Islam

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Islamic terrorism

Islamic terrorism Islamic terrorism (Arabic: ‫ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ʾirhāb ʾislāmī ) is a form of religious terrorism[1] committed by Muslims for the purpose of achieving varying political and/or religious ends. Islamic terrorism has been identified as taking place in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, South Asia including India and Pakistan, Southeast Asia, and the United States since the 1970s. Islamic terrorist organizations have been known to engage in tactics including suicide attacks, hijackings, kidnapping and recruiting new members through the Internet.

History Some scholars, such as Mark Burgess of the Center for Defense Information, trace the roots of Islamic terrorism back to the 11th-century Assassins, an order of Isma'ili Shi'ism that targeted political and religious opponents who stood in the way of the Assassins' sectarian ideology. In positing a continuity between Islamic terrorism's medieval and modern manifestations, Burgess identifies a common underlying motive, namely loyalty to a divine imperative, and similar tactics, such as actively seeking out martyrdom. The emergence of modern Islamic terrorism has its roots in the 19th century.[2] The Wahhabi movement, an Arabian fundamentalist movement that formed in the 18th century, began to establish a broad following during the 1800s and gradually inspired other fundamentalist movements during the 20th century. Waves of politically motivated terrorist movements in Europe during the 1800s (e.g. the Narodnaya Volya, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation) and early 1900s (e.g. the IRA, the Irgun) served as inspirations and models which would inspire the Islamists over the course of the 20th century and beyond.[3] During the Cold War, the United States and the United Kingdom supported the rise of fundamentalist groups in the Middle East and South Asia as a hedge against Soviet expansion and as a means to weaken anti-Western nationalist movements in some countries.[4] According to Burgess, the escalation of terrorism during the later 20th century has its roots in three pivotal events circa 1979: the Iranian Revolution, the post-Cold War global religious revival, and the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. These events, Burgess goes on to argue, were factors that fueled a recourse to religious terrorism.[5][6] American historian Walter Laqueur described the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan as the "global trigger" of Islamic terrorism.[7]

Motivations and Islamic terrorism Various arguments have been given to explain the root cause of Islamic terrorism.

The view that Western foreign policy is a motivation for terrorism Robert Pape, has argued that at least terrorists utilizing suicide attacks – a particularly effective[8] form of terrorist attack – are driven not by Islamism but by "a clear strategic objective: to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from the territory that the terrorists view as their homeland."[9] However, Martin Kramer, who debated Pape on origins of suicide bombing, countered Pape's position that the motivation for suicide attacks is not just strategic logic but also an interpretation of Islam to provide a moral logic. For example, Hezbollah initiated suicide bombings after a complex reworking of the concept of martyrdom. Kramer explains that the Israeli occupation of Lebanon raised the temperature necessary for this reinterpretation of Islam, but occupation alone would not have been sufficient for suicide terrorism.[10] "The only way to apply a brake to suicide terrorism," Kramer argues, "is to undermine its moral logic, by encouraging Muslims to see its incompatibility with their own values." Former CIA analyst Michael Scheuer argues that terrorist attacks (specifically al-Qaeda attacks on America) are not motivated by a religiously inspired hatred of American culture or religion, but by the belief that U.S. foreign policy has oppressed, killed, or otherwise harmed Muslims in the Middle East,[11] condensed in the phrase "They hate us

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Islamic terrorism for what we do, not who we are." U.S. foreign policy actions Scheuer believes are fueling Islamic terror include: the U.S.-led intervention in Afghanistan and invasion of Iraq; Israel–United States relations, namely, financial, military, and political support for Israel.;[12][13][14][15][16] U.S. support for "apostate" police states in Muslim nations such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Pakistan, Algeria, Morocco, and Kuwait;[17] U.S. support for the creation of an independent East Timor from territory previously held by Muslim Indonesia; perceived U.S. approval or support of actions against Muslim insurgents in India, the Philippines, Chechnya, and Palestine;[18] U.S. troops on Muslim 'holy ground' in Saudi Arabia; the Western world's religious discrimination against Muslim immigrants'; historical justification, such as the Crusades. Some academics argue that this form of terrorism should be seen as a strategic reaction to American power: that America is an empire, and empires provoked resistance in the form of terrorism. The Russian, Ottoman, and Habsburg Empires, for example, all suffered from terrorist attacks and had terrorist organizations – the Black Hand, Young Bosnia, Narodnaya Volya – spawned from their multiple ethnic groups, religions and national identities.[19] On the other hand, American intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq led to free elections in those nations.

The view that Islamic terrorism predates U.S. action and is justified by Quranic teachings According to critics of Islam, Islamic terrorism is linked to the practice of divinely sanctioned warfare against apostates.[20][21] Many Muslim groups including the Council on American-Islamic Relations argue that references to violence in Muslim sources have been taken out of context.[22][23][24] They argue that these Koranic ayahs are only for self-defense when non-believers endanger Muslim life.

Societal and economic motivations Scholar Scott Atran, research director and involved in NATO group studying suicide terrorism, points out that there is no single root cause of terrorism. Greatest predictors of suicide bombings, Atran concludes, is not religion but group dynamics: "small-group dynamics involving friends and family that form the diaspora cell of brotherhood and camaraderie on which the rising tide of martyrdom actions is based".[25] The Muslim world has been afflicted with economic stagnation for many centuries. In 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama himself stated that apart from crude oil, the exports of the entire Greater Middle East with its 400 million population roughly equals that of Switzerland.[26] It has also been estimated that the exports of Finland, a European country of only five million, exceeded those of the entire 260 million-strong Arab world, excluding oil revenue. This economic stagnation is argued by historians such as David Fromkin in his work A Peace to End All Peace to have commenced with the demise of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, with trade networks being disrupted and societies torn apart with the creation of new nation states; prior to this, the Middle East had a diverse and growing economy and more general prosperity.

Profiles Forensic psychiatrist and former foreign service officer Marc Sageman made an "intensive study of biographical data on 172 participants in the jihad," in his book Understanding Terror Networks.[27] He concluded social networks, the "tight bonds of family and friendship", rather than emotional and behavioral disorders of "poverty, trauma, madness, [or] ignorance", inspired alienated young Muslims to join the jihad and kill.[28] Author Lawrence Wright described the characteristic of "displacement" of members of the most famous Islamic terrorist group, al-Qaeda: What the recruits tended to have in common – besides their urbanity, their cosmopolitan backgrounds, their education, their facility with languages, and their computer skills – was displacement. Most who joined the jihad did so in a country other than the one in which they were reared. They were Algerians living in expatriate enclaves in France, Moroccans in Spain, or Yemenis in Saudi Arabia. Despite their accomplishments, they had little standing in the host societies where they lived."[29]

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Islamic terrorism Scholar Olivier Roy describes the background of the hundreds of global (as opposed to local) terrorists who were incarcerated or killed and for whom authorities have records, as being surprising for their Westernized background; for the lack of Palestinians, Iraqis, Afghans "coming to avenge what is going on in their country"; their lack of religiosity before being "born again" in a foreign country; the high percentage of converts to Islam among them; their "de-territorialized backgrounds" – "For instance, they may be born in a country, then educated in another country, then go to fight in a third country and take refuge in a fourth country"; their nontraditional belief that jihad is permanent, global, and "not linked with a specific territory."[30] This profile differs from that found among recent local Islamist suicide bombers in Afghanistan, according to a 2007 study of 110 suicide bombers by Afghan pathologist Dr. Yusef Yadgari. Yadgari found that 80% of the attackers studied had some kind of physical or mental disability. The bombers were also "not celebrated like their counterparts in other Arab nations. Afghan bombers are not featured on posters or in videos as martyrs."[31] Daniel Byman, a Middle East expert at the Brookings Institute, and Christine Fair, an assistant professor in peace and security studies at Georgetown University say that many of the Islamic terrorists are foolish and untrained, perhaps even untrainable.[32]

Ideology One ideology that plays a role in Islamic terrorism is the principle of Jihad, which broadly means struggle. Militants generally use jihad to mean defensive or retaliatory warfare against actors that have allegedly harmed Muslims. Transnational Islamist ideology, specifically of the militant Islamists, assert that Western policies and society are actively anti-Islamic, or as it is sometimes described, waging a "war against Islam". Islamists often identify what they see as a historical struggle between Christianity and Islam, dating back as far as the Crusades, among other historical conflicts between practitioners of the two respective religions. Osama bin Laden, for example, almost invariably described his enemy as aggressive and his call for action against them as defensive. Defensive jihad differs from offensive jihad in being "fard al-ayn," or a personal obligation of all Muslims, rather than "fard al-kifaya", a communal obligation, which if some Muslims perform it is not required from others. Hence, framing a fight as defensive has the advantage both of appearing to be a victim rather than aggressor, and of giving your struggle the very highest religious priority for all good Muslims. Many of the violent terrorist groups use the name of jihad to fight against certain Western nations and Israel. An example is bin Laden's al-Qaeda, which is also known as "International Islamic Front for Jihad Against the Jews and Crusaders". Most militant Islamists oppose Israel's policies, and often its existence. According to the U.S. Army Colonel Dale C. Eikmeier, “ideology”, rather than any individual or group, is the "center of gravity" of al-Qaeda and related groups, and the ideology is a "collection of violent Islamic thought called Qutbism."[33] He summarizes the tenets of Qutbism as being: • A belief that Muslims have deviated from true Islam and must return to “pure Islam” as originally practiced during the time of the Prophet. • The path to “pure Islam” is only through a literal and strict interpretation of the Qur'an and Hadith, along with implementation of the Prophet’s commands. • Muslims should interpret the original sources individually without being bound to follow the interpretations of Islamic scholars. • That any interpretation of the Quran from a historical, contextual perspective is a corruption, and that the majority of Islamic history and the classical jurisprudential tradition is mere sophistry.[33] The historic rivalry between Hindus and Muslims in the Indian subcontinent has also often been the primary motive behind some of the most deadly terrorist attacks in India. According to a U.S. State Department report, India topped the list of countries worst affected by Islamic terrorism. In addition, Islamist militants, scholars, and leaders opposed Western society for what they see as immoral secularism. Islamists have claimed that such unrestricted free speech has led to the proliferation of pornography,

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Islamic terrorism immorality, secularism, homosexuality, feminism, and many other ideas that Islamists often oppose. Although bin Laden almost always emphasized the alleged oppression of Muslims by America and Jews when talking about them in his messages, in his "Letter to America" he answered the question, "What are we calling you to, and what do we want from you?," with We call you to be a people of manners, principles, honour, and purity; to reject the immoral acts of fornication, homosexuality, intoxicants, gambling's, and trading with interest (...) You separate religion from your policies, (...) You are the nation that permits Usury, which has been forbidden by all the religions (...) You are a nation that permits the production, trading and usage of intoxicants (...) You are a nation that permits acts of immorality (...) You are a nation that permits gambling in its all forms. (...) You use women to serve passengers, visitors, and strangers to increase your profit margins. You then rant that you support the liberation of women.[34] Given their perceived piety, The Times noted the irony when a major[35] investigation by their reporters uncovered a link between Islamic Jihadis and child pornography; a discovery that, according to the London paper, "is expected to improve understanding of the mindsets of both types of criminals and has been hailed as a potentially vital intelligence tool to undermine future terrorist plots.".[36] Similarly, Reuters reported that pornography was found among the materials seized from Osama bin Laden's Abbottabad compound that was raided by U.S. Navy SEALs.[37] In 2006 Britain's then head of MI5 Eliza Manningham-Buller said of Al-Qaeda that it "has developed an ideology which claims that Islam is under attack, and needs to be defended". "This" she said "is a powerful narrative that weaves together conflicts from across the globe, presenting the West’s response to varied and complex issues, from long-standing disputes such as Israel/Palestine and Kashmir to more recent events as evidence of an across-the-board determination to undermine and humiliate Islam worldwide."[38] She said that the video wills of British suicide bombers made it clear that they were motivated by perceived worldwide and long-standing injustices against Muslims; an extreme and minority interpretation of Islam promoted by some preachers and people of influence; their interpretation as anti-Muslim of UK foreign policy, in particular the UK’s involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan."[38] She also cautioned how difficult it was to gain a proper perspective, saying that although there are more important dangers we face daily without feeling so threatened by them such as climate change and road deaths and though terrorist deaths were few the intelligence services had prevented some potentially large threats and that vigilance was needed.[38]

Interpretations of the Qur'an and Hadith The role played by the Qur'an, Islam's sacred text, in opposing or in encouraging attacks on civilians is disputed. The Princeton University Middle Eastern scholar Bernard Lewis, states that Islamic jurisprudence does not allow terrorism.[39] In 2001, Professor Lewis noted:[40] At no time did the (Muslim) jurist approve of terrorism. Nor indeed is there any evidence of the use of terrorism (in Islamic tradition). Muslims are commanded not to kill women, children, or the aged, not to torture or otherwise ill-treat prisoners, to give fair warning of the opening of hostilities, and to honor agreements. Similarly, the laws of Jihad categorically preclude wanton and indiscriminate slaughter. The warriors in the holy war are urged not to harm non-combatants, women and children, "unless they attack you first." A point on which they insist is the need for a clear declaration of war before beginning hostilities, and for proper warning before resuming hostilities after a truce. What the classical jurists of Islam never remotely considered is the kind of unprovoked, unannounced mass slaughter of uninvolved civil populations that we saw in New York two weeks ago. For this there is no precedent and no authority in Islam. But Bernard Lewis says Jihad is an unlimited offensive to bring the whole world under Islamic law; Christian crusades a defensive, limited response to, and imitation of, jihad.[41]

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Even the Christian crusade, often compared with the Muslim jihad, was itself a delayed and limited response to the jihad and in part also an imitation. But unlike the jihad it was concerned primarily with the defense or reconquest of threatened or lost Christian territory...The Muslim jihad, in contrast, was perceived [by Muslims] as unlimited, as a religious obligation that would continue until all the world had either adopted the Muslim faith or submitted to Muslim rule.… The object of jihad is to bring the whole world under Islamic law. Bernard Lewis says Islam imposes, without limit of time or space, the duty to subjugate non-Muslims.[42] "...it is the duty of those who have accepted them [Allah's word and message] to strive unceasingly to convert or at least to subjugate those who have not. This obligation is without limit of time or space. It must continue until the whole world has either accepted the Islamic faith or submitted to the power of the Islamic state.” Michael Sells and Jane I. Smith (a Professor of Islamic Studies) write that barring some extremists like al-Qaeda, most Muslims do not interpret Qura’nic verses as promoting warfare; and that the phenomenon of radical interpretation of scripture by extremist groups is not unique to Islam.[43][44] According to Sells, "[Most Muslims] no more expect to apply [the verses at issue] to their contemporary non-Muslim friends and neighbors than most Christians and Jews consider themselves commanded by God, like the Biblical Joshua, to exterminate the infidels."[43] According to Robert Spencer, Muhammad said in one Hadith:[45] "Allah's Apostle said, "I have been sent with the shortest expressions bearing the widest meanings, and I have been made victorious with terror (cast in the hearts of the enemy), and while I was sleeping, the keys of the treasures of the world were brought to me and put in my hand." Abu Huraira added: Allah's Apostle has left the world and now you, people, are bringing out those treasures (i.e. the Prophet did not benefit by them). Narrated in Abu Huraira. — Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:220 [46], see also Sahih Muslim, 4:1062 [47],Sahih Muslim, 4:1063 [48],Sahih Muslim, 4:1066 [49],Sahih Muslim, 4:1067 [50] and Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:512 [51] Furthermore Muhammad said in another Hadith:[52] The Prophet said, "Who is ready to kill Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf who has really hurt Allah and His Apostle?" Muhammad bin Maslama said, "O Allah's Apostle! Do you like me to kill him?" He replied in the affirmative. So, Muhammad bin Maslama went to him (i.e. Ka'b) and said, "This person (i.e. the Prophet) has put us to task and asked us for charity." Ka'b replied, "By Allah, you will get tired of him." Muhammad said to him, "We have followed him, so we dislike to leave him till we see the end of his affair." Muhammad bin Maslama went on talking to him in this way till he got the chance to kill him. Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah — Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:270 [53], see also Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:369 [54],Sahih Muslim, 19:4436 [55] And another Hadith:[56] The Prophet passed by me at a place called Al-Abwa or Waddan, and was asked whether it was permissible to attack the pagan warriors at night with the probability of exposing their women and children to danger. The Prophet replied, "They (i.e. women and children) are from them (i.e. pagans)." I also heard the Prophet saying, "The institution of Hima is invalid except for Allah and His Apostle. Narrated As-Sab bin Jaththama — Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:256 [57], see also Sahih Muslim, 19:4321 [58] Sunan Abu Dawood, 38:4390 [59] Militant Islamic fundamentalist organisations portray their struggle in simply uncompromising terms. According to Antar Zouabri, a leader of a 1990s movement to establish an Islamic republic in Algeria, there can never be either dialogue or truce in his organisation’s struggle against the illegitimate, secular government. The word of God, he argued, is immutable: God does not negotiate or engage in discussion.[60]

Islamic terrorism

Criticism of Islamic terrorist ideology Although "Islamic" terrorism is commonly associated with the Salafis (or "Wahhabis"), the scholars of the group have constantly attributed this association to ignorance, misunderstanding and sometimes insincere research and deliberate misleading by rival groups.[61] Following the September 11 attacks, Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh, the Grand Mufti of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, made an official statement that "the Islamic Sharee'ah (legislation) does not sanction" such actions.[62] A Salafi Committee of Major Scholars"in Saudi Arabia has declared that "Islamic" terrorism, such as the May 2003 bombing in Riyadh, are in violation of Sharia law and aiding the enemies of Islam.[63] Criticism of Islamic terrorism on Islamic grounds has also been made by Abdal-Hakim Murad (Timothy Winter): Certainly, neither bin Laden nor his principal associate, Ayman al-Zawahiri, are graduates of Islamic universities. And so their proclamations ignore 14 centuries of Muslim scholarship, and instead take the form of lists of anti-American grievances and of Koranic quotations referring to early Muslim wars against Arab idolaters. These are followed by the conclusion that all Americans, civilian and military, are to be wiped off the face of the Earth. All this amounts to an odd and extreme violation of the normal methods of Islamic scholarship. Had the authors of such fatwās followed the norms of their religion, they would have had to acknowledge that no school of mainstream Islam allows the targeting of civilians. An insurrectionist who kills non-combatants is guilty of baghy, “armed aggression,” a capital offense in Islamic law.[64] Colonel Eikmeier points out the "questionable religious credentials" of many Islamist theorists, or "Qutbists," which can be a "means to discredit them and their message": With the exception of Abul Ala Maududi and Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, none of Qutbism’s main theoreticians trained at Islam’s recognized centers of learning. Although a devout Muslim, Hassan al-Banna was a teacher and community activist. Sayyid Qutb was a literary critic. Muhammad Abd al-Salam Faraj was an electrician. Ayman al-Zawahiri is a physician. Osama bin Laden trained to be a businessman.[65] Fethullah Gülen, a prominent Turkish Islamic scholar, has claimed that "a real Muslim," who understood Islam in every aspect, could not be a terrorist.[66][67][68] There are many other people with similar points of view[69] such as Karen Armstrong,[70] Prof. Ahmet Akgunduz,[71] Harun Yahya[72] and Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri.[73] Huston Smith, an author on comparative religion, noted that extremists have hijacked Islam, just as has occurred periodically in Christianity, Hinduism and other religions throughout history. He added that the real problem is that extremists do not know their own faith.[74]

Identity-based frameworks for analyzing Islamist-based terrorism Islamist-based fundamentalist terrorism against Western nations and the U.S. in particular, has numerous motivations and takes place the larger context of a complex and tense relationship between the ‘West' and the Arab and Muslim 'world,'[75] which is highlighted in the previous section on motivations and Islamic terrorism. Identity-based theoretical frameworks including theories of social identity, social categorization theory, and psychodynamics are used to explain the reasons terrorism occurs.[76] Social identity is explained by Karina Korostelina as a “feeling of belonging to a social group, as a strong connection with social category, and as an important part of our mind that affects our social perceptions and behavior”[77] This definition can be applied to the case of Osama bin Laden, who, according to this theory, had a highly salient perception of his social identity as a Muslim, a strong connection to the social category of the Muslim Ummah or 'community,' which affect his social perceptions and behaviors.[78] Bin Laden's ideology and interpretation of Islam led to the creation of al-Qaeda in response to perceived threats against the Muslim community by the Soviet Union, the U.S. in particular due to its troop presence in Saudi Arabia, and American support for Israel.[79] The Islamist

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Islamic terrorism terrorist group al-Qaeda has a group identity, which includes “shared experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and interests of ingroup members,” and is “described through the achievement of a collective aim for which this group has been created,”[80] which in this case is to achieve "a complete break from the foreign influences in Muslim countries, and the creation of a new Islamic caliphate." Social categorization theory has been discussed as a three-stage process of identification, where “individuals define themselves as members of a social group, learn the stereotypes and norms of the group, and group categories influence the perception and understanding of all situations in a particular context”[77] This definition can be applied to the U.S.-led war on terror, in which conflict features such as the phenomenon of Anti-Americanism[81] and the phenomenon of non-Arab countries like Iran and Afghanistan lending support to Islamist-based terrorism by funding or harboring terrorist groups such as Hezbollah[82] and al-Qaeda[83] against Western nations, particularly Israel[84] and the United States[85] are, according to social categorization theory, influenced by a three-stage process of identification. In this three-stage process of identification, the Arab and Muslim world(s) are the social group(s), in which their members learn stereotypes and norms which categorize their social group vis-à-vis the West.[86] This social categorization process creates feelings of high-level in-group support and allegiance among Arabs and Muslims and the particular context within which members of the Arab and Muslim world(s) social group(s) understand all situations that involve the West. Social categorization theory as a framework for analysis indicates causal relationships between group identification processes and features of conflict situations.[87]

Muslim attitudes toward terrorism Muslim popular opinion on the subject of attacks on civilians by Islamist groups varies. Fred Halliday, a British academic specialist on the Middle East, argues that most Muslims consider these acts to be egregious violations of Islam's laws.[88] Muslims living in the West denounce the September 11th attacks against United States, while Hezbollah contends that their rocket attacks against Israeli civilian targets are defensive Jihad by a legitimate resistance movement rather than terrorism.[89][90] Subsequently, however, on Osama Bin Laden's death, many Muslims in UK came out on streets in support of Osama, announcing him as an Islamic hero and condemned the role of US and west in killing him. The protest against Bin Laden’s death was organised by controversial preacher Anjem Choudary – who praised both 7/7 and the September 11 attacks.[91] Statistics compiled by the United States government's Counterterrorism Center present a complicated picture: of known and specified terrorist incidents from the beginning of 2004 through the first quarter of 2005, slightly more than half of the fatalities were attributed to Islamic extremists but a majority of over-all incidents were considered of either "unknown/unspecified" or a secular political nature. The vast majority of the "unknown/unspecified" terrorism fatalities did however happen in Islamic regions such as Iraq and Afghanistan, or in regions where Islam is otherwise involved in conflicts such as the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, southern Thailand and Kashmir.

