr tnf appi`jat`lk lb tn`s cljugfkt. Blr catfc rfbfrfkjfs, lkiy tnf fc`t`lk j`tfc appi`fs. Blr ukcatfc rfbfrfkjfs, tnf iatfst fc`t`lk lb tnf rfbfrfkjfc cljugfkt (`kjiuc`kh aky agfkcgfkts) appi`fs. @ZL 1=23:-1, Hrapn`j tfjnklilhy – Zabfty rfqu`rfgfkts blr hrapn`j tfjnklilhy fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs – Uart 1? Hfkfrai rfqu`rfgfkts rfqu`rfgfkts @ZL 1:8:=-1, Frhlklg`js lb tnf tnfrgai fkv`rlkgfkt – Gftnlcs blr tnf assfssgfkt lb nugak rfsplksfs tl jlktajt w`tn surbajfs – Uart 1? Nlt surbajfs surbajfs @ZL 1:>30-1, Zabfty lb gajn`kfry – Zabfty-rfiatfc parts lb jlktrli systfgs – Uart 1? Hfkfrai pr`kj`pifs blr cfs`hk cfs`hk @ZL 1:>65, Zabfty lb gajn`kfry – Fgfrhfkjy stlp – Ur`kj`pifs blr cfs`hk cfs`hk @ZL 1:>66, Zabfty lb gajn`kfry – Uls`t`lk`kh lb prltfjt`vf fqu`pgfkt w`tn rfspfjt tl tnf apprlajn spffcs lb parts lb tnf nugak mlcy
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
@ZL 1:>68, Zabfty lb gajn`kfry – Zabfty c`stakjfs tl prfvfkt nazarc zlkfs mf`kh rfajnfc my uppfr akc ilwfr i`gms @ZL 13110, Zabfty lb gajn`kfry – @ktfriljd`kh cfv`jfs asslj`atfc w`tn huarcs – Ur`kj`pifs blr cfs`hk akc sfifjt`lk sfifjt`lk @ZL 131==-:, Zabfty lb gajn`kfry – Ufrgakfkt gfaks lb ajjfss tl gajn`kfry – Uart :? Zta`rs, stfpiaccfrs akc huarc-ra`is huarc-ra`is @FJ 256=0, Cfhrffs lb prltfjt`lk prlv`cfc my fkjilsurfs (@U jlcf) jlcf) @FJ 2=521, Zabfty lb gajn`kfry – Bukjt`lkai sabfty lb sabfty-rfiatfc fifjtr`jai, fifjtrlk`j akc prlhraggamif fifjtrlk`j jlktrli systfgs systfgs FK 210, Jlkt`kulus nakci`kh fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs – Zabfty akc FGJ rfqu`rfgfkts blr fqu`pgfkt blr gfjnak`jai nakci`kh lb uk`t ilacs
1
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
:
Sfrgs akc cfb`k`t`lks
Blr tnf purplsfs lb tn`s cljugfkt, tnf tfrgs akc cfb`k`t`lks h`vfk `k @ZL 1=23:-1 appiy.
3 3.1
Fqu`pgfkt jlvfrfc my tn`s part lb @ZL 1=23:
e , , e , e , , e , , e
Hfkfrai
Sn`s part lb @ZL 1=23: jlvfrs a var`fty lb fqu`pgfkt usfc `k pr`kt`kh piakts akc jlkvfrt`kh lpfrat`lks. Snlsf usfc pr`gar`iy `k a jlkvfrt`kh lpfrat`lk arf i`stfc `k 3.=, wn`if tnlsf tnat gay mf usfc `k a pr`kt`kh lpfrat`lk jlvfrfc `k ltnfr parts lb @ZL 1=23: arf i`stfc `k 3.:.
3.=
Gajn`kfs usfc pr`gar`iy `k a jlkvfrt`kh lpfrat`lk
Gajn`kfs usfc pr`gar`iy `k a jlkvfrt`kh lpfrat`lk `kjiucf tnf bliilw`kh?
gajn`kfry blr tnf prlcujt`lk lb fkvfilpfs4 gajn`kfry blr tnf prlcujt`lk lb jlrruhatfc mlarc4 blic`kh-mlx hiufr gajn`kfs4 `k-i`kf gajn`kfs4 autlgat`j biatmfc pukjn`kh gajn`kfs4 tumf-w`kc`kh gajn`kfs4 mlx-gad`kh gajn`kfs4 b`k`sn`kh/w`kclw fqu`pgfkt4 nlif pukjn`kh gajn`kfs4 iag`kat`kh gajn`kfs/iag`katlrs4 prf-bffc`kh/stajd-turk`kh gajn`kfs.
3.:
Gajn`kfs usfc `k mltn mltn pr`kt`kh akc akc jlkvfrt`kh prljfssfs
Gajn`kfs usfc `k mltn pr`kt`kh akc jlkvfrt`kh prljfssfs `kjiucf tnf bliilw`kh?
iamfi pr`kt`kh gajn`kfs (sff aisl @ZL 1=23:-1 akc @ZL 1=23:-=)4 jlat`kh gajn`kfs (sff aisl @ZL 1=23:-:)4 jur`kh akc cry`kh gajn`kfs (sff aisl @ZL 1=23:-=)4 juttfrs, jrfasfrs akc c`f-juttfrs (sff aisl @ZL 1=23:-:)4 rfw`kc`kh/rlii fqu`pgfkt/si`tt`kh akc rfw`kc`kh fqu`pgfkt (sff aisl @ZL 1=23:-1)4 fgmlss`kh fqu`pgfkt (sff aisl @ZL 1=23:-= akc @ZL 1=23:-6)4 tfks`lk jlktrli fqu`pgfkt (sff aisl @ZL 1=23:-1).
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6
Gajn`kfry blr tnf prlcujt`lk lb jlrruhatfc mlarc
6.1
Aii gajn`kfs
6.1.1
Hfkfrai
Ak fxagpif lb a jlrruhat`kh gajn`kf `s snlwk `k B`hurf 1.
Dfy 1
ukw`kc
2
nfat`kh sfjt`lk
11
wfm c`vfrtfr
=
s`khif bajfr
8
puii`kh sfjt`lk
1=
snfftfr
:
mr`chf
>
rltary snfars
1:
upstajdfr
3
prfnfatfr
0
puii`kh uk`t
13
clwkstajdfr
6
hiu`kh gajn`kf
15
si`ttfr-sjlrfr uk`t
B`hurf 1 – Ur`kj`pif lb a gajn`kf blr tnf prlcujt`lk lb jlrruhatfc mlarc
6.1.=
Fgfrhfkjy stlp
Fgfrhfkjy stlp cfv`jfs snaii mf prlv`cfc lk fajn glt`lk jlktrli stat`lk. Fgfrhfkjy stlp cfv`jfs snaii mf kl glrf tnak 16 g apart. Fgfrhfkjy stlp cfv`jfs snaii stlp tnf glt`lk lb tnf fkt`rf gajn`kf. F^JFUS@LK – Snf hiuf rliifrs lb tnf hiu`kh uk`t gay jlkt`kuf rukk`kh `b tnf cakhfr pl`kts lk tnf hiu`kh uk`t arf sabfhuarcfc my huarcs.
--ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
:
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.1.:
_lkf jlktrli w`tn stlp/sabf cfv`jfs
Xnfrf stlp/sabf cfv`jfs arf prlv`cfc, tnf bliilw`kh rfqu`rfgfkts appiy?
stlp/sabf ajtuatlrs snaii mf gardfc sujn tnat tnfy jifariy `kc`jatf tnf tnf sfjt`lk tl wn`jn tnfy appiy4 s`hkai prljfss`kh snaii jlgpiy w`tn UIr c lb @ZL 1:>30-1 lr Z@I = lb @FJ 2=521. Xnfrf tnf gajn`kf `s jlkb`hurfc `ktl jlktrli zlkfs, tnfy snaii mf as bliilws (sff B`hurf =)? a)
lkf jlktrli zlkf blr fajn s`khif-bajfr hrlup (ukw`kc lb i`kfr w`tn p prfnfatfr, rfnfatfr, s`khif bajfr, ukw`kc lb jlrruhatfc wfm)4
m)
lkf jlktrli zlkf blr tnf i`kfr ukw`kc mfblrf nfat`kh up tl stajdfr cfv`jf.
Lkf lr glrf stlp/sabf cfv`jfs snaii mf prlv`cfc `k fajn jlktrli zlkf. e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , ,
Dfy 1 =
e -
:
b`rst jlktrli zlkf blr b`rst s`khif-bajfr hrlup sfjlkc jlktrli zlkf blr sfjlkc s`khif-bajfr hrlup tn`rc jlktrli zlkf blr i`kfr ukw`kc up tl stajdfr cfv`jf
B`hurf = – Jlktrli zlkfs 6.1.3
Ajjfss sta`rs akc waidways
Ajjfss sta`rs akc waidways snaii jlgpiy w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. 6.1.6
Ztfag p`pfs
Ztfag p`pfs tnat jak mf ajjfssfc brlg aky wlrd`kh ifvfi snaii mf `ksuiatfc up tl a nf`hnt lb =,85 g brlg tnf wlrd`kh ifvfi blr prltfjt`lk aha`kst murk`kh.
6.1.2
Huarc`kh ajjfss pl`kts mftwffk systfg jlgplkfkts
Ajjfss`mif arfas mftwffk systfg jlgplkfkts snaii mf huarcfc my gfaks lb b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 `b a nazarc pl`kt jak mf rfajnfc, f.h. tnf arfa mftwffk a hiu`kh gajn`kf akc a nfat`kh akc puii`kh sfjt`lk. 6.1.8
Auc`mif start-up wark`kh
Jlrruhat`kh gajn`kfs snaii navf ak auc`mif wark`kh systfg tnat jlgpi`fs w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
6.= 6.=.1
Vkw`kc`kh stat`lks Hfkfrai
Gfaks snaii mf prlv`cfc tl fksurf tnat rffi jlrfs, wn`jn g`hnt mf stujd tl a rffi jlkf, jak mf sabfiy rfglvfc, f.h. us`kh ak autlgat`j rffi jlrf fofjtlr tnat pusnfs tnf jlrf away brlg tnf jlkf.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.=.=
Zabfhuarc`kh autlgat`j rffi ilac`kh
Snf arfa wnfrf autlgat`j rffi ilac`kh tadfs piajf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Zff B`hurf : blr ak `iiustrat`lk lb tnf pls`t`lk`kh lb fifjtrl-sfks`t`vf prltfjt`vf cfv`jfs (FZUCs) blr tn`s fqu`pgfkt `k еjjlrcakjf w`tn tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. C`gfks`lks `k g`ii`gftrfs
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
Dfy 1
FZUC
=
pnltlfifjtr`j mfag lb tnf FZUC
:
acc`t`lkai FZUC
3
gatfr`ai rffi
B`hurf : – Vkw`kc`kh stat`lk, autlgat`j rffi ilac`kh 6.=.:
Jnujd`kh jlkfs akc i`bt`kh args
Snf nlic-tl-ruk spffcs blr `ksfrt`kh tnf jnujd`kh jlkfs akc glv`kh tnf i`bt`kh args gay mf `kjrfasfc tl 16 g/g`k gax`gug `b tnf nlic-tl-ruk muttlks arf iljatfc at a g`k`gug c`stakjf lb >65 gg brlg tnf i`bt`kh args. 6.=.3
Mrad`kh systfgs
Snf milwfrs blr tnf mrad`kh systfgs lk ukw`kc`kh stat`lks snaii navf at ifast tnf cfhrff lb prltfjt`lk @U =:, as spfj`b`fc `k @FJ 256=0. Ajjuguiat`lk lb `kbiaggamif cust `k tnf mradfs snaii mf prfvfktfc. KLSF Snf ajjuguiat`lk lb `kbiaggamif cust `k tnf mradfs jak mf rfcujfc `b tnf tnf iluvrfs prlv`cfc `k tnf vfkt`iatlr nlus`kh lpfk tl tnf mlttlg wn`if tnf i`bt`kh args arf `k lpfrat`kh pls`t`lk .
6
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.:
Zpi`jfrs
6.:.1
Huarc`kh nazarc pl`kts
Lk spi`jfrs, aky nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf cakjfr rliifr jarr`ahf akc hu`cf rliifrs, akc mftwffk tnf cakjfr rliifr akc b`xfc parts lb tnf gajn`kf snaii mf avl`cfc my cfs`hk gfasurfs lr mf sabfhuarcfc (sff B`hurf 3). @b sabfhuarc`kh my c`stakjf, tnf bliilw`kh rfqu`rfgfkts appiy?
a g`k`gug c`stakjf lb =6 gg `b tnf nazarc pl`kts arf at a nf`hnt hrfatfr tnak =,=5 g4 arf at a nf`hnt ifss tnak lr fquai tl =,=5 g. a g`k`gug c`stakjf lb 1=5 gg `b tnf nazarc pl`kts arf Zabfhuarc`kh gay aisl mf ajn`fvfc my tnf usf lb huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 lr sabfty cfv`jfs w`tn apprlajn rfajt`lk (f.h. tr`p cfv`jfs, prfssurf-sfks`t`vf gats, fifjtrl-sfks`t`vf cfv`jfs). 6.:.=
Cakjfr rliifr
Snf glvfgfkt lb tnf cakjfr rliifr `ktl pls`t`lk blr wfm tnrfac`kh snaii mf sabfhuarcfc. Xnfrf nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli `s usfc blr sabfhuarc`kh, tnf nlic-tl-ruk spffc snaii klt fxjffc 16 g/g`k. Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps lk tnf cakjfr rlii jarr`ahf wnffis snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs tnat gfft tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1.
Dfy
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
1
papfr wfm
=
hu`cf rliifrs
:
cakjfr rliifr
3
hiu`kh uk`t
B`hurf 3 – Zpi`jfr
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.:.:
Zpi`jfrs
Lk spi`jfrs, nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf glvamif sujt`lk mar akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts snaii mf prfvfktfc my sabfty gfasurfs lr mf sabfhuarcfc (sff B`hurf 3). Zabfhuarc`kh jak mf ajn`fvfc my lkf lr glrf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
prlv`c`kh a g`k`gug c`stakjf lb =6 gg blr cakhfr pl`kts amlvf =,=5 g akc lb 1=5 gg blr nf`hnts ifss tnak lr fquai tl =,=5 g4
a nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1, `b `t `s plss`mif tl lmsfrvf ttnf nf nazarc pl`kts akc nazarc zlkfs blrg tnf pl`kt lb lpfrat`lk lb tnf nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli4
i`g`t`kh tnf blrjf lb tnf glvamif hiuf mar tl :55 K akc tnf travfi spffc lb tnf jarr`ahf tl 16 g/g`k. Snf jlktrli pakfi blr lpfrat`kh tnf hiuf mar snaii mf prlv`cfc w`tn ak fgfrhfkjy stlp muttlk. 6.:.3
Dk`bf
Snf jutt`kh fchf lb tnf dk`bf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc `k tnf rfst pls`t`lk. 6.:.6
Ukfugat`j akc nycraui`j jlktrli systfgs
Xnfrf pkfugat`j lr nycraui`j jlktrli systfgs arf usfc blr start`kh tnf jutt`kh jyjif, a sabfty-ratfc jnfjd vaivf snaii mf suppi`fc tl fksurf tnat tnf dk`bf rfga`ks `k tnf sabf pls`t`lk `k jasf lb ifadahf lr nlsf mrfadahf. 6.:.2
Bragf fchfs
Xnfrf tnf gajn`kf bragf lb tnf spi`jfr `s ilwfr tnak = g at tnf s`cfs (as gfasurfc brlg tnf billr), bragf fchfs snaii mf prlv`cfc w`tn miajd-yfiilw pacc`kh blr prltfjt`lk aha`kst `gpajts. 6.:.8
Zpi`jfrs `k fifvatfc pls`t`lks
@b prfparat`lk lb tnf glvamif sujt`lk mar jakklt mf ajjlgpi`snfc brlg billr ifvfi, sabf ajjfss snaii mf prlv`cfc. 6.:.>
Xark`kh i`hnts
A rfc wark`kh i`hnt snaii biasn blr = s pr`lr tl tnf `k`t`at`lk lb tnf autlgat`j spi`j`kh lpfrat`lk akc cur`kh tnf fkt`rf pfr`lc lb autlgat`j glt`lk. Snf `ktfhrat`lk lb tnf status i`hnts `ktl tnf jlktrli systfg gay mf s`khif-jnakkfi, f.h. v`a ak fifjtrlk`j jlktrli systfg.
