Investigacion Documental

 

  RCTßBAEKH BLAEYHREHFH JC YCFC_SCAH NEFE[ZCREL JCA TLJCR TLTSAHR THRH AH CJSKHKEÛF SFEYCR[EZHREH SFEYCR[EJHJ FHKELFHA CPTCRENCFZHA JC AH [CMSREJHJ 8CR TCRELJL, TRLKC[L EE-2428 NCZLJLALMÎH JC AH EFYC[ZEMHKEÛF [CKKEÛF? [CKKEÛF 8 / C[TCKEHAE_HKEÛF

EFYC[ZEMHKEÛF JLKSNCFZHA

Trlicslrh Jrh. @cyaes Blrmcs      

 

Cstujehftcs? Jhyhfh Tuaejl Y- 83.505.=48 Rlfhaj Ncjefh Y- 85.34=.93; Lnhr Yhrmhs Y- 89.039.3:0 Yîktlr Ycaez Y- 8=.9=;.034 Olså Mljly Y- 85.22;.032

Khrhkhs, flvecnbrc 2428

 

EFZRLJSKKEÛF

 

Ah efvcstemhkeûf efvcstemhkeûf cs uf prlkcsl remurlsl, remurlsl, eftcfsl, kuejhjlsl, kuejhjlsl, sestcnhtezhjl sestcnhtezhjl cf ca

quc qu c sc busk buskh h rcsl rcslav avcr cr prlb prlbac acnh nhs. s. Ah cstr cstruk uktu turh rh y cscf cscfke keh h quc quc jh ilrn ilrnh h h ah efvcste efv cstemhke mhkeûf ûf cs cf mrhf mrhf phrtc phrtc ah `estlreh `estlreh,, iuselfh iuselfhfjl fjl als prefkepe prefkepels ls y nåtljls nåtljls jc efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha7 jhfjl hsî, ufh efvcstemhkeûf rekh cf klflkenecftls, rciacxeûf c efflv efflvhk hkeûf eûf,, quc quc h ah phr fls fls jh

cacnc cacncftl ftls s phrh phrh hjcf hjcftrh trhrfl rfls s cf ca cs cstuj tujel el jca

prlbacnh, jc csth nhfcrh aacmhr h prlplfcr hatcrfhtevhs jc slaukeûf ha prlbacnh.  

Ah efvcste efvcstemhk mhkeûf eûf jlkuncf jlkuncftha tha rcsuath rcsuath enplrth enplrthftc ftc jcsjc jcsjc ca puftl puftl jc vesth vesth jc ah

ilrnhkeû ilrn hkeûf f jca cstujehf cstujehftc, tc, yh quc cs iufjhnc iufjhncftha ftha ah klfs klfstruk trukkeû keûf f jca klflken klflkenecft ecftl l jcftrl jc uf prlkcsl nhylr jc efvcstemhkeûf y, plr supucstl, jc lrjcfhnecftl jc ejchs. Ah efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha enpaekh klnpacoejhjcs quc rcquecrcf scr hblrjhjhs klf kahrejhj7 fl `hkcral, rcpcrkutc cf als rcsuathjls jc ah efvcstemhkeûf.  

Cstc tepl jc efvcstemhkeûf sc rchaezh hplyèfjlsc cf iucftcs jc khrèktcr jlkuncftha,

cstl cs, cf jlkuncftls jc kuhaquecr cspckec. Klnl subtepls jc csth efvcstemhkeûf cfklftrhnls cfklftr hnls ah efvcstemhkeûf efvcstemhkeûf bebaelmrèiekh, bebaelmrèiekh, ah `cncrlmrèiekh y ah hrk`evîstekh7 ah prencrh sc bhsh cf ah klfsuath jc aebrls, ah scmufjh cf hrtîkuals l cfshyls jc rcvesths y pcreûjekls, y ah tcrkcrh cf jlkuncftls quc sc cfkucftrhf cf als hrk`evls, klnl khrths, liekels, kerkuahrcs, cxpcjecftcs, cftrc ltrls.

 

Efvcstemhkeûf Jlkuncftha

 

[cmÿf Hailfsl (8553), ah efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha cs uf prlkcjenecftl kecftîiekl, uf

prlkcsl sestcnètekl jc efjhmhkeûf, rcklackkeûf, lrmhfezhkeûf, hfèaeses c eftcrprcthkeûf jc efilrnhkeûf l jhtls cf tlrfl h uf jctcrnefhjl tcnh. Ha emuha quc ltrls tepls jc efvcstemhkeûf, åstc cs klfjukcftc h ah klfstrukkeûf jc klflkenecftls.  