View of Islamic law Although the murder of Muslims is always forbidden in Islam, the murder of non-Muslims is also prohibited in certain circumstances. Many Muslim scholars have presented proofs against the religious justification of terrorism against certain non-Muslims, a notable example being that of Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen who states regarding killing a non-Muslim who is living in an Islamic state or with whom Muslims have a peace treaty:[92] "As for a non-Muslim living under Muslim rule and a Mu’āhid (a Non-Muslim ally with whom Muslims have a treaty, trust, peace, or agreement), it’s been authentically established that the prophet (blessings and peace upon him) said: “Whoever kills a Mu’āhid will not even smell the fragrance of paradise and its fragrance can be smelled from the distance of forty years away.” and he also said: “Certainly, one of the most difficult situations for which there is no turning back for whomever casts himself into it - shedding sacred blood without right.” However this does not address the killing of non-Muslims living outside the Islamic world who do not have a specific treaty with Muslims.

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Islamic terrorism Another example is that of late scholar Abd al-Aziz Ibn Baz who stated: "It is well-known to anyone with the slightest amount of common sense that hijacking planes and kidnapping embassy officials and similar acts are some of the greatest universal crimes that result in nothing but widespread corruption and destruction. They place such extreme hardships and injuries upon innocent people, the extent of which only Allāh knows."[93] Numerous fatwās (rulings) condemning terrorism and suicide bombing as haram have been published by Islamic scholars worldwide, one of the most extensive being the 600-page ruling by Sheikh Tahir-ul-Qadri, whose fatwa condemned them as kufr.[94] On 2 March 2010, Qadri's fatwa was an "absolute" condemnation of terrorism without "any excuses or pretexts." He said that "Terrorism is terrorism, violence is violence and it has no place in Islamic teaching and no justification can be provided for it, or any kind of excuses or ifs or buts." Qadri said his fatwa, which declares terrorists and suicide bombers to be unbelievers, goes further than any previous denunciation.[95] Iranian Ayatollah Ozma Seyyed Yousef Sanei issued a fatwa (ruling) that suicide attacks against civilians are legitimate only in the context of war.[96] The ruling did not say whether other types of attacks against civilians are justified outside of the context of war, nor whether jihad is included in Sanei's definition of war. An influential group of Pakistani scholars and religious leaders declared suicide attacks and beheadings as un-Islamic. 'Ulema' (clerics) and 'mushaikh' (spiritual leaders) of the Jamaat Ahl-e-Sunnah, who gathered for a convention, declared suicide attacks and beheadings as un-Islamic in a unanimous resolution. Chairman of the Pakistani Ruet-e-Hilal Committee, Mufti Muneeb-ur-Rehman, said in his address that those who were fighting in the name of implementing Shariah or Islamic law must first abide by these same laws and killing minors is contrary to the teachings of Islam.[97] Some contemporary scholars who have followed a textual based approach to the study of the Qur'an with an emphasis over the coherence in the Book and the context of situation offered a radical interpretation on the verses and prophetic narratives that are usually quoted by the militants to promote militancy. According to Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (his booklet on Jihad [98] is considered one of his most important contribution towards understanding the religion according to the principles of interpreting the Qur'an introduced by Farahi and Islahi) the Qur'an does not allow waging war except for against oppression under a sovereign state. He holds that jihad without a state is nothing but creating nuisance in the land when hijacked by the individuals and groups independent of the state authority defeats the purpose. The principle behind this study of the issue in the basic sources is the principle that there are divine injunctions in the Qur'an which are specific to the age of the Messenger. He says that nobody can be punished for apostasy or being non-Muslim after the Prophet who acted as the divine agent when he punished the disbelievers by sword who had rejected the message of God and his messenger even after the truth was made manifest to them. Ghamidi and his associates have written extensively on the topics related to these issues. In his book Meezan Ghamidi has concluded that: 1. Jihad can only waged against persecution [99] Islamic jihad has only two purposes: putting an end to persecution even that of the non-Muslims and making the religion of Islam reign supreme in the Arabian peninsula. The latter type was specific for the messenger of God and is no more operative. 2. Under a sovereign state [100]. 3. There are strict ethical limits for jihad [101] which do not again allow fighting for example non-combatants. 4. Seen in this perspective acts of terrorism including suicide bombing becomes prohibited [102].

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Islamic terrorism

Opinion surveys • Gallup conducted tens of thousands of hour-long, face-to-face interviews with residents of more than 35 predominantly Muslim countries between 2001 and 2007. It found that – contrary to the prevailing perception in the west that the actions of al-Qaeda enjoy wide support in the Muslim world – more than 90% of respondents condemned the killing of non-combatants on religious and humanitarian grounds.[103] • A 2004, a year after the invasion of Iraq, Pew Research Center survey found that suicide bombings against Americans and other Westerners in Iraq were seen as "justifiable" by many Jordanians (70%), Pakistanis (46%), and Turks (31%). At the same time, the survey found that support for the U.S.-led War on Terror had increased.[104][105] • A 2005 Pew Research study that involved 17,000 people in 17 countries showed support for terrorism was declining in the Muslim world along with a growing belief that Islamic extremism represents a threat to those countries.[106] A Daily Telegraph survey[107] showed that 88% of Muslims said the July 2005 bombings in the London Underground were unjustified, while 6% disagreed. However it also found that 24% of British Muslims showed some sympathy with the people who carried out the attacks. • Polls taken by Saudi owned Al Arabiya and Gallup suggest moderate support for the September 11 terrorist attacks within the Islamic world, with 36% of Arabs polled by Al Arabiya saying the 9/11 attacks were morally justified, 38% disagreeing and 26% of those polled being unsure.[108] A 2008 study, produced by Gallup, found similar results with 38.6% of Muslims questioned believing the 9/11 attacks were justified.[109] Another poll conducted, in 2005 by the Fafo Foundation in the Palestinian Authority, found that 65% of respondents supported the September 11 attacks.[110] • In Pakistan, despite the recent rise in the Taliban's influence, a poll conducted by Terror Free Tomorrow in Pakistan in January 2008 tested support for al-Qaeda, the Taliban, other militant Islamist groups and Osama bin Laden himself, and found a recent drop by half. In August 2007, 33% of Pakistanis expressed support for al-Qaeda; 38% supported the Taliban. By January 2008, al-Qaeda's support had dropped to 18%, the Taliban's to 19%. When asked if they would vote for al-Qaeda, just 1% of Pakistanis polled answered in the affirmative. The Taliban had the support of 3% of those polled.[103] • Pew Research surveys in 2008 show that in a range of countries – Jordan, Pakistan, Indonesia, Lebanon, and Bangladesh – there have been substantial declines in the percentages saying suicide-bombings and other forms of violence against civilian targets can be justified to defend Islam against its enemies. Wide majorities say such attacks are, at most, rarely acceptable. The shift of attitudes against terror has been especially dramatic in Jordan, where 29% of Jordanians were recorded as viewing suicide-attacks as often or sometimes justified (down from 57% in May 2005). In the largest majority-Muslim nation, Indonesia, 74% of respondents agree that terrorist attacks are "never justified" (a substantial increase from the 41% level to which support had risen in March 2004); in Pakistan, that figure is 86%; in Bangladesh, 81%; and in Iran, 80%.[103] • A poll conducted in Osama bin Laden's home country of Saudi Arabia in December 2008 shows that his compatriots have dramatically turned against him, his organisation, Saudi volunteers in Iraq, and terrorism in general. Indeed, confidence in bin Laden has fallen in most Muslim countries in recent years.[103] • In Iraq, people of all persuasions unanimously reject the terror tactics against Iraqi civilians by the local al-Qaida. An ABC News/BBC/NHK poll revealed that all of those surveyed – Sunni and Shi'a alike – found al-Qaida attacks on Iraqi civilians "unacceptable"; 98% rejected the militants' attempts to gain control over areas in which they operated; and 97% opposed their attempts to recruit foreign fighters and bring them to Iraq.[103]

9

Islamic terrorism

Examples of organizations and acts Some prominent Islamic terror groups and incidents include the following:

Transnational Al-Qaeda's stated aim is the use of jihad to defend and protect Islam Countries in which Islamist terrorist attacks have against Zionism, Christianity, Hinduism, the secular West, and Muslim occurred between September 11, 2001, and May governments such as Saudi Arabia, which it sees as insufficiently 2008 Islamic and too closely tied to the United States.[111][112][113][114] Formed by Osama bin Laden and Muhammad Atef in the aftermath of the Soviet war in Afghanistan in the late 1980s, al-Qaeda called for the use of violence against civilians and military of the United States and any countries that are allied with it.[115]

North America Canada According to recent government statements Islamic terrorism is the biggest threat to Canada.[116] The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) reported that terrorist radicalization at home is now the chief preoccupation of Canada's spy agency.[117] The most notorious arrest in Canada's fight on terrorism, was the 2006 Ontario terrorism plot in which 18 Al-Qaeda cell members were arrested for planning a mass bombing, shooting, and hostage taking terror plot throughout Southern Ontario. There have also been other arrests mostly in Ontario involving terror plots.[118] United States Between 1993 and 2001, the major attacks or attempts against US interests stemmed from militant Islamic jihad except for the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.[119] In 2001 nearly 3,000 people were killed in the massive September 11 attacks organised by al-Qaeda and largely perpetrated by Saudi nationals, sparking the War on Terror. Former CIA Director Michael Hayden considers homegrown terrorism to be the most dangerous threat and concern faced by American citizens today.[120] As of July 2011, there have been 51 homegrown jihadist plots or attacks in the United States since the September 11 attacks.[121]

Europe Major lethal attacks on civilians in Europe credited to Islamist terrorism include the 1985 El Descanso bombing in Madrid, the 1995 Paris Metro bombings, 11 March 2004 bombings of commuter trains in Madrid, where 191 people were killed, and the 7 July 2005 London bombings, also of public transport, which killed 52 commuters. According to EU Terrorism Report, however, there were almost 500 acts of terrorism across the European Union in 2006, but only one, the foiled suitcase bomb plot in Germany, was related to Islamist terror.[122] In 2009, a Europol report also showed that more than 99% of terrorist attacks in Europe over the last three years were, in fact, carried out by non-Muslims.[123][124][125] In terms of arrests, out of a total of 1,009 arrested terror suspects in 2008, 187 of them were arrested in relation to Islamist terrorism. The report also showed that the majority of Islamist terror suspects were not first generation immigrants, but were rather children of immigrants who no longer identified with the culture of their parents and at the same time felt excluded from Western society, "which still perceives them as foreigners," thus they became "more attracted to the idea of becoming ‘citizens’ of the virtual worldwide Islamic community, removed from territory and national culture."[126]

10

Islamic terrorism

Eurasia Russia Politically and religiously motivated attacks on civilians in Russia have been traced to separatist sentiment among the largely Muslim population of its North Caucasus region, particularly in Chechnya, where the central government of the Russian Federation has waged two bloody wars against the local secular separatist government since 1994. In the Moscow theater hostage crisis in October 2002, three Chechen separatist groups took an estimated 850 people hostage in the Russian capital; at least 129 hostages died during the storming by Russian special forces, all but one killed by the chemicals used to subdue the attackers (whether this attack would more properly be called a nationalist rather than an Islamist attack is in question). In the September 2004 Beslan school hostage crisis more than 1,000 people were taken hostage after a school in the Russian republic of North Ossetia–Alania was seized by a pro-Chechen multiethnic group aligned to Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs; hundreds of people died during the storming by Russian forces.[127] Since 2000, Russia has also experienced a string of suicide bombings that killed hundreds of people in the Caucasian republics of Chechnya, Dagestan and Ingushetia, as well as in Russia proper including Moscow. Responsibility for most of these attacks were claimed by either Shamil Basayev's Islamic-nationalist rebel faction or, later, by Dokka Umarov's pan-Islamist movement Caucasus Emirate which is aiming to unite most of Russia's North Caucasus as an emirate since its creation in 2007.[128] In 2011, the U.S. Department of State included the Caucasus Emirate on its list of terrorist organisations.[129] Turkey Hezbollah in Turkey (unrelated to the Shia Hezbollah in Lebanon) is a Kurdish Sunni terrorist group[130] accused of a series of attacks, including the November 2003 bombings of two synagogues, the British consulate in Istanbul and HSBC bank headquarters that killed 58.[131] Hizbullah's leader, Hüseyin Velioğlu, was killed in action by Turkish police in Beykoz on 17 January 2000. Besides Hizbullah, other Islamic groups listed as a terrorist organization by Turkish police counter-terrorism include Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front, al-Qaeda in Turkey, Tevhid-Selam (also known as al-Quds Army) and Caliphate State. Islamic Party of Kurdistan and Hereketa İslamiya Kurdistan are also Kurdish Islamist groups active against Turkey, however unlike Kurdish Hizbullah they're yet to be listed as active terrorist organizations in Turkey by Turkish police counter-terrorism.[132]

Middle East / Southwest Asia Iraq The area that has seen some of the worst terror attacks in modern history has been Iraq as part of the Iraq War. In 2005, there were 400 incidents of one type of attack (suicide bombing), killing more than 2,000 people – many if not most of them civilians.[133] In 2006, almost half of all reported terrorist attacks in the world (6,600), and more than half of all terrorist fatalities (13,000), occurred in Iraq, according to the National Counterterrorism Center of the United States.[134] Along with nationalist groups and criminal, non-political attacks, the Iraqi insurgency includes Islamist insurgent groups, such as Al-Qaeda in Iraq, who favor suicide attacks far more than non-Islamist groups. At least some of the terrorism has a transnational character in that some foreign Islamic jihadists have joined the insurgency.[135]

11

Islamic terrorism Israel and the Palestinian territories Hamas ("zeal" in Arabic and an acronym for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya) began support for attacks on military and civilian targets in Israel at the beginning of the First Intifada in 1987.[136] The 1988 charter of Hamas calls for the destruction of Israel,[137] and remains in effect today. Its "military wing" has claimed responsibility for numerous attacks in Israel, principally suicide bombings and rocket attacks. Hamas has also been accused of sabotaging the Israeli-Palestine peace process by launching attacks on civilians during Israeli elections to anger Israeli voters and facilitate the election of harder-line Israeli candidates.[138] Hamas has been designated as a terrorist group by the European Union, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, Australia, Japan, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and Human Rights Watch. It is banned in Jordan. Russia does not consider Hamas a terrorist group as it was "democratically elected".[139] During the second intifada (September 2000 through August 2005) 39.9 percent of the suicide attacks were carried out by Hamas.[140] The first Hamas suicide attack was the Mehola Junction bombing in 1993.[141] Although Hamas justifies these attacks as necessary in fighting the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory, the attacks continue despite the 2005 Israeli withdrawal from Hamas controlled territory and Hamas still states its goal to be the elimination of Israel.[142] The wider Hamas movement also serves as a charity organization and provides services to Palestinians.[143] Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine is a Palestinian Islamist group based in the Syrian capital, Damascus, and dedicated to waging jihad to eliminate the state of Israel. It was formed by Egyptian Fathi Shaqaqi in the Gaza Strip following the Iranian Revolution which inspired its members. From 1983 onward, it engaged in "a succession of violent, high-profile attacks" on Israeli targets. The intifada which "it eventually sparked" was quickly taken over by the much larger Palestine Liberation Organization and Hamas.[144] Beginning in September 2000, it started a campaign of suicide bombing attacks against Israeli civilians. The PIJ's armed wing, the Al-Quds brigades, has claimed responsibility for numerous militant attacks in Israel, including suicide bombings. The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by several Western countries. Lebanon Hezbollah first emerged in 1982 as a militia during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, also known as Operation Peace for Galilee.[145][146] Its leaders were inspired by the ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of Iranian Revolutionary Guards.[147] Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its three main goals as "putting an end to any colonialist entity" in Lebanon, bringing the Phalangists to justice for "the crimes they [had] perpetrated," and the establishment of an Islamic regime in Lebanon.[148][149] Hezbollah leaders have also made numerous statements calling for the destruction of Israel, which they refer to as a "Zionist entity... built on lands wrested from their owners."[148][149] Hezbollah, which started with only a small militia, has grown to an organization with seats in the Lebanese government, a radio and a satellite television-station, and programs for social development.[150] Hezbollah maintains strong support among Lebanon's Shi'a population, and gained a surge of support from Lebanon's broader population (Sunni, Christian, Druze) immediately following the 2006 Lebanon War,[151] and is able to mobilize demonstrations of hundreds of thousands.[152] Hezbollah alongside with some other groups began the 2006–2008 Lebanese political protests in opposition to the government of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora.[153] A later dispute over Hezbollah preservation of its telecoms network led to clashes and Hezbollah-led opposition fighters seized control of several West Beirut neighborhoods from Future Movement militiamen loyal to Fouad Siniora. These areas were then handed over to the Lebanese Army.[154] A national unity government was formed in 2008, giving Hezbollah and its opposition allies control of 11 of 30 cabinets seats; effectively veto power.[155] Hezbollah receives its financial support from the governments of Iran and Syria, as well as donations from Lebanese people and foreign Shi'as.[156][157] It has also gained significantly in military strength in the 2000s.[158] Despite a June 2008 certification by the United Nations that Israel had withdrawn from all Lebanese territory,[159] in August, Lebanon's new Cabinet unanimously approved a draft policy statement which secures Hezbollah's existence as an armed organization and guarantees its right to "liberate or recover occupied lands." Since 1992, the organization has been headed by Hassan Nasrallah, its Secretary-General. The United States, Canada,

12

Islamic terrorism Israel and the Netherlands regard Hezbollah as a "terrorist" organization, while the United Kingdom and Australia consider only Hezbollah's external security organization to be a terrorist organization. Many consider it, or a part of it, to be a terrorist group[160][161] responsible for blowing up the American embassy[162] and later its annex, as well as the barracks of American and French peacekeeping troops and a dozens of kidnappings of foreigners in Beirut.[163][164] It is also accused of being the recipient of massive aid from Iran,[165] and of serving "Iranian foreign policy calculations and interests,"[163] or serving as a "subcontractor of Iranian initiatives"[164] Hezbollah denies any involvement or dependence on Iran.[166] In the Arab and Muslim worlds, on the other hand, Hezbollah is regarded as a legitimate and successful resistance movement that drove both Western powers and Israel out of Lebanon.[167] In 2005, the Lebanese Prime Minister said of Hezbollah, it "is not a militia. It's a resistance."[168] Fatah al-Islam is an Islamist group operating out of the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp in northern Lebanon. It was formed in November 2006 by fighters who broke off from the pro-Syrian Fatah al-Intifada, itself a splinter group of the Palestinian Fatah movement, and is led by a Palestinian fugitive militant named Shaker al-Abssi.[169] The group's members have been described as militant jihadists,[170] and the group itself has been described as a terrorist movement that draws inspiration from al-Qaeda.[169][170][171] Its stated goal is to reform the Palestinian refugee camps under Islamic sharia law,[172] and its primary targets are the Lebanese authorities, Israel and the United States.[169]