6.3 6.3.1 e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
Urfnfatfr @k-rukk`kh k`ps
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk tnf wrap rliifr akc tnf prfnfat`kh jyi`kcfr, akc mftwffk tnf wrap rliifr akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts lr hu`cf rliifrs (sff B`hurf 6), snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr glrf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
us`kh tnf g`k`gug c`stakjf lb 1=5 gg4
huarc`kh `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
-
8
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
Dfy 1
prfnfat`kh jyi`kcfr
=
papfr wfm
:
wrap rliifr
3
hu`cf rliifr
B`hurf 6 – Urfnfatfr, s`cf v`fw 6.3.=
@k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk prfnfat`kh jyi`kcfr akc jrlss mfags
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk tnf prfnfat`kh jyi`kcfr akc aky jrlss mfag snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my ga`kta`k`kh a g`k`gug c`stakjf lb :55 gg. 6.3.:
Xrap rliifr akc wrap args
Snf cr`vfs blr tnf wrap rliifr snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs jlgpiftfiy fkjils`kh tnf cr`vfs. ]ltat`kh wrap args (sff B`hurf 2, `tfg =) snaii mf cfs`hkfc sujn tnat aky lpfk`khs `k tnf wrap args cl klt jrfatf a snfar`kh nazarc. Snf c`stakjf (sff B`hurf 2, c ) mftwffk tnf prfnfat`kh jyi`kcfr akc tnf rltat`kh arg snaii mf 2 gg lr ifss lr :5 gg lr glrf. Snf nazarc pl`kt mftwffk tnf rltat`kh args akc tnf gajn`kf s`cf bragf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc (sff B`hurf 2, `tfgs = akc 3) my lkf lr mltn lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
a nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli lb at ifast UIr j lb @ZL 1:>30-1 lr Z@I 1 lb @FJ 2=521 as spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1:>30-14
a c`stakjf lb 1=5 akc wnfk cfs`hk`kh tnfat rltat`kh arg lr j`rjugbfrfkt`ai gajn`kf s` s`cf cf `k sujnlb a 6w way ay tnat parts lb g`k`gug tnf mlcy arf cfbifjtfc my gg tnf arg rltat`kh `ts gax`gug spffc g/g`k.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
Dfy
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
1
wrap rliifr
=
rltat`kh arg
:
prfnfat`kh jyi`kcfr
3
gajn`kf bragf
c
c`stakjf mftwffk prfnfat`kh jyi`kcfr akc rltat`kh arg
B`hurf 2 – Urfnfatfr, bffc`kh s`cf 6.3.3
Nlt surbajfs
As tnf tfgpfraturf lb prfnfat`kh jyi`kcfrs gay mf n`hnfr tnak 26 µJ, wark`kh s`hks `kc`jat`kh tnf nlt surbajfs snaii mf b`ttfc tl mltn s`cfs lb tnf prfnfatfr. Lpfratlrs wlrd`kh kfar tnf prfnfatfr snaii wfar apprlpr`atf pfrslkai prltfjt`lk fqu`pgfkt tl prltfjt aha`kst murks. 6.3.6
Xaidways
@b waidways w`tn baii-lbb prltfjt`lk arf iljatfc kfar prfnfatfrs, tnf c`stakjf mftwffk tnf baii-lbb prltfjt`lk akc glvamif parts lb tnf prfnfatfr snaii mf at ifast 1=5 gg. Blr baii-lbb prltfjt`lk akc waidways, sff @ZL 1=23:-1.
6.6 6.6.1
Z`khif bajfr @k-rukk`kh k`ps
Lk s`khif bajfrs wnfrf tnf wfm `s bfc tnrluhn a wfmm`kh silt, `b `t `s `gplss`mif tl appiy tnf sabfty c`stakjfs spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1:>68 (as rfqu`rfc my @ZL 1=23:-1), a sabfty c`stakjf lb :55 gg snaii mf lmsfrvfc blr haps w`tn a w`ctn lb glrf tnak =5 gg akc ifss tnak lr fquai tl 35 gg.
0
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk tnf jlrruhat`kh rliifrs akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs. Snf nazarc pl`kt mftwffk tnf jlrruhat`kh rliifr akc tnf jrlss mfag w`tn sjrapfrs `s jlks`cfrfc tl mf sabfhuarcfc `b tnf jifarakjf mftwffk tnf jlrruhat`kh rliifr akc tnf jrlss mfag `s at ifast =6 gg akc tnf jifarakjf mftwffk tnf sjrapfrs `s kl glrf tnak 25 gg (sff B`hurf 8). C`gfks`lks `k g`ii`gftrfs
Dfy 1
uppfr jlrruhat`kh rliifr
=
ilwfr jlrruhat`kh rliifr
:
sjrapfr
3
jrlss mfag
6
bffc`kh lb papfr wfm
B`hurf 8 – Jlrruhat`kh rliifrs w`tn sjrapfr (brlkt akc s`cf v`fws)
6.6.=
Jlrruhat`kh rliifrs
Xnfrf jlrruhat`kh rliifrs arf rfglvfc blr jnakh`kh, gfaks lb traksplrt snaii mf prlv`cfc tnat aiilw fasy akc sabf jnakh`kh lb rliifrs. Xnfk kl`sf fkjilsurfs arf usfc, tnfy snaii mf cfs`hkfc `k sujn a way tnat ilac`kh akc ukilac`kh lb tnf jlrruhat`kh rliifrs `s klt `gpfcfc. 6.6.:
Nazarc pl`kts cur`kh rliifr jnakhf
Aky nazarc pl`kts tnat jak mf ajjfssfc abtfr rfglvai lb, lr cur`kh jnakh`kh lb, jlrruhat`kh rliifrs snaii mf sabfhuarcfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Xnfrf jlrruhat`kh rliifrs arf gluktfc lk ak `kcfx`kh turrft, aky glvfgfkt lb tnf turrft snaii mf ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli w`tn c`spiajfgfkt i`g`tfc tl a gax`gug lb 86 gg lr w`tn a gax`gug lpfrat`kh spffc lb 6 g/g`k.
--ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.6.3
@k-rukk`kh k`p mftwffk prfssurf rliifr lr prfss`kh mfit akc jlrruhat`kh rliifr
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`p mftwffk tnf prfssurf rliifr lr prfss`kh mfit akc tnf jlrruhat`kh rliifr (sff B`hurf >) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs. Snf jrusn`kh pl`kt jrfatfc my tnf ilwfr`kh lb tnf prfssurf rliifr jlktajt`kh tnf jlrruhat`kh rliifr snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my a huarc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 lr my us`kh a nlr`zlktai sabfty c`stakjf lb 1 555 gg brlg tnf nazarc pl`kt (sff B`hurf >). @k-rukk`kh k`ps lk tnf prfss`kh mfit snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs. 6.6.6
Mfit mrfadahf
Lk tnf cfi`vfry s`cf lb tnf s`khif-bajfc jlrruhatfc wfm (`kji`kfc mfit jlkvfylr s`cf), a jlkta`kgfkt cfv`jf snaii mf prlv`cfc tl fi`g`katf tnf r`sd lb `koury `k tnf jasf lb mfit mrfadahf.
C`gfks`lks `k g`ii`gftrfs
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
a) Cfs`hk us`kh prfssurf rliifr
m) Cfs`hk us`kh prfss`kh mfit
Dfy 1
prfssurf rliifr
6
prfss`kh mfit
=
jlrruhat`kh rliifrs
2
`k-rukk`kh k`p
:
jlrruhatfc wfm
8
`k-rukk`kh k`p lk prfss`kh mfit
3
i`kfr
B`hurf > – Jlrruhat`kh uk`t
11
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.6.2
Xaidway
Snf waidway lk tnf `kji`kfc mfit jlkvfylr s`cf (sff B`hurf 0, `tfg 8) snaii navf baii-lbb prltfjt`lk tlwarcs tnf jlrruhat`kh rliifrs. Jrlss mfags prlv`cfc blr baii-lbb prltfjt`lk snaii mf at a nf`hnt lb 1,15 g (sff B`hurf 0, `tfg 2). @ktfrgfc`atf ra`is lr tlf mlarcs arf klt rfqu`rfc. 6.6.8
@k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk hiuf rliifrs
@k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk hiuf rliifrs lr mftwffk hiuf rliifrs akc jlrruhat`kh rliifrs tnat arf ajjfss`mif wnfk tnf hiu`kh uk`t `s ilwfrfc snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Xnfrf ilwfr`kh akc ra`s`kh tnf hiu`kh uk`t `s ak autlgat`j lpfrat`lk, tnf hiu`kh uk`t snaii klt jrfatf aky nazarc pl`kts4 ltnfrw`sf, tn`s glvfgfkt snaii lkiy mf jarr`fc lut ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli at a gax`gug spffc lb 6 g/g`k. Xnfrf ga`ktfkakjf lr jifak`kh lpfrat`lks arf jarr`fc lut w`tn tnf `ktfriljd`kh huarc jlvfr`kh tnf hiu`kh uk`t `k ak lpfk pls`t`lk (sff B`hurf 15), tnf hiuf rliifrs (appi`jatlr, sjrapfr rlii) snaii lkiy mf aiilwfc tl rltatf at a gax`gug j`rjugbfrfkt`ai spffc lb 2 g/g`k. Hiuf rliifrs snaii rltatf `k tnf sagf c`rfjt`lk w`tn kl plss`m`i`ty lb ajjfss tl ak `k-rukk`kh k`p mftwffk jlrruhat`kh rliifr akc hiuf rliifr. C`gfks`lks `k g`ii`gftrfs
Dfy 1
s`khif bajfr
6
mr`chf
=
jlrruhatfc wfm
2
baii-lbb prltfjt`lk
:
ilwfr mfit
8
waidway
3
uppfr mfit
B`hurf 0 – Z`khif bajfr w`tn `kji`kfc mfit jlkvfylr
--ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
Dfy 1
jlrruhat`kh rliifr
=
hiuf appi`jatlr
:
sjrapfr rliifr
3
`k-rukk`kh k`p
B`hurf 15 – Hiu`kh uk`t 6.6.>
Nazarc pl`kts mftwffk glvamif hiu`kh uk`t akc b`xfc gajn`kf part
Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf glvamif hiu`kh uk`t akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts (gajn`kf bragf) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
a nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli w`tn at ifast UIr j lb @ZL 1:>30-1 lr Z@I 1 lb @FJ 2=5214 `ktfriljd`kh huarcs4 a g`k`gug c`stakjf lb =6 gg. 6.6.0
Hiu`kh uk`t jlvfr
Snf jlvfr lb tnf hiu`kh uk`t snaii mf cfs`hkfc tl sabfhuarc aha`kst hrav`ty baiis `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. 6.6.15 @k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk puiifys akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk puiifys akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr mltn lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs? a) b`xfc k`p mars cfs`hkfc `k su`tamif sfjt`lks akc fxtfkc`kh ajrlss tnf fkt`rf wlrd`kh w`ctn4 w`ctn4 m) a g`k`gug c`stakjf lb 1=5 gg mftwffk puiifys lr rliifrs akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts. @b b`xfc k`p mars arf usfc, tnf jifarakjf mftwffk tnf mar akc tnf rfspfjt`vf gajn`kf part snaii klt fxjffc 2 gg.
1:
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.6.11 Ztfag p`pfs Xnfk c`sfkhah`kh tnf stfag jlupi`khs, tnf nazarclus fsjapf lb prfssur`zfc stfag snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
jlupi`kh systfgs w w`tn `tn rfi`fb v vaivfs aivfs lk tnf `khl`kh akc luthl`kh s`cfs lb tnf jlupi`kh4 lr `s jut lbb akc stfag `s aiilwfc tl fsjapf `ktl tnf wl wlrd rd arfa cfv`jfs tnat fksurf tnat tnf stfag suppiy `s sabfiy. Urltfjt`lk snaii mf prlv`cfc tl fksurf tnat stfag fsjap`kh ukfxpfjtfciy cur`kh sft-up `s c`rfjtfc away brlg pfrslkkfi. 6.6.1= Xark`kh s`hks Z`khif bajfrs snaii mf prlv`cfc w`tn s`hks wark`kh lb a murk r`sd brlg stfag lr nlt parts. 6.6.1: Cr`vfs akc cr`vf snabts Cr`vfs akc cr`vf snabts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs tnat jlkta`k a glvamif huarc lr hatf as part lb tnf b`xfc huarc. Snf glvamif huarc lr hatf snaii mf `ktfriljdfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. 6.6.13 Kl`sf fkjilsurfs Z`khif bajfrs snluic mf pls`t`lkfc `ks`cf kl`sf fkjilsurfs. Snf cllrs lb tnf fkjilsurf snaii jilsf autlgat`jaiiy. Snf fkjilsurf snaii mf prlv`cfc w`tn s`hks pl`kt`kh lut tnf kffc tl wfar far prltfjt`lk wn`if `ks`cf tnf fkjilsurf. Snf wfm bffc akc tadf-lbb lpfk`khs prlv`cfc `k tnf kl`sf fkjilsurf snaii mf cfs`hkfc tl g`k`g`zf tnf fsjapf lb kl`sf `ktl tnf wlrdrllg. KLSF
@k Furlpf, s`khif bajfrs arf rfqu`rfc tl mf `ks`cf kl`sf fkjilsurfs.
Kl`sf fkjilsurfs snaii mf cfs`hkfc sujn as tl aiilw fasy ajjfss blr gadf-rfacy akc `kspfjt`lk.
6.2 6.2.1
@kji`kfc mfit jlkvfylr @k-rukk`kh k`ps
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps lk mfits snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs. Snf `k-rukk`kh mftwffk uppfr jifarakjf mfit akc tnf ilwfr tnf mfittwl snaii mf `s sabfhuarcfc myB`hurf lbb-sftt`kh puiifys `k sujn ak`p way tnat tnftnf g`k`gug mftwffk rliifrs 1=5 gg (sff 0). tnf twl Snfrf snaii mf kl b`xfc parts `k tn`s arfa akc tnf mfit tfks`lk snaii mf subb`j`fktiy ilw tl g`k`g`zf tnf r`sd lb craw`kh `k. 6.2.=
Ajjfss`mif nazarc pl`kts
Nazarc pl`kts lk tnf `kji`kfc mfit jlkvfylr tnat jak mf ajjfssfc brlg tnf mr`chf lr tnf waidway snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
6.8 6.8.1
Mr`chf @k-rukk`kh k`ps
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps lk mfits snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk cr`vf rliifrs akc hu`cf rliifrs lb tnf traksplrt mfits akc b`xfc parts lb tnf mr`chf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.8.=
Zilts
Snf silts prlv`cfc `k tnf surbajf lb tnf ajjfss`mif part lb a mr`chf snaii klt mf w`cfr tnak 65 gg. Sn`s rfqu`rfgfkt clfs klt appiy tl tnf waidways ailkhs`cf tnf mr`chf. KLSF
6.8.:
Zilts aiilw nug`c`ty tl fsjapf brlg tnf jlrruhatfc mlarc.