Ah efvcstem efvcstemhkeû hkeûf f jlkuncf jlkuncftha tha tecfc tecfc ah phrt phrteku ekuahre ahrejhj jhj jc ute uteaezhr aezhr klnl klnl ufh iucftc iucftc

prenh prenhreh reh jc efsunl efsunls, s, nhs nhs fl ah ÿfekh ÿfekh y cxkaus cxkausev evh, h, ca jlkun jlkuncft cftl l cs cskr kretl etl cf sus sus jeicrcftcs ilrnhs? jlkuncftls enprcsls, cacktrûfekls y hujelvesuhacs. [ef cnbhrml, scmÿf Ghuinhf y Rljrîmucz (855;), als tcxtls nlflmrèiekls fl fckcshrehncftc jcbcf rchaezhrsc slbrc ah bhsc jc sûal klfsuaths bebaelmrèiekhs7 sc pucjc rckurrer h ltrhs iucftcs klnl, plr cocnpal, ca tcstenlfel jc als prlthmlfesths jc als `ck`ls, jc tcstemls khaei khaeiekh ekhjl jls, s, l jc cspc cspckeh kehaes aesths ths cf ca tcnh. tcnh. Ahs iucft iucftcs cs enprcs enprcshs hs efkau efkauyc ycf? f? aebrls aebrls cfkekalpcjehs, rcvesths, pcreûjekls, jekkelfhrels, nlflmrhiîhs, tcses y ltrls jlkuncftls. Ahs Ah s ca cack cktr trûf ûfek ekhs hs,, plr plr su phrt phrtc, c, sl slf f iucf iucftc tcs s jc nuk` nuk`h h utea uteaej ejhj hj,, cftr cftrc c csth csths s sc cfkucftrhf? klrrcls cacktrûfekls, KJ Rln, bhsc jc jhtls, rcvesths y pcreûjekls cf aîfch y pèmefhs ]cb. Iefhancftc, sc cfkucftrhf als jlkuncftls hujelvesuhacs, cftrc als kuhacs khbc ncfkelfhr? nhphs, iltlmrhiîhs, eaustrhkelfcs, vejcls, prlmrhnhs jc rhjel y jc tcacveseûf, khfkelfcs, y ltrls tepls jc mrhbhkelfcs.  

Klnl cf ca prlkcsl jc efvcstemhkeûf efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha jlkuncftha sc jesplfc, cscfkehancftc, cscfkehancftc, jc

jlkuncftls, quc slf ca rcsuathjl jc ltrhs efvcstemhkelfcs, jc rciacxelfcs jc tcûrekls, al kuha rcprcscfth ah bhsc tcûrekh jca èrch lboctl jc efvcstemhkeûf, ca klflkenecftl sc kl klfs fstr truy uyc c h phrt phrter er jc su ackt acktur urh, h, hfèa hfèaes eses es,, rcia rciacx cxeû eûf f c eftc eftcrp rprc rcth thke keûf ûf jc jek` jek`ls ls jlkuncftls.

 

Cf jek`l prlkcsl sc vevc ah ackturh y ah cskreturh klnl prlkcsls jc klfstrukkeûf jc semfeiekhjls, vestls cf su iufkeûf slkeha. Cf kuhftl h ah ackturh, sc tecfc ah plsebeaejhj jc cacmer als tcxtls quc sc jcschf accr y hquåaals quc slf pcrtefcftcs y semfeiekhtevls phrh ahs efvcstemhkelfcs. Fl sc pcrsemuc uf semfeiekhjl ÿfekl7 sc buskh ah klfstrukkeûf jc ah prlpeh klnprcfseûf jca tcxtl, ah cxpaekhkeûf jc ah rchaejhj h ah quc sc `hkc rcicrcfkeh.  

Cxestc, scmÿf Hailfsl (8553), ah SFH SFH (8503) (8503) y Yèsqucz Yèsqucz (855:), ufh screc jc phsls

phrh jcshrrlaahr ah efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha y `hkcr jc åsth uf prlkcsl nès ciekecftc, klfj klfjukc ukcft ftc c h rcsuat rcsuathjl hjls s cxetl cxetlsl sls. s. Jcbc Jcbc klfs klfsejc ejcrh rhrsc rsc,, sef cnbhrm cnbhrml, l, quc quc jek`l jek`l prlkcjenecftl fl enpaekh ah prcskrepkeûf jc phsls rîmejls7 rcprcscfth uf prlkcsl quc `h sejl hnpaehncft hnpaehncftc c uteaezh uteaezhjl jl plr efvcste efvcstemhj mhjlrcs lrcs jc jestefth jestefths s èrchs èrchs y `h lirckejl lirckejl rc rcsu suat athj hjls ls cxet cxetls lsls ls.. [ef [ef cnbh cnbhrm rml, l, tljl tljl jcpc jcpcfj fjc c jca jca cste csteal al jc trhb trhbho hol, l, jc ahs ahs `hbeaejhjcs, ahs plsebeaejhjcs y ah klnpctcfkeh jca efvcstemhjlr. [u cxpcrecfkeh klf ah efvcstemhkeûf y klf ah acfmuh cskreth, su klnpctcfkeh aefmñîstekh y sus klflkenecftls prcv prcvels els pljr pljrîhf îhf lpten lptenezh ezhrr ca prlkc prlkcsl sl jc efjhm efjhmhk hkeûf eûf,, supren suprenecf ecfjl jl l efklr efklrpl plrhf rhfjl jl cacncftls. Cs, cf klfsckucfkeh, uf nhrkl jc rcicrcfkeh y fl ufh khnesh jc iucrzh.

