Islamic History - i Notes (Unlocked)

NOTES OF ISLAMIC HISTORY & CULTURE PART – I STUDY AREA – ONE : ANCIENT ARABIA

BABYLONIAN EMPIRE & CIVLIZATION: ESTABL ESTA BLISH ISHMEN MENT T: It was established about 2200 B.C. LOCATION: Lower Mesopotamia ( central and southern Iraq ) CAPIT APITA AL: Babylon MOST MOST FA FAMOUS MOUS KIN KING: G: HMM!"BI# $%&%'$& B.C H*MM!"BI was the %th Babylonian ruler. He conquered the nei+hbourin+ countries and stren+thened Babylonian empire a +reat deal. ,ter remainin+ an unbeaten war champion cha mpion ,or thirty years he also pro-ed an equally +reat ruler ,or the rest o, his li,e. 1. 2. 3. 4.

. HEMMU HEMMURA RABI BI!" !" C#$%' C#$%'()% ()%'#$ '#$": ": Hemmurabis Code He collected and codi,ied old laws o, the country. His code de,ined the ri+hts and duties o, husband and wi,e/ master and sla-e/ o, merchants/ o, +ardeners/ o, shepherds etc. unishments were se-ere in his code. *. BABY BABYLO LONI NIAN AN SOCIA SOCIAL L SYST SYSTEM EM:: Babylonian society was di-ided into three social classes. 1H* M*L! 1hey were Babylonian aristocrats and constituted the upper class o, the society. 1hey were supposed to run the a,,airs o, the state. 1H* M!3H4I5! 1hey were the middle class and were chie,ly en+a+ed in business. 1hey were ,ree ,rom state obli+ations and need not ser-e an army unless dan+er o, in-asion was imminent. 1H* 3L6*3 3L6*3 1hey were the lower class. 1hey had some speci,ic pri-ile+es and could appeal to the law. Howe-er/ they had no share in the state. +. INTEL INTELLE LECT CTUA UAL L COND CONDIT ITIO IONS NS:: Intellectually they were pro+ressed than any other nation o, their time. 1hey were masters o, ancient astrolo+y. 1hey di-ided the 789IC into twel-e si+ns and named its constellations. 1hey could ,oretell lunar and solar eclipse. 1hey had more impro-ed the calendar then that o, *+yptians. 1hey de-ised a wee: o, se-en days. 1hey ,urther di-ided the day into hours and hours into minutes. ,. RELIG RELIGIOU IOUS S COND CONDITI ITION ONS: S: Babylonians were worshippers o, many +ods. 1he most prominent ,eature o, their reli+ion was their belie, in e-il spirits. 1hey sou+ht to sa-e themsel-es ,rom the e-il spirits by ma+ic rites. 3econdly/ they belie-ed in astrolo+y or ,oretellin+ o, e-ents by the aspects o , the planets and stars. -. ECON ECONOM OMIC IC COND CONDITI ITION ONS: S:

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1hey were interested both in a+riculture and commerce. 1hey were especially interested in rearin+ ,loc:s.  5o coina+e was in-ented yet# trade and commerce was done throu+h barter system. 1he Babylonian merchants de-ised a system o, :eepin+ accounts and ban:in+# they also ,i;ed wei+hts and measures. 1. POSITION POSITION OF /OMEN: /OMEN:  1. RELIGIOUS REFORMS BROUGHT BY ISLAM  3hi,t ,rom polytheism to monotheism. Belie, in one >od/ prophet/ day o, Dud+ment. 2. SOCIAL REFROMS 3hi,t ,rom tribal to e+alitarian society. • Muslim brotherhood pre-ailed. • •  5o more social e-ils. • Blood thirsty enemies became brothers. Best e;ample at Madinah a,ter hiDrah. • *nd to all social classes e;istin+ in pre'Islamic world. •

