Egypt Exploration Society
An Early Record of the Sarcophagi of Tjaiharpata and Esshu-tefnut and the Identification of Some Lieder Squeezes at the Griffith Institute, Oxford Author(s): Gottfried Hamernik Source: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 86 (2000), pp. 168-172 Published by: Egypt Exploration Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3822320 . Accessed: 20/02/2014 18:04 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
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An early record of the sarcophagi of Tjaiharpata and Esshu-tefnut and the identifica-
tion of some Lieder squeezes at the Griffith Institute, Oxford* This articlediscussesthe provenanceof the sarcophagusof Tjaiharpata (now in Cairo)andthe sarcophagusof Esshu-tefnut (now in Vienna):two shafts(orpossiblyjust a single shaft),demonstrablynearthe Tetipyramid.It is basedon a step-by-step identificationof fourLiedersqueezes(17.1-3, 18) keptin the GriffithInstitute,Oxford.HeinrichBrugschused theseparticularsqueezesas the basic sourcefor 'Planchevi' of his Recueilde monumentsegyptiensandfor a manuscripttranslationof the texts, butthis was nevermentionedin any of his laterpublications. IN 1862, Heinrich Brugsch published the first part of his Recueil de monuments egyptiens,'
a work
which in general claimed to contain Brugsch's own copies of texts and scenes made from the monuments themselves.2 In one plate, Brugsch presented a selection of materialfrom two Late Period coffins, which he stated (in one case wrongly) were housed at Vienna.3 His presentationof this material (see fig. 1) has puzzled scholars for a long time.4 'Planche vi' consists of three different sections of hieroglyphic text, numbered by Brugsch as 1-3: (1) the first represents only part of a horizontal line (90 cm out of 115 cm) on the outside of the sarco5 This line is the first below the lid, the one which is called phagus of Tjaiharpata f,. \ by Maspero 'Bande superieure d'inscription' on the short 'cote Sud';6 (2) the second is one long horizontal line incised all around the inside of the sarcophagus of Esshutefnut ^' '? X ev 7 (see pl. XXVII, 1); and (3) the third is the equivalent on the outside of the same sarcophagus, running above 71 vertical columns of text and several mythological scenes (see pl. XXVII, 2). In the problematic 'Planche vi', the direction of writing does not correspond to that of the texts on the sarcophagi and the sequence of lines in the cases of (2) and (3) appears arbitrary. The sarcophagus of Tjaiharpatanever came to Vienna as Brugsch assumed.8 Most probably he was given this erroneous information by Christian von Huber, the Austrian consul-general in Egypt from 1850 to 1858.9 According to Brugsch's comments, Huber claimed to have discovered both sarcophagi.10 This is definitely not correct. The tomb from which the sarcophagus of Esshu-tefnut came was known to Anton Ritter von Laurin (Huber's predecessor as Austrian consul-general from 1834 to 1849) from at least 1847.' The sarcophagus of Esshu-tefnut arrived at Vienna in the first half of January 1853.12 * This articleis intendedto
supplementJaromirMalek, 'The MonumentsRecordedby Alice Liederin the "Templeof Vulcan"at Memphisin May 1853', JEA72 (1986), 101-12. I am very gratefulto him for access to all the Liedersqueezes kept in the GriffithInstitute,Oxford. I H. Brugsch,Recueil de monumentsegyptiens (Leipzig 1862-3). 2 In his 'Avertisement'at the beginningof the Recueil, Brugsch wrote of 'la reproductionexacte d'un nombrechoisi d'inscriptionset de tableauxqui parnous ont ete trouvesen Egypte et dessines sur les lieux'. 3 Brugsch,Recueil, 9-11, pl. vi. On p. 9, Brugschstated, 'Ils sont conserves aujourd'huiau musee gyptiende Vienne'. 4 PM III2, 125, and PM III2,504. 5 PM III2,504; CairoMuseumCG 29306. 6 G. Maspero,Sarcophagesdes epoquespersane et ptolemaique,I (CG; Cairo, 1914), 256; cf. 219. 7 PM III2,507; KunsthistorischesMuseumWien, AS Inv.-Nr.1. See plate XXVI. 8 Recueil, 9.
