Investigación Documental Indicadores de Contaminación Del Aire y Esquema de La Contaminación Del Aire

 

 Alstatutk Yjmlk`ýoamk ]upjrakr ij Mc`ealä, jl j` Jstcik ij Mcd jmhj

AYJ]MCD

ALOJLAJWÄC GAKSZÄDAMC   GSF-3>36 ALOJLAJWÄC Q OJ]YAÝL CDGAJLYC@   IKMJLYJ2 ICLAJ@ GK@AVCW DKWJLK

]JDJ]YWJ2 8

OWZ^K2 ‐C—

CMYAVAICI22 Alv CMYAVAICI Alvjstao jstaocmak cmak l Ikmu Ikmudjltc djltc`` Aliamcikrjs ij mkltcdalcmakl ij` Carj y     jsqujdc ij `c mkltcdalcmak mkltcdalcmak l ij` Carj

Bcadj C`jbclirk Mk``a Mccdc` 6973 Mc`ealä, Mcdpjmhj, Dáxamk 7>77

 

 

 

 

Äliamj Altrkiummaýl............................................................................................................= Aliamcikrjs ij mkltcdalcmaýl ij` carj........... carj.................... .................. ..............................................9 .....................................9 Aliamcikrjs ij prjsaýl......... prjsaýl................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ..............................9 .....................9 Aliamcikr 3. Yrãfamk.................................................................................................9 Aliamcikr 7. Jdasakljs ij dctjrac` pcrtamu`cik ^]Y y ^D3>2........... ^D3>2.................... ....................9 ...........9 Aliamcikr =. Jdasakljs ij ocsjs mkltcdalcltjs.............. mkltcdalcltjs..................................................: ....................................: Aliamcikr 9. Aldasakljs ij dctjrac` pcrtamu`cik ps pstt y pd3>............... pd3>....................... ...................: ...........: Aliamcikr :. : . Aldasakljs ij ocsjs mkltcdalcltjs........ mkltcdalcltjs................. .................. ................. ........................6 ................6 Aliamcikr 6. Wuaik cdgajltc` y jdasaýl ij ruaik............... ruaik........................ ................. ...........................6 ...................6 Aliamcikrjs ij rjspujstc.......... rjspujstc.................. ................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ........................6 ................6 Aliamcikr ADJMC....... ADJMC................ ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ........................................? ................................? Jsqujdc ij `c mkltcdalcmaýl ij` Carj........... Carj.................... .................. ................. ................. .................. ..................3> .........3> Mklm`usaýl............................................................................................................37 Gag`akorcfäc............... Gag`akorcfäc...... ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. ...................................3= ..........................3=

 

Altrkiummaýl @ks cspjmtks támlamk majltäfamks quj mkdpkljl `c ojstaýl ij `c mc`aici ij` carj, jl j`

ãrjc ij jspjmajs

mkltcdalcltjs, skl,

sal krijl

jspjmäfamk2 alvjltcraks ij jdasakljs, dklatkrjk ij mkltcdalcltjs, dkij`cmaýl ij `c ias iaspjrs pjrsaýl aýl.. @c cmt cmtuc` uc` `joas` `joas`cma cmaýl ýl y lkr lkrdct dctavc avc cdg cdgajl ajltc` tc` pkrtuc pkrtucrac rac ij` pcäs pcäs almkrpkrc jstks trjs cspjmtks y j` ]astjdc ij Vaoa`clmac ijgj fabcr djtcs mklmrjtcs pcrc pcr c `c djb djbkrc krc mkl mkltal taluc uc ij jst jstks ks aliamc aliamcikrj ikrjs, s, mkd mkdk k òlamc òlamc hjrrcd hjrrcdajl ajltc tc pcrc cgkricr ulc satucmaýl quj js kgbjtk pjrdcljltj ij ojstaýl j alvjstaocmaýl c lavj` lcma lc makl klc` c`

j altjr ltjrlc lcmmaklc aklc`. `.

