INVESTIGACION - Finalidad de La Teoría General de Sistemas - RFM

 

 

@DW]@]V]K ]FGDKOKB@GK WVYFS@KS MF @S YV ]K

YSKHFWKS 1 Mnv`m Nognrnz But`àrrfz

NOVJDK 1 S`gnrmk Hkdsfgn Jkr÷d

@W>5>>>277

@dbfd`frên mf W`stfjns

Brupk 1 @WNG36

]FJN @DXFW]@BNG@KD H`dno`mnm mf on ]fkrên Bfdfrno mf W`stfjns

 

@D]SKMVGG@KD Fd ud sfdt`mk njpo`k, on ]fkrên Bfdfrno mf W`stfjns (]BW) sf prfsfdtn gkjk udn hkrjn s`stfjît`gn y g`fdtêh`gn mf nprkx`jng`÷d y rfprfsfdtng`÷d mf on rfno`mnm y, no j`sjk t`fjpk, gkjk udn kr`fdtng`÷d eng`n udn prîgt`gn fst`juondtf pnrn hkrjns mf trncnak trndsm`sg`po`dnr`ns Fd tndtk pnrnm`bjn g`fdtêh`gk, on ]BW sf gnrngtfr`zn pkr su pfrspfgt`vn ekoêst`gn f `dtfbrnmkrn, fd mkdmf ok `jpkrtndtf skd ons rfong`kdfs y oks gkdaudtks quf n pnrt`r mf foons fjfrbfd. Fd tndtk prîgt`gn, on ]BW khrfgf ud njc`fdtf nmfgunmk pnrn on `dtfrrfong`÷d y gkjud`gng`÷d hfgudmn fdtrf fspfg`no`stns y fspfg`no`mnmfs

Oks kcaft`vks kr`b`dnofs mf on ]fkrên Bfdfrno mf W`stfjns skd oks s`bu`fdtfs1

n. @jpuosnr fo mfsnrrkook mf udn tfrj`dkokbên bfdfrno quf pfrj`tn mfsgr`c`r ons gnrngtfrêst`gns, hudg`kdfs y gkjpkrtnj`fdtks s`stàj`gks. c.  Mfsnrrkoonr ud gkdaudtk mf ofyfs npo`gncofs n tkmks fstks gkjpkrtnj`fdtks y, pkr ñot`jk,

g.  Yrkjkvfr udn hkrjno`zng`÷d (jntfjît`gn) mf fstns ofyfs.

 

Sfhfrfdtf E`st÷r`gk Mf On ]BW Wf pufmf mfg`r quf on bàdfs`s mf on ]fkrên Bfdfrno mf W`stfjns (]BW), mntn mfsmf oks j`sjks `d`g`ks mf on okskhên y mf on g`fdg`n, y sf prfsfdtn gkjk udn hkrjn s`stfjît`gn y g`fdtêh`gn mf nprkx`jng`÷d y rfprfsfdtng`÷d mf on rfno`mnm y no j`sjk t`fjpk, gkjk udn kr`fdtng`÷d quf jkt`vn pnrn trncnanr fd hkrjn juot`m`sg`po`dnr. Gkd fook, gkdtrnm`gf on j`rnmn hrnbjfdtnr`n y o`dfno mfo jkmfok mf gkdkg`j`fdtk g`fdtêh`gk (fdhkquf rfmugg`kd`stn), jàtkmk gkd fo guno sf fstum`ncnd oks hfd÷jfdks mf udn hkrjn `dmfpfdm`fdtf gkjk s` hufrn udn rfno`mnm m`v`m`mn y dk gkjk mfcfd sfr fstum`nmks, fd hkrjn tktno f `dtfbrnmkrn. Fs nsê, gkjk on ]fkrên Bfdfrno mf W`stfjns (]BW) fs gkds`mfrnmn gkjk udn pfrspfgt`vn `dtfrm`sg`po`dnr`n y juot`m`sg`po`dnr`n, quf prftfdmf nprkx`jnrsf y rfprfsfdtnr fo judmk rfno mf jndfrn ekoêst`gn>. On ]fkrên Bfdfrno mf W`stfjns tuvk su jnykr mfsnrrkook murndtf fo W`bok UU gundmk sf hkrjno`z÷ gkd oks npkrtfs tf÷r`gks mfo c`÷okbk Nustr`ngk Oumw`b Xkd Cfrtnondhhy3 (>09>->023). Wu npkrtf jîs `jpkrtndtf fs on gkdgfpg`÷d tktno`znmkrn mf on c`kokbên (mfdkj`dnmn ‟krbnd`g`stn‚), gkd tfkrêns quf gkdgfptuno`zncnd n oks krbnd`sjks v`vks gkjk ud s`stfjn nc`frtk, fd gkdstndtf `dtfrgnjc`k gkd ktrks s`stfjns nmyngfdtfs pkr jfm`k mf gkjpo`gnmns `dtfrngg`kdfs. Ynrn Cfrtnondhhy, on ]BW mfcfrên gkdst`tu`rsf fd ud jfgnd`sjk mf `dtfbrng`÷d fdtrf ons g`fdg`ns dnturnofs y skg`nofs, y sfr no j`sjk t`fjpk, ud `dstrujfdtk cîs`gk pnrn on hkrjng`÷d y prfpnrng`÷d mf g`fdtêh`gks

 

H`dno`mnm mf on ]BW Ons ].B.W. dk cusgn skoug`kdnr prkcofjns k `dtfdtnr skoug`kdfs prîgt`gns, pfrk sê prkmug`r tfkrêns y hkrjuong`kdfs gkdgfptunofs quf pufmnd grfnr gkdm`g`kdfs mf npo`gng`÷d fd on rfno`mnm fjpêr`gn. Oks supufstks cîs`gks mf on ]fkrên Bfdfrno mf W`stfjns skd1  

Fx`stf udn dêt`mn tfdmfdg`n eng`n on `dtfbrng`÷d mf m`vfrsns g`fdg`ns dk skg`nofs.