North Africa Algeria The Armed Islamic Group, active in Algeria between 1992 and 1998, was one of the most violent Islamic terrorist groups, and is thought to have takfired the Muslim population of Algeria. Its campaign to overthrow the Algerian government included civilian massacres, sometimes wiping out entire villages in its area of operation. It also targeted foreigners living in Algeria, killing more than 100 expatriates in the country. In recent years it has been eclipsed by a splinter group, the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), now called Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb.[173][174]

Central Asia Afghanistan According to Human Rights Watch, Taliban and Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin forces have "sharply escalated bombing and other attacks" against civilians since 2006. In 2006, "at least 669 Afghan civilians were killed in at least 350 armed attacks, most of which appear to have been intentionally launched at civilians or civilian objects."[175] Tajikistan The government blamed the IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) for training those responsible for carrying out a suicide car bombing of a police station in Khujand on September 3, 2010. Two policemen were killed and 25 injured.[176] Uzbekistan On February 16, 1999, six car bombs exploded in Tashkent, killing 16 and injuring more than 100, in what may have been an attempt to assassinate President Islam Karimov. The IMU was blamed.[177] The IMU launched a series of attacks in Tashkent and Bukhara in March and April 2004. Gunmen and female suicide bombers took part in the attacks, which mainly targeted police. The violence killed 33 militants, 10 policemen, and four civilians.[178] The government blamed Hizb ut-Tahrir,[179] though the Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) claimed responsibility.[180]

13

Islamic terrorism Furkat Kasimovich Yusupov was arrested in the first half of 2004, and charged as the leader of a group that had carried out the March 28 bombing on behalf of Hizb ut-Tahrir.[181] On July 30, 2004, suicide bombers struck the entrances of the US and Israeli embassies in Tashkent. Two Uzbek security guards were killed in both bombings.[182] The IJU again claimed responsibility.[180] Foreign commentators on Uzbek affairs speculated that the 2004 violence could have been the work of the IMU, Al-Qaeda, Hizb ut-Tahrir, or some other radical Islamic organization.[183][184]

South Asia Bangladesh In Bangladesh the group Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh was formed sometime in 1998 and gained prominence in 2001.[185] The organization was officially banned in February 2005 after attacks on NGOs, but struck back in August when 300 bombs were detonated almost simultaneously throughout Bangladesh, targeting Shahjalal International Airport, government buildings and major hotels.[186][187] India Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed are militant groups seeking accession of Kashmir to Pakistan.[188] Comments made by several Pakistani religious clerics in public gatherings about ISI included 'ISI's role towards India is to continuously bleed India through a thousand cuts'. The Lashkar leadership describes Indian and Israeli regimes as the main enemies of Islam and Pakistan.[189] Lashkar-e-Toiba, along with Jaish-e-Mohammed, another militant group active in Kashmir are on the United States’ foreign terrorist organizations list, and are also designated as terrorist groups by the United Kingdom,[190] India, Australia[191] and Pakistan.[192] Jaish-e-Mohammed was formed in 1994 and has carried out a series of attacks all over India.[193][194] The group was formed after the supporters of Maulana Masood Azhar split from another Islamic militant organization, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. Jaish-e-Mohammed is viewed by some as the "deadliest" and "the principal terrorist organization in Jammu and Kashmir".[195] The group was also implicated in the kidnapping and murder of American journalist Daniel Pearl.[195]

Southeast Asia The Philippines The Abu Sayyaf Group, also known as al-Harakat al-Islamiyya, is one of several militant Islamic-separatist groups based in and around the southern islands of the Philippines, in Bangsamoro (Jolo, Basilan, and Mindanao) where for almost 30 years various Muslim groups have been engaged in an insurgency for a state, independent of the predominantly Christian Philippines. The name of the group is derived from the Arabic ‫ﺍﺑﻮ‬, abu ("father of") and sayyaf ("Swordsmith").[196] Since its inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings, assassinations, kidnappings and extortion in their fight for an independent Islamic state in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago with the stated goal of creating a pan-Islamic superstate across southeast Asia, spanning from east to west; the island of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago, the island of Borneo (Malaysia, Indonesia), the South China Sea, and the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar).[197] The U.S. Department of State has branded the group a terrorist entity by adding it to the list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.[197]

14

Islamic terrorism

Tactics Suicide attacks An increasingly popular tactic used by terrorists is suicide bombing.[198] This tactic is used against civilians, soldiers, and government officials of the regimes the terrorists oppose. The use of suicide bombers is seen by many Muslims as contradictory to Islam's teachings;[199][200] however, groups who support its use often refer to such attacks as "martyrdom operations" and the suicide-bombers who commit them as "martyrs" (Arabic: shuhada, plural of "shahid"). The bombers, and their sympathizers often believe that suicide bombers, as martyrs (shaheed) to the cause of jihad against the enemy, will receive the rewards of paradise for their actions.

Hijackings Islamic terrorism sometimes employs the hijacking of passenger vehicles. The most famous were the "9/11" attacks that killed nearly 3,000 people on a single day in 2001, effectively ending the era of aircraft hijacking.

Kidnappings and executions Along with bombings and hijackings, Islamic terrorists have made extensive use of highly publicised kidnappings and executions, often circulating videos of the acts for use as propaganda. A frequent form of execution by these groups is decapitation, another is shooting. In the 1980s, a series of abductions of American citizens by Hezbollah during the Lebanese Civil War resulted in the 1986 Iran–Contra affair. During the chaos of the Iraq War, more than 200 kidnappings foreign hostages (for various reasons and by various groups, including purely criminal) gained great international notoriety, even as the great majority (thousands) of victims were Iraqis. In 2007, the kidnapping of Alan Johnston by Army of Islam resulted in the British government meeting a Hamas member for the first time.

15

Islamic terrorism

16

Internet recruiting In the beginning of the 21st century emerged a worldwide network of hundreds of web sites that inspire, train, educate and recruit young Muslims to engage in jihad against America and the West, taking less prominent roles in mosques and community centers that are under scrutiny. According to The Washington Post, "Online recruiting has exponentially increased, with Facebook, YouTube and the increasing sophistication of people online".[201]

Examples of attacks • 18 April 1983 - 1983 United States embassy bombing 63 killed, 120 wounded. • 23 October 1983 - 1983 Beirut barracks bombing 305 killed, 75 wounded. • 26 February 1993 – World Trade Center bombing, New York City. Six killed. • 13 March 1993 – 1993 Bombay bombings. Mumbai, India. 250 dead, 700 injured. • 28 July 1994 – Buenos Aires, Argentina. Vehicle suicide bombing attack against AMIA building, the local Jewish community representation. 85 dead, more than 300 injured. • 24 December 1994 – Air France Flight 8969 hijacking in Algiers by three members of Armed Islamic Group of Algeria and another terrorist. Seven killed, including the hijackers. • 25 June 1996 – Khobar Towers bombing, 20 killed, 372 wounded. • 17 November 1997 – Luxor attack, six terrorists attack tourists at Egypts famous Luxor Ruins. 68 foreign tourists killed. • 14 February 1998 – Bombing in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. 13 bombs explode within a 12 km radius. 46 killed and over 200 injured.

The outer skin of World Trade Center Tower Two that remained standing after an Islamist terrorist attack orchestrated by Al-Qaeda.

• 7 August 1998 – 1998 United States embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya. 224 dead. 4000+ injured. • 4 September 1999 – A series of bombing attacks in several cities of Russia, nearly 300 killed. • 12 October 2000 – Attack on the USS Cole in the Yemeni port of Aden. • 11 September 2001 – Four planes hijacked and crashed into World Trade Center and The Pentagon by 19 hijackers. 2,977 killed and over 5,000 injured.[202] • 13 December 2001 – Suicide attack on Indian parliament in New Delhi by Pakistan-based Islamist terrorist organizations, Jaish-E-Mohammad and Lashkar-e-Toiba. Aimed at eliminating the top leadership of India and causing anarchy in the country. 7 dead, 12 injured. • 27 March 2002 – Suicide bomb attack on a Passover Seder in a Hotel in Netanya, Israel. 30 dead, 133 injured. • 30 March 2002 and 24 November 2002 - Attacks on the Hindu Raghunath temple, India. Total 25 dead. • 24 September 2002 – Machine gun attack on Hindu temple in Ahmedabad, India. 31 dead, 86 injured.[203][204] • 12 October 2002 – Bombing in Bali nightclub. 202 killed, 300 injured.[205] • 16 May 2003 – Casablanca Attacks – Four simultaneous attacks in Casablanca killing 33 civilians (mostly Moroccans) carried by Salafia Jihadia. • 11 March 2004 – Multiple bombings on trains near Madrid, Spain. 191 killed, 1460 injured (alleged link to Al-Qaeda). • 1 September 2004 - Beslan school hostage crisis, approximately 344 civilians including 186 children killed.[206][207]

Islamic terrorism • 2 November 2004 – The murder of Theo van Gogh (film director) by Amsterdam-born jihadist Mohammed Bouyeri.[208] • 5 July 2005 - Attack at the Hindu Ram temple at Ayodhya, India; one of the most holy sites of Hinduism. 6 dead. • 7 July 2005 – Multiple bombings in London Underground. 53 killed by four suicide bombers. Nearly 700 injured. • 23 July 2005 – Bomb attacks at Sharm el-Sheikh, an Egyptian resort city, at least 64 people killed. • 29 October 2005 – 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings, India. Over 60 killed and over 180 injured in a series of three attacks in crowded markets and a bus, just 2 days before the Diwali festival.[209] • 9 November 2005 – 2005 Amman bombings. a series of coordinated suicide attacks on hotels in Amman, Jordan. Over 60 killed and 115 injured.[210][211] Four attackers including a husband and wife team were involved.[212] • 7 March 2006 – 2006 Varanasi bombings, India. A series of attacks in the Sankath Mochan Hanuman temple and Cantonment Railway Station in the Hindu holy city of Varanasi. 28 killed and over 100 injured.[213] • 11 July 2006 – 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings, Mumbai, India; a series of seven bomb blasts that took place over a period of 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai. 209 killed and over 700 injured. • 14 August 2007 – Qahtaniya bombings: Four suicide vehicle bombers massacred nearly 800 members of northern Iraq's Yazidi sect in the deadliest Iraq war's attack to date. • 26 July 2008 – 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, India. Islamic terrorists detonate at least 21 explosive devices in the heart of this industrial capital, leaving at least 56 dead and 200 injured. A Muslim group calling itself the Indian Mujahideen claims responsibility. Indian authorities believe that extremists with ties to Pakistan and/or Bangladesh are likely responsible and are intent on inciting communal violence.[214] Investigation by Indian police led to the eventual arrest of a number of terrorists suspected of carrying out the blasts, most of whom belong to a well-known terrorist group, the Students Islamic Movement of India.[215] • 13 September 2008 – Bombing series in Delhi, India. Pakistani extremist groups plant bombs at several places including India Gate, out of which the ones at Karol Bagh, Connaught Place and Greater Kailash explode leaving around 30 people dead and 130 injured, followed by another attack two weeks later at the congested Mehrauli area, leaving 3 people dead. • 26 November 2008 – Muslim extremists kill at least 174 people and wound numerous others in a series of coordinated attacks on India's largest city and financial capital, Mumbai. The government of India blamed Pakistan based militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba and stated that the terrorists killed/caught were citizens of Pakistan, a claim which the Pakistani government has refused. Ajmal Kasab, one of the terrorists, was caught alive.[216][217] • 25 October 2009. Baghdad, Iraq. During a terrorist attack, two bomber vehicles detonated in the Green Zone, killing at least 155 people and injuring 520. • 28 October 2009 – Peshawar, Pakistan. A car bomb is detonated in a woman exclusive shopping district, and over 110 killed and over 200 injured. • 3 December 2009 – Mogadishu, Somalia. A male suicide bomber disguised as a woman detonates in a hotel meeting hall. The hotel was hosting a graduation ceremony for local medical students when the blast went off, killing four government ministers as well as other civilians.[218] • 1 January 2010 – Lakki Marwat, Pakistan. A suicide car bomber drove his explosive-laden vehicle into a volleyball pitch as people gathered to watch a match killing more than 100 people.[219] • 1 May 2010 - New York, New York, USA. Faisal Shahzad, an Islamic Pakistani American who received U.S. citizenship in December 2009, attempted to detonate a car bomb in Times Square working with the Pakistani Taliban or Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan. • 13 May 2011 - Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan claimed attacks on two mosques simultaneously belonging to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, killing nearly 100 and injuring many others.[220] • 13 July 2011 - Three bombs exploded at different locations in Mumbai, perpetrated by Indian Mujahideen.

17

Islamic terrorism

18

U.S. State Department list •

Abu Sayyaf, Philippines

•

Hezbollah, Lebanon

•

Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, Egypt

•

Islamic Movement of Central Asia, Central Asia

•

Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Gaza Strip and West Bank

•

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan

•

Al-Shabaab, Somalia

•

Jaish-e-Mohammed, Pakistan and Kashmir

•

Al-Qaeda, worldwide

•

Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna, Iraq

•

Ansar al-Islam, Iraq

•

Jemaah Islamiyah, Indonesia

•

Armed Islamic Group (GIA), Algeria

•

Lashkar-e-Taiba, Pakistan and Kashmir

•

Caucasus Emirate (IK), Russia

•

Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Pakistan

•

East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), China

•

Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Philippines

•

Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Egypt

•

Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group, Morocco and Europe

•

Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front (IBDA-C), Turkey •

Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Gaza Strip and West Bank

•

Hamas, Gaza Strip and West Bank

Tawhid and Jihad, Iraq

•

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen al-Alami, Pakistan

•

Notes [1] Falk, Avner (2008). Islamic terror : conscious and unconscious motives. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. pp. 4. ISBN 978-0-313-35764-0. [2] Dreyfuss (2006), p. 2 Cooper (2008), p.272 [3] Cooper (2008), p.272 [4] Dreyfuss (2006), p. 1-4 [5] Burgess, Mark (20 May 2004). "Explaining Religious Terrorism Part 1" (http:/ / www. cdi. org/ program/ issue/ document. cfm?DocumentID=2224& IssueID=138& StartRow=1& ListRows=10& appendURL=& Orderby=DateLastUpdated& ProgramID=39& issueID=138). Center for Defense Information. . Retrieved 3 August 2011. "This continuity in terrorist motivations is particularly salient with regard to religion." [6] Burgess, Mark (2 July 2003). "A Brief History of Terrorism" (http:/ / www. cdi. org/ program/ document. cfm?documentid=1502& programID=39& from_page=. . / friendlyversion/ printversion. cfm). Center for Defense Information. . Retrieved 3 August 2011. "While it is impossible to definitively ascertain when it was first used, that which we today call terrorism traces its roots back at least some 2,000 years. Moreover, today’s terrorism has, in some respects come full circle, with many of its contemporary practitioners motivated by religious convictions – something which drove many of their earliest predecessors." [7] Laqueur, edited by Walter (2004). Voices of terror : manifestos, writings, and manuals of Al-Qaeda, Hamas and other terrorists from around the world and throughout the ages. Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks. pp. 440. ISBN 978-1-59429-035-0. [8] For example, according to Pape, from 1980 to 2003 suicide attacks amounted to only 3% of all terrorist attacks, but accounted for 48% of total deaths due to terrorism – this excluding 9/11 attacks, from Pape, Dying to Win, (2005), p.28 [9] McConnell, Scott (2005). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism" (http:/ / www. amconmag. com/ 2005_07_18/ article. html). The American Conservative magazine. The American Conservative. . Retrieved June 25, 2006. [10] "Suicide Terrorism in the Middle East: Origins and Response" (http:/ / www. washingtoninstitute. org/ templateC05. php?CID=2401). Washingtoninstitute.org. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [11] Scheuer (2004), p. 9 "The focused and lethal threat posed to U.S. national security arises not from Muslims being offended by what America is, but rather from their plausible perception that the things they most love and value – God, Islam, their brethren, and Muslim lands – are being attacked by America." [12] "US Support for Israel was the cause of 9/11: Interviews: Nabila Harb" (http:/ / viewfrommoon. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 09/ us-support-for-israel-was-cause-of-911. html). . Retrieved March 2, 2011. [13] "US Support for Israel prompted 9/11" (http:/ / www. theaustralian. com. au/ news/ world/ us-support-for-israel-prompted-911-osama-bin-laden/ story-e6frg6so-1225772727712). AFP. 14 September 2009. . [14] Mearsheimer, John J. and Walt, Stephen (2007). The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-17772-4. [15] "Six shot, one killed at Seattle Jewish federation" (http:/ / www. seattlepi. com/ local/ article/ Six-shot-one-killed-at-Seattle-Jewish-federation-1210235. php#ixzz1hCIBKtsf. ). Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 27 July 2006. . [16] Purdy, Matthew (25 February 1997). "The Gunman Premeditated The Attack, Officials Say" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1997/ 02/ 25/ nyregion/ the-gunman-premeditated-the-attack-officials-say. html?pagewanted=all& src=pm). The New York Times. .

Islamic terrorism [17] "Frontline: Al Qaeda's New Front: Interviews: Michael Scheuer" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ pages/ frontline/ shows/ front/ interviews/ scheuer. html). . Retrieved March 8, 2008. "Bin Laden has had success because he's focused on a limited number of U.S. foreign policies in the Muslim world, policies that are visible and are experienced by Muslims on a daily basis: our unqualified support for Israel; our ability to keep oil prices at a level that is more or less acceptable to Western consumers. Probably the most damaging of all is our 30-year support for police states across the Islamic world: the Al Sauds and the Egyptians under [Hosni] Mubarak and his predecessors; the Algerians; the Moroccans; the Kuwaitis. They're all police states." [18] Scheuer (2004), pp. 11-13 [19] Albert J. Bergesen and Omar Lizardo (March 2004). "Theories of Terrorism: A Symposium". Sociological Theory 22 (1): 38–52. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2004.00203.x. [20] Blond, Phillip; Pabst, Adrian (28 July 2005). "The roots of Islamic terrorism" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 07/ 27/ opinion/ 27iht-edpabst. html). The New York Times. . [21] International Humanist and Ethical Union. "The Fate of Infidels and Apostates under Islam | International Humanist and Ethical Union" (http:/ / www. iheu. org/ node/ 1540). Iheu.org. . Retrieved 2011-10-16. [22] Bible, Quran easily quoted out of context (http:/ / ca. cair. com/ sandiego/ news/ bible_quran_easily_quoted_out_of_context) [23] Islam - Verses of Qur'an That Condone "Killing the Infidel"? (http:/ / islam. about. com/ od/ terrorism/ f/ terrorism_verse. htm) [24] Kevin J. Hayes. How Thomas Jefferson Read the Qur'ān. JSTOR 25057350. [25] The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism (http:/ / www. sitemaker. umich. edu/ satran/ files/ twq06spring_atran. pdf) p.138, 144 [26] Singletary, Michelle (19 May 2011). "The economics of Obama's Arab Spring speech" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ blogs/ ezra-klein/ post/ the-economics-of-obamas-arab-spring-speech/ 2011/ 05/ 19/ AFIh0K7G_blog. html). The Washington Post. . [27] Sageman (2004) [28] "Understanding Terror Networks, Marc Sageman" (http:/ / www. upenn. edu/ pennpress/ book/ 14036. html). Upenn.edu. September 11, 2001. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [29] Wright, Loming Tower (2006), p.304 [30] "Olivier Roy Interview (2007): Conversations with History; Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley" (http:/ / globetrotter. berkeley. edu/ people7/ Roy/ roy07-con5. html). Globetrotter.berkeley.edu. May 3, 2007. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [31] "Disabled Often Carry Out Afghan Suicide Missions" (http:/ / www. npr. org/ templates/ story/ story. php?storyId=15276485). Npr.org. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [32] Daniel Byman and Christine Fair (July/August 2010). "The Case for Calling Them Nitwits" (http:/ / www. theatlantic. com/ magazine/ archive/ 2010/ 07/ the-case-for-calling-them-nitwits/ 8130/ ). Atlantic Magazine. . Retrieved July 8, 2010. [33] Qutbism, An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism by Dale C. Eikmeier (http:/ / www. carlisle. army. mil/ usawc/ Parameters/ 07spring/ eikmeier. htm). Retrieved 17 June 2009. [34] Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America' (http:/ / www. buzzle. com/ editorials/ 11-24-2002-30919. asp) accessed 24 may 2007 [35] Sexual perverts and the link to Islamic terrorists (http:/ / www. thelondondailynews. com/ sexual-perverts-link-islamic-terrorists-p-1584. html), The London Daily News,17 October 2008. [36] Dangerous and depraved: paedophiles unite with terrorists online (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/ uk/ crime/ article4958674. ece), Richard Kerbaj, Dominic Kennedy, Richard Owen and Graham Keeley, The Times, 17 October 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008. [37] Exclusive: Pornography found in bin Laden hideout: officials (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ 2011/ 05/ 13/ us-binladen-porn-idUSTRE74C4RK20110513), "Reuters", 13 May 2011 [38] < 2006 Speech of Eliza Manningham-Buller (http:/ / www. icjs-online. org/ index. php?article=1121) Director-General of MI5 on the terrorist threat facing the United Kingdom [39] Lewis, Bernard, 'Islam: The Religion and the People' (2009). Page 53, 145–150 [40] Bernard Lewis (September 27, 2001). "Extra - WSJ.com" (http:/ / www. opinionjournal. com/ extra/ ?id=95001224). Opinionjournal.com. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [41] From pp.233-234 of The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2000 Years [42] p. 73 of The Political Language of Islam [43] Michael Sells (August 8, 2002). "Understanding, Not Indoctrination" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ ac2/ wp-dyn?pagename=article& node=& contentId=A57379-2002Aug7& notFound=true). The Washington Post. . [44] Jane I. Smith (2005). "Islam and Christianity". Encyclopedia of Christianity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-522393-4. [45] Spencer, Robert, 'The Truth About Muhammad' (2006). Page 165-166: It is one of his most arresting statements. It is true that his Quran is quite brief, especially in comparison to the Old and even the New Testaments; whether its contents truly bear the "widest meaning," is a matter for the contention of theologians. That he was made "victorious with terror" is undeniable, given the tumultuous history of his prophetic career, with its raids, wars, and assassinations. [46] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ bukhari/ 052-sbt. php#004. 052. 220 [47] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ muslim/ 004-smt. php#004. 1062 [48] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ muslim/ 004-smt. php#004. 1063 [49] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ muslim/ 004-smt. php#004. 1066 [50] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ muslim/ 004-smt. php#004. 1067 [51] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ bukhari/ 059-sbt. php#005. 059. 512