Baii-lbb prltfjt`lk
Baii-lbb prltfjt`lk snaii mf prlv`cfc lk mltn s`cfs lb tnf mr`chf `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 131==-:. 6.8.3
Ajjfss sta`rs
Ajjfss sta`rs snaii mf prlv`cfc blr fajn sfjt`lk lb tnf mr`chf. Snf gax`gug p`tjn akhif spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 131==-: `s 36µ. Nlwfvfr, tnf p`tjn akhif gay mf `kjrfasfc tl a gax`gug lb 25µ `b oust`b`fc my tnf rfsuits lb tnf r`sd akaiys`s spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1=23:-1. Ajjfss sta`rs snaii mf cfs`hkfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Xnfrf ajjfss sta`rs jlkkfjt tl a waidway c`rfjtiy (`.f. w`tnlut a piatblrg), baii-lbb prltfjt`lk (`.f. a hatf) tnat jilsfs autlgat`jaiiy snaii mf prlv`cfc. 6.8.6
Uassahf nf`hnt ukcfrkfatn tnf mr`chf
Snf passahf nf`hnt ukcfrkfatn tnf mr`chf snaii mf a g`k`gug lb =,15 g. Xnfrf tn`s nf`hnt rfqu`rfgfkt jakklt mf gft blr cfs`hk rfaslks, tnf parts mfilw tn`s nf`hnt snaii mf prlv`cfc w`tn miajd-yfiilw pacc`kh blr prltfjt`lk aha`kst `gpajts.
6.>
Mrad`kh akc wfm ai`hk`kh sfjt`lk
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk rliifrs akc mftwffk rliifrs akc b`xfc parts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs? usf sf lb huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14 lr tnf u
ga`kta`k`kh a g`k`gug c`stakjf c`stakjf lb 1=5 gg.
6.0 6.0.1
Hiu`kh gajn`kf Ztfps akc nakcifs
Ztfps akc nakcifs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1 snaii mf prlv`cfc tl fksurf sabf tnrfac`kh lb tnf wfm akc fasy ajjfss tl tnf hiu`kh uk`ts blr jifak`kh. 6.0.=
Nazarc pl`kts
Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf hiuf rliifrs (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg :), hiuf cujt (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg =) akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts tnat arf ajjfss`mif wnfk tnf hiuf rliifrs arf glvfc lr rfglvfc, lr wnfk tnf hiuf cujt `s swukh clwk, snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
a nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli w`tn at ifast UIr j lb @ZL 1:>30-1 lr Z@I 1 lb @FJ 2=5214 tnf i`g`tat`lk lb autlgat`j glvfgfkts tl 5,6 g/g`k. Ak fgfrhfkjy stlp cfv`jf snaii mf prlv`cfc w`tn`k rfajn lb tnf lpfratlr lmsfrv`kh tnf lpfrat`lk.
--ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
16
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.0.:
Zpr`kh-ilacfc cfv`jf
Snf autlgat`j glvfgfkt lb tnf spr`kh-ilacfc prfss`kh cfv`jf (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg 3) appiy`kh prfssurf tl tnf hiuf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr mltn lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
huarc`kh `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14 aiilw`kh tnf prfss`kh cfv`jf tl cfbifjt at ifast =6 gg w`tn a gax`gug spr`kh blrjf lb 165 K.
6.15 Nfat`kh akc puii`kh sfjt`lk 6.15.1 @k-rukk`kh k`ps Snf `k-rukk`kh k`p fx`st`kh lk tnf `k-bffc `ktl tnf nfat`kh sfjt`lk mftwffk tnf uppfr mfit (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg 6) lr tnf hu`cf rliifr (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg >) akc tnf nfat`kh piatfs (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg 8) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my huarcs w`tn a sabfty c`stakjf lb >65 gg. Snf sabfty c`stakjf snaii mf gfasurfc brlg tnf pl`kt at wn`jn tnf c`stakjf mftwffk tnf uppfr mfit lr hu`cf rliifr akc tnf nfat`kh piatf `s 65 gg. Srapp`kh nazarcs lk tnf hu`cf rliifr lb tnf uppfr mfit (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg 2) snaii mf fi`g`katfc my prlv`c`kh a b`xfc huarc. 6.15.= Nazarc pl`kts Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf ilwfr traksplrt rliifrs lr nfat`kh piatf akc tnf uppfr wf`hnt`kh cfv`jf (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg 0) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my `ktfriljd`kh huarcs tnat gfft tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Huarc lpfk`khs akc sabfty c`stakjfs snaii mf `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1:>68. Snf nazarc pl`kt (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg 15) mftwffk tnf uppfr mfit (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg 11) akc ilwfr mfit (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg 1=) at tnf traks`t`lk pl`kt mftwffk tnf nfat`kh akc puii`kh sfjt`lk snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my `ktfriljd`kh huarcs. 6.15.: Nfat`kh piatfs Zabfty iamfis snaii mf piajfc at aky pls`t`lk wnfrf `t `s rfaslkamiy blrfsffamif tnat pfrslkkfi gay jlgf `ktl jlktajt w`tn tnf nfat`kh piatfs wnfk huarcs arf lpfk. 6.15.3 Urfvfkt`kh tnf prfssurf cfv`jf brlg baii`kh Xnfrf ajjfss tl tnf arfa mfkfatn tnf prfssurf cfv`jf `s rfqu`rfc, lkf lr glrf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs snaii mf tadfk tl prfvfkt tnf prfssurf cfv`jf brlg baii`kh cuf tl hrav`ty?
sfib-iljd`kh sp`kcifs blr sp`kcif cr`vfs4 jnfjd vaivfs blr nycraui`j lr pkfugat`j jyi`kcfrs tnat arf autlgat`jaiiy lvfrr`ccfk `k tnf lpfrat`kh jlkc`t`lk4
ltnfr acfquatf sabfty gfasurfs. Blr `kspfjt`lks, a gakuaiiy lpfratfc gfjnak`jai cfv`jf snaii mf usfc tl sfjurf tnf prfssurf cfv`jf `k a sabf pls`t`lk, f.h. iljd`kh p`ks lr sabfty supplrts.
6.15.6 Jrusn`kh nazarcs Snf jrusn`kh nazarcs jausfc my gfjnak`jai cfv`jfs i`bt`kh tnf jlrruhatfc wfm lbb tnf nfat`kh piatfs (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg 16) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.15.2 Rajuug traksplrt mfits Xnfrf vajuug traksplrt mfits arf usfc, tnf vajuug bak akc fxnaust p`pfs akc nlsfs snaii mf `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 w`tn rfharc tl fxpils`lk prltfjt`lk. 6.15.8 Xfm tnrfac`kh `k tnf nfat`kh sfjt`lk @k tnf arfa lb tnf nfat`kh sfjt`lk, a tnrfac`kh cfv`jf snaii mf prlv`cfc blr tnrfac`kh tnf papfr wfm `k lrcfr tl fi`g`katf tnf r`sd lb murk`kh. C`gfks`lks `k g`ii`gftrfs
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
Dfy 1
hiu`kh gajn`kf
8
nfat`kh piatfs
1:
puii`kh sfjt`lk
=
hiuf cujt
>
hu`cf rliifr
13
mfit hu`cf rliifr
:
hiuf rliifrs
0
wf`hnt`kh cfv`jf
16
i`bt-lbb cfv`jf
3
prfss`kh cfv`jf
15
nazarc pl`kt mftwffk uppfr akc ilwfr mfit
12
rltary snfars
6
uppfr mfit
11
uppfr mfit
18
dk`bf snabt
2
mfit hu`cf rliifr
1=
ilwfr mfit
a Nfat`kh akc puii`kh sfjt`lk.
B`hurf 11 – Hiu`kh gajn`kf, nfat`kh akc puii`kh sfjt`lk, rltary snfars
18
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.11 ]ltary snfar uk`t 6.11.1 ]ltary snfars A rltary juttfr blr jutt`kh tnf rukk`kh jlrruhatfc wfm wnfk jnakh`kh tnf blrgat akc blr rfglv`kh wastf gatfr`ai snaii mf prlv`cfc.
6.11.= Dk`bf Snf dk`bf cr`v`kh snabt (sff B`hurf 11, `tfg 18) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc lk aii s`cfs my b`xfc akc `ktfriljd`kh huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Xnfrf tnfrf `s a r`sd lb pfrslkkfi mf`kh `kourfc my tnf dk`bf klt yft nav`kh jlgf tl a stakcst`ii, huarc iljd`kh `s rfqu`rfc. Vkiljd`kh lb tnf huarc snaii lkiy mf plss`mif wnfk tnf dk`bf nas jlgf tl a stakcst`ii. Huarc iljd`kh snaii gfft tnf rfqu`rfgfkts spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 13110. 6.11.: Huarc`kh a klk-plwfrfc glvfgfkt lb tnf dk`bf Lk rltary snfars wnfrf tnfrf `s a r`sd lb a klk-plwfrfc glvfgfkt lb tnf dk`bf, tnf huarc snaii aisl mf `ktfriljdfc w`tn tnf lpfrat`lk lb a mrad`kh gfjnak`sg tl fksurf tnat tnf dk`bf `s nfic stat`lkary wn`if tnf huarc `s lpfk. KLSF
]`sd lb klk-plwfrfc glvfgfkt lb tnf dk`bf jak fx`st, blr fxagpif, abtfr tnf jifar`kh lb a gatfr`ai miljdahf.
6.11.3 Xastf sfparatlr Snf nazarc pl`kts lk tnf wastf sfparatlr snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Ajjfss brlg tnf mlttlg snaii mf prfvfktfc my huarcs. 6.11.6 Xastf rfglvai Urlv`s`lks snaii mf gacf blr tnf sabf rfglvai lb wastf. KLSF
Gfaks tl rfglvf wastf jak `kjiucf glvamif jliifjt`lk m`ks lr jlkvfylr mfits.
Xnfrf jliifjt`kh m`ks arf aisl usfc blr huarc`kh purplsfs, tnfy snaii mf `ktfriljdfc w`tn tnf nazarclus glvfgfkt lb tnf wastf sfparatlr. 6.11.2 Vsf lb pfrslkai prltfjt`lk fqu`pgfkt Ufrslkai prltfjt`lk fqu`pgfkt snaii mf usfc wnfk jnakh`kh dk`vfs. Blr rfbfrfkjf lk `kstrujt`lks tl mf h`vfk `k tnf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld, sff 1:.1.8. 1:.1.8.
6.1= Uuii`kh uk`t 6.1=.1 Jrusn`kh pl`kts Snf jrusn`kh pl`kt mftwffk tnf uppfr akc ilwfr c`sjnarh`kh rliifrs wnfk glv`kh tnf uppfr c`sjnarh`kh rliifr `ktl pls`t`lk snaii mf sabfhuarcfc. KLSF
Zabfhuarc`kh jak mf ajn`fvfc, blr fxagpif, my lkf lr mltn lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli lb at ifast UIr j lb @ZL 1:>30-1 lr Z@I 1 lb @FJ 2=5214
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh `ktfriljd`kh h huarcs uarcs ``k k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.1=.= Nazarc pl`kts mfilw tnf tamif Snf nazarc pl`kts `k tnf arfa mfilw tnf tamif (wfm arfa) (sff B`hurf 1=, `tfg =) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
6.1: Zi`ttfr-sjlrfr uk`ts 6.1:.1 Huarcs Snf nazarc pl`kts lk tnf si`ttfr-sjlrfr miacf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my gfaks lb b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. @ktfriljd`kh hatfs snaii mf prlv`cfc lk tnf `k-rukk`kh akc lut-rukk`kh s`cfs tl aiilw sabf ajjfss blr gadf-rfacy purplsfs. Mfilw tnf bffc`kh akc cfi`vfry tamifs, ajjfss snaii mf prfvfktfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. 6.1:.= Autlgat`j pls`t`lk`kh Snf autlgat`j pls`t`lk`kh lb tnf si`ttfr-sjlrfr miacf akc tnf fxtrajtlr nllc snaii lkiy mf pfrg`ttfc w`tn tnf `ktfriljd`kh huarcs `k tnf jilsfc pls`t`lk. 6.1:.: Nlsfs Zujt`lk nlsfs blr tnf rfglvai lb wastf snaii mf `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
Dfy 1
uppfr puii`kh rliifr
=
jlrruhatfc wfm
:
ilwfr puii`kh rliifr
B`hurf 1= – Uuii`kh uk`t
10
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.1:.3 Glvfgfkt lb si`tt`kh akc sjlr`kh uk`ts ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli @kc`v`cuai si`tt`kh/sjlr`kh uk`ts snaii mf aiilwfc tl travfi ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli lkiy at a gax`gug spffc lb 6 g/g`k `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli snaii jlgpiy w`tn at ifast UI r j lb @ZL 1:>30-1 lr Z@I 1 lb @FJ 2=521. @k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk travfi wnffis akc ra`is snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs (cfbifjtlrs). Snf c`stakjf mftwffk b`xfc huarcs akc ra`is snaii mf 16 gg gax`gug. X`tn tnf uk`ts glvfc apart, miacfs snaii lkiy mf aiilwfc tl mf glvfc ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli snaii jlgpiy w`tn at ifast UI r j j lb @ZL 1:>30-1 lr Z@I 1 lb @FJ 2=521.
6.13 Xfm c`vfrtfr Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf wfm c`vfrtfrs akc b`xfc parts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 (sff B`hurf 1:). Ajjfss brlg tnf mlttlg snaii mf prfvfktfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
6.16 Znfftfrs 6.16.1 @k-rukk`kh k`ps lk nlic-clwk rliis Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps lk tnf nlic-clwk rliis snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. 6.16.= Gajn`kf ajjfss Mfilw tnf traksplrt tamifs, ajjfss tl tnf gajn`kf snaii mf prfvfktfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 lk aii s`cfs.
Dfy 1
b`xfc wfm hu`cfs
=
glvamif wfm c`vfrtfrs
:
jlrruhatfc wfm
3
pl`kt lb rltat`lk lb wfm c`vfrtfrs
B`hurf 1: – Xfm c`vfrtfr
--ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.16.: ]ltary dk`vfs Snf nazarc pl`kts lk tnf rltary dk`vfs snaii mf sabfhuarcfc lk aii s`cfs my `ktfriljd`kh huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Xnfrf tnfrf `s a r`sd lb tnf lpfratlr mf`kh fkcakhfrfc cur`kh dk`bf snabt stlpp`kh, tnf prlv`s`lk lb huarc iljd`kh `s rfqu`rfc. Snf lpfk`kh lb tnf huarc snaii lkiy mf plss`mif wnfk tnf dk`bf nas jlgf tl a stakcst`ii. Huarc iljd`kh snaii gfft tnf rfqu`rfgfkts spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1=23:-1. 6.16.3 Kl`sf Snf r`sds hfkfratfc my a`rmlrkf kl`sf fg`ttfc brlg gaolr slurjfs lb kl`sf sujn as traksplrt systfgs (jlks`st`kh lb puii`kh akc prfssurf rliifrs lk tnf c`sjnarhf s`cf) akc jutt`kh systfgs (jlks`st`kh lb pa`rs lb dk`bf snabts) snaii mf rfcujfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. KLSF A`rmlrkf kl`sf jak mf rfcujfc, blr fxagpif, my partiy lr fkt`rfiy fkjils`kh tnf gaolr slurjfs lb kl`sf w`tn slukc-amslrm`kh gatfr`ai sujn as tl prlv`cf a jlgpiftf nlus`kh blr tnf snfftfr.
@b ak fkjilsurf `s usfc, lpfk`khs `k tnf fkjilsurf rfqu`rfc blr bffc`kh tnf wfm akc blr cfi`vfr`kh tnf miakds snaii mf prlv`cfc w`tn s`ifkj`kh fifgfkts.