 

Fsn `dtfbrng`÷d pnrfgf kr`fdtnrsf rujck n udn tfkrên mf s`stfjns.

 

M`gen tfkrên mf s`stfjns pufmf sfr udn jndfrn jîs njpo`n mf fstum`nr oks

k

k

k

gnjpks dk-hês`gks mfo gkdkg`j`fdtk g`fdtêh`gk, fspfg`nojfdtf fd ons g`fdg`ns.  

k

Gkd fsn tfkrên mf oks s`stfjns, no mfsnrrkoonr pr`dg`p`ks ud`h`gnmkrfs quf skd vfrt`gnojfdtf oks ud`vfrsks pnrt`guonrfs mf ons m`vfrsns g`fdg`ns `dvkougrnmns dks nprkx`jnjks no kcaft`vk mf on ud`mnm mf on g`fdg`n.

 

k

Fstk pufmf bfdfrnr udn `dtfbrng`÷d juy dfgfsnr`n fd on fmugng`÷d g`fdtêh`gn.

On ]fkrên Bfdfrno mf oks W`stfjns nh`rjn quf ons prkp`fmnmfs mf oks s`stfjns dk pufmfd sfr mfsgr`tns s`bd`h`gnt`vnjfdtf fd tàrj`dks mf sus fofjfdtks sfpnrnmks. On gkjprfds`÷d mf oks s`stfjns skonjfdtf sf prfsfdtn gundmk sf fstum`nd oks s`stfjns bokcnojfdtf, `dvkougrndmk tkmns ons `dtfrmfpfdmfdg`ns mf sus sucs`stfjns.

On ]fkrên Bfdfrno mf W`stfjns fd su prkp÷s`tk jîs njpo`k, gkdtfjpon on fonckrng`÷d mf efrrnj`fdtns quf gnpng`tfd n ktrns rnjns mf on g`fdg`n fd su `dvfst`bng`÷d prîgt`gn. Ykr sê skon, dk mfjufstrn d` mfan mf jkstrnr fhfgtks prîgt`gks. Ynrn quf udn tfkrên mf gunoqu`fr rnjn g`fdtêh`gn fstà s÷o`mnjfdtf hudmnjfdtnmn, en mf pnrt`r mf udn s÷o`mn gkefrfdg`n skstfd`mn pkr ons ].B.W. W` sf gufdtn gkd rfsuotnmks mf onckrntkr`k y sf prftfdmf mfsgr`c`r su m`dîj`gn fdtrf m`st`dtks fxpfr`jfdtks, on ]BW fs fo gkdtfxtk nmfgunmk quf pfrj`t`rî mnr skpkrtf n udn dufvn fxpo`gng`÷d, quf pfrj`t`rî pkdfr n prufcn y vfr`h`gnr su fxngt`tum. Ykr fstk sf on uc`gn fd fo îjc`tk mf ons jftn tf÷r`gns.

 

Fs

ud

fdhkquf

`dtfrm`sg`po`dnr`k

quf

trntn

mf

gkjprfdmfr

oks

m`hfrfdtfs

gkjpkrtnj`fdtks `dm`v`munofs mf ud s`stfjn, m`v`m`àdmkoks y nsê pkmfr `mfdt`h`gnr jns hîg`ojfdtf ons gnrngtfrêst`gns mf hkrjn ñd`gn y gkjk fs su pnrt`g`png`÷d mfdtrk mfo s`stfjn.

Wu h`dno`mnm jîs quf dnmn fs cr`dmnr ons efrrnj`fdtns dfgfsnr`ns pnrn on skoug`÷d mf nobñd prkcofjn k pnrn mnr skoug`÷d n m`vfrsns s`tung`kdfs fd m`vfrsns g`fdg`ns k rnjns. Fs udn kr`fdtng`÷d fd on guno cr`dmn udks pnsks n sfbu`r pnrn su skoug`÷d, mf neê n tfdfr quf `jprkv`snr oks pnsks k nujfdtnr pnsks pnrn udn jfakr rfskoug`÷d mf ngufrmk n tno s`tung`÷d k fdhkquf fo guno sfrî su h`dno`mnm.

H`dno`mnm mf on ]fkrên B Bfdfrno fdfrno mf W`stfjns

 

Yr`dg`pnofs Nutkrfs y ]fkrêns Cfrtnondhhy nmj`tf quf on tfkrên mf s`stfjns gkjprfdmf ud gkdaudtk mf tfkrêns y fdhkqufs, fdtrf ons gunofs sf fdgufdtrn on tfkrên mf on `dhkrjng`÷d (Gonumf Fowkkm Wenddkd y Rnrrfd Rfnvfr), tfkrên mf oks aufbks (Aked vkd Dfujndd), on g`cfrdàt`gn (Dkrcfrt R`fdfr), tfkrên mf oks nut÷jntns (Nond J. ]ur`db), on tfkrên mf gkdaudtks (J`enaok M. Jfsnrkv`g), tfkrên mf ons rfmfs (Ndntko Snpkpkrt) y jîs. Ykr fsk, on prîgt`gn mfo ndîo`s`s npo`gnmk mf s`stfjns, mfcfd tfdfr prfsfdtf m`vfrsks jkmfoks, mf ngufrmk gkd on dnturnofzn mfo gnsk y gkd gr`tfr`ks kpfrng`kdnofs< sfbñd sfn fo s`stfjn jntfr`no, ps`gko÷b`gk k skg`kguoturno.

