Investigacion Documental Sobre Tipos de Presupuesto

 

  JCV[J[Q[@ [AFC@MÖHJF@ VQYA_J@_ KA ÂMBD@  [ADBYBFEA  FB__A_B7

JCHACJA_ÄB JCKQV[_JBM DB[A_JB7

YMBCABFJÖC NJCBCFJA_B  C@DO_A KAM [_BOBG@7 C@DO_A [_BOBG @7

JC^AV[JHBFJÖC K@FQDAC[BM V@O_A M@V KJNA_AC[AV [JY@V KA Y_AVQYQAV[@V AUJV[AC[AV  H_QY@7

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  JC[_@KQFFJÖC7

Am `ogatjv` ka mb prasacta jcvastjhbfjöc k`fudactbm as prasactbr uc rasudac f``rkjcbk` ka m`s f`cfapt`s qua f`cstjtuyac mb ta`räb ka m`s prasupuast`s kaska mbs parspaftjvbs ka kjnaractas but`ras obsâck`c`s aspafänjfbdacta ac am tadb ka tjp`s ka prasupuast`. Mb n`rdb ac qua sa ebc `rhbcjzbk` m`s kjnaractas tadbs pardjtjrâ bm maft`r jr ka m` hacarbm b m` pbrtjfumbr y kagbr ac fmbr` t`kb mb f`cfaptubmjzbfjöc ka m`s prasupuast`s. Ac ucb êp`fb ka fbdoj`s ac mb haracfjb d`karcb, mb t`db ka kafjsj`cas axjha prasjöc y rbpjkaz, y p`r m` tbct` am nbft`r ka prakjffjöc y f`ctr`m ka m`s prasupuast`s as ka vjtbm jdp`rtbcfjb f`d` ucb anjfjacta earrbdjactb bkdjcjstrbtjvb, as p`r asta pr`pösjt` qua cbfa asta trbobg` ka jcvastjhbfjöc am fubm varsb ac am astukj` ka ucb `rjactbfjöc dâs aspafänjfb kam f`c`fjdjact` ka mb ambo`rbfjöc y dbcag` ka m`s kjnaractas tjp`s ka prasupuast`s kactr` kam act`rc` adprasbrjbm pbrb acnractbr m`s nutur`s rat`s ka mb bkdjcjstrbfjöc bftubm. 2.

_AVAÒB EJV[@_JFB

M`s nuckbdact`s taörjf`s y prâftjf`s kam prasupuast`, f`d` earrbdjactb ka pmbcjnjfbfjöc y f`ctr`m, tuvjar`c su `rjhac ac am saft`r huoarcbdactbm b njcbmas kam sjhm` U^JJJ fubck` sa prasactbob bm Ybrmbdact` Orjtâcjf` m`s pmbcas ka hbst`s kam rajc` y sa kbobc pbutbs s`ora su p`sjoma agafufjöc y f`ctr`m. Kaska am puct` ka vjstb têfcjf` ka mb pbmborb sa karjvb kam nrbcfês bctjhu` o`uhatta ` o`msb. Kjfeb bfapfjöc jctactö parnaffj`cbrsa p`starj`rdacta ac am sjstadb jchmês f`c am têrdjc` oukhat ka f`c`fjdjact` f`d÷c y qua rafjoa ac cuastr` jkj`db mb kac`djcbfjöc ka prasupuast`. Ac 25?9 Nrbcfjb bk`ptb am sjstadb ac am saft`r huoarcbdactbm y m`s Astbk`s Qcjk`s m` bf`hac ac 25?2 f`d` amadact` ka f`ctr`m kam hbst` p÷omjf` y f`d` obsa ac mb cafasjkbk n`rdumbkb p`r nucfj`cbrj`s fuyb nucfjöc arb prasupuastbr pbrb hbrbctjzbr am anjfjacta nucfj`cbdjact` ka mbs bftjvjkbkas huoarcbdactbmas.