Iucftcs jc Efvcstemhkeûf Jlkuncftha Tr Tren enhr hreh eh?? Cs jc csths csths iucft iucftcs cs jc jlfj jlfjc c sc lbtec lbtecfcf fcf als jhtl jhtls s prefk prefkep ephac hacs s jc ah efvcstemhkeûf. Cstl sc jcbc h quc cf caahs sc klfsemfh efilrnhkeûf jc prencrh nhfl l tcstenlfels jercktls slbrc ca tcnh quc sc quecrc efvcstemhr.  

[c khrhktcrezhf khrhktcrezhf plr scr scr prljukejhs prljukejhs plr als suoctls suoctls quc vevecrlf uf `ck`l `ck`l phrtekuahr  phrtekuahr 

jc nhfc nhfcrh rh je jerc rckt kth h l pcrs pcrslf lfhs hs quc quc rcme rcmest strh rhrl rlf f su lkur lkurrc rcfk fkeh eh cf csc csc nlnc nlncft ftl l cspckîiekl.

 

 

Cf mcfcrha, mcfcrha, csths iucftcs servcf phrh klnprcfjcr, klnprcfjcr, jc ufh nhfcrh rcahtevhncftc rcahtevhncftc

kcrkhfh, ahs cxpcrecfkehs vevejhs plr ltrls cf uf nlncftl jctcrnefhjl.  

Hamufls cocnpals jc iucftcs jlkuncfthacs prenhrehs slf als semuecftcs?

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Aebrls

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Khrths pcrslfhacs

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Cftrcvesths

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Rcmestrls krenefhacs

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Jlkuncftls liekehacs (rcmestrls keveacs, tcsthncftls, kcrteiekhjls jc nhtrenlfel)

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Jehrels îftenls

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Nhfuskretls

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Tcreûjekls

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Iltlmrhiîhs

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Kcfsls plbahkelfhacs

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Jckrctls

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Mrhbhkelfcs jc vejcl

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Mrhbhkelfcs jc hujel

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Jeskursls

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Thtcftcs

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Klnufekhkelfcs plr eftcrfct

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Nucbacs

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Lbrhs jc hrtcs

 

Iuc ucf ftc tcss sc scku kufj fjhr hreh ehs? s? Zhnbe hnbeåf åf klf klflkej lkejhs hs klnl klnl klnpa lnpacn cncf cfth thre rehs hs,, slf slf als als jlkuncf jlk uncftls tls mcfcrhjls mcfcrhjls plr pcrslfhs pcrslfhs quc fl vevecrlf vevecrlf jc prencrh prencrh nhfl uf cvcftl cvcftl cspckîiekl, pcrl sc `hf cfkhrmhjl jc su plstcrelr eftcrprcthkeûf y hfèaeses.  

Cf mcfc mcfcrh rha, a, slf slf uteae uteaezhj zhjhs hs phrh phrh rcves rcveshr hr quå quå sc `h jek`l jek`l ircftc ircftc h ahs ahs iucf iucftcs tcs

pren prenhr hreh ehs. s. Jc csth csth nhfc nhfcrh rh,, pcrn pcrnet etcf cf csth csthba back ckcr cr ca fevc fevcaa jc klfl klflk kenec enecft ftl l l efkcrtejunbrc quc cxestc ircftc ha tcnh jc eftcrås, y kuèacs `hf sejl ahs lpefelfcs c eftcrprcthkelfcs slbrc ca nesnl.  

Cs klnÿf quc schf mcfcrhjhs plr efstetukelfcs hkhjånekhs y phscf plr jcthaahjls

prlkc prlkcsl sls s jc rc rcves veseû eûf f hftcs hftcs jc su pubae pubaekhk khkeûf eûf,, jc ilrnh ilrnh tha quc quc sc klrrl klrrlblr blrc c su vcrhkejhj y remlr nctljlaûmekl.  

Hamufls cocnpals jc iucftcs jlkuncfthacs sckufjhrehs slf als semuecftcs?

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Klncfthrels y krîtekhs slbrc ufh iucftc prenhreh  Hrtîkuals jc rcvesths rcvesths y pcreûjekls pcreûjekls Aebrls jc `estlreh

Iucftcs Iucft cs tcrk tcrkehreh ehrehs? s? [lf ahs iucftcs quc scackkelfhf, lrjcfhf y klnpeahf thftl h ahs iucftcs prenhrehs, klnl h ahs sckufjhrehs.  

Zrhthf jc prlplrkelfhr ufh veseûf seftåtekh y lrjcfhjh slbrc uf tcnh cspckîiekl. Jc

csth nhfcrh, sc cfkhrmhf jc rcufer als `ck`ls efjekhjls plr ahs iucftcs prenhrehs, y als klncfthrels cnetejls plstcrelrncftc plr ahs sckufjhrehs.

 

[u khrhktcrîstekh prefkepha cs quc ieatrhf ufh mrhf khftejhj jc efilrnhkeûf y ah lrmhfezhf, jc ilrnh tha quc sch ièkea phrh ca efvcstemhjlr cfklftrhr als jhtls quc cstè buskhfjl.  