 

Npkrtfs W`stfjît`gks

Ons sugfs`vns fspfg`no`zng`kdfs mf ons g`fdg`ns kco`bnd n on grfng`÷d mf dufvns pnoncrns, fstns sf ngujuond murndtf sugfs`vns fspfg`no`zng`kdfs, oofbndmk n hkrjnr gns` ud vfrmnmfrk ofdbunaf quf s÷ok fs jndfanmk pkr oks fspfg`no`stns. Mf fstn hkrjn surbfd prkcofjns no trntnrsf mf prkyfgtks `dtfrm`sg`po`dnr`ks, yn quf oks pnrt`g`pndtfs mfo prkyfgtk skd fspfg`no`stns mf m`hfrfdtfs rnjns mf on g`fdg`n y gnmn udk mf fooks jndfan udn sfjîdt`gn m`hfrfdtf n oks mfjîs.

 Np krtfs kr tfs Jftk Jftkmk mk o÷ b`g b` g ks Afrnr Af rnrqu qu ên mf ooks ks s `stfj `s tfj ns1 ns 1  No gkds`mfrnr gkds`mfrnr oks m`st`dtks t`pks mf s`stfjns mfo ud`vfrsk Lfddft Ckuom`db prkpkrg`kdn prkpkrg`kdn udn gons`h`gng`÷d ñt`o mf oks s`stfjns mkdmf fstncofgf oks s`bu`fdtfs d`vfofs afrîrqu`gks1 >. Yr`jfr d`vfo, fstrugturn fstît`gn. Wf of pufmf oonjnr d`vfo mf oks jnrgks mf rfhfrfdg`n. 3. Wfbudmk d`vfo, s`stfjn m`dîj`gk s`jpof. Gkds`mfrn jkv`j`fdtks dfgfsnr`ks y prfmftfrj`dnmks. Wf pufmf mfdkj`dnr rfoka mf trncnak. 7. ]frgfr d`vfo, jfgnd`sjk mf gkdtrko k s`stfjn g`cfrdàt`gk. Fo s`stfjn sf nutkrrfbuon pnrn jndtfdfr su fqu`o`cr`k. =. Gunrtk d`vfo, "s`stfjn nc`frtk" k nutk fstrugturnmk. Fd fstf d`vfo sf gkj`fdzn n m`hfrfdg`nr on v`mn. Yufmf mf gkds`mfrnrsf d`vfo mf gàouon. 6. ^u`dtk d`vfo, bfdàt`gk-skg`no. Fstî gnrngtfr`znmk pkr ons pondtns. 8.

Wfxtk

d`vfo,

s`stfjn

nd`jno.

Wf

gnrngtfr`zn

pkr

su

grfg`fdtf

jkv`o`mnm,

gkjpkrtnj`fdtk tfofko÷b`gk y su nutkgkdg`fdg`n. 2. Wàpt`jk d`vfo, s`stfjn eujndk. Fs fo d`vfo mfo sfr `dm`v`muno, gkds`mfrnmk gkjk ud s`stfjn gkd gkdg`fdg`n y enc`o`mnm pnrn ut`o`znr fo ofdbunaf y sêjckoks. 5. Kgtnvk d`vfo, s`stfjn skg`no k s`stfjn mf krbnd`zng`kdfs eujndns gkdst`tuyf fo s`bu`fdtf d`vfo, y gkds`mfrn fo gkdtfd`mk y s`bd`h`gnmk mf jfdsnafs, on dnturnofzn y m`jfds`kdfs mfo s`stfjn mf vnokrfs, on W`stfjns mf @dhkrjng`÷d @ @.W.H.]. D.± 75 A.Y.Ckhh` 3 trnsgr`pg`÷d mf `jîbfdfs fd rfb`strks e`st÷r`gks, sut`ofs s`jcko`zng`kdfs nrtêst`gns, jñs`gn, pkfsên y on gkjpofan bnjn mf fjkg`kdfs eujndns.

 

0. Dkvfdk d`vfo, s`stfjns trnsgfdmfdtnofs. Gkjpoftnd oks d`vfofs mf gons`h`gng`÷d1 fstks skd oks ñot`jks y ncskoutks, oks `dfoum`cofs y mfsgkdkg`mks, oks gunofs tnjc`àd prfsfdtnd fstrugturns s`stfjît`gns f `dtfrrfong`kdfs

]fkrên bfdfrno mf s`stfjns y on ud`mnm mf on g`fdg`n

 N on pnr mf ons jntfjît`gns y on h`okskhên h`okskhên gkd on guno sf prfbudtn prfbudtn pkr on ud`mnm mf on g`fdg`n, fo ekjcrf en mfsnrrkoonmk jkmfoks pnrn fstum`nr y gkjprfdmfr ons rfong`kdfs mf ons fstrugturns y oks hfd÷jfdks mfo judmk rfno, oks gunofs pufmfd tkjnr m`st`dtns hkrjns, pfrk fooks fstîd efgeks pnrn okbrnr udn jfakr gkjprfds`÷d mf on gkjpofa`mnm mfo judmk rfno. Fstks gkjpofaks surbfd fd mks d`vfofs m`hfrfdtfs1 fo j`grk d`vfo, quf sf `dtfrfsn pkr ons rfong`kdfs cîs`gns mf gnusn y fhfgtk, fstns rfbuond fo mfsfjpfþk mf oks gkjpkdfdtfs fofjfdtnofs< y fo jngrk d`vfo, fs fd mkdmf sf fstum`nd ons `dtfrrfong`kdfs fdtf oks sucs`stfjns fofjfdtnofs.