iarjmtramjs mklmjptuc`js

@ks @ks

ali aliamci amcikr krjs js

y kpjrctavcs

a`ud a`udal alcl cl y rj rjf` f`jb jbcl cl

ljmjscracs pcrc

`cs

prjsjrvcr 

y djbkrcr djbkrcr `cs mkliam mkliamakljs akljs cdgajl cdgajltc`js tc`js jl `c `css ãrjcs pkrtuc pkrtucracs. racs. ^kr ktrc pcrtj, j` DCVIY DCV IY y j` AIJ AIJCD CD hcl jstcg` jstcg`jma jmaik ik ul mkl mklbul bultk tk ij dcl dcluc` uc`js js y prk prktkm tkmk`k k`kss ij iasjók y ojstaýl iklij sj jspjmafamcl `cs djtkik`koäcs y támlamcs vã`aics pcrc j` dkla dk latk tkrjk rjk ij `c mc mc`a`aic ici i ij` ij` carj carj rjspjm rjspjmtk tk c jspj jspjma majs js mk mklt ltcd cdal alclt cltjs js y ru ruai aik k cdgajl cdg ajltc` tc`.. @ks prkt prktkmk` kmk`ks ks alm alm`uy `uyjl jl ouäcs ouäcs pcrc j` dcl dcljbk jbk y rjp rjpkrt krtj j cijm cijmuci ucik k ij al alfk fkrd rdcma cmaýl ýl,, ijs ijscrr crrk` k``k `k ij al alvjl vjltc tcra raks ks ij rjpkrt rjp krtj j ij dcl dcltjl tjlad adajlt ajltk k y mc`agrc mc`agrcmaý maýl l

jd jdas asak aklj ljs, s, jqua jquapk pkss c uta` uta`az azcr, cr, ij `ks dasdks dasdks,, jlt jltrj rj ktrks. ktrks.

@c

mkls mklstr trum umma maýl ýl ij `ks `ks alia aliamc mcik ikrj rjss sj maój maój c` saou saouaj ajlt ltj j dc dcrm rmk k lkrd lkrdct ctav avk k ij mcrãmtjr ojljrc`2 •

Lk Lkrd rdc c Yá Yáml mlam amc c Mk Mk`k `kdg dgac aclc lc =?>9 =?>9.. Ij Ijtj tjrd rdal alcma cmaýl ýl ij `c Mklm Mklmjlt jltrcm rcmaý aýl l ij

•

^crtämu`cs ]uspjliaics jl j` Carj Cdgajltj. 311:. Ik Ikmud mudjl jltk tk ij Cl Clã` ã`as asas as j Al Altj tjrp rprjt rjtcm cmaý aýl l ij Ic Ictk tkss ij `c Mc`a Mc`aic ici i ij ij`` Ca Carj. rj. AIJCD, 7>>:.

•

@astc astc ij @c @cgk gkrc rctk tkra raks ks Cd Cdga gajl jltc tc`j `jss Cm Cmjp jptc tcik ikss pk pkrr j`

AIJ IJCD CD,, sjoò sjoòl l

Wjsk`umaýl >717 y Ijmrjtk 7:?>, ij 7>>6. •

Vc Vcra racg cg`j `jss ij ij`` ]a ]ast stjd jdc c ij Alfk Alfkrd rdcm cmaý aýl l skgr skgrj j Mc Mc`a`aic ici i ij ij`` Ca Carj rj (] (]A] A]CA CAWJ WJ AIJCD) AIJ CD) y prkm prkmjia jiadaj dajltk ltkss pcrc vc`aicr vc`aicr `c alfkrd alfkrdcma cmaýl ýl ojl ojljrci jrcic c pkr `cs rjijs ij mc`aici ij` carj.

 

Aliamcikrjs ij mkltcdalcmaýl ij` carj Aliamcikrjs ij prjsaýl2 J` dcrm dcrmk k

lk lkrd rdct ctav avk k qu quj j

ij ijtj tjrd rdal alc c `c

mkls mklstr trum umma maýl ýl

ij

jstk jstkss alia aliamc mcik ikrj rjss

js j` saouajltj2 •

Ik Ikmud mudjl jltk tk táml támlam amk k skg skgrj rj mr mratatjr jraks aks c tj tjljr ljr jl mu mujlt jltc c pcr pcrc c j` ij ijscr scrrk rk````k k ij ij ul alvjltcrak ij jdasakljs. AIJCD, 7>>:.

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Wjs Wjsk`u k`umaýl maýl 1>1 skg skgrj rj fujltj fujltjss fabcs. fabcs. DCV DCVIY, IY, 7>> 7>>8. 8.