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Islamic terrorism [52] Spencer, Robert, 'The Truth About Muhammad' (2006). Page 115-116: After the Battle of Badr and the attack against the Qaynuqa Jews, the Prophet of Islam directed his anger ant the Jewish poet Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, who according to Ibn Ishaq, "composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women." [53] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ bukhari/ 052-sbt. php#004. 052. 270 [54] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ bukhari/ 059-sbt. php#005. 059. 369 [55] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ muslim/ 019-smt. php#019. 4436 [56] Spencer, Robert, 'The Truth About Muhammad' (2006). Page 97-98:From then on, innocent non-Muslim women and children could legitimately suffer the fate of male unbelievers. [57] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ bukhari/ 052-sbt. php#004. 052. 256 [58] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ muslim/ 019-smt. php#019. 4321 [59] http:/ / www. usc. edu/ org/ cmje/ religious-texts/ hadith/ abudawud/ 038-sat. php#038. 4390 [60] http:/ / www. newageislam. com/ islam,terrorism-and-jihad/ terrorism--how-to-deal-with-militant-islam/ d/ 7963 [61] " "The Book, "Is Salafiyyah a cause of Terrorism" (http:/ / www. salafimanhaj. com/ pdf/ SalafiManhaj_NYPD. pdf)" [62] " "The Mufti of Saudi Arabia on the New York Attacks (http:/ / www. salafipublications. com/ sps/ downloads/ pdf/ CAF020015. pdf)" [63] " "The Major Scholars on the Salafi Position Towards the Suicide Bombings by the Khawaarij in Riyadh (http:/ / www. salafipublications. com/ sps/ downloads/ pdf/ CAF020016. pdf)" [64] "Abdal-Hakim Murad, Bin Laden’s Violence is a Heresy Against Islam" (http:/ / www. islamfortoday. com/ murad04. htm). Islamfortoday.com. . 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Islamic terrorism [90] "Hizbullah: Views and Concepts" (http:/ / almashriq. hiof. no/ lebanon/ 300/ 320/ 324/ 324. 2/ hizballah/ hizballah-background. html). Almashriq.hiof.no. June 20, 1997. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [91] "Extremists hold Osama bin Laden 'funeral' at US Embassy in London" (http:/ / www. metro. co. uk/ news/ 862613-extremists-hold-osama-bin-laden-funeral-at-us-embassy-in-london#ixzz1jMK5lHCV). Metro.co.uk. May 7, 2011. . Retrieved January 13, 2012. [92] http:/ / www. answering-extremism. com/ trans-pub/ ae_misau_10. pdf [93] http:/ / www. answering-extremism. com/ trans-pub/ ae_aaib_5. pdf [94] Jerome Taylor (March 3, 2010). "Sheikh issues fatwa against all terrorists" (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ uk/ home-news/ sheikh-issues-fatwa-against-all-terrorists-1915000. html). The Independent (London). . Retrieved April 9, 2010. [95] "Top Islamic scholar issues 'absolute' fatwa against terror" (http:/ / www. nationalpost. com/ news/ story. html?id=2634649). 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Islamic terrorism [123] Seumas Milne (February 25, 2010). "This tide of anti-Muslim hatred is a threat to us all" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ commentisfree/ belief/ 2010/ feb/ 25/ anti-muslim-hatred-threat-to-all). The Guardian (London). . Retrieved April 8, 2010. [124] "EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report TE-SAT" (http:/ / www. europol. europa. eu/ index. asp?page=publications& language=). Europol. 2007–2009. . Retrieved April 8, 2010. [125] Mehdi Hasan (July 9, 2009). "Know your enemy" (http:/ / www. newstatesman. com/ 2009/ 07/ mehdi-hasan-muslim-terrorism-white-british). New Statesman. . Retrieved April 9, 2010. [126] "EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report TE-SAT 2009" (https:/ / www. europol. europa. eu/ sites/ default/ files/ publications/ tesat2009_1. pdf). Europol. 2009. . Retrieved April 8, 2012. [127] Foreign Affairs, January/February 2008, p.74, "The Myth of the Authoritarian Model" [128] FT.com / Europe - Changing face of terror in Russia (http:/ / www. ft. com/ cms/ s/ 0/ 40b2b7e8-3e84-11df-a706-00144feabdc0. html#axzz1QqDmL2UZ) [129] Designation of Caucasus Emirate - U.S. Department of State (http:/ / www. state. gov/ r/ pa/ prs/ ps/ 2011/ 05/ 164312. htm) [130] John Pike. "Turkish Hizbullah" (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ para/ hizbullah-t. htm). Globalsecurity.org. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [131] Terrorized Turkey (http:/ / www. nationalreview. com/ comment/ kohlmann200311250844. asp) by Evan Kohlmann [132] http:/ / www. egm. gov. tr/ temuh/ terorgrup1. html [133] The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism (http:/ / www. sitemaker. umich. edu/ satran/ files/ twq06spring_atran. pdf) p.131 [134] Report on Terrorist Incidents – 2006 (http:/ / wits. nctc. gov/ reports/ crot2006nctcannexfinal. pdf) 6600 out of 14000 [135] Iraqi Insurgency Groups (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ ops/ iraq_insurgency. htm) the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies estimates roughly 1,000 foreign Islamic jihadists [136] p.154, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam by Gilles Kepel (2002) [137] "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)" (http:/ / www. mideastweb. org/ hamas. htm). Mideastweb.org. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [138] Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam by Gilles Kepel, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, (2002), p.331 [139] Waked, Ali; Roee Nahmias (2.09.06). "Putin: Hamas not a terror organization" (http:/ / www. ynetnews. com/ articles/ 0,7340,L-3213707,00. html). Israel: YnetNews.com. . Retrieved January 14, 2010. [140] Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers pdf (http:/ / www. economics. harvard. edu/ faculty/ benmelech/ files/ JEP_0807. pdf) Journal of Economic Perspectives Volume 21, Number 3, Summer 2007. Pages 223–238 [141] Katz, Samuel (2002). The Hunt for the Engineer. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-58574-749-8. p.74 [142] Nidal al-Mughrabi (March 12, 2007). "Hamas says still seeks Israel's destruction | International" (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ worldNews/ idUSL1229777020070312). Reuters. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [143] Humphreys, R. (2005), "Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age", University of California Press [144] p.122, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam by Gilles Kepel) [145] Jamail, Dahr (2006-07-20). "Hezbollah's transformation" (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ Middle_East/ HG20Ak02. html). Asia Times. . Retrieved 2007-10-23. [146] "Who are Hezbollah" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ middle_east/ 4314423. stm). BBC News. 2008-05-21. . Retrieved 2008-08-15. [147] Adam Shatz (April 29, 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah" (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ 17060). The New York Review of Books. . Retrieved 2006-08-14. [148] author unknown. "The Hizballah Program" (http:/ / www. standwithus. com/ pdfs/ flyers/ hezbollah_program. pdf) (PDF). provided by standwithus. com (StandWithUs). . Retrieved 2007-10-29. [149] Stalinsky, Steven. "An Islamic Republic Is Hezbollah's Aim." (http:/ / www. nysun. com/ article/ 37184) The New York Sun. 2 August 2006. 1 November 2007. [150] Deeb, Lara (2006-07-31). "Hizballah: A Primer" (http:/ / www. merip. org/ mero/ mero073106. html). Middle East Report. . Retrieved 2006-07-31. [151] "Briefing: Lebanese Public Opinion" (http:/ / www. mideastmonitor. org/ issues/ 0609/ 0609_6. htm). September–October 2006. . Retrieved 2007-10-08. [152] "Huge Beirut protest backs Syria." (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ middle_east/ 4329201. stm) BBC News. 8 March 2005. 7 February 2007. [153] Ghattas, Kim (2006-12-01). "Political ferment in Lebanon" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ programmes/ from_our_own_correspondent/ 6200804. stm). BBC News. . Retrieved 2008-08-15. [154] "Lebanese army moves into W. Beirut after Hezbollah takeover" (http:/ / www. haaretz. com/ hasen/ spages/ 981696. html). Haaretz. . Retrieved 2008-05-10. [155] "Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)" (http:/ / www. cfr. org/ publication/ 9155/ hezbollah. html?breadcrumb=/ ). Council on Foreign Relations. 2008-09-13. . Retrieved 2008-09-15. [156] UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2006-03-29). "LEBANON: The many hands and faces of Hezbollah" (http:/ / www. irinnews. org/ report. asp?ReportID=52494& SelectRegion=Middle_East). . Retrieved 2006-08-17. [157] Iranian official admits Tehran supplied missiles to Hezbollah (http:/ / www. haaretz. com/ hasen/ pages/ ShArt. jhtml?itemNo=746631) [158] Frykberg, MelL (2008-08-29). "Mideast Powers, Proxies and Paymasters Bluster and Rearm" (http:/ / www. metimes. com/ International/ 2008/ 08/ 29/ mideast_powers_proxies_and_paymasters_bluster_and_rearm/ 5485/ ). Middle East Times. . Retrieved 2008-08-29. "And if

22

Islamic terrorism there is one thing that ideologically and diametrically opposed Hezbollah and Israel agree on, it is Hezbollah's growing military strength." [159] "Security council endorses secretary-general's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16 June" (http:/ / www. un. org/ News/ Press/ docs/ 2000/ 20000618. sc6878. doc. html). United Nations Security Council. 2000-06-18. . Retrieved 2006-09-29. [160] Roy, Olivier, The Failure of Political Islam, Harvard University Press, (1994), p.115 [161] Pape, Robert, Dying to Win, Random House, 2005, p.129 [162] Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, St. Martins Press, 1997 p.89-90 [163] Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, St. Martins Press, 1997, p.54 [164] Kepel, Gilles, Jihad, (2002), p.129 [165] Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, St. Martins Press, 1997, p.127 [166] Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon : The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, p.60 [167] Jul 20, 2006 (July 20, 2006). "Asia Times Online :: Middle East News – Hezbollah's transformation" (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ Middle_East/ HG20Ak02. html). Atimes.com. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [168] "Hezbollah disarmament unclear" (http:/ / edition. cnn. com/ 2005/ WORLD/ meast/ 05/ 06/ lebanon. report/ index. html). CNN. May 7, 2005. . Retrieved August 5, 2006. [169] International Herald Tribune (15 March 2007). "A new face of Al Qaeda emerges in Lebanon" (http:/ / www. iht. com/ articles/ 2007/ 03/ 15/ news/ lebanon. php). Retrieved 20 May 207. [170] Le Figaro (16 April 2007). "Fatah Al-Islam: the new terrorist threat hanging over Lebanon" (http:/ / www. lefigaro. fr/ english/ 20070416. WWW000000477_fatah_al_islam_the_new_terrorist_threat_hanging_over_lebanon. html). Retrieved 20 May 2007. [171] Reuters (19 May 2007). "Lebanese army battles militants at Palestinian camp" (http:/ / today. reuters. com/ news/ articlenews. aspx?storyID=2007-05-20T031424Z_01_L20250509_RTRUKOC_0_US-LEBANON-CAMP-FIGHTING. xml). Retrieved 20 May 2007. [172] Reuters (20 May 2007). "Facts about militant group Fatah al-Islam" (http:/ / www. alertnet. org/ thenews/ newsdesk/ L20400320. htm). Retrieved 20 May 2007. [173] John Pike (June 27, 2008). "Backgrounder: Armed Islamic Group (Algeria, Islamists) (a.k.a. GIA, Groupe Islamique Armé, or al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha)" (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ security/ library/ news/ 2008/ 06/ sec-080627-cfr01. htm). Globalsecurity.org. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [174] Kepel, Gilles, Jihad, (2003) [175] The Consequences of Insurgent Attacks in Afghanistan (http:/ / www. hrw. org/ reports/ 2007/ afghanistan0407/ ) April 2007 Volume 19, No. 6(C) [176] Car Bomber Kills 2 in Tajikistan (http:/ / www. themoscowtimes. com/ news/ article/ car-bomber-kills-2-in-tajikistan/ 414761. html) The Moscow Times [177] Unraveling the Mystery of the Tashkent Bombings: Theories and Implications* (http:/ / www. iicas. org/ english/ Krsten_4_12_00. htm) [178] Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty (http:/ / www. rferl. org/ reports/ centralasia/ 2004/ 04/ 14-070404. asp) [179] Central Asia - Caucasus Analyst (http:/ / www. cacianalyst. org/ view_article. php?articleid=2299) [180] Germany: Authorities Say Uzbekistan-Based Group Behind Terrorist Plot - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY (http:/ / www. rferl. org/ featuresarticle/ 2007/ 09/ 6ec8adad-f98f-413d-95e1-776074d74a24. html) [181] Bruce Pannier (2004-07-27). "Uzbekistan: 'Terror' Trial Likely To Hold Few Surprises" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ query?url=http:/ / www. rferl. org/ content/ article/ 1054045. html& date=2009-11-26). Radio Free Europe. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. rferl. org/ content/ article/ 1054045. html) on 2009-11-26. . [182] BBC NEWS | Asia-Pacific | US FBI joins Uzbek blast inquiry (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ asia-pacific/ 3532518. stm) [183] Terrorism in Uzbekistan: A self-made crisis (http:/ / jamestown. org/ terrorism/ news/ article. php?articleid=236626) Jamestown Foundation [184] Uzbekistan: Who's Behind The Violence? (http:/ / www. cdi. org/ russia/ johnson/ 8147-18. cfm) Center for Defense Information [185] Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) (http:/ / www. satp. org/ satporgtp/ countries/ bangladesh/ terroristoutfits/ JMB. htm), from South Asia Terrorism Portal [186] The Rising Tide of Islamism in Bangladesh By Maneeza Hossain, [[Hudson Institute (http:/ / www. defenddemocracy. org/ in_the_media/ in_the_media_show. htm?doc_id=358521)]: Current Trends in Islamist Ideology vol. 3, February 16, 2006] [187] The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism, Columbia University Press (2007), p.69-70 [188] "Lashkar-e-Toiba" (http:/ / dictionary. reference. com/ search?q=Lashkar-e-Toiba). South Asia. dictionary.com. . Retrieved August 27, 2006. [189] Mir, Amir (2005). "The jihad lives on" (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ South_Asia/ GC11Df07. html). South Asia. Asia Times Online Ltd.. . Retrieved June 24, 2006. [190] "Speech by the Prime Minister the Rt Hon Tony Blair MP to the Confederation of Indian Industry Bangalore, India 5 January 2002" (http:/ / www. britishhighcommission. gov. uk/ servlet/ Front?pagename=OpenMarket/ Xcelerate/ ShowPage& c=Page& cid=1031627751059). Indo-UK Relations. britishhighcommission.gov. . Retrieved June 24, 2006. [191] Thompson, Geoff (2004). "Is Lashkar-e-Toiba still operating in Pakistan?" (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ pm/ content/ 2004/ s1107792. htm). PM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. . Retrieved June 25, 2006. [192] "current situation" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20051219133310/ http:/ / www. ppu. org. uk/ war/ countries/ asia/ pakistan. html). wars and armed conflicts. Peace Pledge Union. 2002. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. ppu. org. uk/ war/ countries/ asia/ pakistan. html) on December 19, 2005. . Retrieved June 25, 2006.

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Islamic terrorism [193] "SOUTH ASIA | Jaish-e-Mohammad: A profile" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 1804228. stm). BBC News. February 6, 2002. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [194] "Attack May Spoil Kashmir Summit" (http:/ / www. spacewar. com/ reports/ Attack_May_Spoil_Kashmir_Summit. html). Spacewar.com. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [195] "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" (http:/ / www. fas. org/ irp/ crs/ RL32223. pdf) (PDF). fas.org. . Retrieved February 6, 2008. [196] FBI Updates Most Wanted Terrorists and Seeking Information – War on Terrorism Lists (http:/ / www. fbi. gov/ pressrel/ pressrel06/ mostwantedterrorists022406. htm), FBI national Press Release, 24 February 2006 [197] "Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)" (http:/ / tkb. org/ Group. jsp?groupID=204). MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. . Retrieved 20 September 2006. [198] "The_MIPT_Terrorism_Annual" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071129192403/ http:/ / www. tkb. org/ documents/ Downloads/ 2006-MIPT-Terrorism-Annual. pdf) (PDF). tkb.org. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. tkb. org/ documents/ Downloads/ 2006-MIPT-Terrorism-Annual. pdf) on November 29, 2007. . Retrieved February 6, 2008. [199] Suicide Bombers in Islam (http:/ / islam. about. com/ cs/ currentevents/ a/ suicide_bomb. htm) [200] Casciani, Dominic (2 March 2010). "Muslim scholar condemns terrorism" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ uk/ 8544531. stm). BBC News. . [201] "www.jihad.com" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 12/ 16/ opinion/ 16friedman. html) [202] "2006 9/11 Death Toll" (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2006/ LAW/ 04/ 25/ moussaoui. trial/ ). CNN. April 2006. . Retrieved September 7, 2006. [203] "Akshardham attack was planned in Riyadh" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ cms. dll/ html/ uncomp/ articleshow?msid=153495). The Times of India (Times Internet Limited). 29 August 2003. . Retrieved June 25, 2006. [204] "Akshardham attack "plotted in Riyadh"" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20060114194643/ http:/ / in. news. yahoo. com/ 050715/ 48/ 5zcxb. html). India news. Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd.. 2005. Archived from the original (http:/ / in. news. yahoo. com/ 050715/ 48/ 5zcxb. html) on January 14, 2006. . Retrieved June 25, 2006. [205] "Bali bombings 2002" (http:/ / afp. gov. au/ international/ operations/ previous_operations/ bali_bombings_2002). International Activities. Australian Federal Police. . Retrieved March 18, 2007. [206] "Woman injured in 2004 Russian siege dies" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080502221257/ http:/ / www. boston. com/ news/ world/ europe/ articles/ 2006/ 12/ 08/ woman_injured_in_2004_russian_siege_dies/ ). The Boston Globe. December 8, 2006. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. boston. com/ news/ world/ europe/ articles/ 2006/ 12/ 08/ woman_injured_in_2004_russian_siege_dies/ ) on May 2, 2008. . Retrieved January 9, 2007. [207] "Bbc News" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ shared/ spl/ hi/ world/ 04/ russian_s/ html/ 1. stm). BBC News. September 3, 2004. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [208] Gunman kills Dutch film director (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 3974179. stm) [209] Delhi blasts toll is 59, 200 injured (http:/ / in. rediff. com/ news/ 2005/ oct/ 30delhi4. htm)- rediff.com [210] Deadly Bombings Hit Jordan (http:/ / www. thestreet. com/ _googlen/ funds/ international-pf/ 10252100. html?cm_ven=GOOGLEN& cm_cat=FREE& cm_ite=NA) – TheStreet.com, 9 November 2005 [211] Jordan bombings kill 57, wound 300 (http:/ / aljazeera. com/ me. asp?service_ID=10143) – Al Jazeera, 9 November 2005 [212] Bomber's wife arrested in Jordan (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ middle_east/ 4432964. stm) – BBC, 13 November 2005 [213] "South Asia" (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ South_Asia/ JE15Df02. html). Asia Times. 2008 May 15. . Retrieved 2010 June 12. [214] Bedi, Rahul (July 27, 2008). "India on high alert as bombers sought – Telegraph" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ worldnews/ asia/ india/ 2463518/ India-on-high-alert-as-bombers-sought. html). London: Telegraph.co.uk. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [215] (AFP) – Aug 16, 2008 (August 16, 2008). "AFP: Indian police arrest 10 for serial blasts – August 16, 2008" (http:/ / afp. google. com/ article/ ALeqM5jmWd6R_7NPYZhvm155_PrCKp6g6w). Afp.google.com. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [216] Lakshmi, Rama (2008-11-27). "Washington Post – *26 November 2008 – Dozens Die in Mumbai Attacks" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2008/ 11/ 26/ AR2008112604708. html?hpid=topnews). Washingtonpost.com. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [217] Lakshmi, Rama (2008-12-01). "Washington Post – 1 December 2008: More Indian Officials Quit in Aftermath of Attacks" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2008/ 12/ 01/ AR2008120100940. html?hpid=topnews). Washingtonpost.com. . Retrieved April 25, 2010. [218] Somalia ministers killed by hotel suicide bomb (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ africa/ 8392468. stm) . BBC News. December 3. Retrieved December 3. [219] Pakistan volleyball crowd hit by suicide bomber (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 8437114. stm) . BBC News. January 1. Retrieved January 1, 2010. [220] (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ 2011/ may/ 13/ suicide-bombing-revenge-osama) . The Guardian. May 13, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2011.