 

Gnrngtfrêst`gns mf oks m`vfrsks fdhkqufs mf on tfkrên mf s`stfjn

Fo Fdhkquf Sfmugg`kd`stn Brnd pnrtf mfo prkbrfsk quf sf en kctfd`mk fd gnmn udk mf oks gnjpks mf ons g`fdg`ns sf mfcf n fo fdhkquf rfmugg`kd`stn, fo guno fstum`n ud hfd÷jfdk gkjpo`gnmk n trnvàs mfo ndîo`s`s mf sus pnrtfs k fofjfdtks. Oks hfd÷jfdks dk skok skd fstum`nmks pkr fo fdhkquf rfmugg`kd`stn, fx`stfd hfd÷jfdks quf skok skd fxpo`gnmks tfd`fdmk fd gufdtn tkmk ok quf of gkjprfdmf. W` oks s`stfjns sf vnd eng`fdmk jîs gkjpo`gnmks, on fxpo`gng`÷d mf oks hfd÷jfdks quf prfsfdtnd oks gkjpkrtnj`fdtks mf fsks s`stfjns tkjnd fd gufdtn su jfm`k y su tktno`mnm.

Fo fdhkquf rfmugg`kd`stn t`fdmf n on sucm`v`s`÷d gnmn vfz jnykr mfo tkmk, y no fstum`k mf fsns sucm`v`s`kdfs j`fdtrns quf fo fdhkquf mf s`stfjns trntn mf ud`r ons pnrtfs pnrn nogndznr on tktno`mnm o÷b`gn k udn `dmfpfdmfdg`n rfont`vn gkd rfspfgtk no brupk quf pfrtfdfgf

W`stfjn1

Fs

ud

gkdaudtk

krbnd`znmk

mf

gksns

k

pnrtfs

`dtfrngtundtfs

f

`dtfrmfpfdm`fdtfs, quf sf rfong`kdnd hkrjndmk ud tkmk ud`tnr`k y gkjpofak. Gncf ngonrnr quf ons gksns k pnrtfs quf gkjpkdfd no s`stfjn, dk sf rfh`frfd no gnjpk hês`gk (kcaftks), s`dk jîs c`fd no hudg`kdno. Mf fstf jkmk ons gksns k pnrtfs pnsnd n sfr hudg`kdfs cîs`gns rfno`znmns pkr fo s`stfjn. Ykmfjks fdujfrnrons fd1 fdtrnmns, prkgfsks y sno`mns.

@skjkrh`sjk @skj÷rh`gk s`bd`h`gn "gkd udn hkrjn s`j`onr" y sf rfh`frf n on gkdstrugg`÷d mf jkmfoks mf s`stfjns s`j`onrfs no jkmfok kr`b`dno. Ykr fafjpok, ud gkrnz÷d nrt`h`g`no fs `skj÷rh`gk rfspfgtk no ÷rbndk rfno1 fstf jkmfok pufmf sfrv`r gkjk fofjfdtk mf fstum`k pnrn fxtrnfr gkdgous`kdfs npo`gncofs no gkrnz÷d kr`b`dno.

 

  Sfgurs`v`mnm1 Fs udn gnrngtfrêst`gn mf tkmk s`stfjn v`ncof y sf rfh`frf n quf tkmk s`stfjn gkdt`fdf mfdtrk mf sê n vnr`ks ktrks s`stfjns, oonjnmks sucs`stfjns, oks gunofs pksffd hudg`kdfs y gnrngtfrêst`gns s`j`onrfs no s`stfjn supfr`kr fd quf fstîd gkdtfd`mks. Ykr fafjpok, udn fjprfsn jntr`z ( Cndgk) pksff h`o`nofs mfm`gnmns no îrfn h`dndg`frn, quf pfrj`tfd fo h`dndg`nj`fdtk n on gkjpnþên f `dm`v`munojfdtf gnmn udn mf fsns h`o`nofs tnjc`àd pksff ud îrfn h`dndg`frn.

W`dfrbên 1Fstf gkdgfptk dks m`gf quf fo tkmk fs m`hfrfdtf ( dkrjnojfdtf jnykr) n on sujn mf sus pnrtfs.

Gkdgfptks Cîs`gks mf on ]fkrên Bfdfrno mf W`stfjns

 NJC@FD]F  NJC @FD]F 1   Wf rfh`frf no îrfn mf sugfsks y gkdm`g`kdfs quf `dhouyfd skcrf fo gkjpkrtnj`fdtk mf ud s`stfjn. Fd ok quf n gkjpofa`mnm sf rfh`frf, dudgn ud s`stfjn pufmf `bunonrsf gkd fo njc`fdtf y sfbu`r gkdsfrvndmk su `mfdt`mnm gkjk s`stfjn. On ñd`gn pks`c`o`mnm mf rfong`÷d fdtrf ud s`stfjn y su njc`fdtf `jpo`gn quf fo pr`jfrk mfcf ncskrcfr sfofgt`vnjfdtf nspfgtks mf àstf. W`d fjcnrbk, fstn fstrntfb`n t`fdf on mfsvfdtnan mf fspfg`no`znr on sfofgt`v`mnm mfo s`stfjn rfspfgtk n su njc`fdtf, ok quf m`sj`duyf su gnpng`mnm mf rfngg`÷d hrfdtf n oks gnjc`ks fxtfrdks. Fstk ñot`jk `dg`mf m`rfgtnjfdtf fd on npnr`g`÷d k mfsnpnr`g`÷d mf s`stfjns nc`frtks

 N]S@CV]K  N] S@CV]K 1  Wf fdt`fdmf pkr ntr`cutk ons gnrngtfrêst`gns y prkp`fmnmfs fstrugturnofs k hudg`kdnofs quf gnrngtfr`znd ons pnrtfs k gkjpkdfdtfs mf ud s`stfjn.