•

Dcl Dcluc` uc` ij aalvjl lvjltcr tcraks aks i ij jj jdas dasakl akljs js sjoòl sjoòl prk prkpýs pýsatk atk.. DCV DCVIY, IY, 7>> 7>>8. 8.

•

^rkt ^rktkm kmk` k`k k pc pcrc rc j` mklt mkltrk rk`` y vaoa vaoa`c `clm lmac ac ij `c mklt mkltcd cdal alcm cmaý aýl l ctdk ctdksf sfár áram amc c ojljrcic pkr fujltjs fabcs. DCVIY, 7>>1.

@ks aliamcikrjs ij prjsaýl prkpujstks sj `astcl c mkltalucmaýl2

Aliamcikr 3. Yrãfamk2 Jstj Js tj aliam liamci cikr kr

mkls mklsas asttj

jl j`cg j`cgkr krcr cr `ks `ks

alvj lvjltcr ltcrak akss ij jd jdas asak aklj ljss ij

fujltjs dýva`js jl j` ãrjc ij` pujrtk y jl ijsmragar `c f`ktc vjhamu`cr quj altjrvajlj jl `c cmt cmtav avai aici ci pk pkrt rtucr ucrac ac,, sj sjc c tj tjrr rrjs jstr trj j k dc dcrä rätatadc dc.. Jl tc tc`` mc mcsk sk,, al altj tjrjs rjsc c `c alfkrdcmaýl skgrj tapk ij vjhämu`ks, mcpcmaici ij mcroc y tapk ij mkdgustag`j uta`az uta`azcik cikͼͼ cijdãs cijdãs,, sj rjquajrj rjquajrjl l jst jstadc adctav tavks ks cmj cmjrmc rmc ij `c vj` vj`kma kmaici ici

prk prkdji djiak ak

ij marmu` marmu`cma cmaýl ýl ij `ks vjh vjhämu ämu`ks `ks jl j` puj pujrtk rtk,, ias iastcl tclmac macss rjm rjmkrra krraics ics y taj tajdpk dpk ij jstcmaklcdajltk.

Aliamcikr 7. Jdasakljs ij dctjrac` pcrtamu`cik ^]Y y ^D3>2 Mklm Mk lmjl jltr trcm cmaý aýl l k mc mcuic uic`` ij dc dctj tjra rac` c` pc pcrt rtam amu` u`ci cik, k, ^] ^]Y Y y ^D ^D3>, 3>, jl ul ulai aici cijs js do/d =. Jstj aliamcikr ij jdasakljs, quj ic mujltc ij `c ijsmcroc ijsmcroc ij dctjrac` pcrtamu`cik pcrtam u`cik vjrt vjrtaik aik c `c ctdýsfjrc ctdýsfjrc jl ul tajdpk ijtjrd ijtjrdalcik alcik ijsij ulc fujltj fabc k dýva` dýva`,, rjspkli rjspklij j c `ks rjqujr rjqujradajl adajltks tks ij `c Wjsk` Wjsk`umaýl umaýl 1>1 ij 7>>8 ij` DCVIY pcrc jdasa jdasaýl, ýl, jl `c muc` lk sj jspjmafamcl jspjmafamcl tcdcó tcdcóks. ks. Cquä sj prkpklj mkltal mkl talucr ucr mkl j` dkl dklatk atkrjk rjk ij ^]Y ^]Y,, tc` y mkd mkdk k sj rjc` rjc`azc azc cmtuc` cmtuc`djlt djltj, j, ijg ijgaik aik c quj jstc

alfkrdcmaýl

sarvj mkdk

rjfjrjlmac pcrc j`

clã`asas ij

 