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References • Bin Laden, Osama; Lawrence, Bruce (2005). Messages to the world: the statements of Osama Bin Laden (http:// books.google.com/books?id=3_fRlEZoaioC). Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-045-1. • Cooper, William Wager; Yue, Piyu (2008). Challenges of the muslim world: present, future and past (http:// books.google.com/books?id=3qwuhK3BBH8C). Emerald Group Publishing. • Dreyfuss, Robert (2006). Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam (http:// books.google.com/books?id=hdfLNSnUx-AC). Macmillan. • Sageman, Marc (2004). Understanding terror networks (http://books.google.com/?id=SAQ8Oa6zWF4C). ISBN 978-0-8122-3808-2. • Scheuer, Michael (2004). Imperial Hubris. Dulles, Virginia: Brassey's, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-9655139-4-4.

Further reading • Amir, Taheri (1987). Holy Terror: Inside the World of Islamic Terrorism. Adler & Adler. ISBN 0-917561-45-7. • Atran, Scott (2010). Talking to the Enemy. Ecco Press / HarperCollins, USA; Allen Lane / Penguin, UK. ISBN 978-0-06-134490-9. • Ayaan, Hirsi Ali (2007). Infidel. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-9503-X. • Bostom, Andrew (2005). The Legacy of Jihad. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-307-6. • Bynum, Rebecca (2011). Allah Is Dead: Why Islam is Not a Religion. New English Review Press. ISBN 0578073900. • Citizen, Warrior (2012). Getting Through: How to Talk to Non-Muslims About the Disturbing Nature of Islam. Tennessee Freedom Coalition. ISBN 061569098X. • Dennis, Anthony J. (1996). The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West. Wyndham Hall Press, Ohio, USA. ISBN 1-55605-268-5. • Dennis, Anthony J. (2002). Osama Bin Laden: A Psychological and Political Portrait. Wyndham Hall Press, Ohio, USA. ISBN 1-55605-341-X. • Durie, Mark (2010). The Third Choice: Islam, Dhimmitude and Freedom. Deror Books. ISBN 978-0-9807223-0-7. • Esposito, John L. (1995). The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-510298-7. • Esposito, John L. (2003). Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-516886-0. • Matovic, Violeta, Suicide Bombers Who's Next, Belgrade, The National Counter Terrorism Committee, ISBN 978-86-908309-2-3 • Falk, Avner. (2008). Islamic Terror: Conscious and Unconscious Motives. Westport, Connecticut, Praeger Security International. ISBN 978-0-313-35764-0. • Fregosi, Paul (1998). Jihad in the West: Muslim Conquests from the 7th to the 21st Centuries. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-247-1. • Gabriel, Brigitte. (2006). Because They Hate: A Survivor of Islamic Terror Warns America. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-35837-7. • Gabriel, Mark. (2005). Journey into the Mind of an Islamic Terrorist. Frontline. ISBN 1-59185-713-9. • McCarthy, Andrew. (2010). The Grand Jihad: How Islam and the Left Sabotage America. Encounter Books. ISBN 1-59403-377-3. • Morse, Chuck. (2003). The Nazi Connection to Islamic Terrorism: Adolf Hitler and Haj Amin al-Husseini. iUniverse, Inc. ISBN 0595289444 • Khan, M. A. (2009). Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery. iUniverse.com. ISBN 1440118469.

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Islamic terrorism • Gregory, M.Davis (2006). Religion of Peace?: Islam's War Against the World. World Ahead Publishing. ISBN 0-9778984-4-X. • Halliday, Fred (2003). Islam and the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics of the Middle East. I.B. Tauris, New York. ISBN 978-1-86064-868-7. • Ibrahim, Raymond (2007). The Al Qaeda Reader. Broadway, USA. ISBN 978-0-7679-2262-3. • Kepel, Gilles. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. • Kepel, Gilles. The War for Muslim Minds. • Spencer, Robert (2003). Onward Muslim Soldiers. Regnery Publishing, USA. ISBN 978-0-89526-100-7. • Spencer, Robert (2005). The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (And the Crusades). Regnery Publishing, USA. ISBN 978-0-89526-013-0. • Spencer, Robert (2006). The Truth About Muhammad. Regnery Publishing, USA. ISBN 978-1-59698-028-0. • Malik, S. K. (1986). The Quranic Concept of War (http://wolfpangloss.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/ malik-quranic-concept-of-war.pdf). Himalayan Books. ISBN 978-81-7002-020-2. • Swarup, Ram (1982). Understanding Islam through Hadis. Voice of Dharma. ISBN 978-0-682-49948-4. • Trifkovic, Serge (2006). Defeating Jihad. Regina Orthodox Press, USA. ISBN 978-1-928653-26-4. • Phillips, Melanie (2006). Londonistan: How Britain is Creating a Terror State Within. Encounter books. ISBN 978-1-59403-144-1. • Warner, Bill (2006). Mohammed And the Unbelievers. CSPI. ISBN 0-9785528-9-X. • Warner, Bill (2006). Mohammed, Allah, and the Mind of War. CSPI. ISBN 0-9785528-2-2. • Warraq, Ibn (1995). Why I Am Not a Muslim. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-984-4.

War on Terror The War on Terror (also known as the Global War on Terrorism) is a term commonly applied to an international military campaign which started as a result of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States. This resulted in an international military campaign to eliminate al-Qaeda and other militant organizations. The United Kingdom and many other NATO and non-NATO nations took part in the conflict.[1] The phrase 'War on Terror' was first used by US President George W. Bush on 20 September 2001. The Bush administration and the Western media have since used the term to denote a global military, political, legal and ideological struggle—targeting both organizations designated as terrorist and regimes accused of supporting them. It was typically used with a particular focus on militant Islamists and al-Qaeda. Although the term is not officially used by the administration of US President Barack Obama (which instead uses the term Overseas Contingency Operation), it is still commonly used by politicians, in the media and officially by some aspects of government, such as the United States' Global War on Terrorism Service Medal.

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War on Terror

27

Language The phrase "War on Terror" has been used to specifically refer to the ongoing military campaign led by the US, UK and their allies against organizations and regimes identified by them as terrorist, and excludes other independent counter-terrorist operations and campaigns such as those by Russia and India. The conflict has also been referred to by names other than the War on Terror. It has also been known as: • World War III[2][3][4] • World War IV[5][6][7] (assuming the Cold War was World War III) • Bush's War on Terror[8][9][10] • The Long War[11][12] • The Global War of Terror[13][14][15] • The War Against al-Qaeda[16][17]

Letter from Barack Obama indicating appropriation of Congressional funds for "Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terrorism"

History of the name In 1984, the Reagan Administration used the term "war against terrorism" as part of an effort to pass legislation that was designed to freeze assets of terrorist groups and marshal the forces of government against them. Author Shane Harris asserts this was a reaction to the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing.[18] The concept of America at war with terrorism may have begun on 11 September 2001 when Tom Brokaw, having just witnessed the collapse of one the towers of the World Trade Center, declared "Terrorists have declared war on [America]."[19] On 16 September 2001, at Camp David, President George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an unscripted and controversial comment when he said, "This crusade – this war on terrorism – is going to take a while, ... "[20] Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people of Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again.[21] On 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of congress, Bush stated that, "(o)ur 'war on terror' begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated."[22] Bush did not say when he expected this would be achieved. In April 2007 the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase "War on Terror" as they found it to be less than helpful.[23] This was explained more recently by Lady Eliza Manningham-Buller. In her 2011 Reith lecture, the former head of MI5 said that the 9/11 attacks were "a crime, not an act of war." "So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror."[24] US President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009, he stated "Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred."[25] In March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from "Global War on Terror" to "Overseas Contingency Operation" (OCO).[26] In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid use of the term, instead using "Overseas Contingency Operation".[26] Basic objectives of the Bush administration "war on terror", such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place.[27][28] In December 2012, Jeh Johnson, the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, stated that the military fight will be replaced by a law enforcement operation when speaking at Oxford University,[29] predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened to be ineffective, and has been "effectively destroyed", and thus the conflict will not be an armed

War on Terror conflict under international law.[30]

The rhetorical war on terror Because the actions involved in the "war on terrorism" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series of assumptions, beliefs, justifications, and narratives—it is an entire language or discourse."[31] Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that "the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage".[32] Administration officials also described "terrorists" as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, and, most commonly, evil.[33] Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights.[34] Both the term and the policies it denotes have been a source of ongoing controversy, as critics argue it has been used to justify unilateral preventive war, human rights abuses and other violations of international law.[35][36]

Precursor to the 9/11 attacks The origins of al-Qaeda as a network inspiring terrorism around the world and training operatives can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States supported the Islamist mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.[37] In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by Osama bin Laden and later reformed as al-Qaeda, started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power that same year.[38] In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatwā, as the head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel,[39][40] later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the US and the West.[41][42] Following the bombings of US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania,[43] US President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the US asserted were associated with WIFJAJC,[44][45] although others have questioned whether a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan was used as a chemical warfare plant. The plant produced much of the region's antimalarial drugs[46] and around 50% of Sudan's pharmaceutical needs.[47] The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban.[46] Next came the 2000 millennium attack plots which included an attempted bombing of Los Angeles International Airport. In October 2000 the USS Cole bombing occurred, followed in 2001 by the 11 September 2001 attacks.[48]

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US objectives The George W. Bush administration defined the following objectives in the War on Terror:[49] 1. Defeat terrorists such as Osama bin Laden, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and destroy their organizations 2. Identify, locate and destroy terrorists along with their organizations 3. Deny sponsorship, support and sanctuary to terrorists 1. End the state sponsorship of terrorism

  NATO  Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism InitiativeTrans Sahara initiative  Major military operations (War in Afghanistan (2001–present)Afghanistan • War in WaziristanPakistan • Iraq WarIraq • Somali Civil WarSomalia • Terrorism in YemenYemen)  Other allies involved in major operations Major terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda and affiliated groups: 1. 1998 United States embassy bombings • 2. September 11 attacks11 September attacks 2001 • 3. 2002 Bali bombingsBali bombings 2002• 4. 2004 Madrid train bombingsMadrid bombings 2004 • 5. 2005 London bombingsLondon bombings 2005 • 6. 2008 Mumbai attacksMumbai attacks 2008

2. Establish and maintain an international standard of accountability with regard to combating terrorism 3. Strengthen and sustain the international effort to fight terrorism 4. Work with willing and able states 5. Enable weak states 6. Persuade reluctant states 7. Compel unwilling states 8. Interdict and disrupt material support for terrorists 9. Eliminate terrorist sanctuaries and havens 4. Diminish the underlying conditions that terrorists seek to exploit

1. Partner with the international community to strengthen weak states and prevent (re)emergence of terrorism 2. Win the war of ideals 5. Defend US citizens and interests at home and abroad 1. Implement the National Strategy for Homeland Security 2. Attain domain awareness 3. Enhance measures to ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability of critical physical and information-based infrastructures at home and abroad 4. Integrate measures to protect US citizens abroad 5. Ensure an integrated incident management capability

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US and NATO-led military operations Operation Active Endeavour Operation Active Endeavour is a naval operation of NATO started in October 2001 in response to the 11 September attacks. It operates in the Mediterranean Sea and is designed to prevent the movement of militants or weapons of mass destruction and to enhance the security of shipping in general.[50] The operation has also assisted Greece with its prevention of illegal immigration. US Army soldier of the 10th Mountain Division in Nuristan Province, June 2007

Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Enduring Freedom is the official name used by the Bush administration for the War in Afghanistan, together with three smaller military actions, under the umbrella of the Global War on Terror. These global operations are intended to seek out and destroy any al-Qaeda fighters or affiliates.

Campaign streamer awarded to units who have participated in Operation Enduring Freedom.

Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan On 20 September 2001, in the wake of the 11 September attacks, George W. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the Taliban government of Afghanistan to turn over Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda leaders operating in the country or face attack.[22] The Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden's link to the 11 September attacks and, if such evidence warranted a trial, they offered to handle such a trial in an Islamic Court.[51] The US refused to provide any evidence.

Campaign streamer awarded to units who have participated in OEF-A.

Subsequently, in October 2001, US forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and US forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern US Army Chinook helicopter in Afghanistan Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the US and its allies) fought within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.[52][53] In March 2002, the US and other NATO and non-NATO forces launched Operation Anaconda with the goal of destroying any remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the Shah-i-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains of Afghanistan. The Taliban suffered heavy casualties and evacuated the region.[54]

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The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002.[55] Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase in the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all.[56] Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. The United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to withdraw from Afghanistan by the end of 2014.

US Marines return fire on enemy forces in Marjeh, February 2010

Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines In January 2002, the United States Special Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups.[57] The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the island of Basilan.[58] The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called "Operation Smiles." The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan as part of a "Hearts and Minds" program.[59][60]

US Special Forces soldier and infantrymen of the Philippine Army

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa This extension of Operation Enduring Freedom was titled OEF-HOA. Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF-HOA does not have a specific organization as a target. OEF-HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect militant activities in the region and to work with willing governments to prevent the reemergence of militant cells and activities.[61]

US soldiers and French Naval commandos in Djibouti.

In October 2002, the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was established in Djibouti at Camp Lemonnier.[62] It contains approximately 2,000 personnel including US military and special operations forces (SOF) and coalition force members, Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150).

War on Terror

Ships assigned to Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150)

32 Task Force 150 consists of ships from a shifting group of nations, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The primary goal of the coalition forces is to monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region and affecting the US' Operation Iraqi Freedom. Included in the operation is the training of selected armed forces units of the countries of Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia in counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency tactics. Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA include rebuilding of schools and medical clinics and providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained. The program expands as part of the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative as CJTF personnel also assist in training the armed forces of Chad, Niger, Mauritania and Mali. However, the War on Terror does not include Sudan, where over 400,000 have died in an ongoing civil war.

The Fall of Mogadishu in December 2006 and the withdrawal of the ICU

On 1 July 2006, a Web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state in the country and warned western governments that the al-Qaeda network

would fight against them if they intervened there.[63] Somalia has been considered a "failed state" because its official central government was weak, dominated by warlords and unable to exert effective control over the country. Beginning in mid-2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), an Islamist faction campaigning on a restoration of "law and order" through Sharia law, had rapidly taken control of much of southern Somalia. On 14 December 2006, the US Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi Frazer claimed al-Qaeda cell operatives were controlling the Islamic Courts Union, a claim denied by the ICU.[64] By late 2006, the UN-backed Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia had seen its power effectively limited to Baidoa, while the Islamic Courts Union controlled the majority of southern Somalia, including the capital of Mogadishu. On 20 December 2006, the Islamic Courts Union launched an offensive on the government stronghold of Baidoa, and saw early gains before Ethiopia intervened in favor of the government. By 26 December, the Islamic Courts Union retreated towards Mogadishu, before again retreating as TFG/Ethiopian troops neared, leaving them to take Mogadishu with no resistance. The ICU then fled to Kismayo, where they fought Ethiopian/TFG forces in the Battle of Jilib.

War on Terror The Prime Minister of Somalia claimed that three "terror suspects" from the 1998 United States embassy bombings are being sheltered in Kismayo.[65] On 30 December 2006, al-Qaeda deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahiri called upon Muslims worldwide to fight against Ethiopia and the TFG in Somalia.[66] On 8 January 2007, the US launched the Battle of Ras Kamboni by bombing Ras Kamboni using AC-130 gunships.[67] On 14 September 2009, US Special Forces killed two men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of Baarawe. Witnesses claim that helicopters used for the operation launched from French-flagged warships, but that could not be confirmed. A Somali based al-Qaida affiliated group, the Al-Shabaab, has confirmed the death of "sheik commander" Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan along with an unspecified number of militants.[68] Nabhan, a Kenyan, was wanted in connection with the 2002 Mombasa attacks.[69] Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS) is the name of the military operation conducted by the US and partner nations in the Sahara/Sahel region of Africa, consisting of counter-terrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa. The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists (affiliated to al-Qaeda) advancing into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country. The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic militants. In January 2013, France intervened on behalf of the Malian government’s request and deployed troops into the region. They launched Operation Serval on 11 January 2013, with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali.[70]

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Iraq Iraq had been listed as a State sponsor of terrorism by the US since 1990,[71] when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. Iraq was also on the list from 1979 to 1982; it was removed so that the US could provide material support to Iraq in its war with Iran. Hussein's regime proved a continuing problem for the UN and Iraq’s neighbors due to its use of chemical weapons against Iranians and Kurds. Iraqi no-fly zones A British C-130J Hercules aircraft launches flare After the Gulf War, the US, French and British militaries instituted and countermeasures prior to being the first coalition began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish minority aircraft to land on the newly reopened military and Shi'a Arab population—both of which suffered attacks from the runway at Baghdad International Airport. Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War—in Iraq's northern and southern regions, respectively. US forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet US demands of "unconditional cooperation" in weapons inspections.[72]

Prior to Operation Desert Fox, US president Bill Clinton predicted "And mark my words, he will develop weapons of mass destruction. He will deploy them, and he will use them." Clinton also declared a desire to remove Hussein from power and in the same speech said, "The hard fact is that so long as Saddam remains in power, he threatens the well-being of his people, the peace of his region, the security of the world." In the aftermath of Operation Desert Fox, during December 1998, Iraq announced that it would no longer respect the no-fly zones and resumed its attempts to shoot down US aircraft. Air strikes by the British and US against Iraqi anti-aircraft and military targets continued over the next few years. Also in 1998, Clinton signed the Iraq Liberation Act, which called for regime change in Iraq on the basis of its alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction, oppression of Iraqi citizens, and attacks on other Middle Eastern countries. The George W. Bush administration called for the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to again send weapons inspectors to Iraq to find and destroy the alleged weapons of mass destruction and called for a UNSC resolution.[73] UNSC Resolution 1441 was passed unanimously, which offered Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" or face "serious consequences." Resolution 1441 did not authorize the use of force by member states. The Iraqi government subsequently allowed UN inspectors some access to Iraqi sites, while the US government continued to assert that Iraq was being obstructionist.[74] In October 2002, a large bipartisan majority in the United States Congress authorized the president to use force if necessary to disarm Iraq in order to "prosecute the war on terrorism."[75] After failing to overcome opposition from France, Russia, and China against a UNSC resolution that would sanction the use of force against Iraq, and before the UN weapons inspectors had completed their inspections (which were claimed to be fruitless by the US because of Iraq's alleged deception), the US assembled a "Coalition of the Willing" composed of nations who pledged support for its policy of regime change in Iraq.

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Operation Iraqi Freedom The Iraq War began in March 2003 with an air campaign, which was immediately followed by a U.S.-led ground invasion. The Bush administration stated the invasion was the "serious consequences" spoken of in the UNSC Resolution 1441. The Bush administration also stated the Iraq war was part of the War on Terror, something later questioned or contested. Baghdad, Iraq’s capital city, fell in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein’s government quickly dissolved. On 1 May 2003, Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq had ended.[76] However, an insurgency arose against the U.S.-led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi military and post-Saddam government. The insurgency, which included al-Qaeda affiliated groups, led to far more coalition casualties than the invasion. Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein's Ba'ath regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists. Many insurgency leaders are Islamists and claim to be fighting a religious war to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of centuries past.[77] Iraq’s former president, Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces in December 2003. He was executed in 2006.

Campaign streamer awarded to units who have participated in the Iraq War.

American soldiers take cover during a firefight with guerrilla forces in the Al Doura section of Baghdad.