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  Actra 2:2? y 2:?1, y ac a c aspafjbm kaspuês ka mb Yrjdarb Huarrb Duckjbm, am saft`r prjvbk` c`tö m`s oacanjfj`s qua p`käb hacarbr mb utjmjzbfjöc kam prasupuast` ac dbtarjb ka f`ctr`m ka hbst`s, y kastjc` rafurs`s ac bquamm`s bspaft`s cafasbrj`s pbrb `otacar dârhacas ka rackjdjact` bkafubk`s kurbcta uc fjfm` ka `parbfjöc `pa rbfjöc katardjcbk`. Ac asta parä`k` mbs jckustrjbs frafac f`c rbpjkaz y sa pjacsb ac am adpma` ka dêt`k`s ka pmbcabfjöc adprasbrjbm bpr`pjbk`s. Ac mb adprasb prjvbkb sa ebomb jctacsbdacta ka f`ctr`m prasupuastbrj`, y ac am saft`r p÷omjf` sa mmahb jcfmus` b bpr`obr ucb May ka Yrasupuast` Cbfj`cbm Mb têfcjfb sjhujö su f`ctjcub av`mufjöc, guct` f`c am kasbrr`mm` bmfbczbk` p`r mb f`ctbojmjkbk ka f`st`s. _afuêrkasa, p`r agadpm`, qua ac 2:?5 mb Xastjche`usa F`dpbcy bk`ptö am sjstadb ka f`st`s astâckbr, qua sa bpr`oö kaspuês ka bf`rkbr am trbtbdjact` ac mb vbrjbfjöc ka m`s v`m÷dacas ka bftjvjkbk pbrtjfumbr kam sjstadb ”prasupuast` nmaxjoma—. Astb jcc`vbfjöc hacarb uc parj`k` ka

bcâmjsjs y actackjdjact` pr`nuck`s ka m`s f`st`s, pr`duava mb cafasjkbk ka prasupuastbr y pr`hrbdbr y n`dactb am tafcjfjsd`, am trbobg` ka hrup` y b mb t`db ka kafjsj`cas f`c obsa bm astukj` y mb avbmubfjöc bdpmj`s ka m`s f`st`s. Ac 2:69 sa famaorb famao rb ac Hjcaorb am Yrjdar Vjdp`sj` Jctarcbfj`cbm ka F`ctr`m Yrasupuastbm, ac qua sa kanjcac m`s prjcfjpj`s oâsjf`s kam sjstadb. Ac 2:;5 am Kapbrtbdact` ka Dbrjcb ka m`s Astbk`s Qcjk`s prasactb am prasupuast` p`r pr`hrbdbs y bftjvjkbkas. Ac 2:>2 am Kapbrtbdact` ka Kanacsb ka m`s Astbk`s Qcjk`s trbobgb f`c uc sjstadb ka pmbcjnjfbfjöc p`r pr`hrbdbs y prasupuast`s. Ac 2:>1 am h`ojarc` ka m`s Astbk`s Qcjk`s frab am Kapbrtbdact` ka Yrasupuast` a jcfmuya ac mbs earrbdjactbs ka pmbcabfjöc y f`ctr`m kam sjstadb f`c`fjk` f`d` ”pmbcabfjöc p`r pr`hrbdbs y prasupuast`s—.

Am pbpam kasadpaòbk` p`r m`s prasupuast`s m` kastbfbc prastjhj`s`s trbtbkjstbs d`karc`s qujacas saòbmbc m` vjtbm ka m`s pr`cöstjf`s rambfj`cbk`s f`c am dbcag` ka anaftjv`. ?.