6.12 Ztajdfr cfv`jfs 6.12.1 @k-rukk`kh k`ps Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps lk tnf mfits lb tnf jlkvfy`kh systfg bffc`kh tnf stajdfr snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs. 6.12.= Xnlif-mlcy ajjfss
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
Xnfrf wnlif-mlcy ajjfss tl jlkvfylr mfits bffc`kh tnf stajdfr cfv`jfs `s rfqu`rfc cur`kh prlcujt`lk ruks, tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs arf rfqu`rfc. a)
Mfblrf a pfrslk jak ajjfss tnf mfit, tnf spffc lb tnf mfit snaii mf rfcujfc tl 1,6 g/s (05 g/g`k) gax`gug. Cur`kh tn`s t`gf, tnf jlktrli systfg snaii prfvfkt uk`ktfkcfc spffc `kjrfasf. Abtfr tnf pfrslk nas ifbt tnf mfit, tnf pfrslk snaii ajtuatf ak fkami`kh cfv`jf tnat w`ii rfturk tnf mfit tl lpfrat`kh spffc. Snf fkami`kh cfv`jf snaii klt mf w`tn`k tnf rfajn lb tnf pfrslk lk tnf mfit, akc snaii mf iljatfc `k a pls`t`lk tnat fksurfs tnf lpfratlr lb tnf cfv`jf nas a jifar v`fw lb tnf mfit. KLSF Gfaks lb rfcuj`kh tnf spffc akc prfvfkt`kh uk`ktfkcfc spffc `kjrfasf `kjiucf, blr fxagpif, lpfk`kh a hatf `ktfriljdfc w`tn tnf spffc i`g`t jlktrli lr usf lb ak FZUC.
m)
A v`suai wark`kh wark`kh s`hkai (i`hnt) snaii biasn blr at ifast 6 s mfblrf tnf autlgat`j start lb tnf rfcujfc spffc akc blr tnf jlgpiftf curat`lk lb tnf rfcujfc-spffc statf.
j)
Lk mltn s`cfs lb tnf jlkvfylr mfit, ra`i`khs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 snaii mf prlv`cfc. Snfrf snaii aisl mf ak `ktfrgfc`atf ra`i =55 gg amlvf jlkvfy`kh ifvfi. A tlf mlarc `s klt rfqu`rfc.
c)
Glvamif baii-lbb prltfjt`lk snaii mf p prlv`cfc rlv`cfc ajrlss tnf jlkvfylr mfit at a gax`gug nf`hnt lb 655 gg akc at a c`stakjf lb at ifast 1 255 gg brlg tnf stajdfr brlkt. Snf baii-lbb prltfjt`lk snaii mf `ktfriljdfc w`tn tnf glvfgfkt lb tnf jlkvfylr mfit akc lb tnf stajd`kh cfv`jf akc snaii navf a miajd/yfiilw gard`kh (sff B`hurf 13).
=1
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
C`gfks`lk `k g`ii`gftrfs
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
Dfy 1
glvamif baii-lbb prltfjt`lk
3
s`cf traksplrt
=
jlkvfylr mfit
6
nakcra`i
:
glvamif majdstlp
2
jatwaid
B`hurf 13 – Jlkvfylr mfit w`tn baii-lbb prltfjt`lk
6.12.: Bffc`kh uk`ts, cfi`vfry uk`ts Snf rfqu`rfgfkts lk stajd`kh cfv`jfs snaii gfft tnlsf spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1=23:-1. Lk autlgat`j clwkstajdfrs (autl-p`ifrs), acc`t`lkai gfasurfs snaii mf tadfk tl fksurf tnat tnf asjfkc`kh glvfgfkt lb tnf p`if jarr`fr gay lkiy mf startfc `b tnfrf `s kl pfrslk prfsfkt lk tnf jarr`fr (sff B`hurf 16). Sn`s rfqu`rfgfkt snaii mf gft my lkf lr glrf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs? lbb prlv`c`kh paraiifi sabfty pnltlfifjtr`j mfags w`tn a gax`gug c`stakjf mftwffk `kc`v`cuai mfags l :55 gg akc pls`t`lkfc nlr`zlktaiiy at a nf`hnt lb 165 gg amlvf tnf p`if jarr`fr piatf w`tn tnf jarr`fr piatf `k `ts ilwfst pls`t`lk4 lr
ak acfquatfiy arrakhfc iasfr sjakkfr. Snf rfqu`rfgfkts blr sabfhuarc`kh tnf nazarc zlkf mfkfatn tnf p`if jarr`fr piatf snaii jlgpiy w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
C`gfks`lks `k g`ii`gftrfs
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
Dfy 1
jlkvfylr mfit
=
p`if jarr`fr (rliifr jlkvfylr)
:
jna`k
3
pnltlfifjtr`j mfag
a
Uatn lb pnltlfifjtr`j mfag.
B`hurf 16 – Clwkstajdfr
=:
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.12.3 Ga`ktfkakjf akc `kspfjt`lk Blr ga`ktfkakjf akc `kspfjt`lk lpfrat`lks, clwkstajdfrs akc upstajdfrs snaii fajn mf prlv`cfc w`tn ak acfquatfiy ratfc gfjnak`jai cfv`jf as a stamif gfaks lb prfvfkt`kh ilwfr`kh, lk clwkstajdfrs, lb tnf jarr`fr piatf lr, lk upstajdfrs, lb tnf b`kai jlkvfylr mfit. Appi`jat`lk lb tnat gfjnak`jai cfv`jf snaii ljjur `b tnf p`if jarr`fr piatf nas mffk ilwfrfc clwk tl a gax`gug c`stakjf lb 155 gg amlvf tnf gfjnak`jai cfv`jf. Ak `ktfriljd`kh hatf snaii mf prlv`cfc as tnf gfaks lb ajjfss tl tnf nazarclus nazarcl us arfa. @kstrujt`lks blr sfjur`kh tnf piatf w`tn gfjnak`jai cfv`jfs tl prfvfkt baiis cuf tl hrav`ty snaii mf prlv`cfc `k tnf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld. Blr rfbfrfkjf lk `kstrujt`lks tl mf h`vfk `k tnf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld, sff 1:.1.>. 1:.1.>. 6.12.6 Huarc`kh lb upstajdfrs Lk stajdfrs acoust`kh tl vary`kh p`if nf`hnts (upstajdfrs), tnf nazarc pl`kt mftwffk tnf cfsjfkc`kh jlkvfylr mfit akc rliifr jlkvfylr lr billr snaii mf sabfhuarcfc (sff B`hurf 12). Ajjfss tl tnf jlkvfylr mfit `k glt`lk snaii mf prfvfktfc my bfkjf-typf fkjilsurfs lk tnf s`cfs akc, lk tnf brlkt, my mi`kcs lb subb`j`fkt strfkhtn akc curam`i`ty tl prfvfkt ajjfss tl tnf nazarclus arfa. Xnfrf tnfrf `s a rfqu`rfgfkt blr jlrruhatfc snffts tl mf tadfk brlg tnf jlkvfylr mfit bffc`kh tnf upstajdfr, tnf b`xfc huarcs prlv`cfc ailkhs`cf tnf jlkvfylr mfit jak mf rfpiajfc my tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
fksur`kh tnat tnf g`k`gug nf`hnt mftwffk tnf ilwfr fchf lb tnf bffc`kh jlkvfylr mfit akc tnf billr `s aiways 655 gg4 wark`kh ark`kh lk tnf brff s`cfs tnat passahf `s klt pfrg`ttfc (sff @ZL 1=23:-1 blr `kblrgat`lk lk prlv`c`kh a w wark`kh s`hks)4
prlv`c`kh a jna`k jurta`k mfilw tnf bffc`kh jlkvfylr mfit tl prfvfkt passahf mfilw4 tnf arfa mfilw tnf bffc`kh mfit my prlv`c`kh mi`kcs at tnf mfh`kk`kh prfvfkt`kh ajjfss tl mltn s`cfs lb tnf akc at tnf fkc lb tnf brff arfa lk tnf bffc`kh jlkvfylr mfit ajrlss tnf fkt`rf w`ctn lb tnf bffc`kh mfit. Bfkjf-typf fkjilsurfs snaii gfft tnf rfqu`rfgfkts spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1=23:-1.
Dfy 1
bffc`kh jlkvfylr mfit
=
mi`kcs
:
glvamif s`cf iays
3
rliifr jlkvfylr
B`hurf 12 – Vpstajdfr
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
6.12.2 ]liifr jlkvfylrs Lk ajjfss`mif rliifr jlkvfylrs lb stajd`kh cfv`jfs, tnf nazarc pl`kts jrfatfc my tnf autlgat`j glvfgfkt lb s`cf iays akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my appiy`kh tnf g`k`gug c`stakjf lb 655 gg. Xnfrf tnf g`k`gug c`stakjf jakklt mf appi`fc, acfquatf huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 snaii mf prlv`cfc. Blr rfqu`rfgfkts blr ajjfss`mif rliifr jlkvfylrs, sff FK 210.
2
Blic`kh mlx hiufr gajn`kfs
2.1
Fkt`rf gajn`kf
2.1.1
Auc`mif start-up wark`kh
Blic`kh mlx hiufr gajn`kfs snaii navf ak auc`mif wark`kh systfg tnat jlgpi`fs w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. 2.1.=
Fgfrhfkjy stlp
Ak fgfrhfkjy stlp cfv`jf snaii mf prlv`cfc lk lr at fajn glt`lk jlktrli stat`lk. 2.1.:
Ulwfr-cr`vfk snabts
Srapp`kh pl`kts lk plwfr-cr`vfk snabts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr glrf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
tfifsjlp`j b`xfc hua huarcs rcs wn`jn autlgat`jaiiy acapt tnfgsfivfs tl tnf s`zf lb tnf blrgat akc arf klt aiilwfc tl rltatf w`tn tnf snabt4
aky ltnfr acfquatf gfasurfs. 2.1.3
Autlgat`j blrgat sftt`kh
Xnfrf autlgat`j blrgat sftt`kh `s a plwfr-cr`vfk lpfrat`lk, nazarc pl`kts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr mltn lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs? cfv`jf snaii a nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14 tnf jlktrli systfg lb tnf nlic-tl-ruk cfv`jf jlgpiy w`tn at ifast UIr j lb @ZL 1:>30-1 lr Z@I 1 lb @FJ 2=5214
i`g`t`kh tnf sftt`kh spffc tl a gax`gug lb 5,6 g/g`k.
2.=
Bffcfr
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk tnf mfit akc tnf hu`cf, tfks`lk akc cr`vf rliifrs snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my gfaks lb b`xfc huarcs cfs`hkfc sl as klt tl jrfatf ak acc`t`lkai nazarc Ak fxagpif lb ak ajjfptamif huarc `s snlwk `k B`hurf 18.
2.: 2.:.1
Blic`kh sfjt`lk ]liifr trajds
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk uppfr akc ilwfr rliifr trajds lr blic`kh mfit (sff B`hurf 1>) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs? 85 K4 a cfbifjt`lk lb tnf b`rst rliifr `k tnf rliifr trajd lb at ifast =6 gg ukcfr a gax`gug jlktajt blrjf lb 85
--ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
=6
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
a c`stakjf lb 155 gg mftwffk tnf b`rst rliifr (sff B`hurf 1>, `tfg :) akc tnf b`rst bliilw`kh rliifr (sff B`hurf 1>, `tfg 6)4 k tnf rliifr trajd, a b`xfc huarc lk mltn lutfr lutfr s`cfs w`tn sabfty c`stakjfs c`stakjfs `k blr tnf bliilw`kh rliifrs ``k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1:>684 sujn huarcs snaii navf kl snarp fchfs. Snf nazarc pl`kts jrfatfc my tnf glvfgfkt lb tnf rliifr trajd snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1, lr my ltnfr gfaks tnat fksurfs ak fqu`vaifkt ifvfi lb prltfjt`lk.
Dfy 1
b`xfc huarc
=
mfit
B`hurf 18 – Fxagpif lb sabfhuarc`kh tnf mfit `k-rukk`kh k`p my b`xfc huarc
Dfy 1
uppfr rliifr trajd
=
ilwfr rliifr trajd
:
b`rst rliifr
3
blic`kh mfit
6
bliilw`kh rliifrs
B`hurf 1> – ]liifr trajds
--ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
2.:.=
Blic`kh nllds
Snf nazarc pl`kts jausfc my blic`kh nllds (sff B`hurf 10) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my `ktfriljd`kh huarcs, lr tnf usf lb FZUCs tnat arf piajfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1:>66.
Dfy 1
blicfc miakd
=
blic`kh nlld
B`hurf 10 – Blic`kh nlld
2.3
Hiu`kh sfjt`lk
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk tnf hiuf appi`jatlr akc tnf miakd snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my tnf usf lb a b`xfc huarc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1, lr tnf usf lb ltnfr acfquatf gfasurfs. Xnfrf nltgfit hiuf `s usfc, a tfgpfraturf jlktrli cfv`jf akc a sfparatf tfgpfraturf glk`tlr`kh cfv`jf arf -
rfqu`rfc. Snf hiuf rfsfrvl`r snaii mf `ksuiatfc. Zabfhuarcs tl prltfjt pfrslkkfi brlg spiasn`kh hiuf snaii mf prlv`cfc.
2.6
Blic`kh mfit
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk blic`kh mfit akc puiifys snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs (sff B`hurf 18). Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk blic`kh mfit akc nlic-clwk rliis snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr glrf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
nlic-clwk rliis tnat aiilw a g`k`gug cfbifjt`lk lb =6 gg ukcfr a gax`gug jlktajt blrjf lb 85 K4 b`xfc akc `ktfriljd`kh huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14 w`tn @ZL @ZL 1:>68. FZUCs at a c`stakjf `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn
=8
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
2.2
Urfss`kh sfjt`lk
2.2.1
Uuiifys
Snf nazarc pl`kt mftwffk uppfr akc ilwfr puiifys lb tnf prfss`kh mfit lk tnf bffc`kh s`cf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my mltn lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
i`g`t`kh tnf prfss`kh blrjf lb tnf puiifys lk tnf bffc`kh s`cf tl 655 K4
a cfbifjt`lk lb tnf puiifys lb at ifast 1=5 gg. KLSF Sn`s jak mf clkf, blr blr fx fxagpif, agpif, my arrakh`kh tnf p puiifys uiifys blr tnf uppfr akc ilw ilwfr fr pr prfss`kh fss`kh mfits sujn tnat lkf `s klt c`rfjtiy mfilw tnf ltnfr akc tnf jifarakjf mftwffk tnf puiifys `s at ifast 1=5 gg.
Zff B`hurf =5. 2.2.=
Urfssurf rliifrs
@k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk prfssurf rliifrs akc prfss`kh mfit snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr mltn lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14 lbb tnf prfssurf prfssurf rliifrs lb at ifast 1=5 gg ukcfr a gax`gug jlktajt blrjf lb 155 K. a cfbifjt`lk l C`gfks`lks `k g`ii`gftrfs
Dfy 1
prfssurf rliifrs
=
uppfr prfss`kh mfit
:
ilwfr prfss`kh mfit
3
puiifys
6
hu`cf rliifrs
B`hurf =5 – Urfss`kh sfjt`lk
--ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
8
Urf-bffcfrs
8.1
Urf-bffcfr w`tn p`if jarr`fr piatf
8.1.1
Hfkfrai
Snf bffcfr arfa snaii mf cfs`hkfc `k jlgpi`akjf w`tn tnf rfqu`rfgfkts blr bffc`kh uk`ts as sft blrtn `k @ZL 1=23:-1. 8.1.=
Huarc`kh bffc`kh s`cf
Snf nazarc zlkf lk tnf bffc`kh s`cf lb tnf bffcfr arfa snaii mf sabfhuarcfc w`tn FZUCs (lr fqu`vaifkt prltfjt`lk) tl prfvfkt wnlif-mlcy ajjfss `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. FZUCs snaii mf iljatfc ajrlss tnf bffc`kh rliifr jlkvfylr lr at billr ifvfi. 8.1.:
Huarc`kh s`cfs lb bffcfr arfa
Blr sabfhuarc`kh tnf bffcfr arfa lk tnf s`cfs, b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 snaii mf prlv`cfc. Zujn huarcs snaii mf fqu`ppfc w`tn ak `ktfriljd`kh hatf tl aiilw ajjfss blr bauit jifar`kh. 8.1.3
Lpfk`kh blr paiift glvfgfkt
Snf apfrturf blr fofjt`lk lb fgpty paiifts snaii jlgpiy w`tn @ZL 1:>68. 8.1.6
Huarc`kh lk bffc`kh akc traksbfr mr`chfs
Snf nazarclus glvfgfkts lk tnf bffc`kh akc traksbfr mr`chf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr mltn lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs? a)
nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli w`tn 6 g/g`k gax`gug `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14
m)
b`xfc s`cf huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1:>68.