Hamufls Hamufls hutlrcs hutlrcs fl `hkcf `hkcf ufh jeicrcf jeicrcfkehk kehkeûf eûf cftrc cftrc ahs iucftcs iucftcs sckufjh sckufjhrehs rehs y

tcrkehrehs, jhjl quc ahs kahseiekhf klnl ca mrupl jc iucftcs klnpacncfthrehs quc sc cfkhrmh jc `hkcr hamÿf tepl jc eftcrprcthkeûf slbrc ahs prenhrehs.  

Hamufls cocnpals jc iucftcs jlkuncfthacs tcrkehrehs slf als semuecftcs?

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Cfkekalpcjehs

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Bhscs jc jhtls

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Khtèalmls jc bebaeltckhs

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Jercktlrels

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Bebaelmrhiîhs

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Aesths jc ackturh

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Aebrls jc tcxtl csklahrcs

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Muîhs

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Nhfuhacs

Khrhktcrîstekhs jc ah efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha

Cftrc Cft rc ahs khrhktc khrhktcrîst rîstekhs ekhs nès enplrthf enplrthftcs tcs jc ah efvcstem efvcstemhkeû hkeûf f jlkuncft jlkuncftha ha sc cfkucftrhf ahs semuecftcs?

 

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[c khrhktcrezh plr ah uteaezhkeûf jc jlkuncftls7 rcklackth, scackkelfh, hfhaezh y prcscfth rcsuathjls kl`crcftcs.

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Steaezh Stea ezh als prlkcjen prlkcjenecft ecftls ls aûmekls aûmekls y ncfthacs ncfthacs jc tljh efvcstem efvcstemhkeû hkeûf7 f7 hfèaese hfèaeses, s, sîftcses, jcjukkeûf, efjukkeûf, ctk.

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Rchaezh uf prlkcsl jc hbstrhkkeûf kecftîiekh, mcfcrhaezhfjl slbrc ah bhsc jc al iufjhncftha.

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Rchaezh ufh rcklpeahkeûf hjckuhjh jc jhtls quc pcrnetcf rcjcskubrer `ck`ls, sumcrer prlbacnhs, lrecfthr `hkeh ltrhs iucftcs jc efvcstemhkeûf, lrecfthr ilrnhs phrh cahblrhr efstruncftls jc efvcstemhkeûf, cahblrhr `epûtcses, cftrc ltrls.

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Tucjc klfsejcrhrsc klnl phrtc iufjhncftha jc uf prlkcsl jc efvcstemhkeûf kecftîiekh, nuk`l nès hnpael y hkhbhjl.

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Cs ufh efvcstemhkeûf quc sc rchaezh cf ilrnh lrjcfhjh y klf lboctevls prckesls, klf ah iefhaejhj jc scr bhsc h ah klfstrukkeûf jc klflkenecftls.

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[c bhsh cf ah uteaezhkeûf jc jeicrcftcs tåkfekhs jc? alkhaezhkeûf y ieohkeûf jc jhtls, hfèaeses jc jlkuncftls y jc klftcfejls.

Zåkfekhs jc Efvcstemhkeûf Jlkuncftha

Sfh Sf h ef efvc vcst stem emhk hkeû eûf f jlku jlkunc ncft ftha ha sc bhsh bhsh cf jest jestef efth ths s tåkfekhs  tåkfekhs  plseba plsebacs cs jc khpth khpthke keûf ûf y ieohke ieohkeûf ûf jca tcxtl, tcxtl, jc ahs enèmcf enèmcfcs cs l jca jca klftc klftcfej fejl l jcschj jcschjl, l, phrh phrh su plstcrelr uteaezhkeûf rhkelfha y prèktekh. Cf mcfcrha, ahs efvcstem efvcstemhkelfcs hkelfcs jlkuncfthacs jlkuncfthacs hpaekhf ca nåtljl jc keth l kethjl, yh sch tcxtuha l jc kuhaquecr ltrl tepl, phrh efjekhrac ha acktlr jc jûfjc prlvecfcf ahs

 

hscvcrhkelfcs y/l ahs efilrnhkelfcs quc nucstrh, yh quc jca efvcstemhjlr sc cspcrh quc jcnucstrc ca rcklrrejl quc `ezl h al ahrml jca nhtcreha jc hrk`evl, y fl quc efkurrh cf ah iekkeûf, iekkeûf, ah cxhmcrhkeûf l ah mcfcrhaezhkeûf errcsplfshbac.

Zepls jc efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha

Als tepls jc efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha quc cxestcf slf?

Cxpalrhtlreh? Ah efvcstemhkeûf efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha cxpalrhtlreh cxpalrhtlreh tecfc klnl lboctevl ca prlbhr se ufh l vhrehs `epûtcses slf vèaejhs. Hjcnès, pcrnetc klnprcf klnprcfjcr jcr ah klnpacoejhj klnpacoejhj jc ufh jctcrnefhjh jctcrnef hjh kucsteûf h hblrjhr, ncjehftc su hfèaeses y ilrnuahfjl plsebacs slaukelfcs h ah nesnh. Cf cscfkeh, sc cxpalrh al quc sc shbc slbrc ca lboctl jc cstujel.