9 R. Agstner, 'Vonk. k. Konsularagentiezum 6sterreichischenGeneralkonsulat,Osterreich(-Ungarn)undAlexandrien 1763-1993', Schriftendes OsterreichischenKulturinstitutesKairo 7 (1993), 38-44, 236. 10Recueil, 9.
1 A. Rittervon Laurin,'Entdeckungvon 3 merkwiirdigenagyptischenSarkophagen',Sitzungsberichte derPhilosophischhistorischenClasse der kaiserlichenAkademieder Wissenschaften,II (Vienna, 1849), 248-54. VonLaurin(p. 248) writes of excavations'die ich bereits vor zwei Jahrenhabe unternehmenlassen'. 12J. C. Rittervon Ameth, 'Uberden in der erstenHalfte Jannersd. J. [i.e. 1853] zu Wien angekommenenagyptischen Sarkophag',Sitzungsberichteder Philosophisch-historischenClasse der kaiserlichenAkademieder Wissenschaften,X (Vienna, 1853), 99-109, Taf. i-ix.
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that he had travelled from Berlin to Trieste for his embarkation to Alexandria without stopping, so he could not have had an opportunity to copy these texts himself-either
in Vienna or in Egypt.'3
What, then, were the sources for 'Planche vi'? Brugsch himself supplies the explanation in a letter to
Huberwhich is now kept in Vienna.4 He writes:
14KunsthistorischesMuseumWien, Archiv derAntikensammlung,Akt 387 (1852).
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Hochgeehrtester Herr General-Konsul. Ich berichtige die Schuld meines Versprechens,indem ich die Ehre habe Ihnen die Uebersetzung der wichtigsten Inschrift des schonen Wiener Sarkophages auf dem folgenden Blatte zu iibersenden. Ich konnte mich leider! nur auf den historischen Theil der Inscriptionen des Sarges beschranken, da in den Abdriicken des Rever. Lieder einige Stiicke fehlen, welche den Sinn der mythologischen Darstellungen erklaren. Indem ich Sie bitte mit diesem wenigen vorlieb zu nehmen, habe ich die Genugthuung eine Gelegenheit zu besitzen Ihnen die Ausdrticke meiner vorztiglichsten Hochachtung und Ergebenheit zu wiederholen. Ich bin Herr General Konsul dero
Alexandrien d. 6. August 1853.
ganz gehorsamster HBrugsch
The translationthat Brugsch attached gives a good idea of the length and quality of the Lieder squeezes. In this respect Brugsch's appended comments seem to be more of interest today than the translation itself, which is subdivided as follows: Inschrift an der AuBenseite des Sarkophagess1 a, linker Hand: [translation] NB. Dieselbe Inschrift wiederholt sich viermal, namlich zweimal an der Seite wo der Kopf, eimal wo der FuB, und einmal an der rechten Seite des Sarkophages, ohne alle Veranderung.16 Inschrift an der Innenseite des Sarkophages'7 a, nach links zu: [translation, with the inserted comment]:[hier fehlt ein kleines Stuck im Abdruck des HerrnLieder, ich erganze, da dies der gew6hnliche Titel des Seb (sic)] b, nach rechts zu: [translation] Alexandrien im Monat August 1853. Dr. HBrugsch The conclusion that Brugsch relied upon the Lieder squeezes obviously applies also to the first section of 'Planche vi', even if no squeeze has survived. The reversed direction of the text and the omission or misinterpretationof a few signs are strong evidence for the use of squeezes as the basic source in this case also. Furthermore,it is worthwhile to mention the statement, revealing some disappointment, that Quibell made concerning the tomb where the sarcophagus of Tjaiharpatawas discovered: 'The tomb was at the time supposed to be a new discovery, but it was found afterwardsthat Mariette had already opened it and that Brugsch had made extracts from the texts'."8 But Mariettewas definitely not the first person who had discovered and entered this tomb. Some ushebtis in Vienna prove this.19These ushebtis were from the funerary equipment of Tjaiharpata and Esshu-tefnut, and were part of von Laurin's 15Thiscorresponds to thefirstthreelinesof thethirdsectionof 'PlancheVI'. 