KANJCJFJ@C KA Y_AVQYQAV[@

Bctas ka p`kar kanjcjr m` qua as uc prasupuast`, as cafasbrj` tacar ucb jkab ka fuâm as su pbpam y su rambfjöc f`c am pr`fas` haracfjbm. Y`fbs

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  vafas (y cucfb f`c êxjt`) uc prasupuast` as bmh` bjsmbk` dâs ojac as uc rasumtbk` kam pr`f as` haracfjb haracfjbmm qu a f`csjsta ac astboma astbomafar far `ogatjv`s y astrbtahjbs y ac ambo`rbr pmbcas. Ac aspafjbm, sa acfuactrb äctjdbdacta rambfj`cbk` f`c mb pmbcabfjöc njcbcfjarb. Y`r m` tbct`, am prasupuast` puaka f`csjkarbrsa ucb pbrta jdp`rtbcta kam fmâsjf` fjfm` bkdjcjstrbtjv` ka uc pmbcabr, f`ctr`mbr `, dâs aspafänjfbdacta, f`d` pbrta ka sjstadbbftubr t`tbm kay bkdjcjstrbfjöc qua jcfmuya7           

N`rdumbfjöc y puastb ac prâftjfb ka astrbtahjbs. Vjstadbs ka Ymbcabfjöc. Vjstadbs Yrasupuastbmas. @rhbcjzbfjöc. Vjstadbs ka Yr`kuffjöc y Darfbk`tafcjb.  Vjstadbs ka Jcn`rdbfjöc y F`ctr`m.

F`c obsa ac m` bctarj`r y ka dbcarb duy bdpmjb, uc prasupuast` puaka kanjcjrsa f`d` mb prasactbfjöc `rkacbkb ka m`s rasumtbk`s pravjst`s ka uc pmbc, uc pr`yaft` ` ucb astrbtahjb . B pr`pösjt`, astb kanjcjfjöc ebfa ucb kjstjcfjöc actra mb f`ctbojmjkbk trbkjfj`cbm y m`s prasupuast`s, ac am sactjk` ka qua ast`s ÷mtjd`s astâc `rjactbk`s ebfjb am nutur` y c` ebfjb am pbsbk`, buc fubck` ac su nucfjöc ka f`ctr`m, am prasupuast` pbrb uc parä`k` bctarj`r puakb f`dpbrbrsa f`c m`s rasumtbk`s rabmas (pbsbk`s). F`c t`kb jctacfjöc, astb kanjcjfjöc tbdp`f` astbomafa mädjta ka tjadp` sj ojac p`r f`studora m`s prasupuast`s sa ambo`rbc p`r dasas, bò`s ` bmh÷c `tr` mbps`. Yuakac, sjc adobrh`, ranarjrsa nâfjmdacta b uc s`m` brtäfum` ` pr`yaft`< b pr`pösjt`, astb kanjcjfjöc c` jdpmjfb qua am prasupuast` kaob astbomafarsa ac têrdjc`s njcbcfjar`s, b pasbr ka k a qua asb as mb f`studora. Ac asta sactjk` fboa dacfj`cbr qua m`s sjstadbs prasupuastbmas f`dpmat`s puakac jcfmujr, y ka eafe` m` ebfac, rachm`cas f`d` mb dbc` ka `orb, dbtarjbmas, tjadp` y `trbs jcn`rdbfj`cas. As avjkacta mb äctjdb rambfjöc actra mb pmbcabfjöc y am prasupuast` y c` as rbr` acf`ctrbr qua utjmjzbc jckjstjctbdacta têrdjc`s f`d` prasupuast`, pmbc bcubm ka mb adprasb. F`d` sa kjg`, am prasupuast` as rasumtbk` ka

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  bmh÷c tjp` ka pmbc ` astâ obsbk` ac êm, sab êsta axpmäfjt` ` ojac bmh` qua sa acfuactrb ac mbs dactas ka m`s kjraftjv`s. 6.

FM FMBVJNJFB BVJNJFBFJÖC FJÖC KA M@V Y_AVQYQAV[@V

M`s prasupuast`s puakac fmbsjnjfbrsa kaska vbrj`s puct`s ka vjstb. Am `rkac ka prj`rjkbkas qua sa mas kê kapacka ka mbs cafasjkbkas kam usubrj`. ^ar am fubkr` sjcöptjf` sjhujacta7 Vah÷c mb Nmaxjojmjkbk. _ähjk`s, Astâtjf`s, Bsjhcbk`s Nmaxjomas ` ^brjbomas.   Vah÷c am parä`k` qua fuorbc B F`rt` Ymbz`. B Mbrh` pmbz`.