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3. POLITICAL REFORMS • Islamic political system based on equality/ liberty and ,raternity. •  5o more tribal war,are. Concept o, pan'Islamism. • *stablishment o, Islamic *mpire which is one o, the +reatest empire o, all the time. • 4. INTELLECTUAL REFORMS • Islam brou+ht a re-olutionary chan+e in the pre'Islamic intellectual domains. Islam promoted learnin+ and education. • @ #t is obligatory for every $uslim man and woman to ac%uire knowledge.” 0A5687'%6 • rabs who were pre-iously :nown as li=ard eaters became the most ci-ili=ed people on the ,ace o, earth. Muslim rulers patroni=ed educational/ cultural and intellectual de-elopment in the cities o, • Ba+hdad/ 9amascus/ Cordo-a and >ranada which pro-ed to be +reatest centers o, ci-ili=ation in the world. . ECONOMIC REFORMS • Islam introduced the best economic system the human society e-er witnessed. • Measures li:e 7a:at/ Charity/ ensures the circulation o, wealth and discoura+e its accumulation into ,ew hands. Islam strictly prohibits economic e;ploitation o, people in any ,orm or shape. • Islam +i-es ri+ht o, inheritance to woman which the rabs durin+ ahliya eriod denied. •

STUDY AREA – T/O: THE HOLY PROPHET 0 P.B.U.H

HIRAH: $?th N8(?' 0 S% 24; *22 A.D  @ he years of re&ection, persecution, and seemingly failure came to an end, and years of honour and   success dawned in the life of $uhammad '".(.).*+.” 0 P6'5' K H'%%'  -eaving the city of his birth as a despised "rophet, he entered city of adoption as an honoured  chief.” 0 P6'5' K H'%%'  CAUSES OF HIRAH: 1. 1he re,usal o, Guraish to embarrass Islam. 2. 1he atrocities o, Guraish. 3. the precedent o, HiDrah to Habsha (byssinya). 4. 1he lo-e and considerations o, Madinites. . 1he death o, Ha=rat 4hadiDa (".) and bu 1alib. *. 1he assassination plan by in,idels. +. 1he di-ine re-elation.

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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIRAH 1. Helpless minority in Ma::ah turned into power,ul maDority in Madinah. 2. riendly climate o, preachin+. 3. Madinah/ a centre ,or Muslims with stron+ de,ense. 4. !nshared political powers o, Muslims. . *stablishment o, Islamic 3ociety in Madinah. *. 3pread o, Islam. +. *conomic +rowth o, Muslims. ,. 3eparate identity ,or Muslims. -. *mancipation ,rom Guraish. 1. Be+innin+ o, Islamic calendar.

@eventeen years later, the caliph )mar '/.A+ designated that lunar year in which the *i&rah took  place as the official starting point of the $uslim era.” 0P6'5' K H'%%' EVENTS OF HIRAH • 9eparture ,rom Ma::ah to Madinah with Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".). • 3tay in 1hawr Ca-e (? miles ,rom Ma::ah) ,or three days. 1he chase by Guraish. • rri-al at Guba and stay ,or ,ourteen days. • )5"  recei-ed the Muslim en-oy well. II. S8""8$'7 R)5 C6#"#  insulted the en-oy. III. C6'"%'8$ P'$> #= B8$$) G)""8$  treacherously :illed the en-oy. I6. P"'8$ G#?$# #= Y$ embraced Islam. 1he treaty bac:,ired to the Guraish (bu Baseer at es) • 1he treaty pro-ed to be precursor o, the conquest o, Ma::ah. • +. IMPORTANCE OF THE TREATY ACCORDING TO HISTORIANS he treaty of *uddabiya gave a breathing space to the two combatants and of this the "rophet '".(.).*+ reaped the whole advantage”. 0E$>@>5#7'8 B'%8$$'>8 he treaty of *uddabiya is looked upon as a model for drawing up the draft of the model arbitration treaty”. 0M87 K6)7' @he treaty was thus favourable to $uhammad '".(.).*+ in the long term strategy but for the moment it left him to deal with the disappointment of his followers. 0M#$%6'$< #= )"%'> 5uard yourself from committing in&ustice”. ?. N# 95#'%8%'#$ #= %6 8 4ou will not take your brother0s belongings which he will not give you out of good will”. ?'. R'%'#$