Efilrnhtevh? Ah efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha efilrnhtevh prctcfjc efilrnhr slbrc hqucaal quc tecfc rcacvhfkeh klf uf tcnh cspckîiekl. [c jcskrebc ca lboctl jc cstujel klf tljls als jcthaacs plsebacs, lrjcfhfjl y scackkelfhfjl scackkelfhfjl tljh ah efilrnhkeûf cxestcftc prcveh h ah rcjhkkeûf jca trhbhol nesnl.  

Ha nesnl tecnpl, khjh ufh jc caahs pucjc subjevejersc cf ahs semuecftcs?

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Efvcstemhke Efvcst emhkeûf ûf `cncr `cncrlmrèi lmrèiekh? ekh?  @hkc @hkc usl usl jc rcve rcvest sths hs,, jehr jehrel els s y, cf mcfc mcfcrh rha, a, kuhaquecr pubaekhkeûf pcreûjekh.

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Efvcstemhkeûf hujelvesuha?  Rcklmc prlmrhnhs jc rhjel l prlmrhnhs prlmrhnhs jc tcacveseûf. tcacveseûf. Zhnbeåf, efkausl, mrhkehs h ah Rcvlaukeûf Jemetha, kuhaquecr vîjcl l hujel pubaekhjl slbrc ufh nhtcreh cf klfkrctl.

 

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Efvcstemhkeûf jc hrk`evl?  [c vhac jc jlkuncftls hrk`evhjls. Tlr cocnpal, ahs phrtejh phrt ejhs s jc fhkenecf fhkenecftl tl hftemuh hftemuhs s muhrjhjh muhrjhjhs s cf emacseh emacsehs s y khtcjrh khtcjrhacs acs,, jcfufk jcfufkehs ehs hrk`evhjhs plr ah plaekîh l scftcfkehs jekthnefhjhs plr uf trebufha.

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Efvcstemhkeûf bebaelmrèiekh?  Ah efvcstem efvcstemhkeû hkeûf f jlkunc jlkuncftha ftha bebaelmr bebaelmrèiek èiekh h `hkc usl prefkephancftc jc aebrls, nhfuhacs y jlkuncftls jc efvcstemhkeûf.

Enplrthfkeh jc ah Efvcstemhkeûf Jlkuncftha

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Cf prencr prencr aumhr aumhr,, cs ca puftl puftl jc phrte phrtejh jh cf ah nhylrî nhylrîh h jc efvcs efvcstem temhke hkelf lfcs. cs. Fls Fls pcrnet pcr netc c krchr krchr ca nhrkl nhrkl tcûrek tcûrekl l prcv prcvel, el, yh quc quc cstc cstc sc bhsh bhsh cf rcvese rcveself lfcs cs jc jlkuncftls jc tepl bebaelmrèiekl.

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Tcrn Tc rnet etc c rc rcha haez ezhr hr uf prlk prlkcs csl l sest sestcn cnèt ètek ekl, l, quc quc hyuj hyujh h h klfl klflkc kcrr h ilfj ilfjl l als als plrncflrcs jc al cstujehjl. Zhnbeåf cs ÿtea phrh cfklftrhr plsebacs vhkîls cf ahs efvcstemhkelfcs hftcrelrcs.

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 Ha lbtcfcr lbtcfcr jhtls jerckthncftc jerckthncftc jc iucftcs iucftcs jlkuncfthac jlkuncfthacs, s, ah efilrnhkeûf efilrnhkeûf cs jcthaahjh. jcthaahjh.

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Tcrnetc jcskubrer fucvhs aîfchs phrh efvcstemhr cf ca iuturl. Ha klflkcr al quc sc `h efvcstemhjl yh, pljcnls jckejer fucvhs lpkelfcs.

Trlkcsl jc ah efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha

Ca prlkcsl prlkcsl cf ah efvcste efvcstemhke mhkeûf ûf jlkuncft jlkuncftha ha cs uf prlkcjen prlkcjenecft ecftl l remurls remurlsl l ilrnuahj ilrnuahjl l aûmekhncftc, phrh ah hjquesekeûf, lrmhfezhkeûf y trhfsneseûf jc klflkenecftls, ah kuha sc klfstetuyc jc jeicrcftcs cthphs phrh aacmhr h ah rchaezhkeûf iefha jc tljl prlycktl jc

 

efvcstemhkeûf. Thrh cahblrhr ca prcscftc prlycktl jc tcses sc semuecrlf ahs semuecftcs cthphs jc ah efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha?

8. Tr Tren encr crhh y iu iufj fjhn hncf cfth than ancf cftc tc ah ca cackk ckkeû eûf f jc jcaa tc tcnh nh.. Uh quc tljh efvcstemhkeûf tecf tecfc c kl klnl nl lrem lremcf cf ufh ufh efqu efquec ectu tuj j y ufh ufh prcm prcmuf ufth th cf tlrf tlrfl l jc jctc jctcrn rnef efhj hjls ls icfûncfls, hklftckenecftls, `lnbrcs y lboctls. Lbcjckc h ufh eftcrrlmhftc quc fls `hkcnls cf tlrfl jc uf tcnh kuhaquecrh quc klflkcnls l jcsklflkcnls tlthancftc y plr caal trhthnls jc shbcr jc åa, jc cstujehral, jc rcslavcral, l becf jca quc tcfcnls uf klflkenecftl phrkeha l klf kecrth hnpaetuj, pcrl hkcrkh jca kuha trhthnls jc plsccr uf jlnefel nès vhstl y pcricktl. Cf klfkrctl jcbcnls `hkcr  ufh eftrlspckkeûf jc fucstrhs cxpcrecfkehs jc vejh, cf bhsc h csths, prlplfcr uf tcnh quc fls nltevc h ah rchaezhkeûf jc fucstrl prlycktl jc efvcstemhkeûf.