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Fmbsjnjfbfjöc kam Yrasupuast`  

Njg`s

Vah÷c am fbdp` ka bpmjfbojmjkbk ac mb adprasb Ka @parbfjöc ` Af`cödjf`s. Njcbcfjar`s (tas`raräb y fbpjtbm).   Vah÷c am saft`r ac am fubm sa utjmjfac Y÷omjf`. Yrjvbk`.  

6.2 VAH×C VQ NMAUJOJMJKBK 6.2.2 _ÄHJK@V, AV[Â[JF@V, NJG@V @ BVJHCBK@V

Y`r m` hacarbm sa ambo`rbc pbrb uc s`m` cjvam ka bftjvjkbk. Qcb vaz bmfbczbk` êsta, c` sa pardjtac m`s bgustas raquarjk`s p`r mbs vbrjbfj`cas qua sufakbc. Ka asta d`k` sa anaft÷b uc f`ctr`m bctjfjpbk` sjc f`csjkarbr am f`dp`rtbdjact` af`cödjf`, fumturbm, p`mätjf`, kad`hrânjf` ` guräkjf` ka mb rahjöc k`cka bft÷b mb adprasb. Astb n`rdb ka f`ctr`m bctjfjpbk` kj` `rjhac bm prasupuast` qua trbkjfj`cbmdacta utjmjzbob am saft`r p÷omjf`.

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  6.2.? NMAUJOMAV @ ^B_JBOMAV

M`s prasupuast`s nmaxjomas ` vbrjbomas sa ambo`rbc pbrb kjnaractas ka bftjvjkbk y puakac bkbptbrsa b mbs fjrfucstbcfjbs qua surgbc ac fubmqujar d`dact`. Duastrbc m`s jchras`s, f`st`s y hbst`s bgustbk`s bm tbdbò` ka `parbfj`cas dbcunbfturarbs ` f`darfjbmas. [jacac bdpmjb bpmjfbfjöc ac am fbdp` ka bkdjcjstrbtjv`s mb prasupuastbfjöc ka m`s f`st`s, hbst`s jckjraft`s ka nborjfbfjöc, y vactbs. 6.? VAH×C AM YA_J@K@ RQA FQO_BC 6.?.2 B F@_[@ YMBW@

M`s prasupuast`s b f`rt` pmbz` sa pmbcjnjfbc pbrb fudpmjr am fjfm` ka `parbfj`cas ka uc bò`. 6.?.? B MB_H@ YMBW@

Ac asta fbdp` sa uojfbc m`s pmbcas ka kasbrr`mm` kam Astbk` y ka mbs hrbckas adprasbs. Ac am fbs` ka m`s pmbcas kam H`ojarc` am e`rjz`cta ka pmbctabdjact` f`csumtb am parä`k` prasjkacfjbm astbomafjk` p`r c`rdbs f`cstjtufj`cbmas ac fbkb pbäs. M`s mjcabdjact`s hacarbmas ka fbkb pmbc suamac sustactbrsa ac f`csjkarbfj`cas af`cödjfbs, f`d` hacarbfjöc ka adpma`, frabfjöc ka jcnrbastrufturb, mufeb f`ctrb mb jcnmbfjöc, kjnusjöc ka m`s sarvjfj`s ka sahurjkbk s`fjbm, n`dact` kam be`rr`, n`rtbmafjdjact` kam darfbk` ka fbpjtbmas, fbpjtbmjzbfjöc kam sjstadb njcbcfjar` `, f`d` eb `furrjk` rafjactadacta, bparturb dutub ka m`s darfbk`s jctarcbfj`cbmas. 6.6 VAH×C VAH×C AM FBDY@ KA BYMJFBO BYMJFBOJMJKBK JMJKBK AC MB M B ADY_AVB 6.6.2 KA @YA_BFJÖC @ AF@CÖDJF@V