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 5e;t day &th une# %?2. ll the people o, Madinah assembled in mosque. • ,ter the ,uneral o, the rophet (.B.!.H) +eneral pled+e ta:in+ ceremony was held which • con,irmed bu Ba:rs caliphate. •

''' I$8)6 (@ H88% A() B8 “O People! You have chosen me as your chief, althouh  am not "est amonst you#if  $o %ell, support me& if  ma'e a mista'e, then set me riht As lon as  o"ey Allah an$ is Prophet (P*+), o"ey me& %herein  $iso"ey, o"ey me not 

PROBLEMS FACED BY HAZRAT ABU BAKR 0R.A: 1. USAMA!S EPEDITION: • Holy rophet (.B.!.H) durin+ his last days set !sama to lea-e ,or 3yrian e;pedition. But due to the rophets (.B.!.H) demise !sama could not lea-e Madinah. • •  5ow in the new state o, a,,airs Madinah was badly threatened by rebellious Bedouin tribes and apostates assembled around Madinah. • Many prominent 3ahaba ad-ised Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) either to put o,, the e;pedition or send it under the command o, an e;perience +eneral rather than !sama/ the se-enteen year Foun+man. • H88% A() B8 0R.A 5'7: “ he army shall o even if  alone have to fiht aainst the re"ellious *e$ouins As rear$s +sama,  $o not $are to $ismiss a person %hom the Prophet (P*+) of Allah has himself appointe$ .a$inah may stan$ or fall& the caliph may live or $ie& "ut the last %or$s of the Prophet (P*+) must "e o"eye$  2. DEFENCE OF MADINAH: ,ter the departure o, !sama with the main ,i+htin+ ,orce/ Madinah was le,t de,enseless. • 1hus it was -ulnerable to be attac:ed and plundered by the hostile and rebellious Bedouins and • apostates. • Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".)/ in this critical situation/ himsel, marched a+ainst them with Ha=rat li (".)/ 1alha (".) and 7ubair (".). He posted them on the outer de,ense o, Madinah. • He ordered the people o, Madinah to be ready at a moments notice. • Einally there happened the Battle o, 9hul Gassa in which the three 5aDadi tribes# Banu bs/ • Banu 7ubyan/ and Banu 3ulaym attac:ed Madinah. It resulted in the -ictory o, Muslims. • %'#$ #= $ 5'#$#'> C8)" 1he rabs were ne-er :nown to the payment o, 7a:at and 4hiraD. • Howe-er/ these were mandatory to be paid which pro-ed hea-y on their poc:ets. • • 1hus it compelled them to Doin hands with apostasy mo-ement. ?''' L8> #= >#)$'>8%'#$ It insti+ated the people o, the ,ar ,lun+ areas to de,ect the center. • Communication +ap created many misunderstandin+s amon+ tribes. • '9 T'(85 B' >5#%6 6'>6 ='%#'#)". ,. FALL OF MADAIN; THE IRANIAN CAPITAL • ,ter Gadisiya/ Ha=rat 3aad ad-anced towards Madain. • 1he city was parted into two hal-es by the ri-er 1ir+ris. ,ter some resistance 3aad entered both hal-es b y ,orce. • *mperor ,led away lea-in+ the richest city o, the 3assinid *mpire ,or the Muslims. • -. BATTLE OF NAH/AND • Fa=d >ard made ,inal ditch e,,ort to reco-er the *mpire ,rom Muslims and sent Mardan 3hah with one lac ,i,ty thousand ($/0/000) army. Ha=rat !mer (".) desired to lead army himsel, but once a+ain MaDlis'e'3hura did not permit. • Ha=rat 5ouman bin Ma:ran/ was appointed commander'in'chie, o, Muslim army. • • Muslims ended up with -ictory. • ,ter this battle/ +eneral e;pedition too: place and the whole o, 3assanid *mpire ,ell to Muslims.