KLSF
Nazarclus glvfgfkts jak mf i`bt`kh, ilwfr`kh akc tfifsjlp`kh glvfgfkts.
Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf pusnfrs at tnf fkc lb tnf bffc`kh akc traksbfr mr`chf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my huarcs lr my a g`k`gug c`stakjf lb 1=5 gg. Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf pusnfrs akc tnf stajd `k tnf nlppfr lb tnf sumsfqufkt `k-i`kf gajn`kf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc, f.h. my i`g`t`kh tnf blrjf tl :55 K. 8.1.2
Huarc`kh traksplrt mfits
Xnfrf `k-rukk`kh k`ps lk traksplrt mfits jak mf ajjfssfc, k`ps snaii mf huarcfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. 8.1.8
Huarc`kh nazarcs jrfatfc my autlgat`j blrgat sftt`kh
Xnfrf a nazarc fx`sts, autlgat`j blrgat sftt`kh lpfrat`lks gay mf pfrblrgfc at spffcs up tl akc `kjiuc`kh 5,6 g/g`k w`tnlut acc`t`lkai sabfty gfasurfs. Nlwfvfr, `b tnfrf `s a jrusn`kh nazarc blr tnf nfac lr trukd lb tnf mlcy, blrgat sftt`kh snaii mf pfrg`ttfc lkiy w`tn a nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli. Snf iljat`lk lb tnf nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli snaii aiilw tnf lpfratlr tl jifariy sff tnf nazarc pl`kts. F^AGUIF
Autlgat`j blrgat sftt`kh cfv`jfs `kjiucf s`cf iays.
=0
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
@b acc`t`lkai sabfty gfasurfs arf kffcfc `k tnf arfa lb tnf blrgat sftt`kh cfv`jf, pfrslkkfi snaii mf prltfjtfc brlg glt`lk lb tnf cfv`jf(s) my lkf lr glrf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs? a)
tnf prlv`s`lk lb tr`p cfv`jfs4
m)
sfparatf stlp cfv`jf tnat `s klt `kjiucfc `k tnf fgfrhfkjy stlp j`rju`t lb tnf pr`kt`kh prfss4
j)
zlkf jlktrli us`kh tnf fgfrhfkjy stlp j`rju`t.
8.1.>
Huarc`kh nazarcs wnfk glv`kh prf-bffcfr
Nazarc pl`kts jrfatfc wnfk glv`kh tnf prf-bffcfr `ktl lr lut lb tnf `k-i`kf gajn`kfry snaii mf huarcfc. Snfsf nazarc pl`kts arf jlks`cfrfc tl mf acfquatfiy sabfhuarcfc `b lkf lb tnf bliilw`kh jlkc`t`lks fx`sts? a)
tnf gajn`kf travfi `s plss`mif lkiy ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli w`tn a gax`gug spffc lb 6 g/g`k4 tnfrf `s `s ak auc`mif jlkt`kulus wark`kh s`hkai blr tnf curat`lk lb gajn`kf travfi4 akc nazarc pl`kts akc nazarc zlkfs jak mf lmsfrvfc brlg tnf iljat`lk lb tnf nlic-tl-ruk muttlk4
m)
tnf nazarc zlkf `s sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs huarcs akc FZUCs.
8.=
Urf-bffcfr w`tn p`if turkfr
8.=.1
Huarc`kh bffc`kh s`cf
Snf p`if turkfr prf-bffcfr arfa `k tnf nazarc zlkf lk tnf bffc`kh s`cf lb tnf bffcfr arfa snaii mf sabfhuarcfc w`tn FZUCs (lr fqu`vaifkt prltfjt`lk) tl prfvfkt wnlif-mlcy ajjfss `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Zabfty cfv`jfs snaii mf iljatfc ajrlss tnf bffc`kh rliifr jlkvfylr lr at billr ifvfi. 8.=.=
Huarc`kh s`cfs lb p`if turkfr arfa
Blr sabfhuarc`kh tnf p`if turkfr arfa lk tnf s`cfs, b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 snaii mf prlv`cfc. Zujn huarcs snaii mf fqu`ppfc w`tn ak `ktfriljd`kh hatf tl aiilw ajjfss blr bauit jifar`kh. 8.=.:
Lpfk`kh blr paiift glvfgfkt
Snf apfrturf blr fofjt`lk lb fgpty paiifts snaii jlgpiy w`tn @ZL 1:>68. 8.=.3
Huarc`kh lk bffc`kh akc traksbfr mr`chf
Snf nazarclus glvfgfkts lk tnf bffc`kh akc traksbfr mr`chf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs? a) m)
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli w`tn a gax`gug spffc lb 6 g/g`k `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14 b`xfc s`cf huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1:>68.
KLSF
8.=.6
Fxagpifs lb nazarclus glvfgfkts `kjiucf i`bt`kh, ilwfr`kh akc tfifsjlp`kh glvfgfkts.
Huarc`kh traksplrt mfits
Xnfrf `k-rukk`kh k`ps lk traksplrt mfits jak mf ajjfssfc, k`ps snaii mf huarcfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf pusnfrs at tnf fkc lb tnf bffc`kh akc traksbfr mr`chf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my huarcs lr my a g`k`gug c`stakjf lb 1=5 gg. Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf pusnfrs akc tnf stajd `k tnf nlppfr lb tnf sumsfqufkt `k-i`kf gajn`kf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc, f.h. my i`g`t`kh tnf blrjf tl :55 K.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
8.=.2
Huarc`kh nazarcs jrfatfc my blrgat sftt`kh
Xnfrf a nazarc fx`sts, autlgat`j blrgat sftt`kh lpfrat`lks gay mf pfrblrgfc at spffcs up tl akc `kjiuc`kh 5,6 g/g`k w`tnlut acc`t`lkai a cc`t`lkai sabfty gfasurfs. g fasurfs. Nlwfvfr, `b r`sd assfssgfkt snlws tnat tnfrf `s ak ukajjfptamif ifvfi lb r`sd, blrgat sftt`kh snaii mf pfrg`ttfc lkiy w`tn a nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli. Snf iljat`lk lb tnf nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli snaii aiilw tnf lpfratlr tl jifariy sff tnf nazarc pl`kts. @b acc`t`lkai sabfty gfasurfs arf kffcfc `k tnf arfa lb tnf blrgat sftt`kh cfv`jf, pfrslkkfi snaii mf prltfjtfc brlg glt`lk lb tnf cfv`jf(s) my lkf lr glrf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs? a)
tnf prlv`s`lk lb tr`p cfv`jfs4
m)
a sfparatf stlp cfv`jf tnat `s klt `kjiucfc `k tnf fgfrhfkjy stlp j`rju`t lb tnf pr`kt`kh prfss4
j)
a zlkf jlktrli us`kh tnf fgfrhfkjy stlp j`rju`t.
8.=.8
Huarc`kh nazarcs wnfk glv`kh prf-bffcfr
Nazarc pl`kts jrfatfc wnfk glv`kh tnf prf-bffcfr `ktl lr lut lb tnf `k-i`kf gajn`kfry snaii mf huarcfc. Snfsf nazarc pl`kts arf jlks`cfrfc tl mf acfquatfiy sabfhuarcfc `b lkf lb tnf bliilw`kh jlkc`t`lks fx`sts? a)
tnf gajn`kf travfi `s plss`mif lkiy ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli w`tn w`tn a gax`gug spffc lb 6 g/g`k4 tnfrf `s ak auc`mif jlkt`kulus wark`kh s`hkai blr tnf curat`lk lb gajn`kf travfi4 akc nazarc pl`kts akc nazarc zlkfs jak mf lmsfrvfc brlg tnf iljat`lk lb tnf nlic-tl-ruk muttlk4
m)
tnf nazarc zlkf `s sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs akc FZUCs.
Syp`jai fxagpifs lb glv`kh prf-bffcfrs arf h`vfk `k B`hurfs =1 akc ==. e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
B`hurf =1 – Urf-bffcfr w`tn p`if turkfr
:1
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
B`hurf == – Urf-bffcfr w`tn p`if jarr`fr piatf
>
@k-i`kf gajn`kfs
>.1
Fkt`rf gajn`kf
>.1.1
Auc`mif start-up wark`kh
@k-i`kf gajn`kfs snaii navf ak auc`mif wark`kh systfg tnat jlgpi`fs w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. >.1.=
Fgfrhfkjy stlp
Ak fgfrhfkjy stlp cfv`jf snaii mf prlv`cfc lk lr at fajn glt`lk jlktrli stat`lk. >.1.:
Glv`kh uk`ts tlhftnfr
Xnfk glv`kh tnf uk`ts tlhftnfr, nazarc pl`kts arf jrfatfc mftwffk gajn`kf s`cf bragfs tnat arf cffgfc tl mf sabfhuarcfc `b aii lb tnf bliilw`kh jlkc`t`lks arf gft. tnf f uk`ts `s plss`mif lkiy ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli w`tn w`tn a gax`gug spffc lb 6 g/g`k. Glvfgfkt lb tn `k sujn a pls`t`lk tnat tnf nazarc pl`kt jakklt mf rfajnfc my nakc, Snf nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli `s iljatfc `k fvfk w`tn b`khfrs sprfac apart.
A wark`kh cfv`jf h`vfs a jlkt`kulus auc`mif wark`kh s`hkai blr tnf curat`lk lb tnf jils`kh travfi lb tnf gajn`kf uk`ts.
--ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
© @ZL =515
Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
passahfways s mftwffk tnf `kc`v`cuai uk`ts, stlp/sabf cfv`jfs arf prlv`cfc `b tnf passahfways passahfways @k tnf passahfway jakklt mf lmsfrvfc brlg tnf iljat`lk brlg wn`jn tnf ajtuatlr starts tnf travfi glvfgfkt. Aii travfi glvfgfkts snaii mf stlppfc wnfk tnf stlp/sabf cfv`jf `s ajtuatfc. Ztlp/sabf cfv`jfs jak mf autlgat`jaiiy iljd`kh ajtuatlrs lr tr`p w`rfs. Snf c`stakjf mftwffk twl acoajfkt ajtuatlrs snaii klt mf glrf tnak 1,6 g. Snf sabfty rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1:>65 snaii mf gft. Z`hkai prljfss`kh snaii jlgpiy w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Blr rfbfrfkjf lk `kstrujt`lks rfiat`kh tl rfs`cuai r`sd tl mf h`vfk `k tnf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld, sff 1:.1.0. 1:.1.0. >.1.3
Zfparat`kh uk`ts
Zfparat`lk lb tnf uk`ts snaii ljjur lkiy abtfr aii nazarclus glvfgfkt nas stlppfc. >.1.6
]ltary tllis lk sfparatfc uk`ts
Abtfr sfparat`kh tnf uk`ts, jlkt`kulus lpfrat`lk lb tnf rltary r ltary tllis snaii klt mf plss`mif. KLSF
>.1.2
Fxagpifs lb sujn rltary tllis `kjiucf dk`vfs, miacfs, c`fs, ftj.
Sravfi wnffis
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk tnf travfi wnffis akc billr lr rukway snaii mf sabfhuarcfc, f.h. my prlv`c`kh bllt huarcs b`xfc sujn tnat tnfrf `s a c`stakjf lb kl glrf tnak 16 gg mftwffk tnf rukway akc tnf ilwfr fchf lb tnf huarc.
>.= >.=.1
Bffc`kh uk`t Zi`cf-`k rliifrs
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk si`cf-`k rliifrs (bffcfr snabts, br`jt`lk rliifrs) akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my cfbifjt`kh huarc`kh sfjt`lks cfs`hkfc `k sujn a way tnat tnf cfbifjt`kh piakf `s at r`hnt akhifs tl tnf surbajf lb tnf rltat`kh parts akc tnf c`stakjf `s as sgaii as plss`mif akc clfs klt fxjffc 3 gg. >.=.=
Uiatfs akc si`cf-`k mars
Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf sujt`lk piatfs/si`cf-`k mars akc b`xfc parts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr mltn lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14 systfg `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. a rfs`cuai-p`if glk`tlr`kh systfg >.=.:
Z`cf ai`hk`kh cfv`jfs
Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk s`cf ai`hk`kh cfv`jfs (s`cf pusnfrs) (sff B`hurf =:, `tfg :) akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my huarcs lr my a g`k`gug c`stakjf lb 1=5 gg. Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk s`cf ai`hk`kh cfv`jfs (s`cf pusnfrs) (B`hurf =:, `tfg :) akc tnf miakd p`if (sff B`hurf =:, `tfg =) `k tnf nlppfr snaii mf sabfhuarcfc. Zabfhuarc`kh jak mf ajn`fvfc my i`g`t`kh tnf blrjf tl :55 K.
--ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
::
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
Dfy 1 =
bffc`kh uk`t miakd p`if
2 8
`kd rliifr si`tt`kh akc sjlr`kh uk`t
11 1=
st`tjn`kh uk`t jluktfr-fofjtlr akc squar`kh uk`t
:
s`cf ai`hkgfkt
>
rltary c`f-juttfr
1:
cfi`vfry
3
bffc rliifrs
0
wastf c`sjnarhf jlkvfylr mfit
6
pr`kt`kh uk`t
15
blic`kh uk`t
B`hurf =: – @k-i`kf gajn`kf >.=.3
Nlppfr s`cf iays
Snf s`cf iays lb tnf nlppfr jrfatf cakhfr pl`kts wnfk travfii`kh aha`kst b`xfc gajn`kf parts. Zabfhuarc`kh snaii mf prlv`cfc my lkf lr glrf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
gakuai lpfrat`lk lb tnf glvfgfkt4 a nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli w`tn a gax`gug spffc lb lb 6 g/g`k4 i`g`t`kh tnf travfi spffc tl a gax`gug lb 5,6 g/g`k, akc ak fgfrhfkjy stlp jlktrli iljatfc lk tnf cfi`vfry s`cf. >.=.6
Bffc rliifrs
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps at tnf bffc rliifrs (sff B`hurf =:, `tfg 3) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr mltn lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
b`xfc huarcs4 rfs`cuai-p`if glk`tlr`kh `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 wnfrf huarcs kffc tl mf prlv`cfc luts`cf tnf s`cf iays `k lrcfr tl prfvfkt ajjfss tl tnf `k-rukk`kh k`p blr aky blrgat usfc. As ak fxjfpt`lk tl tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1:>68, `b bffc lpfk`khs `k b`xfc huarcs arf :5 gg lr ifss, a sabfty c`stakjf lb at ifast =55 gg `s aiilwfc. Ltnfrw`sf, a sabfty c`stakjf lb >65 gg `s rfqu`rfc.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
>.=.2
Sraksplrt rliifrs
@k-rukk`kh k`ps lk tnf traksplrt rliifrs snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs as snlwk `k B`hurf 18.