Jcfmuya mb prasupuastbfjöc ka t`kbs mbs bftjvjkbkas pbrb am parä`k` sjhujacta bm fubm sa ambo`rb y fuy` f`ctacjk` b dacuk` sa rasuda ac uc astbk` ka pêrkjkbs y hbcbcfjbs pr`yaftbkbs. p r`yaftbkbs. Actra êst`s p`kräbc jcfmujrsa7  

^actbs.

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Yr`kuffjöc.

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F`dprbs.

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Qs` ka Dbtarjbmas.

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Dbc` ka @orb.

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Hbst`s @parbfj`cbmas. 6.6.? 6.6 .? NJC NJCBCFJ BCFJA_@ A_@V V (tas` raräb y fbpj tbm) Jcfmuya am fâmfum` ka pbrtjkbs y/` ruor`s qua jcfjkac nuckbdactbmdacta ac am obmbcfa. F`cvjacac ac asta fbs` kastbfbr am ka mb fbgb ` tas`raräb y am ka fbpjtbm tbdojêc f`c`fjk` f`d` ka ar`hbfj`cas fbpjtbmjzbomas.  

Yrasupuast` ka [as`raräb7   Va n`rdumb f`c mbs astjdbfj`cas pravjstbs ka n`ck`s kjsp`cjomas ac fbgb, obcf`s y vbm`ras ka nâfjm rabmjzbfjöc. [bdojêc sa kac`djcb prasupuast` ka fbgb ` anaftjv` p`rqua f`cs`mjkb mbs kjvarsbs trbcsbffj`cas rambfj`cbkbs f`c mbs actrbkbs ka n`ck`s d`catbrj`s ` f`c mb sbmjkb ka n`ck`s mäqujk`s `fbsj`cbkb p`r mb f`chambfjöc ka kaukbs, bd`rtjzbfjöc u `tr`s.

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Yrasupuast` ka Ar`hbfj`cas Fbpjtbmjzbomas7   F`ctr`mb mbs kjnaractas jcvarsj`cas ac bftjv`s njg`s. F`ctackrâ am jdp`rta ka mbs

jcvarsj`cas tarrac`s,ymbaqujp`s. f`cstruffjöc ` bdpmjbfjöcpbrtjfumbras ka akjnjfj`s akjnjfj`sbymbmbbkqujsjfjöc f`dprb ka ka dbqujcbrjb Vjr Vjrva va pbrb avbmubr bmtarcbtjvbs ka jcvarsjöc p`sjomas y f`c`far am d`ct` ka m`s n`ck`s raquarjk`s y su kjsp`cjojmjkbk ka tjadp`. 6.; VAH×C VAH×C AM VAF[@ VAF[@_ _ AC AM FQBM VA Q[JMJFAC 6.;.2 Y_AVQYQAV[@V KAM VAF[@_ Y_J^BK@

M`s prasupuast`s kam saft`r p÷omjf` fubctjnjfbc m`s rafurs`s qua raqujarac mb `parbfjöc c`rdbm, mb jcvarsjöc y am sarvjfj` ka mb kaukb p÷omjfb ka m`s `rhbcjsd`s y mbs actjkbkas `njfjbmas. Bm anaftubr m`s astjdbtjv`s prasupuastbmas sa f`ctadpmbc vbrjbomas f`d` mb raducarbfjöc ka m`s nucfj`cbrj`s qua mbo`rbc ac jcstjtufj`cas kam h`ojarc`, m`s hbst`s ka nucfj`cbdjact` ka mbs actjkbkas astbtbmas, mb jcvarsjöc ka pr`yaft`s ka bp`y` b mb jcjfjbtjvb prjvbkb, mb rabmjzbfjöc ka `orbs ka jctarês s`fjbm y mb bd`rtjzbfjöc ka f`dpr`djs`s bcta mb obcfb jctarcbfj`cbm. 6.;.? Y_AVQYQAV[@V KAM VAF[@_ Y×OMJF@

M`s utjmjzbc mbs adprasbs pbrtjfumbras f`d` obsa ka pmbcjnjfbfjöc ka mbs bftjvjkbkas adprasbrjbmas.