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MUSLIMS CONUEST IN BYZANTINE EMPIRE 0SYRIA; PALASTINE; ORDAN; EGYPT • Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) sent ,our di-isions o, army under ,our di,,erent commanders ,or 3yrian in-asion.

i. ii. iii. i-.

F7**9 BI5 B! 3!EF5 /000 troops directed to 9amascus. 2. 3H!"HBIL IB5* H35 /000 troops directed to central 3yria. M" BI5 3 /000 troops directed to yla. B! !BI9 L "H 3upreme commander o, all Muslim army in 3yria. • 1otal troops sent to 3yrian in-asion were 20/0 00. Ha=rat 4halid was also called ,rom Iraqi ,ront to Doin Muslim army in 3yria. • 4halid came with &/000 troops ,rom Iraq and here in 3yria was selected as supreme commander •  by other Muslim commanders stationed there. 1. BATTLE OF ANAHDAIN It too: place on uly ?0# %? .9 • Muslim stren+th 0/000. • • Christian stren+th $00/000 plus. • Muslim commander 4halid bin 685 H. H8%; '$ 6'" (##; THE HUNDRED.

$. ious and duti,ul 2.  born democrat ?. Humble and simple . Master administrator  . ara+on o, ustice %. !nparalleled conqueror  . 3tern and strict ruler  J. Humanitarian &. Hardwor:in+ and deli+ent $0. Bold/ Bra-e and determined. CONCLUSION: HAZRAT UMER 0R.A %'7 %# 6'" 6# '%6 %6 =#55#'$< "#5'5#)@ “O Son of 3hata"! um"le you %ere an$ Allah has elevate$ you& astray, an$ Allah has  ui$e$ you& %ea', an$ Allah has strenthene$ you hen, e cause$ you to rule over the nec's of   your people 4hen one of them came see'in your ai$, you $i$ not stri'e him! 4hat %ill you have to say to your Lor$ %hen you present yourself "efore im5  P6'5' K. H'%%'.

C8)"" #= M)"5' C#$)"%" '$ S8""'$'7 8$7 B@8$%'$ E' '. Internal conditions o, these empires (Hitti). ''. Erontier Eorts.rabs considered the locals their own :in. '''. Muslim +a-e reli+ious ,reedom to all which was non'e;istent pre-iously.

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'?. Muslim char+ed tribute ,rom the conquered which was much less than that char+ed by pre-ious rulers. ?. 3tron+ reli+ious =eal in rabs. ?'. *conomic necessity o, rabs. ?''. 3er-ices o, Muslim able +enerals.

C#'58%'#$ #= T6 H#5@ )!8$ 1. D)'$< %6 5'= #= H#5@ P#6% 0P.B.U.H ⇒ 1he Guran was in pieces. ⇒ 1otal time o, re-elation 2? years. (%0&'%?2 .9). ⇒ 7ayd bin 1habit was the earliest to preser-e Guran under the orders o, the rophet (.B.!.H) ⇒ He would write the Holy -erses on palm lea-es/ leather/ shoulder bones o, +oat and on parchments o, papers. ⇒ 1he di-ision and sequence o, 1he Guran into chapters and surahs were arran+ed by the rophet (.B.!.H) himsel,. ⇒ But/ no written copy was in e;istence durin+ Holy rophets (.B.!.H) li,etime. 2. C#'58%'#$ (@ H88% A() B8 ⇒ In battle o, Femama a+ainst Musailma/ the liar/ many hu,a= were martyred. ⇒ Ha=rat !mer reali=ed the need o, the preser-ation o, the Holy Guran. ⇒ He su++ested this to bu Ba:r. ⇒ Ha=rat bu Ba:r appointed =aid bin 1habit to constitute a board o , Hu,a= ,or compilation. ⇒ He was as:ed to authenticate each -erse by the reciters. ⇒ Einally/ copy with Ha=rat bu Ba:r/ !mer/ Ha=rat Ha,sa. 3. C#'58%'#$ (@ H88% U%68$ ⇒ 8" %6 O=='>'85 L8$6'?$%"   He himsel, was a matchless scholar o, the day.  He would always lo-e to promote literature and learnin+ in his *mpire.  He requested 3aeed bin Musab to write e;e+esis (1E3**") o, Holy Guran.