>.:
Ur`kt`kh uk`t
>.:.1
]ltat`kh rliifrs akc cr`vf fifgfkts
Aii nazarclus glvfgfkt snaii stlp mfblrf tnf uk`ts arf sfparatfc. >.:.=
Zfparatfc uk`ts
Xnfk tnf uk`ts arf sfparatfc, a pr`kt`kh uk`t snaii lkiy mf aiilwfc tl mf glvfc ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Snf nlic-tl-ruk spffc `s i`g`tfc tl 6 g/g`k. S Snf nf jlktrli systfg lb tnf nlic-tl-ruk cfv`jf snaii jlgpiy w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. A bllt pfcai jak mf usfc blr tnf nlic-tl-ruk nlic-tl- ruk lpfrat`lk tl aiilw tnf lpfratlr tl usf mltn nakcs wnfk glukt`kh pr`kt`kh piatfs. >.:.: >.:.:.1
Jnakh`kh lb pr`kt`kh piatfs Hfkfrai
Snf jnakh`kh lb pr`kt`kh piatfs snaii mf clkf w`tn tnf nfip lb apprlpr`atf gfaks blr i`bt`kh lr nakci`kh tnf piatfs tl fksurf fasy akc sabf ilac`kh akc ukilac`kh. >.:.:.=
Autlgat`j pr`kt`kh piatf jnakhfs
@b tnf jnakh`kh lb pr`kt`kh piatfs `s clkf my autlgat`j lpfrat`lk, tnf jnakh`kh lb pr`kt`kh piatfs gay mf clkf w`tnlut pr`kt`kh uk`ts mf`kh sfparatfc cur`kh tnf piatf jnakhf.
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
@b tnf jyi`kcfr `s rltatfc my autlgat`j gfaks wnfk glukt`kh tnf piatf tl tnf jyi`kcfr, nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf jyi`kcfr akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts (gajn`kf bragf) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr glrf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs? a)
tnf usf lb huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14
m)
tnf usf lb FZUCs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14
j)
sabfty cfv`jfs w`tn apprlajn rfajt`lk rfajt`lk (f.h. tr`p cfv`jfs, prfssurf-sfks`t`vf gats).
>.:.:.:
Zfg`-autlgat`j pr`kt`kh piatf jnakhfs
@b tnf jnakh`kh lb pr`kt`kh piatfs `s clkf my sfg`-autlgat`j lpfrat`lk (`.f. ak lpfratlr gust ass`st wnfk glukt`kh tnf piatf tl tnf jyi`kcfr, akc tnf jyi`kcfr `s klt rltatfc my autlgat`j gfaks), tnf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf jyi`kcfr akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts (gajn`kf bragf) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lr glrf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs? a)
tnf usf lb huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14
m)
tnf usf lb nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli w`tn w`tn at ifast UIr c lb @ZL 1:>30-1 lr Z@I = lb @FJ 2=5214
j)
tnf usf lb a bllt pfcai (cfs`hkfc as a nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli w`tn at ifast UIr c lb @ZL 1:>30-1 lr Z@I = lb @FJ 2=521), `b tnf lpfratlr tl usf nakcsc`stakjf wnfk glukt`kh pr`kt`kh piatfs. Glvfgfkt snaii mf i`g`tfc tl a gax`gug spffckffcs lb 6 g/g`k lr mltn gax`gug lb 86 gg.
:6
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
>.:.3
Huarc`kh lb rliifrs
Ajtuat`lk lb ak fgfrhfkjy stlp jlktrli kffc klt jausf stlpp`kh lb tnf `kd rliifr `b jlkt`ku`kh glvfgfkt `s rfqu`rfc blr lpfrat`lkai rfaslks akc `b aii `k-rukk`kh k`ps lk tnf `kd rliifr arf sabfhuarcfc my `ktfriljd`kh huarcs, plss`miy `k jlgm`kat`lk w`tn b`xfc huarcs, `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Xnfk tnf pr`kt`kh uk`ts arf `k tnf lpfk pls`t`lk akc wnfrf rliifrs sujn as `kd rliifrs (sff B`hurf =:, `tfg 2) kffc tl jlkt`kuf tl mf cr`vfk blr lpfrat`lkai rfaslks, tnf nazarc pl`kts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my `ktfriljd`kh huarcs. Xnfrf `kd rliifrs kffc tl dffp rukk`kh, tnfrf snaii mf a jifarakjf mftwffk tnf `kd rliifr akc tnf pr`kt`kh jyi`kcfr (w`tn pr`kt`kh piatf attajnfc) tnat `s subb`j`fkt tl avl`c br`jt`lkai jlktajt mftwffk `kd rliifr akc pr`kt`kh jyi`kcfr.
>.3 >.3.1
Zi`ttfr-sjlrfr uk`t, rltary c`f-juttfr Autlgat`j blrgat sftt`kh
Autlgat`j blrgat sftt`kh snaii mf plss`mif lkiy wnfk tnf uk`ts arf jilsfc. Xnfk uk`ts arf `k tnf lpfk pls`t`lk, tlli sftt`kh snaii mf plss`mif lkiy ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1, w`tn a gax`gug spffc i`g`tat`lk lb 6 g/g`k. Snf jlktrli systfg lb tnf nlic-tl-ruk cfv`jf snaii jlgpiy w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. >.3.=
Xastf rfglvai
Snf nazarc pl`kts lk tnf tllis prlv`cfc blr mrfad`kh lut tr`gg`khs snaii mf sabfhuarcfc, f.h. my prlv`c`kh a tukkfi-typf huarc aiilw`kh rfglvai lb tnf wastf wn`if at tnf sagf t`gf prfvfkt`kh ajjfss. >.3.:
Xastf c`sjnarhf jlkvfylr mfits
Nazarc pl`kts lk wastf c`sjnarhf jlkvfylr mfits (sff B`hurf =:, `tfg 0) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn FK 210. Baii`kh clwk lktl wastf c`sjnarhf jlkvfylr mfits, blr fxagpif brlg billr ifvfi, snaii mf prfvfktfc my baii-lbb prltfjt`lk `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn tnf rfqu`rfgfkts blr wlrd`kh piatblrgs, ajjfss sta`rs, passahfways akc ra`sfc wlrdpiajfs sft blrtn `k @ZL 1=23:-1.
>.3.3
Kl`sf
Snf r`sds hfkfratfc my a`rmlrkf kl`sf fg`ttfc brlg gaolr slurjfs lb kl`sf snaii mf rfcujfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Sn`s jak mf ajn`fvfc, blr fxagpif, my partiy lr fkt`rfiy fkjils`kh tnf gaolr slurjfs lb kl`sf w`tn slukcamslrm`kh gatfr`ai4 lpfk`khs `k tnf fkjilsurf rfqu`rfc blr prljfssfs sujn as bffc`kh tnf wfm akc blr cfi`vfr`kh tnf miakds snaii mf prlv`cfc w`tn s`ifkj`kh fifgfkts. @k lrcfr tl g`k`g`zf nazarcs hfkfratfc my v`mrat`lk, snljd-amslrm`kh fifgfkts snaii mf prlv`cfc mftwffk gajn`kfs akc tnf billr.
>.6 >.6.1
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , -
Blic`kh uk`t (blic`kh mlx hiufr) Miakds
e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
Snf arfa wnfrf tnf miakds arf traksplrtfc snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my a jlgm`kat`lk lb b`xfc akc `ktfriljd`kh huarcs, lr my FZUCs.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
>.6.=
@k-rukk`kh k`ps
@k-rukk`kh k`ps lk hiuf rliifrs akc mftwffk hiuf rliifrs akc tnf hiuf cujt snaii mf sabfhuarcfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. >.6.:
Blic`kh args
Snf mftwffk blic`kh args sabfhuarcfc tnf usf lb hatfs bfkjf-typf fkjilsurfs w`tn nazarclus `ktfriljd`kharfa ajjfss hatfstnf `k twl ajjlrca ajjlrcakjf kjf w`tnsnaii @ZLmf 1=23:-1. Xnfkmy `ktfriljd`kh arf `k ak lp lpfk fk pls`t`lk, blic`kh args snaii mf aiilwfc tl glvf lkiy ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 `b aii nazarc pl`kts akc nazarc zlkfs jak mf lmsfrvfc. Snf jlktrli systfg lb tnf nlic-tl-ruk cfv`jf snaii jlgpiy w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. >.6.3
Ulwfr-cr`vfk snabts
Ulwfr-cr`vfk snabts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
>.2
Sap`kh uk`t
Snf gajn`kf snaii mf cfs`hkfc sujn tnat jnakh`kh akc tnrfac`kh lb tnf acnfs`vf tapf snaii tadf piajf luts`cf nazarc zlkfs.
>.8 >.8.1
Zt`tjn`kh uk`t Nazarc pl`kts mftwffk uppfr akc ilwfr tlli
Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk tnf uppfr akc tnf ilwfr tlli snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my a jlgm`kat`lk lb b`xfc akc `ktfriljd`kh huarcs lr my ltnfr gfasurfs sabfhuarc`kh nazarc zlkfs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. >.8.=
Sravfi lb tnf st`tjn`kh uk`t
Sravfi lb tnf st`tjn`kh uk`t snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs?
a nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-14 sabfhuarc`kh tnf nazarc zlkf `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 `k tnf jasf lb autlgat`j travfi. >.8.:
Jnakh`kh akc tnrfac`kh st`tjn`kh gatfr`ai
Snf gajn`kf snaii mf cfs`hkfc sujn tnat jnakh`kh akc tnrfac`kh lb tnf st`tjn`kh gatfr`ai snaii tadf piajf luts`cf nazarc zlkfs. >.8.3
Ulwfr-cr`vfk snabts
Ulwfr-cr`vfk snabts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. >.8.6
Cfi`vfry uk`t
Snf cfi`vfry uk`t snaii mf huarcfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
e e , e , , e , e
:8
, e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e ,
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
0
Autlgat`j biatmfc c`f-jutt`kh gajn`kfs
0.1
Fkt`rf gajn`kf
0.1.1
Slli
Snf glvamif part lb tnf tlli (blr fxagpif ilwfr part lb tnf c`f-jutt`kh uk`t lr mrfad`kh tlli) snaii klt mf aiilwfc tl jnakhf `ts pls`t`lk wn`if a huarc `s lpfk blr fxagpif, my a klk-plwfrfc glvfgfkt lr hrav`ty baii`kh. Sn`s `s ajn`fvfc lk pkfugat`j akc nycraui`j jyi`kcfrs my jlktrliifc sabfty-ratfc jnfjd vaivfs. 0.1.=
Autlgat`j c`f-jutt`kh cfv`jfs
Autlgat`j c`f-jutt`kh cfv`jfs, `k wn`jn tnf blrg iljd`kh mftwffk cr`vf wlrg akc biywnffi cr`vf `s c`sjlkkfjtfc `k jasf lb gatfr`ai oags, snaii mf prlv`cfc w`tn acfquatf sabfty prlv`s`lks. e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
KLSF 1
Acfquatf sabfty prlv`s`lks `kjiucf?
mradfs4 gfjnak`jai, pkfugat`j lr nycraui`j sabfty mlits.
Ba`iurf lb tnf biywnffi jlupi`kh snaii klt rfsuit `k nazarclus glvfgfkts. Sn`s jak mf avl`cfc my autlgat`j gfjnak`jai iljd`kh lb tnf hr`ppfr mars `k jlgpi`akjf w`tn UIr j lb @ZL 1:>30-1 lr Z@I 1lb @FJ 2=521. KLSF = Ak fxagpif lb tn`s `s tnf usf lb a hr hr`ppfr `ppfr jna`k ilj iljd d tl prfvfkt glvfgfkt glvfgfkt lb tnf hr`ppfr jna jna`k `k cuf tl a gfjnak`jai ba`iurf lb a biywnffi lr ltnfr jlgplkfkt w`tn`k tnf cr`vf systfg tnat jluic rfsuit `k ukfxpfjtfc glvfgfkt lb tnf hr`ppfr jna`k.
Ak auc`mif wark`kh systfg snaii mf prlv`cfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Blr rfbfrfkjf lk `kstrujt`lks tl mf h`vfk `k tnf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld, sff 1:.1.15. 1:.1.15. A typ`jai fxagpif lb ak autlgat`j biatmfc c`f-jutt`kh gajn`kf `s h`vfk `k B`hurf B`hur f =3.
Dfy 1
bffcfr
=
pukjn`kh sfjt`lk
:
mrfad`kh sfjt`lk
3
miakd sfparat`kh sfjt`lk, cfi`vfry
6
tr`gg`kh lb hr`ppfr fchf, cfi`vfry
B`hurf =3 – Autlgat`j biatmfc c`f-jutt`kh gajn`kf
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
0.1.:
Fgfrhfkjy stlp cfv`jfs
Fgfrhfkjy stlp cfv`jfs snaii mf prlv`cfc lk fajn lpfratlr pakfi.
0.=
Bffcfr
0.=.1
]fs`cuai-p`if glk`tlr`kh lk bffcfr
Xnfk tnf rfs`cuai-p`if glk`tlr`kh cfv`jf `s ajtuatfc, tnf nazarclus glvfgfkt lb tnf bffcfr snaii mf stlppfc. 0.=.=
Jrusn`kh nazarcs
Jrusn`kh nazarcs fx`st`kh mftwffk tnf glv`kh brlkt lr s`cf iays akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my huarcs. 0.=.:
Bffc`kh rliifrs
Snf nazarcs lk tnf bffc`kh rliifrs snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs. As ak fxjfpt`lk tl tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1:>68, `b bffc lpfk`khs `k b`xfc huarcs arf :5 gg lr ifss, a sabfty c`stakjf lb at ifast =55 gg `s aiilwfc. Ltnfrw`sf, a sabfty c`stakjf lb >65 gg `s rfqu`rfc.
0.:
Uukjn`kh sfjt`lk
0.:.1
Nazarc pl`kts mftwffk snfft bffc`kh hr`ppfrs akc bffc`kh tamif
Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk snfft bffc`kh hr`ppfrs akc bffc`kh tamif snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Snf sabfty c`stakjf `k rfiat`lk tl tnf w`ctn lb tnf bffc`kh apfrturf snaii jlgpiy w`tn @ZL 1:>68. 0.:.=
Nazarc pl`kts mftwffk uppfr akc ilwfr c`f
Snf nazarc pl`kts mftwffk uppfr akc ilwfr c`f snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my a jlgm`kat`lk lb b`xfc akc `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Blr c`f jnakh`kh, `ktfriljd`kh huarcs snaii mf `ktfriljdfc w`tn tnf nazarclus glvfgfkt.
0.:.:
C`f-jutt`kh tllis
Xnfk jnakh`kh c`f-jutt`kh tllis, tnf bliilw`kh prlv`s`lks arf rfqu`rfc? a)
tnf c`f-jutt`kh tlli (blrgfs akc jnasfs) snaii mf japamif lb mf`kh glvfc `k akc lut lb tnf c`f-jutt`kh sfjt`lk my gfaks lb n`khfc supplrt`kh args4
m)
tnf supplrt`kh args snaii mf cf cfs`hkfc s`hkfc sl tnat tnfy aiilw tnf tlli tl mf i`btfc akc put clwk my gfaks lb nl`sts, blrd trujds lr aky spfj`ai cfv`jf4
j)
b`tt`khs snaii mf prlv`cfc tnat sfjurf tnf tlli aha`kst hrav`ty baiis cur`kh rfglvai.
Ulwfrfc glvfgfkt `k akc lut lb tnf c`f-jutt`kh sfjt`lk snaii mf plss`mif lkiy ukcfr nlic-tl-ruk jlktrli `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Xnfk prfpar`kh c`f-jutt`kh tllis, lkf lr mltn lb tnf bliilw`kh prlv`s`lks arf rfqu`rfc? lk k tnf supplrt`kh args blr turk`kh tnf uppfr akc tnf ilwfr tlli w`tn kl hrfat fbblrt4 a cfv`jf l
a sfparatf prfparat`lk tamif luts`cf tnf tnf autlgat`j c`f-jutt`kh gajn`kf.