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@tr`s tjp`s ka prasupuast`. b. Y`r su f`ctacjk`7   Yrjcfjpbmas7 ast`s prasupuast`s s`c ucb aspafja ka rasudac, ac am qua sa prasactbc m`s amadact`s dakumbras ac t`k`s m`s prasupuast`s ka mb adprasb.    Bu  Buxj xj mjbr mj bras7 as7   s`c bquamm`s qua duastrbc ac n`rdb bcbmätjfb mbs

`parbfj`cas astjdbkbs p`r fbkb uc` ka m`s kapbrtbdact`s qua jctahrbc mb `rhbcjzbfjöc ka mb adprasb. o. Y`r mb têfcjf b ka vbmubfjöc 7   Astjdbk`s7  s`c m`s prasupuast`s qua sa n`rdumbc s`ora obsas adpärjfbs< sus fjnrbs cudêrjfbs, p`r sar katardjcbkbs s`ora axparjacfjbs bctarj`ras, raprasactbc tbc söm` mb pr`obojmjkbk dâs ` dac`s rbz`cboma ka qua anaftjvbdacta sufakb m` qua sa eb pmbcabk`. Astâckbr7   s`c bquamm`s qua p`r sar n`rdumbk`s s`ora obsas fjactänjfbs ` fbsj fjactänjfbs, amjdjcbc ac uc p`rfactbga duy amavbk` mbs p`sjojmjkbkas ka arr`r, p`r m` qua sus fjnrbs, b kjnaracfjb ka mbs bctarj`ras, raprasactbc m`s rasumtbk`s qua sa kaoac `otacar. f. Y`r su ranmag` ac m`s astbk`s njcbcfjar`s   Ka p`sjfjöc njcbcfjarb7 asta tjp` ka prasupuast`s duastrb prasupuast`s duastrb mb mb p`sjfjöc astâtjfb p`sjfjöc  astâtjfb qua tackräb mb adprasb ac am nutur`, ac fbs` ka qua sa fudpmjarbc mbs prakjffj`cas. sa prasactb p`r dakj` ka m` qua sa f`c`fa f`d` p`sjfjöc njcbcfjarb (obmbcfa hacarbm) prasupuastbkb.   Ka rasumtbk`s7  qua duastrbc mbs p`sjomas utjmjkbkas b `otacar ac uc parä`k` nutur`.   Ka f`st`s7   sa prapbrbc t`dbck` f`d` obsa m`s prjcfjpj`s astbomafjk`s ac m`s pr`cöstjf`s ka vactbs, y ranmagbc, b uc parä`k` nutur`, mbs ar`hbfj`cas qua sa ebybc ka anaftubr p`r f`cfapt` kam f`st` t`tbm ` fubmqujarb ka sus pbrtas. k. Y`r Y`r mbs njcbmjkbkas nj cbmjkbkas qua pratacka7   Ka pr`d` fjöc7  sa prasactbc ac n`rdb ka pr`yaft` ka pr`yaft` n jjcbcfjar` cbcfjar` y ka axpbcsjöc< pbrb su ambo`rbfjöc as cafasbrj` astjdbr m`s jchras`s y ahras`s qua ebyb qua anaftubrsa ac am parä`k` prasupuastbm.  

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  Ka bpmjfbfjöc7   c`rdbmdacta sa ambo`rbc pbrb s`mjfjtuk ka frêkjt`s. F`cstjtuyac pr`cöstjf`s hacarbmas s`ora mb kjstrjoufjöc ka m`s rafurs`s f`c qua fuactb, ` eborâ ka f`ctbr mb adprasb.   Ka nusjöc7   sa adpmabc pbrb katardjcbr bctjfjpbkbdacta mbs `parbfj`cas qua ebybc ka rasumtbr ka ucb f`cgucfjöc ka actjkbkas.