G@CFSDF]@GN1  Wf trntn mf ud gnjpk `dtfrm`sg`po`dnr`k quf `dtfdtn ncnrgnr fo îjc`tk mf oks prkgfsks mf gkdtrko y mf gkjud`gng`÷d (rftrkno`jfdtng`÷d) tndtk fd jîqu`dns gkjk fd sfrfs v`vks. Fo gkdgfptk fs tkjnmk mfo br`fbk l`cfrdftfs quf dks rfh`frf n on ngg`÷d mf t`jkdfnr udn bkoftn (D.R`fdfr.>020).

 

G@SGVONS@MNM1   Gkdgfptk g`cfrdàt`gk quf dks rfh`frf n oks prkgfsks mf nutkngusng`÷d. Gundmk N gnusn C y C gnusn G, pfrk G gnusn N, oufbk N fd ok fsfdg`no fs nutk gnusnmk (rftrkno`jfdtng`÷d, jkrhkstîs`s, jkrhkbàdfs`s).

GKJYOFA@MNM1   Ykr ud onmk, `dm`gn on gndt`mnm mf fofjfdtks mf ud s`stfjn (gkjpofa`mnm gundt`tnt`vn) y, pkr fo ktrk, sus pktfdg`nofs `dtfrngg`kdfs (gkdfgt`v`mnm) y fo dñjfrk mf fstnmks pks`cofs quf sf prkmugfd n trnvàs mf àstks (vnr`fmnm, vnr`nc`o`mnm). On gkjpofa`mnm s`stàj`gn fstî fd m`rfgtn prkpkrg`÷d gkd su vnr`fmnm y vnr`nc`o`mnm, pkr ok tndtk, fs s`fjprf udn jfm`mn gkjpnrnt`vn. Vdn vfrs`÷d jîs skh`st`gnmn mf on ]BW sf hudmn fd ons dkg`kdfs mf m`hfrfdg`n mf gkjpofa`mnm y vnr`fmnm. Fstks hfd÷jfdks end s`mk trncnanmks pkr on g`cfrdàt`gn y fstîd nskg`nmks n oks pkstuonmks mf S. Nsecy (>05=), fd mkdmf sf sub`frf quf fo dñjfrk mf fstnmks pks`cofs quf pufmf nogndznr fo njc`fdtf fs prîgt`gnjfdtf `dh`d`tk. Wfbñd fstk, dk encrên s`stfjn gnpnz mf `bunonr tno vnr`fmnm, pufstk quf s` nsê hufrn on `mfdt`mnm mf fsf s`stfjn sf m`ou`rên fd fo njc`fdtf.

GKDBOKJFSNMK1  Gundmk on sujn mf ons pnrtfs, gkjpkdfdtfs y ntr`cutks fd ud gkdaudtk fs `buno no tkmk, fstnjks fd prfsfdg`n mf udn tktno`mnm mfsprkv`stn mf s`dfrb`n, fs mfg`r, mf ud gkdbokjfrnmk (Akenddsfd. >02617>-77).

FOFJFD]K1 Wf fdt`fdmf pkr fofjfdtk mf ud s`stfjn ons pnrtfs k gkjpkdfdtfs quf ok gkdst`tuyfd. Fstns pufmfd rfhfr`rsf n kcaftks k prkgfsks. Vdn vfz `mfdt`h`gnmks oks fofjfdtks pufmfd sfr krbnd`znmks fd ud jkmfok.

FDFSB@N1 On fdfrbên quf sf `dgkrpkrn n oks s`stfjns sf gkjpkrtn sfbñd on ofy mf on gkdsfrvng`÷d mf on fdfrbên, ok quf qu`frf mfg`r quf on gndt`mnm mf fdfrbên quf pfrjndfgf fd ud s`stfjn fs `buno n on sujn mf on fdfrbên `jpkrtnmn jfdks on sujn mf on fdfrbên fxpkrtnmn (fdtrkpên, dfbfdtrkpên).

 

FD]SKY@N   1Fo sfbudmk pr`dg`p`k mf on tfrjkm`dîj`gn fstncofgf fo grfg`j`fdtk mf on fdtrkpên, fs mfg`r, on jîx`jn prkcnc`o`mnm mf oks s`stfjns fs su prkbrfs`vn mfskrbnd`zng`÷d y, h`dnojfdtf

F^V@H@DNO@MNM1   Wf rfh`frf no efgek quf ud s`stfjn v`vk n pnrt`r mf m`st`dtns gkdm`g`kdfs `d`g`nofs y pkr m`st`dtks gnj`dks oofbn n ud j`sjk fstnmk h`dno. Fo h`d sf rfh`frf n on jndtfdg`÷d mf ud fstnmk mf fqu`o`cr`k houyfdtf. "Yufmf nogndznrsf fo j`sjk fstnmk h`dno, on j`sjn jftn, pnrt`fdmk mf m`hfrfdtfs gkdm`g`kdfs `d`g`nofs y s`bu`fdmk m`st`dtks `t`dfrnr`ks fd oks prkgfsks krbndêsj`gks" (vkd Cfrtnondhhy. >0281>72). Fo prkgfsk `dvfrsk sf mfdkj`dn juot`h`dno`mnm, fs mfg`r, "gkdm`g`kdfs `d`g`nofs s`j`onrfs pufmfd oofvnr n fstnmks h`dnofs m`hfrfdtfs" (Cuglofy. >029105).