In 2004, the insurgent forces grew stronger. The US conducted attacks on insurgent strongholds in cities like Najaf and Fallujah. In January 2007, President Bush presented a new strategy for Operation Iraqi Freedom Map of the invasion routes and major operations/battles of the Iraq War as of 2007. based upon counter-insurgency theories and tactics developed by General David Petraeus. The Iraq War troop surge of 2007 was part of this "new way forward" and, along with US backing of Sunni groups it had previously sought to defeat, has been credited with a widely recognized dramatic decrease in violence by up to 80%.

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Operation New Dawn The war entered a new phase on 1 September 2010,[78] with the official end of US combat operations. The last U.S. troops exited Iraq on 18 December 2011.[79]

Other military operations Fighting in Pakistan Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf sided with the US against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after an ultimatum by former US President George W. Bush. Musharraf agreed to give the US the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom. United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and other US administration officials met with Musharraf. On 19 September 2001, Musharraf addressed the people of Pakistan and stated that, while he opposed military tactics against the Taliban, Pakistan risked being endangered by an alliance of India and the US if it did not cooperate. In 2006, Musharraf testified that this stance was pressured by threats from the US, and revealed in his memoirs that he had "war-gamed" the United States as an adversary and decided that it would end in a loss for Pakistan.[80] On 12 January 2002, Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism. He unequivocally condemned all acts of terrorism and pledged to combat Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan itself. He stated that his government was committed to rooting out extremism and made it clear that the banned militant organizations would not be allowed to resurface under any new name. He said, "the recent decision to ban extremist groups promoting militancy was taken in the national interest after thorough consultations. It was not taken under any foreign influence".[81]

Map detailing the spread of the Neo-Taliban Insurgency into Afghanistan from safe havens within Pakistan (2002–2006)

President Musharraf with former President Bush

In 2002, the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism, and arrested Maulana Masood Diagram of Osama bin Laden's hideout in Azhar, head of the Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Hafiz Abbottabad, Pakistan. He was killed there on 2 Muhammad Saeed, chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and May 2011. took dozens of activists into custody. An official ban was imposed on the groups on 12 January.[82] Later that year, the Saudi born Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah was arrested by Pakistani officials during a series of joint US-Pakistan raids. Zubaydah is said to have been a high-ranking al-Qaeda official with the title of operations chief and in charge of running al-Qaeda

War on Terror training camps.[83] Other prominent al-Qaeda members were arrested in the following two years, namely Ramzi bin al-Shibh, who is known to have been a financial backer of al-Qaeda operations, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who at the time of his capture was the third highest-ranking official in al-Qaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for the 11 September attacks. In 2004, the Pakistan Army launched a campaign in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan's Waziristan region, sending in 80,000 troops. The goal of the conflict was to remove the al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the region. After the fall of the Taliban regime many members of the Taliban resistance fled to the Northern border region of Afghanistan and Pakistan where the Pakistani army had previously little control. With the logistics and air support of the United States, the Pakistani Army captured or killed numerous al-Qaeda operatives such as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, wanted for his involvement in the USS Cole bombing, the Bojinka plot, and the killing of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. The United States has carried out a campaign of Drone attacks on targets all over the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. However, the Pakistani Taliban still operates there. To this day it’s estimated that 15 US soldiers were killed while fighting al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants in Pakistan since the War on Terror began.[84] Osama bin Laden, the founder of al-Qaeda, was killed on 2 May 2011, during a raid conducted by the United States special operations forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan.[85]

Fighting in Yemen The United States has also conducted a series of military strikes on al-Qaeda militants in Yemen since the War on Terror began.[86] Yemen has a weak central government and a powerful tribal system that leaves large lawless areas open for militant training and operations. Al-Qaida has a strong presence in the country.[87] The US, in an effort to support Yemeni counter-terrorism efforts, has increased their military aid package to Yemen from less than $11 million in 2006 to more than $70 million in 2009, as well as providing up to $121 million for development over the next three years.[88]

Fighting in Kashmir In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue.[89][90] While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hard evidence.[91][92] An investigation in 2002 unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence.[93] A team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian-administered Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.[94] U.S. officials Political Map: the Kashmir region districts believed that Al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies.[95] In 2006, Al-Qaeda claim they have

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War on Terror established a wing in Kashmir; this worried the Indian government.[96] Al-Qaeda has strong ties with the Kashmir militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan.[97] While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Defense secretary Robert Gates stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.[98] In September 2009, a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri, who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda.[99][100] Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member,[101] while others described him as the head of military operations for Al-Qaeda.[102] Waziristan had now become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants, who were now fighting NATO in support of Al-Qaeda.[103] On 8 July 2012, Al-Badar Mujahideen, a breakaway faction of Kashmir centric terror group Hizbul Mujahideen, on conclusion of their two day Shuhada Conference called for mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir.[104]

International military support The invasion of Afghanistan is seen to have been the first action of this war, and initially involved forces from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Afghan Northern Alliance. Since the initial invasion period, these forces were augmented by troops and aircraft from Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand and Norway amongst others. In 2006, there were about 33,000 troops in Afghanistan. On 12 September 2001, less than 24 hours after the 11 September The United Kingdom is the second largest attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., NATO invoked contributor of troops in Afghanistan. Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty and declared the attacks to be an attack against all 19 NATO member countries. Australian Prime Minister John Howard also declared that Australia would invoke the ANZUS Treaty along similar lines.[105] In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism which explicitly states that "EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism."[106] NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour. Support for the US cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the "coalition of the willing" countries that unconditionally supported the US-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighboring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Pakistan was also engaged in the War in North-West Pakistan (Waziristan War). Supported by US intelligence, Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas.[107]

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International Security Assistance Force December 2001 saw the creation of the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to assist the Afghan Transitional Administration and the first post-Taliban elected government. With a renewed Taliban insurgency, it was announced in 2006 that ISAF would replace the US troops in the province as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.

Map of countries currently contributing troops to ISAF as of 5 March 2010. Major contributors (over 1000 troops) in dark green, other contributors in light green, and former contributors in magenta.

The British 16th Air Assault Brigade (later reinforced by Royal Marines) formed the core of the force in southern Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia, along with special forces from Denmark and Estonia and small contingents from other nations. The monthly supply of cargo containers through Pakistani route to ISAF in Afghanistan is over 4,000 costing around 12 billion in Pakistani Rupees.[108][109][110][111][112]

Al-Qaeda attacks Since 9/11, al-Qaeda and other affiliated radical Islamist groups have executed major attacks in several parts of the world. • • • • • • • • • • • • •

2002 Bali bombings in Indonesia 2003 Casablanca bombings and 2007 Casablanca bombings in Morocco 2003 Istanbul bombings in Turkey 2004 Madrid train bombings in Spain 7 July 2005 London bombings and 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack in the United Kingdom 11 April 2007 Algiers bombings in Algeria 2009 Fort Hood shooting 2011 Cirebon bombing in Indonesia 2011 Marrakech bombing in Morocco 25 June 2011 Logar province bombing in Afghanistan 30 June 2011 Nimruz province bombing in Afghanistan 2 July 2011 Zabul province bombing in Afghanistan 2011 Charsadda bombing, 2011 Faisalabad bombing, 2011 Dera Ghazi Khan bombings, July 2011 Karachi target killings, June 2011 Peshawar bombings, March 2011 Peshawar bombing, PNS Mehran attack, in Pakistan • 21 June 2011 Al Diwaniyah bombing, 24 January 2011 Iraq bombings, 27 January 2011 Baghdad bombing, January 2011 Baghdad shootings, January 2011 Iraq suicide attacks, 5 July 2011 Taji bombings in Iraq There may also have been several additional planned attacks that were not successful. • 2004 financial buildings plot • 21 July 2005 London bombings and 2007 London car bombs • 2006 Toronto terrorism plot • 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot involving liquid explosives carried onto commercial airplanes • Hudson River bomb plot • 2007 Fort Dix attack plot

War on Terror • • • • • • • • • •

2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot 2009 Bronx terrorism plot 2009 New York Subway and United Kingdom Plot 2009 Christmas Bomb Plot 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt 2010 cargo plane bomb plot 2010 Portland car bomb plot 2011 Dearborn mosque bombing plot 2011 Manhattan terrorism plot 2012 U.S. Consulate attack in Benghazi

U.S. Military aid to other countries Pakistan In the three years before the attacks of 11 September, Pakistan received approximately US$9 million in American military aid. In the three years after, the number increased to US$4.2 billion, making it the country with the maximum funding post 9/11. Such a huge inflow of funds has raised concerns in the Indian press that these funds were given without any accountability, as the end uses not being documented, and that large portions were used to suppress civilians' human rights and to purchase weapons to contain domestic problems like the Balochistan unrest. Pakistan has stated that India has been supporting terror groups within the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Balochistan with the aim of creating unrest within the country.[113] Lebanon On 20 May 2007, a conflict began in north Lebanon after fighting broke out between Fatah al-Islam, an Islamist militant organization, and the Lebanese Armed Forces in Nahr al-Bared, a Palestinian refugee camp near Tripoli. The conflict evolved mostly around the Siege of Nahr el-Bared, but minor clashes also occurred in the Ain al-Hilweh refugee camp in southern Lebanon and several bombings took place in and around Lebanon's capital, Beirut. Fatah-al-Islam has been described as a militant mujahid[114] movement that draws inspiration from al-Qaeda.[114] The US provided military aid to the Lebanese government during the conflict. On 7 September 2007, Lebanese government forces captured the camp and declared victory.

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Post 9/11 events inside the United States In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucracies which handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the US federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense. The Justice Department launched the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System for certain male non-citizens in the US, requiring them to register in person at offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, A US Immigration and Customs Enforcement helicopter patrols the medical, financial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence airspace over New York City. gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act's expanded law enforcement powers could be applied. A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program monitored the movements of terrorists' financial resources (discontinued after being revealed by The New York Times newspaper). Telecommunication usage by known and suspected terrorists was studied through the NSA electronic surveillance program. The Patriot Act is still in effect. Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched.[115] Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act. In a speech on 9 June 2005, Bush said that the USA PATRIOT Act had been used to bring charges against more than 400 suspects, more than half of whom had been convicted. Meanwhile the ACLU quoted Justice Department figures showing that 7,000 people have complained of abuse of the Act. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) began an initiative in early 2002 with the creation of the Total Information Awareness program, designed to promote information technologies that could be used in counter-terrorism. This program, facing criticism, has since been defunded by Congress. By 2003, 12 major conventions and protocols were designed to combat terrorism. These were adopted and ratified by a number of states. These conventions require states to co-operate on principal issues regarding unlawful seizure of aircraft, the physical protection of nuclear materials, and the freezing of assets of militant networks.[116] In 2005, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws.[117] Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations, the United States and Israel have both declined to submit reports. In the same year, the United States Department of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a planning document, by the name "National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism" which stated that it constituted the "comprehensive military plan to prosecute the Global War on Terror for the

41

War on Terror Armed Forces of the United States...including the findings and recommendations of the 9/11 Commission and a rigorous examination with the Department of Defense". On 9 January 2007, the House of Representatives passed a bill, by a vote of 299–128, enacting many of the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission The bill passed in the US Senate,[118] by a vote of 60–38, on 13 March 2007 and it was signed into law on 3 August 2007 by President Bush. It became Public Law 110-53. In July 2012, US Senate passed a resolution urging that the Haqqani Network be designated a foreign terrorist organisation.[119] The Office of Strategic Influence was secretly created after 9/11 for the purpose of coordinating propaganda efforts, but was closed soon after being discovered. The Bush administration implemented the Continuity of Operations Plan (or Continuity of Government) to ensure that US government would be able to continue in catastrophic circumstances. Since 9/11, extremists made various attempts to attack the US homeland, with varying levels of organization and skill. For example, vigilant passengers aboard a transatlantic flight prevented Richard Reid, in 2001, and Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, in 2009, from detonating an explosive device. Other terrorist plots have been stopped by federal agencies using new legal powers and investigative tools, sometimes in cooperation with foreign governments. Such thwarted attacks include: • • • • • • • • •

The 2001 shoe bomb plot A plan to crash airplanes into the US Bank Tower (aka Library Tower) in Los Angeles The 2003 plot by Iyman Faris to blow up the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City The 2004 Financial buildings plot which targeted the International Monetary Fund and World Bank buildings in Washington, DC, the New York Stock Exchange and other financial institutions The 2004 Columbus Shopping Mall Bombing Plot The 2006 Sears Tower plot The 2007 Fort Dix attack plot The 2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot The New York Subway Bombing Plot and 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt

The Obama administration has promised the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, increased the number of troops in Afghanistan, and promised the withdrawal of its troops from Iraq.

Casualties According to Joshua Goldstein, a international relations professor from the American University, The Global War on Terror has seen fewer war deaths than any other decade in the past century.[120] There is no widely agreed on figure for the number of people that have been killed so far in the War on Terror as it has been defined by the Bush Administration to include the war in Afghanistan, the war in Iraq, and operations elsewhere. Some estimates include the following: • Iraq: 62,570 to 1,124,000 • Opinion Research Business (ORB) poll conducted 12–19 August 2007 estimated 1,033,000 violent deaths due to the Iraq War. The range given was 946,000 to 1,120,000 deaths. A nationally representative sample of approximately 2,000 Iraqi adults answered whether any members of their household (living under their roof) were killed due to the Iraq War. 22% of the respondents had lost one or more household members. ORB reported that "48% died from a gunshot wound, 20% from the impact of a car bomb, 9% from aerial bombardment, 6% as a result of an accident and 6% from another blast/ordnance."[121][122][123] • Between 392,979 and 942,636 estimated Iraqi (655,000 with a confidence interval of 95%), civilian and combatant, according to the second Lancet survey of mortality.

42

War on Terror • A minimum of 62,570 civilian deaths reported in the mass media up to 28 April 2007 according to Iraq Body Count project.[124] • 4,409 US military dead (929 non-hostile deaths), and 31,926 wounded in action during Operation Iraqi Freedom.[125] 66 US Military dead (28 non-hostile deaths), and 295 wounded in action during Operation New Dawn.[125] • Afghanistan: between 10,960 and 49,600 • According to Marc W. Herold's extensive database,[126] between 3,100 and 3,600 civilians were directly killed by US Operation Enduring Freedom bombing and Special Forces attacks between 7 October 2001 and 3 June 2003. This estimate counts only "impact deaths"—deaths that occurred in the immediate aftermath of an explosion or shooting—and does not count deaths that occurred later as a result of injuries sustained, or deaths that occurred as an indirect consequence of the US airstrikes and invasion. • In an opinion article published in August 2002 in the magazine The Weekly Standard, Joshua Muravchik of the American Enterprise Institute,[127] questioned Professor Herold's study entirely on the basis of one single incident that involved 25–93 deaths. He did not provide any estimate his own.[128] • In a pair of January 2002 studies, Carl Conetta of the Project on Defense Alternatives estimates that "at least" 4,200–4,500 civilians were killed by mid-January 2002 as a result of the US war and airstrikes, both directly as casualties of the aerial bombing campaign, and indirectly in the resulting humanitarian crisis. • His first study, "Operation Enduring Freedom: Why a Higher Rate of Civilian Bombing Casualties?",[129] released 18 January 2002, estimates that, at the low end, "at least" 1,000–1,300 civilians were directly killed in the aerial bombing campaign in just the 3 months between 7 October 2001 to 1 January 2002. The author found it impossible to provide an upper-end estimate to direct civilian casualties from the Operation Enduring Freedom bombing campaign that he noted as having an increased use of cluster bombs.[130] In this lower-end estimate, only Western press sources were used for hard numbers, while heavy "reduction factors" were applied to Afghan government reports so that their estimates were reduced by as much as 75%.[131] • In his companion study, "Strange Victory: A critical appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan war",[132] released 30 January 2002, Conetta estimates that "at least" 3,200 more Afghans died by mid-January 2002, of "starvation, exposure, associated illnesses, or injury sustained while in flight from war zones", as a result of the US war and airstrikes. • In similar numbers, a Los Angeles Times review of US, British, and Pakistani newspapers and international wire services found that between 1,067 and 1,201 direct civilian deaths were reported by those news organizations during the five months from 7 October 2001 to 28 February 2002. This review excluded all civilian deaths in Afghanistan that did not get reported by US, British, or Pakistani news, excluded 497 deaths that did get reported in US, British, and Pakistani news but that were not specifically identified as civilian or military, and excluded 754 civilian deaths that were reported by the Taliban but not independently confirmed.[133] • According to Jonathan Steele of The Guardian between 20,000 and 49,600 people may have died of the consequences of the invasion by the spring of 2002.[134] • 2,046 US military dead (339 non-hostile deaths), and 18,201 wounded in action.[125] • Pakistan: Between 1467 and 2334 people were killed in U.S. drone attacks as of 6 May 2011. • Yemen • Germany • Two Airmen were killed, another two were wounded at Frankfurt Airport by Arid Uka; they were en route to deployment to Afghanistan.[135] • Somalia: 7,000+

43

War on Terror

44

• In December 2007, The Elman Peace and Human Rights Organization said it had verified 6,500 civilian deaths, 8,516 people wounded, and 1.5 million displaced from homes in Mogadishu alone during the year 2007.[136] • USA • Two radicals, John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo, conducted sniper attacks in Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Virginia in October 2002. Ten people were killed and three others were critically wounded in those shootings.[137] • 1 June 2009, Pvt. William Andrew Long was shot and killed by Abdulhakim Muhammad, while standing unarmed outside a recruiting facility in Little Rock AR.[138][139] • On 5 November 2009, Nidal Malik Hasan, an Islamic extremist, shot and killed 13 people and wounded 30 others in Fort Hood, Texas.[140] Total American casualties from the War on Terror (this includes fighting throughout the world): [125]

US Military killed

6,639

US Military wounded

50,422

US DoD Civilians killed

16

US Civilians killed (includes 9/11 and after)

3,000 +

US Civilians wounded/injured

6,000 +

[125]

[125]

Total Americans killed (military and civilian) 9,655 + Total Americans wounded/injured

56,422 +

Total American casualties

66,077 +

[141][142][143][144][145]

Costs A March 2011 Congressional report[146] estimated spending related to the war through fiscal year 2011 at $1.2 trillion, and that spending through 2021 assuming a reduction to 45,000 troops would be $1.8 trillion. A June 2011 academic report[146] covering additional areas of spending related to the war estimated it through 2011 at $2.7 trillion, and long term spending at $5.4 trillion including interest.[147] Expense

[148][149][150]

CRS/CBO (Billions US$):

Watson (Billions constant US$):

FY2001-FY2011 War appropriations to DoD

1208.1

1311.5

War appropriations to DoS/USAid

66.7

74.2

VA medical

8.4

13.7

VA disability

18.9

Interest paid on DoD war appropriations

185.4

Additions to DoD base spending

362.2-652.4

Additions to Homeland Security base spending

401.2

Social costs to veterans and military families to date

295-400

Total:

1283.2

2662.1-3057.3

[151]

War on Terror

45 FY2012-future

FY2012 DoD request

118.4

FY2012 DoS/USAid request

12.1

Projected 2013-2015 war spending

168.6

Projected 2016-2020 war spending

155

Projected obligations for veterans' care to 2051

589-934

Additional interest payments to 2020

1000

Total:

454.1

2043.1-2388.1

Subtotal:

1737.3

4705.2-5445.4

Criticism Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morals, ethics, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy / military objectives,[152] reduce civil liberties,[153] and infringe upon human rights. It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context (as in War on Drugs), since there is no identifiable enemy, and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.[154]

Participants in a rally, dressed as hooded detainees.

Other critics, such as Francis Fukuyama, note that "terrorism" is not an enemy, but a tactic; calling it a "war on terror", obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen. With a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan and its associated collateral damage Shirley Williams maintains this increases resentment and terrorist threats against the West.[155] There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy,[156] media induced hysteria,[157] and that differences in foreign and security policy have damaged America's image in most of the world.[158]

Notes [1] ETA "Presidential Address to the Nation" (http:/ / georgewbush-whitehouse. archives. gov/ news/ releases/ 2001/ 10/ print/ 20011007-8. html) (Press release). The White House Clockwise, starting at top left:Burning ruins of the World Trade Center, US soldiers board a Chinook helicopter during Operation Anaconda, an Afghan and US soldier stand by to engage an enemy, a car bomb detonates in Baghdad, Iraq. 11 September 2001. . [2] "Bush likens 'war on terror' to WWIII" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110204112337/ http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ news/ newsitems/ 200605/ s1632213. htm). ABC News Online – Abc.net.au. 06/05/2006. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ news/ newsitems/ 200605/ s1632213. htm) on 4 February 2011. . Retrieved 26 March 2011. [3] Thomas L. Friedman (13 September 2009). "Foreign Affairs; World War III" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2001/ 09/ 13/ opinion/ foreign-affairs-world-war-iii. html?sec=& spon=& pagewanted=all). New York Times. . Retrieved 10 November 2009. [4] "World War II Strikes Spain" (http:/ / articles. nydailynews. com/ 2004-03-12/ news/ 18257093_1_al-qaeda-mayor-bloomberg-basque). Daily News (New York). 12 March 2004. . Retrieved 10 November 2009. [5] Charles Feldman and Stan Wilson (3 April 2003). "Ex-CIA director: U.S. faces 'World War IV'" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080727025549/ http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2003/ US/ 04/ 03/ sprj. irq. woolsey. world. war/ index. html). CNN. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2003/ US/ 04/ 03/ sprj. irq. woolsey. world. war/ ) on 27 July 2008. . [6] Coman, Julian (13 April 2003). "'We want them to be nervous' (That means you Ali, Bashar and Kim)" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ worldnews/ middleeast/ syria/ 1427428/ We-want-them-to-be-nervous-That-means-you-Ali-Bashar-and-Kim. html). The Daily Telegraph (London). . Retrieved 9 November 2009.