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Y`r ârabs y cjvamas ka rasp`csbojmjkbk7   Fubck` sa kasab fubctjnjfbr mb rasp`csbojmjkbk mb rasp`csbojmjkbk ka m`s acfbrhbk`s ka mbs ârabs y cjvamas ac qua sa kjvjka ucb f`dpbòäb.   Y`r pr`hrbdbs7   asta tjp` ka prasupuast`s m`s ambo`rbc ebojtubmdacta kapackacfjbs huoarcbdactbmas, kasfactrbmjzbkbs, pbtr`cbt`s, jcstjtufj`cas, atf. Vus fjnrbs axprasbc am hbst`, ac rambfjöc f`c m`s `ogatjv`s qua sa parsjhuac, katardjcbck` am f`st` ka mbs bftjvjkbkas f`cfratbs qua fbkb kapackacfjb kaoa rabmjzbr pbrb mmavbr b fbo` m`s pr`hrbdbs b su fbrh`

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1. KANJCJFJÖC KA [A_DJC@V @OGA[J^@V7 Datbs ebfjb k`cka sa kaoac acn`fbr m`s asnuarz`s y rafurs`s ka mb adprasb. [ras s`c oâsjfbs7 suparvjvacfjb, frafjdjact` y ractbojmjkbk. Y@MÄ[JFBV7 Varja ka prjcfjpj`s y mäcabs ka bffjöc qua huäbc am f`dp`rtbdjact` ebfjb am nutur`. YMBCAV7 F`cguct` ka kafjsj`cas pbrb am m`hr` ka m`s `ogatjv`s pr`puast`s. pr`puast` s. AV[_B[AHJB7 Brta ka kjrjhjr `parbfj`cas. N`rdb ka bftubr bcta katardjcbkb sjtubfjöc. Y_@H_BDB7 Fbkb ucb ka mbs pbrtas aspafänjfbs ka uc pmbc bm fubm sa ma bsjhcbc m`s rafurs`s cafasbrj`s pbrb bmfbczbr mbs datbs pr`puastbs. @_HBCJWB_7 Bsjhcbr m`s rafurs`s eudbc`s, af`cödjf`s y njcbcfjar`s, astrufturâck`m`s ac n`rdb qua pardjtbc bmfbczbr mbs datbs ka mbs adprasbs. AGAFQ[B_7 F`m`fbr ac dbrfeb m`s pmbcas.

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  F@C[_@MB_7 F`dpbrbr m` qua sa pmbcaö f`ctrb m` qua sa eb agafutbk`. Jcfmuya mb bsjhcbfjöc ka rasp`csbojmjkbkas y, mb dakjfjöc ka mbs pravjsj`cas ac fubct` b vbrjbfj`cas y fbusbs ka mbs djsdbs. Y_A^A_7  Katardjcbr ka dbcarb bctjfjpbkb m` qua vb b pr`kufjr. 8. F@CFMQVJ@CAV 

M`s prasupuast`s puakac f`cmmavbr b ucb sarja ka vactbgbs, tbmas f`d`< byukbr b aspafjnjfbr m`s `ogatjv`s b dakjbc` y mbrh` pmbz`, byukbr b bcbmjzbr m`s pr`omadbs nutur`s a jkactjnjfbr mbs kjnaractas bmtarcbtjvbs, pr`p`rfj`cb mbs c`rdbs ka nucfj`cbdjact` qua sjrvac pbrb `otacar dag`ras rackjdjact`s. Actra `trbs.   M`s prasupuast`s tbdojêc puakac prasactbr dufebs mjdjtbfj`cas< actra ammbs qua, astâc obsbk`s ac astjdbfj`cas, kaoac sar bkbptbk`s f`cstbctadacta b fbdoj`s jdp`rtbctas qua surgbc, su agafufjöc c` as but`dâtjfb. @trbs mjdjtbfj`cas qua puakac parfjojrsa as qua puaka axjstjr mb jcfbpbfjkbk ka mb kjraffjöc pbrb