16Thisslightlyvaryinggroupof signsrepresents thenameandthetitles.Inthishorizontal line,whichrunsaroundthe entireoutside of the sarcophagus,it occurs six times, and not four times as statedby Brugsch. 17This correspondsprecisely to the second section of 'Planchevi'. 18J. E. Quibell, Excavationsat Saqqara(1912-1914): ArchaicMastabas (Cairo, 1923), 13; 'extractsfrom the texts' evidentlyrelatesto 'Planchevi' and Quibell seems to imply thatboth of these sarcophagicame from the same tomb. 19Forthe ushebtisof Tjaiharpatain the KunsthistorischesMuseumWien, see E. Rittervon Komorzynski,Das Erbedes alten Agypten(Vienna, 1965), 204; one ushebtiof Esshu-tefnutis listed underInv.-Nr.5207.
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considerable collection in Alexandria, coming from his excavations at Saqqara.Soon after von Laurin's transfer to Bucharest in 1850, his collection was purchased by the Austrian archduke Ferdinand Maximilian for his Egyptian Museum at Miramarcastle near Trieste.20Von Huber obviously continued where von Laurin had had to cease his archaeological activities. Therefore, it is not surprising that he also had ushebtis of Esshu-tefnut and Tjaiharpatain his collection,21 which was bought by Said Pasha in 1858.22 The exact position of the tombs from which these two sarcophagi came is not known today.23Some vague statements by von Laurin and Maspero are of little help.24The numberingof shafts as used by Quibell, however, may give a better hint.25Quibell asssigned the number 412 to the tomb of Unnefer. The excavated shaft with the tomb chapel and the Step Pyramid in the background can be seen clearly on contemporary photographs.26 Quibell added 'It lies just to the south of the tourist track, midway between the Teta pyramid and Mariette's house'.27 Another shaft leading to a probably quite spacious hypogeum was numbered as 410. Quibell noted 'A shaft near the Teta Pyramid on its west side opened into a chamber containing no less than nine sarcophagi; plain rectangular coffins, a large sarcophagus of limestone and these two of granite...'28 One of them was the sarcophagusof Tjaiharpata.29Quibell's map and notes unfortunately seem to have been lost. However, the position of shaft number 410 east of Unnefer (number 412) and in close proximity to the Teti pyramid is certain. Von Laurin's enthusiastic description of his 'Sarg Nr. 3' (i.e. the sarcophagus of Esshu-tefnut), followed by a short reference to some other coffins there, bears some similarity to Quibell's comments on the chamber of his shaft number 410.30 All these details suggest that there was only a short distance between the pits from which these two sarcophagi came-or even that they were identical. Other evidence allows a good estimate to be made of the date when the Lieder squeezes used by Brugsch were preparedfrom the sarcophagus of Esshu-tefnut. In January 1849 von Laurin had already tried to make squeezes from this sarcophagus in situ, but the air in the gallery was very bad, the sarcophagus was covered in dust, and the lid was much too heavy to be moved to allow better access to the inscriptions inside.3' The possibility that another attempt was made by the Lieders under the same circumstances can, therefore, be excluded. After von Laurin's transferto Bucharest not much happened until August 1851, when the sarcophagus was raised from the shaft under Hubers supervision.32Then it was left unattended nearby for several months, which was doubtless the best opportunity for the Lieders to work on it.33 Brugsch does not say how many pieces he had borrowed