`cs djiaic djiaicss ij mkltrk mkltrk`` ij `c mkltcd mkltcdalcma alcmaýl ýl pkr dctjrac dctjrac`` pcrtamu`cik pcrtamu`cik jl `cs ãrjcs pkrtucracs. pkrtuc racs. C djiaic quj sj muc`a muc`afaquj faquj j` dklatkrjk ij `c mc`aici mc`aici ij` carj, ijgjrã ad adp` p`jd jdjlt jltcrs crsj j j` dk dkla latk tkrj rjk k ij ^D ^D3> 3>,, pk pkrr su al alma maij ijlma lmac c jl `c sc sc`u `ui i ij `c `css pjrsk pj rsklc lcss (M (Mkrr krrjc jc,, ¡7> ¡7>>1 >1)) ͼ mk mkl l j` tatajd jdpk pk sj jspj jspjrcr rcräc äc tj tjljr ljr al alfk fkrd rdcm cmaý aýl l ij ^D7.:,, `c muc` pujij sjrvar pcrc mkltrc ^D7.: mkltrcstcr stcr mkl `ks vc`krj vc`krjss mkrrjspk mkrrjspkliajlt liajltjs js c ^D3>. Jl `ks pujrtks mkl mcrocs ij mcrgýl, m`alejr y/k trãlsatk ij vjhämu`ks skgrj väcs sal pcvadjltcr, sj rjquajrj ul jstadctavk ij `c iastragumaýl orclu`kdátramc ij jstks dctjrac`js, ij dkik quj sj pujic hcmjr ulc cp`amcmaýl cijmucic ij `ks fcm cmttkrjs krjs ij

jd jdas asaaýl rj rjpk pkrt rtci ciks ks jl `c mkdp mkdpa`a`cm cmaý aýl l

C^97 ^97

ij

`c

Co Cojl jlma mac c

lkrtjcdjramclc J^C (Jlvarkldjltc` ^rktjmtakl Cojlmy).

Aliamcikr =. Jdasakljs ij ocsjs mkltcdalcltjs2 Mklmjltrcmaýl prkdjiak (ào/d = k ppd) ij MK 7, MK, LKx y ]K 7. Jstj aliamcikr  rjspklij rjspkli j c `ks rjqujra rjqujradajlt dajltks ks ij `c W Wjsk`uma jsk`umaýl ýl 1>1 ij ij 7> 7>>8 >8 ij ij`` D DCVIY. CVIY. Cp`amc pcrc pc rc

`ks

pu pujr jrttks

du du`t `taapr prkp kpýs ýsat atk k

qu quj j

pk pksj sjjl jl jq jqu uapks apks

ij

alm lmal aljr jrcm cmaý aýl l

y iklij hcy marmu`cmaýl ij vjhämu`ks ij mcroc c iajsj` (tjrrjstrjs, dcrätadks k f`uv ac`js). ac`js). J` ali aliamc amcikr ikr ijg ijgj j mkls mklstru truarsj arsj mkl gcsj jl alvjlt alvjltcra craks ks ij jdasak jdasakljs, ljs, y uta`azclik fcmtkrjs ij jdasaýl cprkpaciks.

Aliamcikr 9. Aldasakljs ij dctjrac` pcrtamu`cik pst y pd3>2 Mklmjltrcmaýl (ào/d =) ij ^]Y y ^D3>. Jl pralmapak, jstj aliamcikr ij aldasakljs, quj daij `c mklmjltrcmaýl ij mkltcdalcltjs jl j` carj quj sj rjsparc c lavj` ij` suj`k, vjrafamc j` mudp`adajltk ij `c Lkrdc Ojstaýl y Cdgajltj 9= ]astjdc ij aliamcikrjs ij `c mc`aici ij` carj pcrc pujrtks dcrätadks mk`kdgaclks. Badáljz & ^u`ocräl. Lcmaklc` ij Mc`aici ij` Carj, Wjsk`umaýl 6>3 ij 7>>6 ij` DCVIYͼ y c djia dj iaic ic qu quj j `c `css lk lkrd rdcs cs lc lcma makl klc` c`js js sj vuj vuj`v `vcl cl ul pk pkmk mk dã dãss jstr jstram amtc tcs, s, sjr sjrã ã ljmjscrak

adp`jdjltcr

j`

 Ctjliajlik `cs rjmkdjlicmakljs ij` DCVIY, DCV IY, `ks pujrtk pujrtkss du`tap du`taprkpý rkpýsat satk k ijg ijgjl jl

dklatkrjk ALVJDCW

ij ^D7.:. y

hcm hcmjr jr clã`as clã`asas as dal daljrc jrc`ýo `ýoamk amk

ij` ij `ks

fafa`t`trks rks ij ^] ^]Y Y jl gu gusm smc c ij tr trcz czcs cs ij fj fjrt rta`a`az azclt cltjs js jl j` carj carj,, mk mkdk dk su su`f`fct ctks ks k fksfctks, quj puiajrcl c`tjrcr j` jqua`agrak ij `ks jmksastjdcs mjrmclks c `ks pujrtks.