F^V@O@CS@K1   Oks fstnmks mf fqu`o`cr`ks s`stàj`gks pufmfd sfr nogndznmks fd oks s`stfjns nc`frtks juot`h`dno`mnm. On

pkr m`vfrsks gnj`dks, fstk sf mfdkj`dn fqu`h`dno`mnm y jndtfdg`÷d mfo fqu`o`cr`k fd s`stfjns nc`frtks `jpo`gn

dfgfsnr`njfdtf on `jpkrtng`÷d mf rfgursks prkvfd`fdtfs mfo njc`fdtf. Fstks rfgursks pufmfd gkds`st`r fd houaks fdfrbàt`gks, jntfr`nofs k `dhkrjnt`vks.

FJFSBFDG@N1   Fstf gkdgfptk sf rfh`frf n quf on mfsgkjpks`g`÷d mf s`stfjns fd ud`mnmfs jfdkrfs nvndzn enstn fo oêj`tf fd fo quf surbf ud dufvk d`vfo mf fjfrbfdg`n gkrrfspkdm`fdtf n ktrk s`stfjn guno`tnt`vnjfdtf m`hfrfdtf. F. Jkr`d (Nrdkom. >050) sfþno÷ quf on fjfrbfdg`n mf ud s`stfjn `dm`gn on pksfs`÷d mf guno`mnmfs y ntr`cutks quf dk sf sustfdtnd fd ons pnrtfs n`sonmns y quf, pkr ktrk onmk, oks fofjfdtks k pnrtfs mf ud s`stfjn ngtuno`znd prkp`fmnmfs y guno`mnmfs quf s÷ok skd pks`cofs fd fo gkdtfxtk mf ud s`stfjn mnmk. Fstk s`bd`h`gn quf ons prkp`fmnmfs `djndfdtfs mf oks gkjpkdfdtfs s`stàj`gks dk pufmfd ngonrnr su fjfrbfdg`n.

FW]SVG]VSN1  Ons `dtfrrfong`kdfs jîs k jfdks fstncofs fdtrf ons pnrtfs k gkjpkdfdtfs mf ud s`stfjn, quf pufmfd sfr vfr`h`gnmns (`mfdt`h`gnmns) fd ud jkjfdtk mnmk, gkdst`tuyfd on fstrugturn mfo s`stfjn. Wfbñd Cuglofy (>029) ons gonsfs pnrt`guonrfs mf `dtfrrfong`kdfs jîs k jfdks fstncofs mf oks gkjpkdfdtfs quf sf

 

vfr`h`gnd fd ud jkjfdtk mnmk gkdst`tuyfd on fstrugturn pnrt`guonr mfo s`stfjn fd fsf jkjfdtk, nogndzndmk mf tno jkmk udn sufrtf mf "tktno`mnm" mktnmn mf g`frtk brnmk mf gkdt`du`mnm y mf o`j`tng`÷d. Fd nobudks gnsks fs prfhfr`cof m`st`dbu`r fdtrf udn fstrugturn pr`jnr`n (rfhfr`mn n ons rfong`kdfs `dtfrdns) y udn e`pfrfstrugturn (rfhfr`mn n ons rfong`kdfs fxtfrdns).

HSKD]FSN1  Oks s`stfjns gkds`stfd fd tktno`mnmfs y, pkr ok tndtk, skd `dm`v`s`cofs gkjk s`stfjns (s`dfrb`n). Yksffd pnrtfs y gkjpkdfdtfs (sucs`stfjn), pfrk fstks skd ktrns tktno`mnmfs (fjfrbfdg`n). Fd nobudks s`stfjns sus hrkdtfrns k oêj`tfs gk`dg`mfd gkd m`sgkdt`du`mnmfs fstrugturnofs fdtrf fstks y sus njc`fdtfs, pfrk gkrr`fdtfjfdtf on mfjnrgng`÷d mf oks oêj`tfs s`stàj`gks qufmn fd jndks mf ud kcsfrvnmkr (jkmfok). Fd tàrj`dks kpfrng`kdnofs pufmf mfg`rsf quf on hrkdtfrn mfo s`stfjn fs nqufoon oêdfn quf sfpnrn no s`stfjn mf su fdtkrdk y quf mfh`df ok quf of pfrtfdfgf y ok quf qufmn hufrn mf ào (Akenddsfd. >026188)

HVDG@KD1   Wf mfdkj`dn hudg`÷d no kutput mf ud s`stfjn quf fstî m`r`b`mk n on jndtfdg`÷d mfo s`stfjn jnykr fd fo quf sf fdgufdtrn `dsgr`tk.

EKJFKW]NW@W1  Fstf gkdgfptk fstî fspfg`nojfdtf rfhfr`mk n oks krbnd`sjks v`vks fd tndtk s`stfjns nmnptncofs. Oks prkgfsks ekjfkstît`gks kpfrnd ndtf vnr`ng`kdfs mf ons gkdm`g`kdfs mfo njc`fdtf, gkrrfspkdmfd n ons gkjpfdsng`kdfs `dtfrdns no s`stfjn quf sust`tuyfd, cokqufnd k gkjpofjfdtnd fstks gnjc`ks gkd fo kcaftk mf jndtfdfr `dvnr`ndtf on fstrugturn s`stàj`gn, fs mfg`r, eng`n on gkdsfrvng`÷d mf su hkrjn. On jndtfdg`÷d mf hkrjns m`dîj`gns k trnyfgtkr`ns sf mfdkj`dn ekjfkrrks`s (s`stfjns g`cfrdàt`gks).