2. Hkl Hklpe pel l jc beb bebae aelm lmrh rhiî iîhh bè bèse sekh kh slb slbrc rc ca tc tcnh nh.. Jlfjc sc rcÿfc tljl ca nhtcreha pubaekhjl l efåjetl7 hrtîkuals, cstujels krîtekls, nlflmrhiîhs, cfshyls, jlkuncftls jc hrk`e hrk`evl, vl, aebrls aebrls,, tcses tcses,, cftrc cftrc ltrls ltrls.. Thrh Thrh aacvh aacvhrr h khbl khbl fucst fucstrh rh efvcst efvcstem emhke hkeûf ûf jlkuncft jlku ncftha ha sc `hkc `hkc ufh eftcfsh, eftcfsh, remurls remurlsh h y ahrmh ahrmh bÿsquc bÿsqucjh jh jc rcklackk rcklackkeûf eûf jc efilrnhkeûf cf bebaeltckhs.

;. Cahbl Cahblrhkeûf rhkeûf jc ie iek`hs k`hs b bebael ebaelmrèie mrèiekhs khs y `c `cncrlm ncrlmrèiek rèiekhs. hs. Ah cahblrhkeûf jc iek`hs bebaelmrèiekhs y `cncrlmrèiekhs slf efstruncftls cf als quc sc rcmestrhf, jc nhfcrh efjcpc efj cpcfje fjecf cftc, tc, als jhtl jhtls s jc ahs lbrhs lbrhs klfsu klfsuath athjh jhs. s. Csths Csths iek iek`hs `hs pcrnet pcrnetecr ecrlf lf ejcfteiekhr uf aebrl cf phrtekuahr, alkhaezhral iîsekhncftc y kahseiekhr ahs iucftcs cf

 

iufkeûf jc ah klfvcfecfkeh jca trhbhol. Fls pcrnetc alkhaezhr rèpejhncftc ca nhtcreha cf ca nlncftl lplrtufl.

:. [c rcha rchaezh ezh ac acktu kturh rh rèp rèpejh ejh jc jcaa nhtc nhtcreh reha. a. [u ief, cs ca jc ubekhr ahs prefkephacs ejchs y klflk klf lkcr cr ah khaej khaejhj hj jca jca nhtcr nhtcreha eha rckhbh rckhbhjl jl.. Cf cs cstc tc nhtcre nhtcreha ha jejèk jejèktek tekl l lb lbtcf tcfejl ejl "tcfc "tc fcnls nls quc quc cfkl cfklft ftrhr rhr als als tcsten tcstenlf lfel els s quc quc ah hktev hktevejh ejhj j `unh `unhfh fh `h jcohj jcohjl l jcsphrrhnhjls plr jlquecr y h als kuhacs ca `lnbrc jc kecfkeh, ca `estlrehjlr, ca hftrlpû hftr lpûalm alml, l, ca aetcrhre aetcrhrel, l, ca ieaûalml ieaûalml,, ca hrqu hrqucûal cûalml, ml, ctk., ctk., fck fckcset cseth h hrrhfkh hrrhfkhracs racs ah efilrnhkeûf, ah vcrjhj y ca klflkenecftl quc klftecfcf" (Jc ah Zlrrc & Fhvhrrl, 8554?89).

3. Jca Jcaen enet ethk hkeû eûf f jca ttcn cnh. h. Jcspuås jc ah ackturh rèpejh cs nès ièkea jcaenethr ca tcnh, plrquc sc pucjc ncjer su jencfseûf y hakhfkc, su hspcktl ilrnha y su klnpacoejhj. Jcaenethr ca tcnh cs vcr ah vehbeaejhj phrh su jcshrrlaal. Sfejh h csth jcaenethkeûf cs fckcshreh fckcshre h ah ousteiekhkeûf ousteiekhkeûf jca nesnl7 cs jcker, efjekhr ahs khrhktcrîstekhs khrhktcrîstekhs quc aacvhf h csklmcr ca tcnh phrh jcshrrlaahral, ahs kuhacs jcbcf scr jc lrjcf cxtcrfl u lboctevl, y jc lrjcf eftcrfl l suboctevl. Jcaenethr ca tcnh quecrc jcker plfcr aînetc h ah efvcstemhkeûf y cspckeiekhr ca hakhfkc jc csls aînetcs.