War on Terror [7] Elio A. Cohen (20 November 2001). "World War IV" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20040406043752/ http:/ / www. opinionjournal. com/ editorial/ feature. html?id=95001493). The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. opinionjournal. com/ editorial/ feature. html?id=95001493) on 6 April 2004. . Retrieved 9 November 2009. [8] Thompson, Mark (26 December 2008). "The $1 Trillion Bill for Bush's War on Terror" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ nation/ article/ 0,8599,1868367,00. html). TIME. . Retrieved 26 March 2011. [9] Priest, Dana (23 January 2009). "Bush's 'War' On Terror Comes to a Sudden End" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2009/ 01/ 22/ AR2009012203929. html). The Washington Post. . Retrieved 26 March 2011. [10] "Bush's War On Terror Shifting Targets" (http:/ / www. cbsnews. com/ stories/ 2008/ 01/ 28/ terror/ main3757858. shtml). CBS News. 28 January 2008. . Retrieved 26 March 2011. [11] "The Long War Against Terrorism" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20050909202409/ http:/ / www. heritage. org/ Press/ Commentary/ ed090803a. cfm). Web.archive.org. 9 September 2005. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. heritage. org/ Press/ Commentary/ ed090803a. cfm) on 9 September 2005. . Retrieved 2 January 2012. [12] "Abizaid Credited With Popularizing the Term 'Long War'", 3 February 2006: Washington Post traces history of the phrase "Long War" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2006/ 02/ 02/ AR2006020202242. html) [13] "Joint Forces Intelligence Command." (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20050204124824/ http:/ / www. jfcom. mil/ about/ com_jfic. htm). Web.archive.org. 4 February 2005. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. jfcom. mil/ about/ com_jfic. htm) on 4 February 2005. . Retrieved 2 January 2012. [14] "Eric L. Bradley, Deputy Commander" (http:/ / 8tharmy. korea. army. mil/ 35ada/ dco. html). 8tharmy.korea.army.mil. . Retrieved 2 January 2012. [15] "Compensation Package for Bomb Blast Victims." (http:/ / www. bisp. gov. pk/ Default3. aspx). Bisp.gov.pk. 1 January 1970. . Retrieved 2 January 2012. [16] Lucas, Fred (7 January 2010). "Obama Declares America ‘At War’ with Al Qaeda, Offers New Security Initiatives" (http:/ / www. cnsnews. com/ node/ 59446). CNSnews.com. . Retrieved 2 January 2012. [17] Sulmasy, Glenn (20 February 2007). "A new look for the war on al Qaeda" (http:/ / articles. sfgate. com/ 2007-02-20/ opinion/ 17233057_1_al-qaeda-terror-promotion-of-human-rights). The San Francisco Chronicle. . [18] Silver, Alexandra (18 March 2010). "How America Became a Surveillance State" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ nation/ article/ 0,8599,1973131,00. html). Time Magazine. . Retrieved 26 March 2011. [19] Matt Lauer; Katie Couric; Tom Brokaw (11 September 2001). "Breaking News on September 11th" (http:/ / archives. nbclearn. com/ portal/ site/ k-12/ flatview?cuecard=1419). NBC Learn K-12. NBCUniversal Media. . Retrieved 11 September 2012. [20] "Kenneth R. Bazinet, "A Fight Vs. Evil, Bush And Cabinet Tell U.S."" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100505200651/ http:/ / www. nydailynews. com/ archives/ news/ 2001/ 09/ 17/ 2001-09-17_a_fight_vs__evil__bush_and_c. html). Daily News (New York). 17 September 2001. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. nydailynews. com/ archives/ news/ 2001/ 09/ 17/ 2001-09-17_a_fight_vs__evil__bush_and_c. html) on 5 May 2010. . Retrieved 26 March 2011. [21] Jonathan Lyons, "Bush enters Mideast's rhetorical minefield" (Reuters: 21 September 2001). Greenspun.com (http:/ / hv. greenspun. com/ bboard/ q-and-a-fetch-msg. tcl?msg_id=006SM3) [22] "Transcript of President Bush's address" (http:/ / edition. cnn. com/ 2001/ US/ 09/ 20/ gen. bush. transcript/ ). CNN. 20 September 2001. . [23] Reynolds, Paul (17 April 2007). "Declining use of 'war on terror'" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ uk_news/ politics/ 6562709. stm). BBC. .. [24] Norton-Taylor, Richard (2 September 2011). "MI5 former chief decries 'war on terror'" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ uk/ 2011/ sep/ 02/ mi5-war-on-terror-criticism). The Guardian. . [25] "FULL TRANSCRIPT: President Barack Obama's Inaugural Address" (http:/ / abcnews. go. com/ Politics/ Inauguration/ story?id=6689022& page=1). ABC News. 20 January 2009. . Retrieved 26 March 2011. [26] 'Global War On Terror' Is Given New Name (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2009/ 03/ 24/ AR2009032402818. html), Scott Wilson and Al Kamen, The Washington Post, 25 March 2009; Page A04 [27] Jai Singh and Ajay Singh, " The War on Terror - Over (http:/ / smallwarsjournal. com/ printpdf/ 13142)?", Small Wars Journal, 28 August 2012. [28] David Kravets, " Former CIA Chief: Obama’s War on Terror Same as Bush’s, But With More Killing (http:/ / www. wired. com/ threatlevel/ 2012/ 09/ bush-obama-war-on-terror/ )", Wired, 10 September 2012. [29] "Pentagon lawyer: War on terror not endless" (http:/ / www. lasvegassun. com/ news/ 2012/ dec/ 01/ eu-britain-us-al-qaida/ ). Las Vegas Sun. The Associated Press (Greenspun Media Group). 1 December 2012. . Retrieved 4 December 2012. [30] Julian E. Barnes (30 November 2012). "Pentagon Lawyer Looks Post-Terror" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/ SB10001424127887324205404578151181874456280. html). Wall Street Journal. . Retrieved 4 December 2012. [31] Jackson, Writing the War on Terrorism (2005), p. 8. [32] Jackson, Writing the War on Terrorism (2005), p. 62. [33] Jackson, Writing the War on Terrorism (2005), pp. 62–75. [34] Jackson, Writing the War on Terrorism (2005), pp. 77–80. [35] Borhan Uddin Khan and Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman, “Combating Terrorism under Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Regime”, Mediterranean Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 12 (Double Issue), 2008, pp.379–397. [36] "Civil Rights and the "War on Terror"" (http:/ / www. amnestyusa. org/ our-work/ issues/ security-and-human-rights?id=1108209). amnestyusa.org. . Retrieved 2 May 2010.

46

War on Terror [37] Cooley, John K. (Spring 2003). "Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080219234628/ http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_qa3996/ is_200304/ ai_n9199132) (reprint). Demokratizatsiya. Archived from the original (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_qa3996/ is_200304/ ai_n9199132) on 19 February 2008. . [38] The group was also responsible for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Megan K. Stack (6 December 2001). "Fighters Hunt Former Ally" (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 2001/ dec/ 06/ news/ mn-12224). Los Angeles Times. . Retrieved 2 May 2010. [39] "Al Qaeda's Fatwa" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ newshour/ terrorism/ international/ fatwa_1998. html). PBS Newshour. 23 February 1998. . Retrieved 10 September 2011. [40] J. T. Caruso (8 December 2001). "Al-Qaeda International" (http:/ / www. fbi. gov/ news/ testimony/ al-qaeda-international). Federal Bureau of Investigation. United States Department of Justice. . Retrieved 10 September 2011. [41] Nic Robertson (19 August 2002). "Previously unseen tape shows bin Laden's declaration of war" (http:/ / articles. cnn. com/ 2002-08-19/ us/ terror. tape. main_1_bin-international-islamic-front-osama?_s=PM:US). CNN. . Retrieved 10 September 2011. [42] Lisa Myers (17 March 2004). "Osama bin Laden: missed opportunities" (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 4540958/ ns/ nightly_news/ t/ osama-bin-laden-missed-opportunities/ ). NBC. . Retrieved 10 September 2011. [43] "Report of the Accountability Review Boards" (http:/ / www. state. gov/ www/ regions/ africa/ board_introduction. html). US Department of State. 7 August 1998. . [44] "U.S. strikes terrorist targets in Afghanistan, Sudan" (http:/ / edition. cnn. com/ US/ 9808/ 20/ clinton. 02/ index. html?eref=sitesearch). CNN. 20 August 1998. . [45] "U.S. retaliates for Africa bombings" (http:/ / edition. cnn. com/ US/ 9808/ 20/ clinton. 01/ index. html?eref=sitesearch). 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47

War on Terror [65] Burke, Jason (13 June 2004). "Secret world of US jails" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ 2004/ jun/ 13/ usa. terrorism). The Guardian (London). . Retrieved 9 April 2010. [66] Stephanie Hanson (2 March 2009). "Backgrounder: Al-Shabaab" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ cfr/ world/ slot2_20090227. html?_r=1). The New York Times. . Retrieved 4 May 2010. [67] "U.S. Launches Attack on Suspected Al Qaeda Members in Somalia" (http:/ / www. foxnews. com/ story/ 0,2933,242460,00. html). Fox News. 9 January 2007. . Retrieved 26 March 2011. [68] Youssef, Maamoun (16 September 2009). "Somali al-Qaida group confirms death of leader" (http:/ / www. armytimes. com/ news/ 2009/ 09/ ap_somalia_alqaida_091609w/ ). Associated Press. . Retrieved 17 September 2009. [69] "Mother demands to see Nabhan's body" (http:/ / www. aljazeera. com/ focus/ 2009/ 09/ 200991691418738699. html). Al Jazerra. 16 September 2009. . Retrieved 17 September 2009. 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48

War on Terror [95] Kashmir Militant Extremists (http:/ / www. cfr. org/ publication/ 9135/ ), Council on Foreign Relations, 9 July 2009 [96] Al-Qaeda claim of Kashmir link worries India (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 07/ 13/ world/ asia/ 13iht-india. 2194572. html), The New York Times, 13 July 2006 [97] "No Al Qaeda presence in Kashmir: Army" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2007/ 06/ 18/ stories/ 2007061801191400. htm). The Hindu (Chennai, India). 18 June 2007. . Retrieved 2 February 2010. 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50

War on Terror [158] "America's Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project" (http:/ / www. pewglobal. org/ 2007/ 03/ 14/ americas-image-in-the-world-findings-from-the-pew-global-attitudes-project/ ). Pew Research Center. 14 March 2007. . Retrieved 13 February 2012.

References Bibliography • Jackson, Richard. Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counter-Terrorism. Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press, 2005. ISBN 0719071216.

External links • White House FAQ about the WoT (http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/nationalsecurity/ faq-what.html) • CIA and the WoT (https://www.cia.gov/news-information/cia-the-war-on-terrorism/index.html) • U.S. National Military Strategic Plan for the WoT (http://www.defense.gov/qdr/docs/ 2005-01-25-Strategic-Plan.pdf)