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f`dprackar su ka sjstadb, quam`sm`snbft`ras kjraftjv`s sa pra`fupbc p`r ka am katbmma ` trbtbc f`ctr`mbr aqujv`fbk`s, Mb nbmtb raspbmk` p`r pbrta ka mb kjraffjöc bm sjstadb prasupuastbm.   Am prasupuast` kaoa sar `ogat` ka bkbptbfjöc f`cstbcta, sjack` uc dakj` ka avbmubfjöc, pr`p`rfj`cbck` mbs pbutbs ka p`sjomas kanjfjacfjbs, bsä f`d` saòbmbck` m`s `ogatjv`s qua sa parsjhuac f`c am djsd`.   Am prasupuast` kaoa f`cstjtujr uc jcstrudact` ka bp`y` b mb bftjvjkbk ka pmbcjnjfbfjöc, f`ctrjouyack` b qua mb djsdb sab dâs `ogatjvb. 5.

BCAU@V DJCJ  ‖ H_ÂNJF@ KA QC Y_AVQYQAV[@

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OQ_OBC@, G`rha y @_[JW, Bmoart`. Yrasupuast`s7 Acn`qua D`karc` ka Ymbcabfjöc y F`ctr`m ka _afurs`s. Df Hrbw Ejmm O`h`tâ. Vahuckb Akjfjöc.     CB[J@CBM BVV@FJB BVV@FJB[J@C [J@C @N BFF@QC[BC[V. Njcbcfjbm bcbmysjs t` hujka fbpjtbm axpackjtura kafjsj`cs. kafjsj`cs. _asabrfe _ap`rt ;6. Caw Z`rl. 2:>8.   VB_DJAC[@, Aufmjkas Bm Bmnrak`. nrak`. M`s prasupuast`s ta`rä ta`räbb y bpmjfbfj`cas. Qcjvarsjkbk Kjstrjtbm. O`h`tâ. 2:5:.   °Ruê tjp`s ka prasupuast`s axjstac y fuâm as am dag`r pbrb tu adprasb0. (?9?9). _atrjavak 1 @ft`oar ?9?9, nr`d ettp7//www.d`c`hrbnjbs.f`d/trbobg`s:9/prasupuast`svactbgbs/prasupuast`svactbgbs.setdm#jxzz6Aw9m[R:K   vactbgbs/prasupuast`svactbgbs.setdm#jxzz6Aw9m[R:K   Fburjc, G. (?928). [jp`s ka prasupuast`s | Fmbsjnjfbfjöc ka prasupuast`s | Var butöc`d`. _atrjavak 1 @ft`oar ?9?9, nr`d ettps7//www.sarbut`c`d`.cat/tjp`s-ka-prasupuast`s.etdm 

 Yêraz, D. (?925). Am prasupuast`. _atrjavak 1 @ft`oar ?9?9, nr`d ettps7//www.d`c`hrbnjbs.f`d/trbobg`s58/am-prasupuast`/amprasupuast`.setdm 

 Cayrb, F. Yrasupuast` dbastr` • Hastj`Y`mjs. _atrjavak 1 @ft`oar ?9?9, nr`d ettp7//www.hastj`p`mjs.f`d/rafurs`s/k`fudact`s/nummk`fs/njc/prasudbastr`. etd   Dack`zb, Dack`zb, B. (?92>). Yrasupuast` nmaxjoma, p÷omjf` y prjvbk`. _atrjavak 1 ettp7//www.dbjmxdbjm.f`d/furs`-f`d`-ebfar@ft`oar ?9?9, nr`d prasupuast`s-jcvarsj`c/prasupuast`-nmaxjoma-puomjf`-prjvbk` 

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