/ALID BIN ABDUL MALIK  I$%#7)>%'#$   ,ter the death o, bdul Mali: bin Marwan/ his son eo+raphy. l'Beruni  His ,amous wor: on +eo+raphy was ;:itab Al8ard0  4auwari=mi  His popular wor: was 3urat l'rd (1he 3hape o, *arth).

9e-elopment o, >eolo+y i.

Ibne 3ina  He wrote a boo: on study o, mountains.  He +a-e scienti,ic reasons ,or earthqua:e.

9e-elopment o, History i.

l'1arabi  He was the +reates Muslim historian  His prominent boo: was ;Akhbar8al8/usul8wal8$ulk0  9e-elopment o, hilosophy i.

l K 4indi  He was ,irst +reat Muslim philosopher.  He combined the -iews o, lato and ristotle.

ii.

l'Earabi  He attempted to harmoni=e >ree: philosophy with Islam.

iii.

Ibne 3ina  He wrote two boo:s on philosophy/ namely#  4itab'al'3hi,a  ynul'Hi:mat

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i-.

I:hwan'as'3a,a  

It was a +ala=y o, Muslim philosopher. 1hey answered all questions on philosophy and reli+ion.

9e-elopment o, Literature and oetry  

rabian and ersian literature ,lourished -astly durin+ bbasid period. 1he most prominent amon+ ersian literary +iants were# i. Eerdusi ii. bu EaraD iii. alaludin i-. Earidudin

9e-elopment o, 1heolo+y 

1he ,amous ,our schools o, thou+ht/ (Han,i/ 3ha,i/ Mali:i and Hanbali) also ,lourished durin+ bbasid rule.

A() 8=8 A5M8$") 0+4++ A.D Introduction  bu a,ar is re+arded as the real ,ounder o, bbasid dynasty.  6arious historians -iew him with a -aried an+le.  Muir describes him as a treacherous and cruel man/ while mir li calls him a despotic monarch.  .4. Hitti/ howe-er/ maintains that bu a,ar was one o, the +reatest/ thou+h most unscrupulous o, the bbasid rulers. "ei+n o, l'Mansur   His policy o, decentrali=ed +o-ernment and di-idin+ the ne;us o, authority into Ministers/ 4atibs and other o,,icials appointed by himsel, succeeded in consolidatin+ his rule.  He emer+ed triumphant in crushin+ many o, the uphea-als a+ainst his rule.  He built a stron+/ prosperous and e,,iciently administered state.

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Challen+es ,aced by l'Mansur   'Mansur ,aced mani,old re-olts and rebelliousness concurrently.  It was his astute intelli+ence and ,oresi+htedness which brou+ht him out -ictorious in all the uprisin+s. "e-olt o, bdullah bin li  bdullah bin li/ the hero o, 7ab/ +o-ernor o, 9amascus was uncle o, bu bbass s'3a,,ah and l'Mansur.  s'3a,,ah had promised to nominate him as his successor but l'Mansur/ s'3a,,ahs brother acceded to the throne.  bdullah bin lis re-olt met a crushin+ de,eat by bu Muslim on the orders o, l'Mansur near 5asibeen. 9eath o, bu Muslim  bu Muslim was the person who had maneu-ered to brin+ bbassids into power as he enDoyed in,luence in 4hurassan.  l'Mansur became hi+hly apprehensi-e o, bu Muslim and planned to dispose him o ,,.  He in-ited him to the palace and +ot him :illed. "e-olt o, 3unbadh  3unbadh were the de-otees o, bu Muslim.  1hey stri-ed to a-en+e the death o, their leader.  Many o, them were ,ire worshippers.  1heir rebel mo-ement was easily suppressed by l'Mansur. Hassan bin MaDalid  He was a :hawariD and rose a+ainst l'Mansur near Mosul.  Imam bu Hani,a arbitrated in this dual and the rebellion was phased out peace,ully. lide re-olt o, Muhammad and Ibrahim %$ .9  Muhammad and Ibrahim were descendants o, Imam Hassan.  bbasids had come into power on the prete;t o, a-en+in+ the death o, lides.  Muhammad re-olted in Medina a,ter HiDa= and Femen had reco+ni=ed him as caliph.  l'Mansur sent Isa/ his nephew/ who :illed and +ibbeted Muhammad in Medina.  Ibrahim led an uprisin+ at Basra in the a,termath o, :illin+ o, Muhammad.  He also met a similar ,ate and +ot his head decapitated and sent to l'Mansur at the hands o, Isa. Eoundation o, Ba+hdad (%2'% .9)  l'Mansur sailed to the ri-er 1i+ris in search o, a new capital.  He selected the site and called it 3uq Ba+hdad @city o, usticeA as his new capital.  Ba+hdad was constructed and de-eloped under super-ision o, 4halid bin Barma:. 1abaristan and 9aylam  1he prince o, 1abaristan denied rab su=erainty which an+ered l'Mansur.  He sent his son Mahdi/ who de,eated the prince and re'established rab su=erainty. ?&