51

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors Islamic terrorism  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=535064450  Contributors: -Ril-, 012clinton, 1detour, 206209nyc, A8UDI, AAA!, AAA765, ACRCali, AI009, ALM scientist, Aalami90, Aaron Schulz, Abc3, Abhishek191288, Abu Ala, Abu adam, AceRoccola, Adamrce, Adhirk, Admit-the-truth, Aecis, Ahivarn, Ahkilinc, Akilash, Al-Andalusi, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Aleverde, Alex43223, Alexander.Hainy, Alexrexpvt, Alf.laylah.wa.laylah, Allahspeaceuponyou, Altetendekrabbe, Amarru-Alesh610, Amatulic, Ambrood, Amoruso, Anabeel12, Anaselshamy, Anaxial, AndresHerutJaim, Andrewpmk, Andycjp, Angelo De La Paz, Aniyochanan, Ankururdu, Anon12356, AnonMoos, Anonymous editor, Ans1944ad, Ansdub, Anthony Appleyard, Antlersantlers, Anwar saadat, ApocalypseNow115, Archiespatel1998, Ari89, Arjun024, ArmadilloFromHell, Arman Cagle, Armon, Arrow740, Artaxiad, Artichoke2020, Ashley kennedy3, Atrix20, Aude, Aunt Entropy, Awbeal, Axl, B4hand, BD2412, Babajobu, Babaroga, Babu99, Bachcell, Bagworm, Baristarim, Barneygumble, BarretB, [email protected], BenAveling, Bencgibbins, Benshlomo, Beta m, Bgreh73495, Bhadani, BhaiSaab, Big Adamsky, BillyTFried, Binyounus, Biosketch, Bless sins, Blue Laser, BlueDevil, Bluerasberry, Bnwwf91, BoogaLouie, Borderer, Braganca4646, BrandonYusufToropov, Breein1007, Brian0918, Buffs, Bwithh, Bydand, C.Logan, C12H22O11, C6541, CalebNoble, Calibas, CambridgeBayWeather, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Capricorn42, Car786, Carl.bunderson, Carlossuarez46, Cathar11, Cbales212, Cberlet, Cdc, Cdcdoc, Chanting Fox, Charles Matthews, Ched, ChildofMidnight, Chris Bainbridge, Chris the speller, Chrono1084, Chuckiesdad, Cirt, Clearcrash1, CltFn, Cmdrjameson, Cmmmm, Cocomonkilla, Colfer2, CommonsDelinker, Copper button, Coqsportif, Cptnono, CrayZ, Crotalus horridus, Cst17, Cuchullain, Cyanolinguophile, Cyberevil, Cyborg Ninja, D6, DAde, DBaba, DBigXray, DCEdwards1966, DD2K, DS NBA, DaGizza, Dalf, Damooney, Dan100, Darklilac, DarylNickerson, Date delinker, Daveswagon, David Levy, David Shankbone, David matthews, DavidYork71, Dawn Bard, Dawnseeker2000, Dbabbitt, Dchall1, DejahThoris, Deusnoctum, Dev920, Dgdx34t6hf, Dick Upton, Discospinster, Dmalveaux, Dman727, Dmyersturnbull, Doc Tropics, Doc glasgow, DocWatson42, Dominic, Doright, Dp462090, DrSprite, Dragoon17, DrdPirate, Dreish, Drmies, Drywontonmee, Earth, Editor2020, ElTyrant, EliasAlucard, Emiellaiendiay, Emmetfahy, Engr.btch, Enviroknot, EoGuy, Epeefleche, Epf, Eqdoktor, Esaborio, Etams, Euryalus, Evenfiel, Excelsoft, Extc, Eyrryds, FT2, Falcon8765, Farhansher, Fastily, Fastilysock, FayssalF, Faz90, Feebtlas, Fieldday-sunday, Filpaul, Firewall62, Flamarande, Fosco, Fragglet, Freespeech2008, Fsotrain09, Fubar Obfusco, Fuckminibabybells1, Funandtrvl, Fæ, GCarty, GHcool, GPS Pilot, GWatson, Gabi S., Gaius Cornelius, Galaxiaad, Gary King, Garzo, George, George Ponderevo, Gfoley4, Ggb667, Gilabrand, Gilliam, Gimbo Vales, Glacialfox, Glenjenvey, GoShow, Gobonobo, Godsquirrel, Goon Noot, GopherQ, GorgeCustersSabre, Grace Note, Greenrd, Gregcrosby, Grenavitar, Grilius, Grinevitski, Grondeif8, Groucho, Grunt, Guettarda, Guptadeepak, Haberstr, Hadal, HaeB, Haemo, HamburgerRadio, Hammersoft, Hamtechperson, HanzoHattori, Hard worker 2100, Hauskalainen, Headbomb, Heraclius, Heron, Hertz1888, Hipocrite, His excellency, Hlincoln, Hmrox, Hodja Nasreddin, Holy Ganga, Homestarmy, Humus sapiens, Huon, HybridBoy, Hypnosadist, I-2-d2, IFaqeer, IRWolfie-, IZAK, Ian Pitchford, Ibn Kofi, Iborche, Idamlaj, Idleguy, Inamabidi, Indiandrama, IndieScholar1, Indjones17, Induswarrior, Iqinn, Iridescent, Irishpunktom, Irishpyro, IronGargoyle, Isotope23, Iste Praetor, Itaqallah, Iulus Ascanius, J Milburn, J.delanoy, JBHughes, JPG-GR, JRM, JaGa, Jabra, Jagged 85, Jajaman11, Jake Nelson, Jamieli, JanDeFietser, Jarble, Jasoncward, Jasy jatere, Jayjg, Jbjohnbailee, Jeff G., Jeffro77, Jeremygbyrne, Jerrysmp, Jetekus, Jewbacca, Jgofborg, Jim Fitzgerald, Jim1138, Jimmi Hugh, Jmlk17, Jnate19, John, John Paul Parks, John of Reading, John-1107, John254, JohnTopShelf, Johncmullen1960, Johnnymg1, Johnpseudo, JohnsAr, JokerXtreme, Jolly Janner, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josephprymak, Joshinda26, JoshuaZ, Jovianeye, Jparrott1908, Just Another Dan, Just searching77, Jwbaumann, JzG, Ka0z, Kaaashif, Karada, Karl Dickman, Karl Meier, Karn, Karonaway, KartoumHero, Kat73, Katarighe, KazakhPol, Kevin, Kikadell, Kilnuri, Kimdo, Kimjee, Kimse, Kingturtle, Kintetsubuffalo, Kirbytime, Kitrus, Klemen Kocjancic, Klemenntroskyiamwitz!, Klilidiplomus, Klonimus, Klopek007, Knight Prince - Sage Veritas, Koavf, Kormin, Koshurkott, Krappie, Kshatriyaaz, Kuratowski's Ghost, Kurieeto, Kwamikagami, Kyorosuke, L Kensington, Lance6Wins, Lear's Fool, Ledenierhomme, LeeHunter, Legion fi, Leon7, Leroy65X, Levineps, Lexi Marie, Lightmouse, Lihaas, LilHelpa, Linuxbeak, Little Mountain 5, Little Savage, LizGere, LizardJr8, LoSici, Local hero, Logan DeVos, Loki En, Lokum, Lord Patrick, Lovok Sovok, LtNOWIS, Luckas Blade, Lucky 6.9, Luigifan, Luk, MER-C, MONGO, MPerel, MZMcBride, Maakhter, Madhava 1947, Magioladitis, Mahmudmasri, Majestiq, Malhonen, Maliki 786, Mamalujo, Mandarax, Mangostar, MarnetteD, Marokwitz, Marshmir, Marskell, Marwan123, Marxmax, Matarael, MathKnight, Mato, Matt57, Matttodd, Maunus, Maurice Carbonaro, Max rspct, Maximus Rex, Mayur, Mayzy2k7, McSly, Mcp779, Mdawg728, Medeis, Mel Etitis, Mephistophelian, Mercy11, Merzbow, Mexcellent, Mfigroid, Michael1408, MikeLynch, Mikker, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mirv, Mirza.Klovo, Misconceptions2, Mistress Selina Kyle, Mitso Bel, Mjvballer2498, Mk762007, Modulatum, Moe23, Mogism, Mohonu, Moonriddengirl, Moreschi, Morning star, Mpatel, Muhammad Hamza, MuhammadShujauddin, Mukadderat, Mummy34, Mustafa khayam, Mustafaa, Muuneeb, Muwaffaq, Muwahid, Mwilso24, N McCall, Nableezy, Nakon, Nandesuka, Narwhal2, NaveedLLB, NawlinWiki, Nbarth, Neo139, NeonMerlin, Netmonger, Netscott, Neutrality, Nick, Nick Number, Nightstallion, Nihiltres, Nil Einne, Nishkid64, Niteowlneils, Nlu, NoCal100, Noitall, Nojizyatax, Noleander, Nonexistant User, Notedgrant, Nothingofwater, Novel compound, Nozdref, Nsaifjasonss, Nucleus, Nuujinn, Nuwewsco, ONUnicorn, ObsidianOrder, Ohanian, Ohnoitsjamie, Omegatron, Omicronpersei8, OneGuy, Oniongas, OreL.D, Osli73, Otashiro, Otterathome, Painhs, Palmiro, PamD, Papep, Parthian Scribe, Patchouli, Paul678910, Peacefulworld9, Peaceworld111, Pearle, Pecher, PelleSmith, Pename, Pereant antiburchius, Peruda, Peter Grey, Peter.C, Peterakiss, Peyna, Phi beta, Philip Trueman, Phuzion, Piano non troppo, Piast93, PigFlu Oink, Pikiwyn, Pilotguy, PinchasC, Pinethicket, Pir, Polarscribe, Pomte, PrJ 27, Prashanthns, Prester John, Prezbo, Prince Godfather, Proficient, Pronoun, Protectthehuman, ProveIt, Pudge MclameO, Puttyschool, Q8-falcon, Quaker24, Que Vere, Queeran, Quinneen, Quintus314, QuiteUnusual, Quran1, Qwerty Binary, R'n'B, Radical-Dreamer, Rajeshnaroth, Raphael1, RattusMaximus, Rax, Ray harris1989, Razdan1974, Razimantv, Razimantv Alt, Rcsabat, Recent Runes, Recognizance, RedWordSmith, Reddi, Redrose64, Redthoreau, Reduxx, RenniePet, RexNL, Reyaz aiman, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richard Keatinge, Richard-of-Earth, Richardbrucebaxter, Rickyrab, Rj3865, Rjwilmsi, Robeisenberg, RobertLunaIII, Robincross224, Rockymountains, RoyBoy, Runbrun, Rursus, Rv vandalism, Ryan Vesey, Ryan4, Ryulong, SGGH, SJSA, Sa.vakilian, Saduj al-Dahij, Saebjorn, Sage Veritas, Saiyad ali, Sanya3, Saq!b, Sarmadhassan, Sasquatch, Sathu108, SatuSuro, ScaldingHotSoup, Scarian, Scholarblue92, Sean.hoyland, Selmo, Sephalon1, ShadowMagus, Sharkface217, Sheitan, ShelfSkewed, Sherurcij, Shyamsunder, Siddiqui, Signalhead, Silvrstridr, SimonP, SingCal, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Sjö, Skapur, Skydot, Skytroper, SlimVirgin, Smeat75, Snakes, SnowBridge, Some jerk on the Internet, Somerwind, Soporaeternus, Sopranosmob781, Sour Apple Films, Spastika, Splash, Splitpeasoup, Squids and Chips, Sswelm, Stack, Stereotek, Steve Dufour, Stevertigo, Stifle, Striver, Sun Creator, Supertouch, Surtsicna, Svick, Szhaider, THobern, Ta bu shi da yu, Taffysaur, Tarins01, Tariqabjotu, Tariqhaashmi, Tassedethe, Tatarian, Taz Manchester, Tazmaniacs, Tdadamemd, Tejassawant, TexasDawg, Texture, Tgeorges, The Four Deuces, The Last Angry Man, The Squicks, The Thing That Should Not Be, The wub, TheTimesAreAChanging, TheTypoPatrol, Theprop, Theterrorjournal, Thisthat2011, Tiamut, Tickopa, Tide rolls, Tijfo098, Timothy Usher, Tizio, Tom harrison, Tomwood0, Tony Myers, Totakeke423, Tovojolo, Towelhead, Trakesht, Trumpkinius, Truth Is Rising, Tundrabuggy, Twafotfs, Tygerpencil, Túrelio, UBE*2009, Ubique1972, Ugurcanece, UltimateDarkloid, UnbiasedEditor, Uncle Dick, Unreal7, UrbanNerd, Urthogie, User92361, UserVOBO, Userpd, Utcursch, Vague Rant, Vanished User 1004, Vargasllosachange, Vecrumba, Veggies, Vertium, Vimbo Gales, Viridae, Viriditas, VirtualEye, VonBismarck, WAS 4.250, WJetChao, WWGB, WacoJacko, Wadq, Wahj-asSaif, Walidoz, Wavelength, Wayne Slam, Weditor08, Whipsandchains, WhisperToMe, WiiDS, Wiimonkey9, Wik, Wiki Raja, Wiki alf, WikiAC123, WikiDan61, Wikianon, Wikifan12345, Wikinpg, Wikipidian, William M. Connolley, Willking1979, Winston365, Wisamzaqoot, Woohookitty, WookieInHeat, Wysprgr2005, Xe Cahzytr Ryz, Xeno, Xpjohn, Yahel Guhan, Yamanam, Yaybeatles, Ymm3p, Yoshiah ap, You said it Dad, Yousaf465, Yuber, Zeegod, Zeeshanhasan, Zen611, Zeno of Elea, Zeq, Zereshk, ZerothDimension, Ziadlebanon, Zikrullah, Zscout370, Zvar, Zz pot, Zz8w, Δ, Δζ, 1332 anonymous edits War on Terror  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=534939098  Contributors: ***Ria777, -Trebor-, 0331marine, 172, 1exec1, 1j1z2, 23prootie, 24bh3s, 255.255.Z55.0, 2nd Piston Honda, 34738rbfyi67e6d, 6600GT, 78Dendron, @pple, A Man In Black, A Softer Answer, A gx7, A.Z., A3 nm, ABF, ACSE, AI, ASJ94, ASMassoudPhotos, Aaron DT, AbbaIkea2010, Abelson, AbsolutDan, Academic Challenger, Ace ETP, Acidburn24m, Acjelen, Acroterion, Adam McMaster, Adam on a Airplane, Addshore, Adhib, AdjustShift, Adrian, Adrian 1001, Afinebalance, Afranelli, After Midnight, Age Happens, Ageekgal, AgentCDE, Agrimace, Agstf, Ahijado, Ahoerstemeier, Ahsaninam, Airwags22, Ajkgordon, Aknorals, Akriasas, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, AlbertR, Alecmconroy, Alegoo92, Aleph-4, Alex, Alex2706, Alex389, Alexakis826, Alexwcovington, Algae, Algebraic123, Ali'i, Alksub, Allamsha, Allstarecho, Allventon, AlphaRed3, Alphachimp, Alphaxer0, Alxndr, AmazingAthiest, AmbulanceHead, Amerika, Amilsum, Amniarix, AmorPatriae, Amoruso, Amreatsf4620, Ams80, Andareed, AndoverHighSchool, Andre Toulon, Andreasmperu, Andrew Swallow, Andrew c, Andrewlp1991, Andy M. Wang, Andy Marchbanks, Andycjp, Angelo De La Paz, Angr, Anir1uph, Anirvan, Ann Stouter, Annihilatron, Anomalocaris, Anongre, Anotherclown, Antandrus, Anthony Appleyard, Anti-Flag, Antiuser, Antodav2007, Aogouguo, ApocalypseNow115, Aponah, AprilHare, Arbitrarily0, ArcticWind7, Armon, ArmordHawk 001, Arrogant Papist, ArtRex1, Artaxiad, Arthur Rubin, Artichoker, Asdgdsgdgad, Ashmoo, Asiaticus, Asurbanipal, Athaenara, Atlanta622, Atletiker, Atrix20, AuburnPilot, Aude, Augustus Swordsman, Auroranorth, AussieBoy, Avicennasis, Avnjay, Avono, Avriette, Awayanode999, Az81964444, AzaToth, B. Fairbairn, BABOON MAN, BD2412, BGordon, Bad Night, Bahahs, BananaFiend, Barbara Shack, Baronnet, Barracuda the song, BarrettWYWH, Barrettam, Barslori, Bart133, Baseball Fanatic, Bass fishing physicist, Battlecruiser, Battymonfidead, Bbpen, Beamathan, Beeblebrox, Beganlocal, Beh-nam, Beland, Belard, Ben76266, BenAveling, Bencherlite, Benefros, Benjaminlobato, Benvogel, Benzocane, Beregorn, Bernardini2011, Bertrand, Betacommand, Bidgee, BigFatBuddha, Bignose, Bill Williams, Bill37212, Billfmsd, Binksternet, Bkell, Black Falcon, [email protected], Blacklite, Blaggards22, Blameoften, Blankfaze, Blazik, Bless sins, Blu Aardvark, Bluemr145, Bmclaughlin9, Bob A, Bob O'Bob, BobaFett85, Bobanny, Bobber0001, Bobblehead, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bobrobon, Boccobrock, Bodnotbod, Bogey97, Bolivian Unicyclist, Bongwarrior, Bonneau14, BoogaLouie, Bookandcoffee, Bootleg42, BorgQueen, Borgx, Borofkin, Borsanova, Bounce78, Bovineboy2008, Bradeos Graphon, Brandon, Brian Mitchell, Brianga, BrightStarSky, Brion VIBBER, Britannicus, Bryan Derksen, Btm, Buckshot06, Buddemeyer, Bugeaud, Bulldogclip101, Bullmoosebell, Bunchofgrapes, Burgas00, Buy1get1free, Bwmodular, Béka, C-M, C0ur4g3 w01f, CBDunkerson, CHawc, CIS, CJ, CJK, CPBnumber9, CRock692, Cactus.man, Cafzal, Caggy27, Caiaffa, CalJW, CaliSEAL, Calicocat, Calliopejen1, Cam275, CambridgeBayWeather, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canadian Bobby, Canadian-Bacon, CanadianLinuxUser, Capricorn42, Captain Cheeks, Captain Disdain, Captain Spleen, CaptainEagle, CaptainFugu, Carachi, CardinalDan, Carolmooredc, CasualObserver'48, Catgut, Catherine breillat, Cattus, Cco, Celebau, Chamal N, Chanakyathegreat, CharlesHBennett, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Chasingsol, Check80, Chergles, Chernus, Cherrybomb15, Chocolate Horlicks, Chris Q, Chris Thompson, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Chrisahn, Chrislk02, Chrisn4255, Christopher Parham, Chrono1084, Chumba12345, Chwyatt, Chzz, CieloEstrellado, Cireshoe, CiriloMechas, Citicat, Click Here!, Clinton151, Clintville, Closedmouth, CloudNine, Cmo1242, Coasterlover1994, Cobi, Cocoaguy, Colibri37, Commodore Sloat, CommonsDelinker, Comte0, Conay, Connelly, ConnorIBurnett, Cookiemohnsta, Copperchair, Corollo12, Corporal Punishment, Cosmic Latte, Courcelles, Cp111, Crazycomputers, Crimson123, Criticism crisis, Crock8 (usurped), CronoDAS, CrucifiedChrist, CrunchyChewy, Crusademedia, CryptoDerk, Ctu2485, CuboneKing, Cuye, Cyberpower678, Cynical, Cyrusc, D. Recorder, D. Wu, D6, DBaba, DHeyward, DITWIN GRIM, DMTayag, DXRAW, Dah31, Dahak, Damburger, DanGalligan, DanKeshet, Dance With The Devil, Daniel Quinlan, Daniel-moosh, DanielCD, Danielfolsom, Danrolo, DarkForce16271, Darkfighterman, Darth Panda, Darz Mol, Dave w74, David orlovic, David.Monniaux, DavidA, DavidMarciano, Davidcannon, Davidedge91, Davidoff, Dawn Bard, Dbachmann, Dchall1, Dcmi, De Administrando Imperio, De mortuis..., DeadEyeArrow, Deavenger, Deb, Debresser, Deckiller, Delirium, Delldot, Delta 51, Democracyisborn, Demondogsofwar, Dennisc24, DerHexer, Derek Ross, Derex, Derfel73, Descendall, Dev1n, Dforest, Dhartung, Diannaa, Dicklyon, Differentgravy, Digwuren, Dimadick, Dinamic, Dingobird, Dirigible, Discospinster, Diwas, Djmutex, Dk5552, Dlohcierekim, Doc1978, Doc9871, DocWatson42, Dodge801, Dogru144, Dominick, Don't fear the Reaper, Donut2, Doops, DoubleBlue, Download, Doyley, Dpol, Dr Almost, Dr bab, Dracos, Drakew, Dreaded Walrus, Dreftymac, Drivec, Drlight11, Drmies, DropDeadGorgias, Drrngrvy, Dss2mtm, Duffman, Dumelow, Dunk, Durandus, Dvdriper, Dxco, Dysepsion, Dz3zzz, Dzlife,

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Article Sources and Contributors E2eamon, EBY3221, ESommers, Eagle4000, Eclectic Angel, Eclecticology, Ed Poor, EdH, Edgars2007, Edison, Edkollin, Edward, Edward321, Edwy, Effer, Efyoo, Eirik (usurped), Ejstarchuk, El C, ElKevbo, ElTyrant, Elchombo, Electric Farmer, Elian, Elistoughton, Elkman, Elockid, Eloquence, Emadd, Emberstone878, Embram, Emilio floris, Emperor Genius, Emptyexistence, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Epeefleche, Ephery, Equinox137, Erachima, Eric, Eric Kvaalen, Ericl, Erzengel, Esaborio, Esanchez7587, Esperant, Eugrus, Eurotrotter, Evb-wiki, Evercat, Exert, Ezuvian, F Notebook, FAH1223, FT2, Faigl.ladislav, Falcon8765, Falconleaf, Farhan Zafar, Farzanegan, FatPatriot, Fear the hobbit, Feinoha, Felix Wiemann, Fennessy, Fernando S. Aldado, Festermunk, FetchcommsAWB, Ffaker, Fgnievinski, Fieldday-sunday, FiggyBee, Finlay McWalter, Finlay McWalter 22:20, Fintelia, FisherQueen, Flamgirlant, Flayer, Fletcher, FlirtyLHSgirl, FloydJoyMayweatherSR, FlufflyTheLoveBunny, FlyPanAma, Flyboy121, Fourthords, Francium12, Frankroyce74, Frazzydee, Fred Bauder, Fredbauder, Fredrik, Fredy.00, Freebirdthemonk, FreplySpang, Fromgermany, Fryed-peach, Frymaster, Fubar Obfusco, Fuk U, Func, Futureairman10, Futuretrillionaire, Fuzheado, Fyyer, G0T0, GABaker, GHe, GPHemsley, GTBacchus, Gabbe, Gadfium, GaelicWizard, Gaius Cornelius, Gakusha, Gamaliel, Gamemaker, GavinTing, Gazpacho, Geiseric opr, Geo Swan, Geoffrey, Geoffrey Gibson, Georgec, Georgeslegloupier, Get-back-world-respect, Getoar, Ghanadar galpa, GhostPirate, Gighli, Gilgamesh, Gilliam, Gimboid13, Gimmetrow, Gits (Neo), Gliding, Gob Lofa, GodivaCake, Goethean, Golbez, Gonzalo84, Good Olfactory, Goon Noot, Gourevitch, Gr8opinionater, Grachifan, GraemeLeggett, Grafen, Graft, Graham87, Graldensblud, Granpuff, Green Beret 625, Green Cardamom, Greenshed, Gregcaletta, Grey Fox-9589, Greygh0st, Ground Zero, Groupuscule, Grover cleveland, Gui le Roi, Gun Powder Ma, Guyanakoolaid, Guyver85, Gwalla, Gwernol, HJV, Haberstr, Hadal, Haddyrikabi34, Haemo, Haha169, Hahauhmmno, Hajatvrc, Halda, HalfShadow, Halfhaggis, HamburgerRadio, Hammerhead111, Hammersoft, Haplochromis, Happydrifter, Harel, Haroldandkumar, Harry491, Harryc4848, Hauser, Hauskalainen, Haza-w, Hazemalsaadi, Hbackman, Hchrishicks, Hcobb, Hede2000, Heifamily, HelaBxtn, HelpWikipedia911, Henjeng55155, Henry W. Schmitt, Hephaestos, Heron, Herschelkrustofsky, Hersfold, Heyfunboy, Hibernian, Hillaryforprez, Himasaram, His excellency, Historičar, History of assymetry, Hmains, Holme053, Homeless, HonorTheKing, Hotshot977, House1090, Howcheng, Htaccess, Hu12, Hunter Kahn, Husnock, Husond, Hut 8.5, Hvn0413, Hxcrunner89, Hydrogen Iodide, I am Ward Cunningham and I am Mad!, IAMTrust, IEdML, Iam4eversmart, Ian Pitchford, IanR57, Iceberg007, Id447, Idleguy, Igorb2008, Ike9898, Ikip, Illegitimate Barrister, Imheresoyeah, In two minutes, InTheRed, Indiansummermh, Inertia Tensor, Inferno, Lord of Penguins, Insommia, Instinct, Intellibeing, InvestigateIslam, Iosif, Iqbalhussian29, Iqinn, Irgendwo, Irishpunktom, Irrevenant, Ismailmk, It Is Me Here, Ixfd64, Izanbardprince, J'raxis, J. Donne, J.delanoy, J04n, JB50000, JDoorjam, JForget, JK the unwise, JLSWiki, JSW15, JTBX, JaGa, Jachin, Jack324, Jackk, Jackspinner, JamesBWatson, JamesReyes, Jamesmarkhetterley, Jancikotuc, Jarble, Jaro7788, Javidan, Jawad ahmed ch., Jaxjesse1, Jaxxon the Rabbit, Jay942942, Jayderobb, Jayjg, Jc-S0CO, Jdthood, Jedravent, Jeff G., Jeffeh, Jeffq, Jemappelleungarcon, Jengod, JeremyA, Jeremygbyrne, JerryOrr, Jessemckay, Jfg284, Jfulford, Jgofborg, Jh51681, Jiang, Jibbajabba, Jim47nm, Jimderkaisser, Jimfbleak, Jimmyhogg, Jimp, Jll, Jlujan69, Jmj713, Jmlk17, Jngk2007, Jnothman, Joachimus, Joaquin Murietta, Jobba, Jodawi, Joe N, Joelster, Joesr55, John, John Nevard, John Quincy Adding Machine, John-1107, John319, JohnCengiz77, JohnHustings, JohnOwens, Johnuniq, JokerXtreme, Jonas Langaas, Jondaris, JonnyLate, Jonovision, Jonpro, Joolz, Jordan Elder, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshuashearn, Jossi, Jozoisis, Jpbowen, Jpeob, Jrobin08, Jrod9393, Jtmt88, Juliancolton, JustFacts, Jweiss11, Jwihbey, 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:War on terror attack map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:War_on_terror_attack_map.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Applysense File:WTC3.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WTC3.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Aude, Cezarika1, Kafziel, Rama, Smurfy File:OCO GWOT.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:OCO_GWOT.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Groupuscule, Isthmus File:Circle Burgundy Solid.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Circle_Burgundy_Solid.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Wgabrie Image:Battlefields in The Global War on Terror.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Battlefields_in_The_Global_War_on_Terror.svg  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: User:Derfel73; User:Canuckguy Image:M249 with M4 stock.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:M249_with_M4_stock.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: DoD photo by Sgt. Brandon Aird, U.S. Army. File:Streamer gwotE.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Streamer_gwotE.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: USMC Historical Division File:Streamer AFGCS.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Streamer_AFGCS.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: USMC Historical Division. Image:Inbound Choppers in Afghanistan 2008.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Inbound_Choppers_in_Afghanistan_2008.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Photo by Spc. Mary L. Gonzalez, CJTF-101 Public Affairs File:Marines securing the city of Marjeh Feb 22 2010.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Marines_securing_the_city_of_Marjeh_Feb_22_2010.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl Andres J. Lugo Image:SF Soldier in Philippines.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SF_Soldier_in_Philippines.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Edward G. Martens Image:Operation Enduring Freedom - djibouti2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Operation_Enduring_Freedom_-_djibouti2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: U.S. Marine Corporal Adam C. Schnell Image:Combined Task Force-150.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Combined_Task_Force-150.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: U.S. Navy photo by Photographer's Mate 1st Class Bart Bauer. Image:Lower-juba-12292006-1627.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lower-juba-12292006-1627.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: Peter Corless File:Northern Mali conflict.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Northern_Mali_conflict.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Orionist Image:C-130J Hercules, Iraq, 2003.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:C-130J_Hercules,_Iraq,_2003.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Master Sergeant Robert R. Hargreaves Jr File:Streamer IQCS.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Streamer_IQCS.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: USMC Historical Division. Image:Army.mil-2007-03-21-084518.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Army.mil-2007-03-21-084518.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ArikamaI, Avron, FieldMarine, Infrogmation, Jarekt, JokerXtreme, Rama, Sanandros, 1 anonymous edits Image:Iraq-War-Map.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iraq-War-Map.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: ADuran File:Neotaliban insurgency 2002-2006 en.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Neotaliban_insurgency_2002-2006_en.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: NordNordWest, Sommerkom File:2006 Musharaff at the White House.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2006_Musharaff_at_the_White_House.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: White House photo by Eric Draper File:Osama bin Laden hideout-en.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Osama_bin_Laden_hideout-en.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: United States Department of DefenseMysid (SVG) File:Kashmir region 2004.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kashmir_region_2004.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Jungpionier, Kintetsubuffalo, LX, Ras67, Timeshifter, 晨 之 晖, 8 anonymous edits Image:BritishPatrolHelmand01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BritishPatrolHelmand01.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Spc. Daniel Love Image:ISAF map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ISAF_map.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BlankMap-FlatWorld6.svg: Frank Bennett derivative work: JokerXtreme (talk) Image:Liberty.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Liberty.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Gerald L. Nino Image:World Can't Wait J4 Demo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_Can't_Wait_J4_Demo.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Frumpy, Infrogmation, Mogelzahn, Ranveig, SchuminWeb, Túrelio

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License

License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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