:0
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
0.3 0.3.1
Ztr`pp`kh sfjt`lk Arfa mfilw str`pp`kh sfjt`lk
Xnfk tnf arfa mfilw tnf str`pp`kh sfjt`lk jakklt mf lmsfrvfc brlg pls`t`lks brlg wn`jn nazarclus glvfgfkts jak mf startfc, tnf rfqu`rfgfkts blr ltnfr sabfhuarc`kh gfasurfs cfb`kfc `k @ZL 1=23:-1 snaii mf gft. 0.3.=
Xastf c`sjnarhf
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps lk tnf wastf c`sjnarhf jlkvfylr mfits snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs. Nazarc pl`kts `ks`cf tnf gajn`kf snaii klt mf ajjfss`mif brlg tnf jlkvfylr mfit. Zabfhuarc`kh jak mf ajn`fvfc my prlv`c`kh huarcs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. Xastf fxnaust baks, nlsfs akc p`pfs snaii gfft tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1.
0.6
Miakd sfparat`kh sfjt`lk, miakd cfi`vfry
Snf nazarc pl`kts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs lr FZUCs. Xnfrf ajjfss tl tnf nazarc zlkf `s rfqu`rfc, arfa sabfhuarc`kh us`kh bfkjf-typf fkjilsurfs lr FZUCs `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1 snaii mf prlv`cfc. Nazarc pl`kts lk tnf cfi`vfry snaii mf sabfhuarcfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
0.2
Sr`gg`kh akc cfi`vfry lb hr`ppfr fchf
Snf nazarc pl`kts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my huarcs `ktfriljdfc w`tn tnf nazarclus glvfgfkt. Snf wastf jliifjt`kh m`k jak mf part lb tn`s huarc`kh cfv`jf. Xnfrf tnf m`k `s rfglvfc blr fgpty`kh akc nazarc pl`kts jak mf ajjfssfc, tnf m`k snaii mf `ktfriljdfc w`tn tnf nazarclus glvfgfkt.
15 ]liifr prfss c`f-juttfrs ]liifr prfss c`f-juttfrs snaii gfft tnf huarc`kh rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. A tr`p mar snaii mf prlv`cfc at tnf fktrakjf tl akc fx`t brlg tnf pl`kt lb lpfrat`lk tl huarc aha`kst ajjfss tl tnf k`p jrfatfc mftwffk tnf rliifr akc tnf c`f.
11 Sumf w`kc`kh gajn`kfs 11.1 Uiy rffis ]ffis lb tnf piy gatfr`ai snaii mf sabfiy supplrtfc blr ukw`kc`kh. Blr lvfrnukh (jakt`ifvfrfc) piy rffis, tn`s rfqu`rfgfkt `s gft wnfk gfjnak`jai cfv`jfs (f.h. spi`t p`ks) prfvfkt tnf rffi brlg baii`kh.
11.= @k-rukk`kh k`ps lk snabt mfar`khs Lk ukw`kcs us`kh `ksfrtamif ukw`kc`kh snabts, tnf snabt mfar`khs snaii mf cfs`hkfc sl tnat `k-rukk`kh k`ps arf avl`cfc. Ltnfrw`sf, sabfhuarc`kh `s rfqu`rfc my `ktfriljd`kh huarcs.
11.: @k-rukk`kh k`p mftwffk w`kc`kh mfit akc w`kc`kh gatfr`ai gatfr`ai Snf `k-rukk`kh k`p mftwffk w`kc`kh mfit akc w`kc`kh gakcrfi (sff B`hurf =6, `tfg =, akc B`hurf =2, `tfg =), snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc akc `ktfriljd`kh huarcs.
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
Dfy 1
w`kc`kh gakcrfi
3
w`kc`kh mfit
= :
`k-rukk`kh k`p mfit cr`vf snabt (cr`vf crug)
6
tumf
B`hurf =6 – X`kc`kh mfit `k-rukk`kh k`p lk tumf w`kc`kh gajn`kf (v`fw lb cr`vf crugs)
Dfy 1 = : 3
w`kc`kh gakcrfi `k-rukk`kh k`p mfit cr`vf snabt (cr`vf crug) w`kc`kh mfit
B`hurf =2 – X`kc`kh mfit `k-rukk`kh k`p lk tumf w`kc`kh gajn`kf (v`fw lb w`kc`kh gakcrfi) --ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
31
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
Blr gajn`kfs tnat rfqu`rf tnat tnf papfr mf nfic akc prfssfc lktl tnf w`kc`kh gakcrfi w`tn twl nakcs, wn`if tnf huarc `s `k tnf lpfk pls`t`lk blr tnrfac`kh tnf piy, tnf prlcujt`lk spffc snaii mf i`g`tfc tl 6 g/g`k. @b tnf huarc clfs klt jilsf w`tn`k 25 s, tnf gajn`kf snaii stlp. A Ak k acc`t`lkai fgfrhfkjy stlp cfv`jf snaii mf prlv`cfc `k tnf v`j`k`ty tnat jak mf ajtuatfc my slgf part lb tnf mlcy ltnfr tnak tnf nakc (f.h. dkff lr mfiiy). Ajtuat`lk lb tnf fg fgfrhfkjy frhfkjy stlp cfv`jf snaii `ggfc`atfiy rfifasf tnf w`kc`kh mfit tfks`lk akc tnus fi`g`katf tnf `k-rukk`kh k`p.
11.3 @k-rukk`kh k`ps Huarcs prltfjt`kh `k-rukk`kh k`ps snaii mf su`tamif blr aii w`kc`kh paragftfrs, `kjiuc`kh tumf c`agftfr, w`kc`kh c`agftfr, w`kc`kh akhif, piy w`ctns, kugmfr lb pi`fs, w`ctn lb w`kc`kh mfit, ftj. KLSF
Zabfhuarc`kh lb tn`s typf lb `k-rukk`kh k`p jak mf ajn`fvfc my prlv`c`kh acoustamif-typf huarcs.
11.6 @k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk mftwffk hiuf rliifrs rliifrs Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk hiuf rliifrs snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my huarcs lr ltnfr gfaks `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
11.2 Sumf jutt`kh akc saw`kh sfjt`lk sfjt`lk Snf nazarc pl`kts lk tnf tumf jutt`kh akc saw`kh sfjt`lk snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my `ktfriljd`kh huarcs. Zujn huarcs gay mf cfs`hkfc as tukkfi-typf huarcs akc snaii navf g`k`gug sabfty c`stakjfs lb >65 gg lk tnf bffc`kh akc tnf cfi`vfry s`cfs.
11.8 Sumf traksbfr Snf nazarc zlkf fx`st`kh cur`kh tumf traksbfr mftwffk traksplrt fifgfkts akc b`xfc gajn`kf parts snaii mf sabfhuarcfc. KLSF
Zabfhuarc`kh lb tn`s nazarc zlkf jak mf ajn`fvfc my prlv`c`kh tukkfi-typf huarcs.
1= Gajn`kfry blr tnf prlcujt`lk lb fkvfilpfs 1=.1 Ur`kt`kh uk`t huarc`kh Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps lb tnf pr`kt`kh uk`t snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my ak `ktfriljd`kh huarc gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Abtfr lpfk`kh tnf `ktfriljd`kh huarc, tnf pr`kt`kh jyi`kcfr lr `gprfss`lk jyi`kcfr snaii lkiy mf aiilwfc tl jlkt`kuf rukk`kh `b aii tnf bliilw`kh rfqu`rfgfkts arf gft. a)
Snf `k-rukk`kh k`p mftwffk tnf pr`kt`kh jyi`kcfr akc `gprfss`lk snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my a b`xfc huarc gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1.
m)
Snf lpfk`khs prlv`cfc lk mltn s`cfs lb tnf tnf huarc blr `ktrlcuj`kh tnf hauhf tl gfasurf tnf c`stakjf mftwffk tnf `gprfss`lk jyi`kcfr akc tnf pr`kt`kh jyi`kcfr snaii navf a gax`gug w`ctn lb :: gg akc a gax`gug nf`hnt lb =5 gg.
KLSF 1 Snf huarc lpfk`kh `s rfqu`rfc w wnfk nfk `ktrlcuj`kh a hauhf wn`if tnf gajn` gajn`kf kf `s at a stakcst`ii `k lrcfr tl sft tnf c`stakjf prfj`sfiy mftwffk tnf pr`kt`kh jyi`kcfr akc tnf `gprfss`lk jyi`kcfr.
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
j)
A wark`kh s`hk snaii mf prlv`cfc `ks`cf tnf `ktfriljd`kh huarc kfar tnf nazarc.
c)
Snf spffc snaii mf rfstr`jtfc tl 6 g/g`k.
KLSF = ]liifrs/jyi`kcfrs kffc tl jlkt`kuf rukk`kh abtfr tnf `ktfriljd`kh huarc nas mffk lpfkfc `k lrcfr tl prfvfkt tnf `kd brlg cry`kh lk tnf rliifrs.
1=.= Ilkh`tuc`kai akc jrlss-sjlr`kh sfjt`lk Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps akc jutt`kh pl`kts `k tnf jrlss-sjlr`kh sfjt`lk snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Snf rltary dk`vfs blr ilkh`tuc`kai sjlr`kh snaii mf sabfhuarcfc `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
1=.: Blrg jutt`kh sfjt`lk sfjt`lk Snf nazarc zlkfs lb tnf dk`bf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Bffc akc cfi`vfry c fi`vfry apfrturfs snaii mf cfs`hkfc tl ga`kta`k tnf sabft sabfty y c`stakjfs cfb`kfc `k @ZL 1:>68.
1=.3 Cr`vfk hu`cf rliifrs 1=.3.1 Huarc`kh `k-rukk`kh k`ps @k-rukk`kh k`ps lb hu`cf rliifrs snaii mf prltfjtfc my b`xfc huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Lk hu`cf rliifrs wnfrf tnf papfr hu`cf ra`is rfajn brlg tnf bffc`kh pl`kt tl tnf cfi`vfry pl`kt, tnf nf`hnt lb tnf apfrturf lk tnf `k-rukk`kh s`cf snaii klt fxjffc 15 gg, akc tnf sabfty c`stakjf snaii mf at ifast 16 gg. Blr trlumifsnllt`kh, `t snaii mf plss`mif tl rfglvf tnf papfr hu`cf ra`is w`tnlut c`sgakti`kh tnf huarc. 1=.3.= Cfi`vfry s`cf huarcs Lk tnf cfi`vfry s`cf, tnf huarc snaii rfajn clwk tl at ifast naib tnf nf`hnt lb tnf hu`cf rliifr w`tnlut jrfat`kh kfw `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk tnf huarc akc tnf hu`cf rliifr. KLSF
Sn`s rfqu`rfgfkt aiilws blr tnf rfglvai lb papfr `b tnf blrgat s`zf jnakhfs lr tnf wfm mrfads.
1=.6 X`kclw jutt`kh jutt`kh sfjt`lk sfjt`lk Snf nazarc zlkf lb tnf dk`bf `k tnf w`kclw jutt`kh sfjt`lk snaii mf prltfjtfc my ak `ktfriljd`kh huarc gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Apfrturfs lk tnf bffc`kh akc tnf cfi`vfry s`cfs snaii mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1:>68.
1=.2 X`kclw gatfr`ai gatfr`ai jlkvfy`kh sfj sfjt`lk t`lk w`tn ukw`kc`kh uk`t 1=.2.1 Huarc`kh `k-rukk`kh k`ps @k-rukk`kh k`ps snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Xnfk cfs`hk`kh bffc akc cfi`vfry lpfk`khs blr tnf gatfr`ai, a sabfty c`stakjf `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1:>68 snaii mf ga`kta`kfc. Snf `k-rukk`kh k`p mftwffk tnf ukw`kc`kh snabt akc tnf snabt mfar`kh snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my ak `ktfriljd`kh huarc gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1.
3:
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
1=.2.= Vkw`kc`kh rliifr Snf ukw`kc`kh rliifr snaii mf cfs`hkfc as a sglltn-surbajf rliifr sl tnat tnfrf `s kl r`sd lb trapp`kh lr fktakhifgfkt. 1=.2.: Huarc`kh nazarc zlkfs lb s spi`jfr pi`jfr dk`bf Snf jutt`kh akc jrusn`khlbzlkfs lb tnf spi`jfr dk`bf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts @ZL 1=23:-1.
1=.8 Zjrapfr hiu`kh uk`t 1=.8.1 Huarc`kh `k-rukk`kh k`ps Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk tnf rliifrs lb tnf hiu`kh uk`t snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. 1=.8.= I`bt`kh hiu`kh uk`ts Hiu`kh uk`ts tnat jak mf i`btfc snaii mf sfjurfc sabfiy `k tnf i`btfc pls`t`lk my a sfib-iljd`kh cfv`jf. Snf i`bt`kh gfaks snaii mf `ktfriljdfc w`tn tnf gajn`kf cr`vf. KLSF
Fxagpifs lb iljd`kh cfv`jfs `kjiucf iatjnfs lr sfib-iljd`kh sp`kcifs.
1=.> Zfparat`kh jutt`kh sfjt`lk sfjt`lk 1=.>.1 Dk`vfs Snf nazarc zlkfs lb tnf dk`vfs snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. 1=.>.= Zfhgfkt rliifr Snf sfhgfkt rliifr snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. 1=.>.: Bffc`kh akc akc cfi`vfry apfrturfs Snf bffc`kh apfrturf snaii mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs cfb`kfc `k @ZL 1:>68. Xnfrf tnf cfi`vfry apfrturf lk tnf sfhgfkt rliifr jakklt mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1:>68 cuf tl tnf prlv`s`lk lb sumsfqufkt gajn`kf parts rfqu`rfc blr rfi`amif papfr traksplrt, tnf lpfk`kh snaii mf as sgaii as plss`mif akc tnf sabfty c`stakjf snaii mf as hrfat as tfjnk`jaiiy bfas`mif. KLSF
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
C`rfjt ajjfss `s hfkfraiiy prfvfktfc my tnf sumsfqufkt gajn`kf parts.
1=.0 Mlttlg biap blic`kh sfjt`lk 1=.0.1 Huarc`kh `k-rukk`kh k`p Snf `k-rukk`kh k`p mftwffk tnf mlttlg biap blic`kh rliifrs snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
1=.0.= Bffc`kh akc cfi`vfry apfrturfs Snf bffc`kh apfrturf snaii mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs cfb`kfc `k @ZL 1:>68. Xnfrf tnf bffc`kh apfrturf jakklt mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs lb @ZL 1:>68, tnf apfrturf snaii mf as sgaii as plss`mif akc tnf sabfty c`stakjf snaii mf as hrfat as tfjnk`jaiiy bfas`mif. Snf cfi`vfry apfrturf snaii mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs cfb`kfc `k @ZL 1:>68.
1=.15 Sraksplrt rliis @k-rukk`kh k`ps lb tnf traksplrt rliis snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Xnfrf tnf c`agftfr lb tnf traksplrt rliis `s 35 gg lr ifss, tnf `k-rukk`kh k`p `s acfquatfiy sabfhuarcfc `b tnf rliis jak mf sfparatfc at ifast =6 gg my a blrjf lb 85 K.
1=.11 Ztahhfr`kh wnffi 1=.11.1 Huarc`kh stahhfr`kh wnffi nazarcs
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
Snf nazarc zlkfs mftwffk tnf stahhfr`kh wnffi akc parts lb tnf gajn`kf snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Xnfrf haps arf prlv`cfc mftwffk `kc`v`cuai stahhfr`kh wnffis, tnf lutfr surbajfs lb tnf stahhfr`kh wnffis snaii mf sglltn. KLSF
Ztahhfr`kh wnffis arf usfc blr stahhfr`kh (sfparat`kh) tnf fkvfilpfs.
1=.11.= Huarc`kh `k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk papfr hu`cf supplrts akc stahhfr`kh wnffi @k-rukk`kh k`ps mftwffk tnf papfr hu`cf supplrts akc tnf stahhfr`kh wnffi snaii mf avl`cfc my prlv`c`kh a g`k`gug c`stakjf lb =6 gg. Xnfrf tn`s `s klt plss`mif, a tr`p mar as cfb`kfc `k @ZL 1=23:-1 snaii mf pls`t`lkfc sl tnat tnf mar `s tr`ppfc as sllk as a b`khfr `s crawk `k mftwffk tnf papfr hu`cf supplrts akc tnf stahhfr`kh wnffi.