@DHKSJNG@KD1  On `dhkrjng`÷d t`fdf ud gkjpkrtnj`fdtk m`st`dtk no mf on fdfrbên, pufs su gkjud`gng`÷d dk fo`j`dn on `dhkrjng`÷d mfo fj`skr k hufdtf. Fd tàrj`dks hkrjnofs "on gndt`mnm mf `dhkrjng`÷d quf pfrjndfgf fd fo s`stfjn (...) fs `buno n on `dhkrjng`÷d quf fx`stf jîs on quf fdtrn, fs mfg`r, eny udn nbrfbng`÷d dftn fd on fdtrnmn y on sno`mn dk

 

fo`j`dn on `dhkrjng`÷d mfo s`stfjn" (Akenddsfd. >026125). On `dhkrjng`÷d fs on jîs `jpkrtndtf gkrr`fdtf dfbfdtrkpên mf quf m`spkdfd oks s`stfjns gkjpofaks.

@DYV] / KV]YV]1 (jkmfok mf) Oks gkdgfptks mf `dput y kutput dks nprkx`jnd `dstrujfdtnojfdtf no prkcofjn mf ons hrkdtfrns y oêj`tfs fd s`stfjns nc`frtks. Wf m`gf quf oks s`stfjns quf kpfrnd cnak fstn jkmno`mnm skd prkgfsnmkrfs mf fdtrnmns y fonckrnmkrfs mf sno`mns. @dput ]kmk s`stfjn nc`frtk rfqu`frf mf rfgursks mf su njc`fdtf. Wf mfdkj`dn `dput n on `jpkrtng`÷d mf oks rfgursks (fdfrbên, jntfr`n, `dhkrjng`÷d) quf sf rfqu`frfd pnrn mnr `d`g`k no g`gok mf ngt`v`mnmfs mfo s`stfjn. Kutput Wf mfdkj`dn nsê n ons gkrr`fdtfs mf sno`mns mf ud s`stfjn. Oks kutputs pufmfd m`hfrfdg`nrsf sfbñd su mfst`dk fd sfrv`g`ks, hudg`kdfs y rftrk `dputs.

KSBND@QNG@×D D. R`fdfr pondtf÷ quf on krbnd`zng`÷d mfcên gkdgfc`rsf gkjk "udn `dtfrmfpfdmfdg`n mf ons m`st`dtns pnrtfs krbnd`znmns, pfrk udn `dtfrmfpfdmfdg`n quf t`fdf brnmks. G`frtns `dtfrmfpfdmfdg`ns `dtfrdns mfcfd sfr jîs `jpkrtndtfs quf ktrns, ok guno fqu`vnof n mfg`r quf on `dtfrmfpfdmfdg`n `dtfrdn dk fs gkjpoftn" (Cuglofy. >0291>32). Ykr ok guno on krbnd`zng`÷d s`stàj`gn sf rfh`frf no pntr÷d mf rfong`kdfs quf mfh`dfd oks fstnmks pks`cofs (vnr`nc`o`mnm) pnrn ud s`stfjn mftfrj`dnmk.

JKMFOK1   Oks jkmfoks skd gkdstrugtks m`sfþnmks pkr ud kcsfrvnmkr quf pfrs`buf `mfdt`h`gnr y jfdsurnr rfong`kdfs s`stàj`gns gkjpofans. ]kmk s`stfjn rfno t`fdf on pks`c`o`mnm mf sfr rfprfsfdtnmk fd jîs mf ud jkmfok. On mfg`s`÷d, fd fstf pudtk, mfpfdmf tndtk mf oks kcaft`vks mfo jkmfonmkr gkjk mf su gnpng`mnm pnrn m`st`dbu`r ons rfong`kdfs rfofvndtfs gkd rfong`÷d n tnofs kcaft`vks. On fsfdg`n mf on jkmfoêst`gn s`stàj`gn fs on s`jpo`h`gng`÷d. Fo jftnjkmfok s`stàj`gk jîs gkdkg`mk fs fo fsqufjn `dput-kutput.

JKSHKBFDFW@W  Oks s`stfjns gkjpofaks (eujndks, skg`nofs y guoturnofs) sf gnrngtfr`znd pkr sus gnpng`mnmfs pnrn fonckrnr k jkm`h`gnr sus hkrjns gkd fo kcaftk mf gkdsfrvnrsf v`ncofs (rftrkno`jfdtng`÷d pks`t`vn). Wf trntn mf prkgfsks quf npudtnd no mfsnrrkook, grfg`j`fdtk k gnjc`k fd on hkrjn, fstrugturn y fstnmk mfo s`stfjn. Fafjpok

 

mf fook skd oks prkgfsks mf m`hfrfdg`ng`÷d, on fspfg`no`zng`÷d, fo nprfdm`znaf y ktrks. Fd tàrj`dks g`cfrdàt`gks, oks prkgfsks gnusnofs jutuks (g`rguonr`mnm) quf nujfdtnd on mfsv`ng`÷d skd mfdkj`dnmks jkrhkbfdàt`gks. Fstks prkgfsks ngt`vnd y pktfdg`nd on pks`c`o`mnm mf nmnptng`÷d mf oks s`stfjns n njc`fdtfs fd gnjc`k.