9. Ca Cahb hblr lrhk hkeû eûf f jca csq csquc ucnh nh jc trhb trhbho hol. l. Ca kuha klfsth jc uf rcmestrl vesuha quc rcprcscfth ca csqucactl jca cskretl klf quc sc klfkauyc ca prlkcsl jc efvcstemhkeûf. Ca kucrp kucrpl l jca jca prly prlyckt cktl l jcbc jcbc scr scr sckuc sckucfk fkeha eha y mlzh mlzhrr jca jca prlk prlkcsl csl jc als vhsl vhsls s klnufekhftcs quc jctcrnefhrh ca åxetl jca prlycktl. Cs ufh phuth jc scmuenecftl y

 

jc klfstrukkeûf quc sc jcbc tcfcr cf kucfth phrh quc ca prlycktl mlkc jc uf åxetl y jc ufh rchaezhkeûf h kecfkeh kecrth.

=. Hn Hnpa paeh ehke keûf ûf jc ah efi efilr lrnh nhke keûf ûf slbrc slbrc ca tc tcnh nh yh jc jcae aene neth thjl jl.. [c buskh fucvh efilrnhkeûf jerckthncftc aemhjh klf ca tcnh. Csth hnpaehkeûf jc efilrnhkeûf ah pljc pl jcnl nls s rc rckl klac ackt kthr hr plr plr ncje ncjel l jc ah fhvc fhvcmh mhke keûf ûf cf Eftc Eftcrf rfct ct cf bhsc bhsc h ahs ahs prefkephacs prefkeph acs pèmefhs cfkhrmhjhs cfkhrmhjhs jca cstujel jca prlbacnh, prlbacnh, cxpcrecfkehs, cxpcrecfkehs, cftrcvesths, cftrc ltrls.

0. Ackt Ackturh urh n nefu efukel kelsh sh jc ah bebae bebaelmr lmrhiî hiîh. h. Enpaekh rciacxeûf c eftcrprcthkeûf7 secfjl su rcsuathjl ahs ejchs nès enplrthftcs quc phshf h ah iek`hs jc klftcfejl. Jcbcnls eftcrrlmhr sef aînetc fucstrhs bebaelmrhiîhs phrh jcskubrer ca nestcrel quc muhrjhf sus pèmefhs, pème fhs, pcrkebecfj pcrkebecfjl l ah cscfkeh cscfkeh jc ahs actrhs actrhs y prlyckth prlyckthrahs rahs cf semfeiek semfeiekhjl hjls s jc fucstrl klflkenecftl.

5. Ca Cahb hblr lrhk hkeû eûf f jc ie iek` k`hs hs jc kl klft ftcf cfej ejl. l.  Ahs Ahs ku kuha hacs cs klft klftec ecfc fcf f ahs ahs ejch ejchs s nès nès enplrthftcs. Zrhfskrebcf c efflvhf ah efilrnhkeûf tcxtuha jca jlkuncftl. [c keth tljl hqucaal quc sch rcacvhftc phrh ufh efvcstemhkeûf jctcrnefhjh (tcxtl, jhtls, eftcrfct, cftrc ltrls). Tlr ncjel jc csths iek`hs sc lrjcfh ah efilrnhkeûf phrh tcfcrah secnprc h ah nhfl.

84.Lrmhfezhkeûf jc iek`hs jc klftcfejl y sc rcvesû ca csqucnh.  [u lboctevl7 ah vhalrhkeûf vhalrhkeû f jca nhtcreha rcklpeahjl, rcklpeahjl, ah alkhaezhkeûf alkhaezhkeûf jc plsebacs ahmufhs, ahmufhs, jctckkeû jctckkeûf f jc cxkcsls cf ahs ejchs trhfskreths.

 

88.Iefha 88. Iefhancftc ncftc rcjhkkeûf jca trhbh trhbhol ol iefha iefha..  Klf ah quc sc aacmh h ah klfkauseûf jc ah efvcstemhkeûf, ah kuha klnufekh als rcsuathjls ncjehftc uf tcxtl cskretl, ca kuha pucjh scr klfsuathjl plr kuhaquecr pcrslfh quc rcquecrh jc csth.

 

Ha aacvhr h khbl cstc prlkcsl jc fucstrh efvcstemhkeûf, efvcstemhkeûf, sc lbtecfc uf prlycktl

quc qu c kl klnu nufe fekh kh klf klf ah nhyl nhylrr kahr kahrej ejhj hj y kl`c kl`crc rcfk fkeh eh plse plseba bac c als als rcsu rcsuat athj hjls ls,, jcskubrenecftls, klnprlbhkelfcs û rciacxelfcs almrhjhs h trhvås jc tljl ca prlkcsl jc ah efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha

 

KLFKAS[EÛF

 