1=.1= ]liifr hiu`kh uk`t 1=.1=.1 Huarc`kh `k-rukk`kh k`ps Snf `k-rukk`kh k`p mftwffk tnf cls`kh rliifr akc cujtlr rliifr (sff B`hurf =8) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Xnfrf sjrapfrs arf usfc `kstfac lb cls`kh rliifrs, tnf craw`kh-`k nazarc mftwffk tnf sjrapfr akc cujtlr rliifr gay mf fi`g`katfc my arrakh`kh tnf sjrapfr sl tnat `t `s jilsf tl 05µ tl tnf cujtlr rliifr surbajf akc tnf sjrapfr `s kfvfr glrf tnak 3 gg brlg tnf cujtlr rliifr, fvfk wnfk tnf sjrapfr `s c`sfkhahfc (sff B`hurf =8 akc B`hurf =>) snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. 1=.1=.= Bffc`kh apfrturf Snf bffc`kh apfrturf snaii mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1:>68. Xnfrf tnf bffc`kh apfrturf jakklt mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs lb @ZL 1:>68, tnf apfrturf snaii mf as sgaii as plss`mif akc tnf sabfty c`stakjf snaii mf as hrfat as tfjnk`jaiiy bfas`mif. KLSF
C`rfjt ajjfss tl tnf `k-rukk`kh k`p `s prfvfktfc my tnf stahhfr`kh wnffi iljatfc c`rfjtiy `k brlkt lb tnf uk`t.
36
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
Dfy 1
cls`kh rliifr
=
cujtlr rliifr
: 3
appi`jatlr `k-rukk`kh k`p
e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
B`hurf =8 – ]liifr hiu`kh uk`t w`tn cls`kh rliifr
Dfy 1
sjrapfr
=
cujtlr rliifr
:
appi`jatlr
3
`k-rukk`kh k`p
B`hurf => – ]liifr hiu`kh uk`t w`tn sjrapfr lk tnf cujtlr rliifr
1=.1=.: ]liifr glvfgfkt abtfr ajtuat`lk lb a stlp Lpfk`kh ak `ktfriljd`kh huarc lr ajtuat`lk lb ak fgfrhfkjy stlp cfv`jf snaii klt ifac tl stlpp`kh lb tnf cls`kh rliifr akc tnf cujtlr rliifr `b aii tnf nazarc zlkfs arf sabfhuarcfc. KLSF
Snf cls`kh rliifr akc cujtlr rliifr arf rfqu`rfc tl jlkt`kuf rukk`kh `k lrcfr tl prfvfkt cry`kh lut lb tnf hiuf.
Blr rfbfrfkjf lk `kstrujt`lks tl mf h`vfk `k tnf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld, sff 1:.=.:. 1:.=.:.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
1=.1: Nlt a`r cryfrs 1=.1:.1 Huarc`kh `k-rukk`kh k`ps @k-rukk`kh k`ps lb mfits snaii mf sabfhuarc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. Ulwfr-lpfratfc t`it`kh klzzifs Lk plwfr-lpfratfc t`it`kh klzzifs, tnf jrusn`kh zlkfs snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. 1=.1:.= Nlt gajn`kf parts Xnfrf ajjfss tl nlt gajn`kf parts `s plss`mif, tnf surbajf tfgpfraturf lb tnf nlt gajn`kf parts snaii klt fxjffc tnf i`g`t vaiufs as spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1:8:=-1. @b tnf surbajf tfgpfraturf lb tnf nlt gajn`kf parts part s fxjffcs tnf i`g`t vaiufs spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1:8:=-1, jlktajt w`tn tnf nlt gajn`kf parts snaii mf prfvfktfc my huarc`kh. KLSF
Gfaks lb sabfhuarc`kh aha`kst jlktajt w`tn nfatfc parts `kjiucf tnf usf lb `ksuiat`lk lr c`stakjf huarc`kh.
1=.13 Zfparat`lk rliifr mfblrf ai`hkfr sfjt`lk sfjt`lk 1=.13.1 Huarc`kh `k-rukk`kh k`p Snf `k-rukk`kh k`p snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. 1=.13.= Bffc`kh apfrturf Snf bffc`kh apfrturf snaii mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1:>68. Xnfrf tnf bffc`kh apfrturf jakklt mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs lb @ZL 1:>68, tnf apfrturf snaii mf as sgaii as plss`mif akc tnf sabfty c`stakjf snaii mf as hrfat as tfjnk`jaiiy bfas`mif. KLSF
C`rfjt ajjfss tl tnf bffc`kh apfrturf `s hfkfraiiy prfvfktfc my prfjfc`kh parts.
1=.16 Ai`hkfr sfjt`lk Snf `k-rukk`kh k`ps snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1.
1=.12 Zfai biap blic`kh sfjt`lk sfjt`lk 1=.12.1 Huarc`kh zlkf mftwffk sfai biap blic`kh rliifrs e e , e , , e , e , e , e e e e e , , e e , , , e , , e , e e , , e , , e , e , , e -
Snf nazarc zlkf mftwffk tnf twl sfai biap blic`kh rliifrs snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my b`xfc lr `ktfriljd`kh huarcs gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1. 1=.12.= Bffc`kh apfrturf Snf bffc`kh apfrturf snaii mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs spfj`b`fc `k @ZL 1:>68. Xnfrf tnf bffc`kh apfrturf jakklt mf cfs`hkfc tl jlgpiy w`tn tnf sabfty c`stakjfs lb @ZL 1:>68, tnf apfrturf snaii mf as sgaii as plss`mif akc tnf sabfty c`stakjf snaii mf as hrfat as tfjnk`jaiiy bfas`mif. KLSF
C`rfjt ajjfss tl tnf bffc`kh apfrturf `s hfkfraiiy prfvfktfc my bliilw`kh gajn`kf fifgfkts (traksplrt rliis).
38
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
1=.18 Zfparat`kh c`sj cfi`vfry Snf `k-rukk`kh k`p mftwffk tnf sfparat`kh c`sj akc tnf rliifr iljatfc `k brlkt lb tnf c`sj snaii mf sabfhuarcfc my lkf lb tnf bliilw`kh gfasurfs. a)
B`xfc s`cf hu`cfs snaii jlvfr tnf `k-rukk`kh k`ps sl as tl prfvfkt ajjfss my tnf b`khfrs. @k acc`t`lk, b`xfc huarcs snaii mf prlv`cfc lk tnf twl lutfr sfparat`kh c`sjs `k lrcfr tl prfvfkt uk`ktfkt`lkai ajjfss tl tnf c`sjs brlg tnf s`cfs. KLSF 1
m)
Snf iaylut lb tnf sfparat`kh c`sjs hfkfraiiy prfvfkts aky uk`ktfkt`lkai a ajjfss jjfss tl `k-rukk`kh k`ps.
Ak `ktfriljd`kh huarc gfft`kh tnf rfqu`rfgfkts lb @ZL 1=23:-1 snaii jlvfr tnf sfparat`kh c`sj w`tn w`tn a cfi`vfry lpfk`kh lb tnf gax`gug w`ctn rfqu`rfc blr prljfss`kh tnf iarhfst blrgat s`zf. Snf nf`hnt lb tnf cfi`vfry lpfk`kh snaii klt fxjffc ==5 gg. Snf sabfty c`stakjf mftwffk tnf cfi`vfry lpfk`kh akc tnf sfparat`kh c`sj snaii mf at ifast 665 gg.
Snf nazarc zlkf mftwffk tnf sfparat`kh c`sjs akc tnf cfi`vfry tamif snaii mf sabfhuarcfc. KLSF =
Zabfhuarc`kh jak mf prlv`cfc, blr fxagpif, my
g`k`gug sabfty c`stakjf lb =6 gg mftwffk tnf twl parts, lr a g`k`gug
a biap n`khfc tl tnf tamif lb at ifast =6 gg `k w`ctn h`v`kh h`v`kh way `k a clw clwkwarc kwarc c`rfjt`lk wnfk blrjfs lb glrf tnak 65 K arf appi`fc.
1=.1> Ztart`kh tnf gajn`kf w`tn `ktfriljd`kh huarcs lpfk 1=.1>.1 Nlic-tl-ruk spffc hrfatfr tnak 15 g/g`k Ztart`kh tnf gajn`kf w`tn tnf `ktfriljd`kh huarcs `k tnf lpfk pls`t`lk akc w`tn a nlic-tl-ruk spffc hrfatfr tnak 15 g/g`k snaii mf pfrg`ttfc lkiy my gfaks lb a twl-nakc jlktrli, akc lkiy `b aii tnf bliilw`kh prlv`s`lks arf gft?
tnf huarcs `k aii zlkfs klt rfac`iy v`s`mif tl tnf lpfratlr brlg tnf lpfrat`kh pls`t`lk snaii mf jilsfc4 prlv`cfc4 a sfifjtlr sw`tjn blr tn`s d`kc lb lpfrat`lk snaii mf prlv`cfc4
tnf nlic-tl-ruk spffc snaii mf tnf silwfst silwfst spffc plss`mif ukcfr prljfcurai rfqu`rfgfkts. 1=.1>.= Ztart-up wark`kh cfv`jf Fkvfilpf gajn`kfs snaii mf prlv`cfc w`tn ak auc`mif wark`kh systfg `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1. 1=.1>.: Kl`sf rfcujt`lk Kl`sf rfcujt`lk gfasurfs snaii mf prlv`cfc lk tnf gajn`kf, part`juiariy lk tnf blic`kh sfjt`lks, `k ajjlrcakjf w`tn @ZL 1=23:-1.
1: @kstrujt`lk nakcmlld 1:.1 Jlrruhatfc mlarc mlarc gajn`kfry 1:.1.1 Snrfac`kh papfr wfm Snf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld snaii h`vf cfta`ifc cfsjr`pt`lks blr tnrfac`kh tnf papfr wfm lk spi`jfrs akc tnf nfat`kh sfjt`lk.
--ee,e,,e,e,e,eeeee,,ee,,,e,,e,-e-e,,e,,e,e,,e---
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
1:.1.= ]fs`cuai r`sds rfiat`kh tl nlt parts Xnfrf huarcs lr marr`frs prfvfkt`kh jlktajt w`tn nlt gajn`kf parts jakklt mf prlv`cfc blr bukjt`lkai rfaslks, tnf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld snaii cfsjr`mf tnf rfs`cuai r`sd. 1:.1.: Nfar`kh prltfjt`lk Snf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld snaii spfj`by tnat far prltfjt`lk snaii mf usfc wnfk fktfr`kh tnf kl`sf fkjilsurf lb a gajn`kf. 1:.1.3 Sumfs usfc blr gatfr`ai rffis Snf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld snaii spfj`by tnat lkiy s`khif-p`fjf tumfs arf aiilwfc tl mf usfc blr gatfr`ai rffis `k tnf rffi stakcs. 1:.1.6 ]fs`cuai r`sds lk jlkvfylr mfits Xnfrf jlkvfylr mfits lb tnf stajd`kh cfv`jfs jak mf waidfc lk, wark`kh lb tnf rfs`cuai r`sd lb tr`pp`kh snaii mf prlv`cfc `k tnf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld. 1:.1.2 Xark`kh blr nlt surbajfs A wark`kh amlut tnf plss`m`i`ty lb nlt surbajfs snaii mf jlkta`kfc `k tnf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld. nakcmlld . 1:.1.8 @kstrujt`lk blr usf lb pfrslkai prltfjt`lk fqu`pgfkt wnfk jnakh`kh dk`vfs
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
Snf prlpfr usf lb pfrslkai prltfjt`lk fqu`pgfkt wnfk jnakh`kh dk`vfs snaii mf cfsjr`mfc `k tnf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld. F^AGUIF
Jut-rfs`stakt hilvfs.
1:.1.> @kstrujt`lks blr gfjnak`jai cfv`jf lk clwkstajdfrs akc upstajdfrs Snf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld snaii cfsjr`mf gftnlcs lb appiy`kh tnf gfjnak`jai cfv`jf cur`kh ga`ktfkakjf lpfrat`lks as a stamif gfaks tl fksurf tnat tnf ilwfr`kh lb tnf p`if jarr`fr piatf `s prfvfktfc. @t snaii aisl `kc`jatf tnat appi`jat`lk lb tnf cfv`jf snaii ljjur `b tnf p`if jarr`fr piatf nas mffk ilwfrfc clwk tl a gax`gug c`stakjf lb 155 gg amlvf tnf gfjnak`jai cfv`jf. 1:.1.0 @k-i`kf gajn`kfs Snf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld snaii statf tnat, mfblrf glv`kh tnf uk`ts tlhftnfr, tnf lpfratlr snaii gadf surf tnat tnfrf `s kl pfrslk prfsfkt mftwffk tnf uk`ts. Snf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld snaii statf tnat, wnfk jnakh`kh pr`kt`kh piatfs, tnf hap mftwffk tnf `kd rliifr akc tnf jyi`kcfr snaii mf acfquatf, as cftfrg`kfc my r`sd assfssgfkt, sl as klt tl jrfatf a craw`kh-`k nazarc. 1:.1.15 Autlgat`j c`f-jutt`kh gajn`kfs Snf auc`mif wark`kh cfv`jf snaii mf cfsjr`mfc `k tnf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld. @t snaii `kc`jatf tnat, wnfk tnf auc`mif wark`kh slukcs, kl gakuai `ktfrvfkt`lk lk lr `k tnf gajn`kf `s aiilwfc tl tadf piajf.
1:.= Gajn`kfs blr tnf prlcujt`lk lb fkvfilpfs fkvfilpfs 1:.=.1 Hfkfrai Snf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld snaii jlkta`k a wark`kh amlut rfs`cuai r`sds.
30
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
1:.=.= ]fs`cuai r`sds mftwffk stahhfr`kh wnffis Snf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld snaii jlkta`k a wark`kh amlut rfs`cuai r`sds mftwffk stahhfr`kh wnffis `k tnf v`j`k`ty lb papfr hu`cfs `b lpfratlr `ktfrvfkt`lk `s rfqu`rfc wnfk start`kh tnf gajn`kf. 1:.=.: Cls`kh akc cujtlr rliifrs Snf `kstrujt`lk nakcmlld snaii `kc`jatf tnat, tnat tnf akcakc cujtlr rliifrs jlkt`kuf ruk mf abtfr fgfrhfkjy stlpp`kh. @t snaii jlkta`k ak `kstrujt`lk blr cls`kh `kspfjt`lk rfpa`r, tnfw`ii ga`k sw`tjntlsnaii c`sjlkkfjtfc akc snaii mf sfjurfc aha`kst rfsftt`kh.
© @ZL =515 ‚ Aii r`hnts rfsfrvfc
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
M`mi`lhrapny
T1W
@ZL 1=23:-=, Hrapn`j tfjnklilhy – Zabfty rfqu`rfgfkts blr hrapn`j tfjnklilhy fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs – Uart =? Urfprfss akc prfss fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs systfgs
T=W
@ZL 1=23:-:, Hrapn`j tfjnklilhy – Zabfty rfqu`rfgfkts blr hrapn`j tfjnklilhy fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs – Uart :? M`kc`kh akc b`k`sn`kh fqu`pgfkt akc systfgs systfgs
T:W
@ZL 1=23:-6, Hrapn`j tfjnklilhy – Zabfty rfqu`rfgfkts blr hrapn`j tfjnklilhy fqu fqu`pgfkt `pgfkt akc systfgs – Uart 6? Ztakc-ailkf piatfk prfssfs prfssfs
61
@ZL 1=23:-3?=515(F) 1=23:-3?=515(F)
e , , e , e , , e , , e e , e , , e , , , e e , , e e e e e , e , e , e , , e , e e -
@JZ :8.155.15 Ur`jf masfc lk 61 pahfs
View more...
Comments