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He also anne;ed 9aylam in the same mission.

By=antine ttac:s  1he Christians o, By=antine plundered and attac:ed Muslims time and a+ain.  l'Mansur de,ended Muslims at Malatia o, Constantinople and built ,orts ,or the de,ense o, Muslims. Conquest o, 3indh  3indh was re'conquered a,ter turnin+ down rebellion in %J .9 ' $$ .H.  5omination o, Mahdi  s'3a,,ah had nominated his son Isa as his successor a,ter l'Mansur.  l'Mansur snubbed that nomination and entitled his son Mahdi to be his successor.  Isa succumbed to Mahdis nomination a,ter early resistance. l'Mansurs d-ice to Mahdi  lways associate with those ,rom whom you can +et +ood ad-ice.   5e-er let state treasury +o ban:rupt.  Concentrate on your wor:.  4eep the people and army contended. 9eath o, l'Mansur   l'Mansur died in  .9/ on his way to Ma::ah ,or pil+rima+e.

HIAB AL – MANSUR 0 -+*12 A.D Introduction  "eal name o, HiDab l'Mansur was Muhammad Ibn mir.  He was renowned ,or his sa+acious ,orei+n policy/ unmatched intelli+ence/ military insi+ht and un,oreseen achie-ements in the military insur+encies. Ibn bi mirs rise to ower   He was ambitious and hi+hly hardwor:in+ since his inception into royal court as steward o, Ha:am'IIs son Hisham'IIs property and assets.  He earned mar-elous reputation and won the hearts o, all courtiers/ abo-e all o, wi,e o, Ha:am'II/ "e+ent 3ubh (urora).  He was ele-ated to the post o, City olice Chie, o, Cordo-a and later on became the Chie, ustice o, Mauritia.  uadalqui-is.  He constructed a hu+e palace ,or himsel, which remains to be a worth'seein+ site.  He also built a brid+e on this ri-er. "e-olt o, his son bdullah and count o, Castile  His son bdullah and >orcia Eernade=/ the count o, Castile/ orchestrated a clandestine scheme to re-olt a+ainst l'Mansur.  l'Mansur/ dealt de;terously to this desi+ned treachery and count o, Castile made peace with him while his son bdullah was e;ecuted. "e-olt o, Berber/ 7iri  "e+ent 3ubh (urora)/ mother o, belea+uered Hisham'II wanted to set his son ,ree as to enable him to accede to the throne.  3he hired Berbers chie, 7iri and o,,ered him hea-y amount to cast away l'Mansur.  l'Mansur meanwhile han:ered the incarcerated Hisham'II and made him si+n a document +i-in+ away administration to the caliphate in ,a-our o, l'Mansur. 3ac:in+ o, 3antia+o de Compostela  3antia+o was re+arded as holiest o, Christian places.   5o other ruler be,ore l'Mansur had dared to in-ade it.  l'Mansur ra=ed the city and brou+ht all churches to the +round. l'Mansur held responsible ,or ,all o, Cordo-a $