Ah efvcstemhkeûf efvcstemhkeûf Jlkuncftha Jlkuncftha surmc klnl ufh vhrehftc jc ah efvcstemhkeûf efvcstemhkeûf kecftîiekh, kecftîiekh,

kuyl lboctevl iufjhncftha cs ca hfèaeses jc jeicrcftcs icfûncfls (jc lrjcf `estûrekls, psek psekla laûm ûmek ekls ls,, sl slke kela laûm ûmek ekls ls,, cftr cftrc c ltrl ltrls. s.), ), utea uteaez ezh h tåkf tåkfek ekhs hs nuy nuy prck prckes eshs hs,, jc ah jlkuncfthkeûf cxestcftc, quc jerckth l efjerckthncftc, hplrtc ah efilrnhkeûf. Hufquc sus sus lrîmc lrîmcfc fcs s fl slf slf prckes prckesls ls ah efvcst efvcstem emhke hkeûf ûf jlkun jlkuncf cftha tha sc hrtek hrtekua uah h klnl klnl phrtc phrtc cscfkeha jc ah efvcstemhkeûf, klfstetuyåfjlsc cf ufh cstrhtcmeh jlfjc sc lbscrvh y rciacxe rcia cxelfh lfh sestcnè sestcnètekh tekhncft ncftc c slbrc slbrc rchaejh rchaejhjcs jcs ushfjl ushfjl phrh caal caal jeicrcf jeicrcftcs tcs tepls tepls jc jlkuncftls h phrter jc ah fckcsejhj jc lrmhfezhr y hrk`evhr als `haahzmls lbtcfejls jurhftc ca prlkcsl efvcstemhtevl, nuk`ls hutlrcs ah uteaezhf nès, klnl uf tepl jc efvcstemhkeûf klnpacth, klf kretcrels jciefejls7 quc sc cfkhrmh jc ah rcklpeahkeûf jc ah prljukkeûf jlkuncftha quc sûal ufh senpac cstrhtcmeh jc rcklackkeûf.  

Jc ah semuecf semuecftc tc efvcste efvcstemhk mhkeûf eûf qucjh qucjh kahrl kahrl quc ca lboctevl lboctevl jc ah efvcstem efvcstemhke hkeûf ûf

jlkuncftha cs cahblrhr uf nhrkl tcûrekl klfkcptuha phrh ilrnhr uf kucrpl jc ejchs slbrc ca lboctl jc cstujel y jcskubrer rcspucsths h jctcrnefhjls eftcrrlmhftcs h trhvås jc ah hpaekhk hpaekhkeûf eûf jc prlkcjen prlkcjenecft ecftls ls jlkuncf jlkuncfthac thacs. s. Cstl Cstls s prlkcjen prlkcjenecft ecftls ls `hf sejl jcshrrlaahjls klf ca lboctl jc huncfthr ca mrhjl jc kcrtczh jc quc ah efilrnhkeûf rcufejh scrè jc cftcrcs phrh als eftcmrhftcs quc cstujeh y quc hjcnès, rcÿfc ahs klfjekelfcs jc iehbeaejhj y lboctevejhj jlkuncftha. Zåkfekh jlkuncftha quc pcrnetc ah rcklpeahkeûf jc efilrnhkeûf phrh cfufkehr ahs tclrîhs quc sustcfthf ca cstujel jc als icfûn icfûncf cfls ls y pr prlkc lkcsls sls.. Efkau Efkauyc yc ca usl jc efstru efstruncf ncftls tls jcief jciefej ejls ls scmÿ scmÿf f ah iucftc iucftc jlkuncftha h quc `hkcf rcicrcfkeh.

 

RCICRCFKEH[ BEBAELMRÈIEKH[



 Hailfzl, E. (855:). Zåkfekhs Zåkfekhs jc efvcstemhkeûf efvcstemhkeûf bebaelmrèiekh. bebaelmrèiekh. Khrhkhs? Khrhkhs? Klftcxtl Klftcxtl Cjekelfcs.



Blfl, Bl fl, H. y jc ah Bhrrc Bhrrcrh, rh, [. (8550 (8550). ). Als Cstuj Cstujehf ehftcs tcs ufevc ufevcrs rseth ethre rels ls klnl klnl prljuktlrcs jc tcxtls. Sfh cxpcrecfkeh jc Jlkcfkeh klnphrtejh. Ackturh y Yejh, 80-8;-24.



 Hncrekhf Tsyk`lalmekha Tsyk`lalmekha Hsslkehtelf Hsslkehtelf (2448). Tubaekhtelf Tubaekhtelf Nhfuha (3´ cj.). ]hs`efmtlf, J.K? Hutlr.



Khraefl, T. (2442). Zutlrîhs, [enuahkrls [enuahkrls jc Cxhncf y sîftcses jc kahscs. Ackturh y Yejh, 2;(8), 9-83.



Klaas, N. (855:). Eftrljukkeûf h ah efvcstemhkeûf jlkuncftha. Nårejh,



Ycfczucah? Klfscol jc Tubaekhkelfcs jc ah SAH.



@crfèfjcz, @crfèfj cz, N. U [uèrcz, A. U. (2444). Rcsuncf jca Tahf kurrekuahr. Sfevcrse Sfevcrsejhj jhj jc Als Hfjcs. Ihkuathj jc Ljlftlalmîh, Nårejh, Ycfczucah. Nencl.



Cjetl Cj etlrc rcs s jc tckfe tckfekhs khsjc jcefv efvcst cstem emhke hkelf lf.k .kln. ln. (2424) (2424).. Iucf Iucftcs tcs jc efilrn efilrnhk hkeûf eûf prenhrehs, sckufjhrehs y tcrkehrehs. Rctrecvcj irln tckfekhsjcefvcstemhkelf.kln