from the Lieders. However, the total length of horizontal lines covered by this set of squeezes is 14.1 m (outside: 7.97 m; inside: 6.13 m). Only three torn fragments of different sizes have survived, which are kept in the archives of the Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (squeeze 17.1: c. 51 cm x 17 cm; 17.2: c. 31 cm x 32 cm; 17.3: c. 29 cm x 17 cm). S. Reinisch,Die aegyptischenDenkmaelerin Miramar(Vienna, 1865), Vorrede,viii-ix. Newberry,FuneraryStatuettesand Model Sarcophagi,I (CG;Cairo, 1914), 157-8 (CG 47522-3, Esshu-tefnut: each entryincludes the note 'Coll. Hiiber'(sic)); II (Cairo, 1937), 365 (CG 48474, Tjaiharpata). 22 A. Mariette,Notice des principauxmonuments...aBoulaq2(Alexandria,1868), preface. 23PM III2,504 and 507. 24VonLaurin,Entdeckung,248: '...in der Nahe einerkleinen Pyramide...'; Maspero,Sarcophagesdes epoquespersane et ptolemaiqueI, 218, 220: '...dans un puits situe sur le bord sud du sentierqui conduit du mastabade Marouroukaa la maison Mariette...' 25Excavations(1912-1914), 13-14. 26 Quibell, Excavations(1912-1914), pl. xxxvi, 1, 2. 27Excavations(1912-1914), 14. 28 Excavations(1912-1914), 13. 29Quibell, Excavations(1912-1914), pl. xxxiv. 30 Excavations(1912-1914), 13. 31Von Laurin,Entdeckungen,252. 32 KunsthistorischesMuseumWien, Archiv der Antikensammlung,Akt 387 (1852). 33In October 1852 the sarcophaguswas draggeddown to Abusirfor furthertransporton the Nile to Alexandria,where it was takenon boardthe Austrianbrig Dromedar(whose logbook survives),bound for Trieste. 20
21 P. E.
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Lieder squeeze 18 appears to survive at its original size of 1.47 m x 0.35 m. It consists of three smaller sheets of paper stuck together. The lack of any longer hieroglyphic text makes it difficult to identify the squeeze because identical scenes on other sarcophagi from the Late Period-from about 350 Bc-are known. The final proof was recently obtained by adopting a method similar to that employed nearly 150 years ago to produce the Lieder squeezes. For this purpose, a special twofold self-copying paper34was affixed to the sarcophagus of Esshu-tefnut in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.35 Quite a good squeeze could be produced, and this was found to correspond perfectly to the original squeeze kept in the Griffith Institute (see fig. 2).36
Fig. 2. Lieder squeeze 18 Concerning the hypothetical squeeze from the sarcophagus of Tjaiharpata, not much can be said. According to Brugsch's 'Planche vI', its size must have been approximately 90 cm x 5 cm, and it was made on the sarcophagus in situ long before it was rediscovered by Quibell. Considering all the efforts made by the Lieders to obtain their interesting collection of squeezes, it is deeply saddening to realize that some are irretrievably lost. GOTTFRIEDHAMERNIK
34 This paperis manufacturedfor use in telex machines, and is suppliedin rolls 21 cm wide. 35 I am grateful to Prof. Dr Helmut Satzinger, Director of the Egyptian collection of the museum, for kindly giving
permissionfor this experiment,and for providingme with the photographsreproducedhere in the plates. 36 After E. von Bergmann, 'Der Sarkophagdes Nesschutafnutin der SammlungAgyptischerAlterthtimerdes Osterr. Kaiserhauses', Rec. Trav.VI (1885), 153.
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LEIDER SQUEEZES AT THE GRIFFITH INSTITUTE (pp.168-72)
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PLATE XXVII
1. Interior of the sarcophagus of Esshu-tefnut in Vienna
2. Exterior of the sarcophagus of Esshu-tefnut in Vienna LEIDER
SQUEEZES
AT THE GRIFFITH
INSTITUTE
(pp.168-72)
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