JKSHKW]NW@W   Wkd oks prkgfsks mf `dtfrgnjc`k gkd fo njc`fdtf quf t`fdmfd n prfsfrvnr k jndtfdfr udn hkrjn, udn krbnd`zng`÷d k ud fstnmk mnmk mf ud s`stfjn (fqu`o`cr`k, ekjfkstns`s, rftrkno`jfdtng`÷d dfbnt`vn). Yrkgfsks mf fstf t`pk skd gnrngtfrêst`gks mf oks s`stfjns v`vks. Fd udn pfrspfgt`vn g`cfrdàt`gn, on jkrhkstns`s dks rfj`tf n oks prkgfsks gnusnofs jutuks quf rfmugfd k gkdtrkond ons mfsv`ng`kdfs.

DFBFD]SKY@N   Oks s`stfjns v`vks skd gnpngfs mf gkdsfrvnr fstnmks mf krbnd`zng`÷d `jprkcncofs (fdtrkpên). Fstf hfd÷jfdk npnrfdtfjfdtf gkdtrnm`gtkr`k sf fxpo`gn pkrquf oks s`stfjns nc`frtks pufmfd `jpkrtnr fdfrbên fxtrn pnrn jndtfdfr sus fstnmks fstncofs mf krbnd`zng`÷d f `dgousk mfsnrrkoonr d`vfofs jîs notks mf `jprkcnc`o`mnm. On dfbfdtrkpên, fdtkdgfs, sf rfh`frf n on fdfrbên quf fo s`stfjn `jpkrtn mfo njc`fdtf pnrn jndtfdfr su krbnd`zng`÷d y skcrfv`v`r (Akenddsfd. >026).

KCWFSXNG@KD  (mf sfbudmk krmfd) Wf rfh`frf n on dufvn g`cfrdàt`gn quf `dgkrpkrn gkjk hudmnjfdtk fo prkcofjn mf on kcsfrvng`÷d mf s`stfjns mf kcsfrvnmkrfs1 sf pnsn mf on kcsfrvng`÷d mf s`stfjns n on kcsfrvng`÷d mf s`stfjns mf kcsfrvnmkrfs.

SFGVSW@X@MNM   Yrkgfsk quf engf rfhfrfdg`n n on `dtrkmugg`÷d mf oks rfsuotnmks mf ons kpfrng`kdfs mf ud s`stfjn fd ào j`sjk (rftrkno`jfdtng`÷d).

SFONG@KD Ons rfong`kdfs `dtfrdns y fxtfrdns mf oks s`stfjns end tkjnmk m`vfrsns mfdkj`dng`kdfs.

Fdtrf

ktrns1

fhfgtks

rfgêprkgks,

`dtfrrfong`kdfs,

krbnd`zng`÷d,

gkjud`gng`kdfs, houaks, prfstng`kdfs, nskg`ng`kdfs, `dtfrgnjc`ks, `dtfrmfpfdmfdg`ns, gkefrfdg`ns, ftgàtfrn

 

GKDGOVW@KD Fo gkdkg`j`fdtk mf on tfkrên bfdfrno mf s`stfjns , nmfjîs mfo jàtkmk n npo`gnr fd ons `dvfst`bng`kdfs, fs v`tno pnrn fo mfsnrrkook prkhfs`kdno mfo fstum`ksk fd gunoqu`fr d`vfo mf pksbrnmk, yn quf bnrndt`zn jnykr prkhudm`zng`÷d fd on rfvfong`÷d mf ons gnrngtfrêst`gns

fstrugturnofs

y

hudg`kdnofs

mf

oks

fofjfdtks,

gkjpkdfdtfs,

sucs`stfjns, rfong`kdfs f `dtfrngg`kdfs quf fstîd prfsfdtfs fd oks s`stfjns, fd su pondk `dtfrdk y fxtfrdk, fdtrf sê y fdtrf ktrks s`stfjns mf on j`sjn k m`vfrsn dnturnofzn. Gkds`mfrnr fd on `dvfst`bng`÷d oks fofjfdtks quf m`hfrfdg`nd fd fo pondk jftkmko÷b`gk y kr`fdtnmkr fo usk mf fstn tfkrên y mfo fdhkquf s`stàj`gk, nsê gkjk on dfgfs`mnm mf fxprfsnr ons fsfdg`ns guno`tnt`vns eng`n ok `dtfrdk mfo s`stfjn kcaftk mf `dvfst`bng`÷d, bfdfrn dufvns guno`mnmfs y prkp`fmnmfs quf hkrjnd pnrtf mf on bnrndtên mf on gkdtr`cug`÷d quf fd fo krmfd tf÷r`gk sf hudmnjfdtn.

 

 

C@CO@KBSNH@NW

ettps1//s`tfs.bkkbof.gkj/s`tf/`dbfd`fr`nmfs`stfjns`tt/>->-3-h`dno`mnm-mf-on-tbs   • Cfrtnondhhy, X. (>029). ]fkrên Bfdfrno mf W`stfjns, 3n. Fm`g`÷d. Cufdks N`rfs1  Ntfdfk. • Cfrtnondhhy, Oumw`b Xkd (3999). ]fkrên bfdfrno mf oks s`stfjns. Fm`tkr`no Hkdmk Guoturno Fgkd÷j`gn, 3± fm rf`jprfs`÷d, Ckbktî, Gkokjc`n. • Nrdkom, J. "]fkrên mf W`stfjns, Dufvks Ynrnm`bjns1 Fdhkquf mf D`lons Ouejndd".   Sfv`stn Ynrnbunyn mf Wkg`kokbên. Nþk 38. D±26. Jnyk-Nbkstk. >050. Yîb`dns 6>-23.