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He created a hiatus in the already porous succession system o, the !mayyads. 1he onus lied on him ,or immurement o, caliph and increasin+ his own powers to perpetuate his stint in power. 1he ,all o, Cordo-a mainly occurred owin+ to l'Mansurs indi,,erence towards newly conquered states which remained mostly uncontrolled. lthou+h he e;panded the boundaries o, the state/ yet he ,ailed to consolidate them under one central authority. His i+norance towards the policy o, re'coloni=ation won his bad name posthumously. Lac: o, political will/ myopic -ision/ sel,'a++randi=ement and absence o, strate+ic plans ultimately caused the ,all o, Cordo-a which is lar+ely associated to l'Mansur.

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THE MU!TAZILAH MOVEMENT Introduction  It was a ri+id puritanical mo-ement assertin+ that the Guran was the uncreated word o, >od.  It erupted mainly to +i-e boost to reason in the belie,s o, a man.  1his mo-ement e-ol-ed a win+ which accorded the human reason as an absolute -alue abo-e di-ine re-elation.  8ne o, their obDecti-es was to reconcile reli+ion with reason and ,aith with philosophy.  1he Muta=ilah sect was lar+ely e,,ected by >ree: philosophy.  Muta=ilites had their say in reli+ious contro-ersy as lon+ as the rulers particularly l'Mamun  patroni=ed it. 8ri+in o, Muta=ilah  Hassan al Basri used to hold discussions on the issue wh ether a +ra-e sinner should be re+arded as a belie-er or not.  1hose deliberations are said to ha-e ser-ed as prole+omenon o, this mo-ement.  1he 4harDites hold the opinion that sinner was not a belie-er and thus would +o in hell. 2

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1he liberal MurDites opined that he was still a belie-er. Hasan al Basri himsel, held a neutral stand and declared a sinner to be in a intermediate  position. 1hus/ Muta=ilites ,ollowed him emer+in+ in the Jth and &th Century durin+ bbasids.

Muta=ilah K "ationalism -s 8rthodo;y  Muta=ilites stood ,or rationalism in reli+ious a,,airs and practices.  8rthodo;y rein,orced the con-entional con,ormism in reli+ious aspects.  1his initiated a spar:in+ contro-ersy between the two di-idin+ sects. 

Ei-e doctrines o, Muta=ilites  9octrine o, !nity (1auheed)  rinciple o, dl (ustice)  9octrine o, al'wad wal waid  rinciple o, Intermediate osition  rinciple o, *nDoyin+ +ood and ,orbiddin+ *-il. Conclusion  Muta=ilites and their doctrine collapsed with the shi,t o, rule as they ,ailed to +ain perpetual  patroni=ation o, the court.  1hey howe-er maintained that reli+ious laws must be tested with touchstone o, reason and then implemented.  1hus/ the main cause o, decline o, Muta=ilites was the transition in state policy and strict adherence o, orthodo; scholars upon con,ormism.

CRUSADES

01-+12 A.D

Introduction  Islam and Christianity were at lo++erheads ,or appro;imately three centuries.  It was series o, in-eterate in-asions into one anothers territories which mar:ed in the history as the prelude to the e;tended clash o, ci-ili=ations o, both the reli+ions.  Christians and Muslims ,ou+ht o-er not only reli+ious issues/ but maDor bone o , contention was  political dominancy and authority o-er re+ion. Causes o, Crusades  1he immediate cause o, the crusades was the sermon o, the ope !rban'II in $0& .9 which in-o:ed Christians to wa+e war a+ainst Muslims.  8ne o, the per-adin+ causes o, the crusades is o,ten concei-ed to be the con,lict between  practices o, both Islam and Christianity which collecti-ely ,orm their culture and culminate in ci-ili=ations on a broader scale.

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