 

Aliamcikr :. Aldasakljs ij ocsjs mkltcdalcltjs2 Mklmjltrcmaýl prkdjiak (ao/d = k ppd) ij MK 7, MK, LKx y ]K 7. Jstj Js tj

ali liam amci cikr kr quj quj

cp cp``amc amc

rjqu rjqujr jraada dajl jltk tkss ij `c

c

`ks `ks pu pujr jrttks du`t du`taapr prkp kpýs ýsat atk, k, rj rjsp spkl klij ij

Lk Lkrd rdc c Lc Lcmmaklc aklc`` ij mc mc`a`aic ici i ij`

c `ks

carj carj,, Wj Wjsk sk``um umaý aýl l

6>3 ij 7>>6 ij` DCVIY. @c

alfkrdcmaýl

ljmjscrac pcrc

`c mklstrummaýl

ij`

aliamcikr

sj

ijgj kgtjlj kgtjljrr c pcrtar ij mcdpcóc mcdpcócss ij dklat dklatkrjk krjk jl `ks pujrtks. pujrtks. @cs mcdpcó mcdpcócs cs cp`a`ammcl cp cl,,

jl

sj rjmkdaj rjmkdajlic lic

pra ralm lmap apak ak,,

¡p ¡pcr crc c

mk mklt ltcd cdal alcl clttjs

mr mrat atjr jraak

ͼjl c`ou c`oulk lkss mc mcsk skss

j` d dklatk klatkrjk rjk i ij j mkd mkdpujstk pujstkss kro kroãlamks ãlamks vk`ãta vk`ãta`js, `js, jspjmäfamcd jspjmäfamcdjltj jltj

gjlmjlk y ktrks hairkmcrgurks. Ycltk pcrc j` aliamcikr 9 mkdk pcrc ástj, j` dcrmk lkrdctavk Lcmaklc` jspjmäfamk js j` saouajltj2 •

Wjsk`umaýl

6>3 ij`

DCVIY

ij

•

7>>6. Lkrdc Lcmaklc` ij `c Mc`aici ij` Carj. ^rk ^rktkm tkmk`k k`k ij ij Wjij Wjijss ij Vaoa` Vaoa`clm clmac ac ij ``c c Mc` Mc`aic aici i ij` Carj. Carj. AIJC AIJCD, D, 7> 7>>8 >8

•

^rkt ^rktkm kmk` k`k k pcr pcrc c j` j` dk dkla latk tkrj rjk k y sj sjoua ouada dajl jltk tk ij `c mmc` c`ai aici ci ij` carj carj.. DC DCVI VIY, Y, 7>>1.

Aliamcikr 6. Wuaik cdgajltc` y jdasaýl ij ruaik2   Jstj aliamcikr gusmc j` mudp`adajltk ij `c Wjsk`umaýl 67? ij 7>>6, ij` DCVIY, y ij` ^rktkmk`k pcrc `c djiamaýl ij jdasakljs ij ruaik, ruaik cdgajltc` y dcpcs ij ruaik ij` ij` DCVIY DCVIY,, 7>>1. Iurcltj Iurcltj j` pjraki pjrakik k ij tajd tajdpk pk quj iurc `c dj djiamaýl iamaýl ij ul ruaik, sj kgtajljl kgtajljl lavj`js sklkrks alstcl alstcltãljks tãljks quj vcräcl mkl j` tajdp tajdpk, k, icik `k muc` js pksag`j mc`mu`cr `c jljroäc tktc` jdataic jl j` tajdpk ij djiamaýl.  @ujok,, pcrc ijtjrd  @ujok ijtjrdalcr alcr j` lavj` sklkrk jquavc jquavc`jltj, `jltj, sj mc`mu`c mc`mu`c j` lavj` i ij j sklaik quj cpkrtcräc `c dasdc mcltaici ij jljroäc quj `c ij` sklaik vcracg`j. @cs djiam djiamakljs akljs ij ruaik cdgaj cdgajltc` ltc` y jdasa jdasaýl ýl ij ruaik ijgjl rjc`a rjc`azcrsj zcrsj iurcltj iurcltj sajtj (?) iäcs pkr mcic sjdjstrj ij` cók, mkl ulc iurcmaýl ij 79 hkrcs pkr iäc.

Aliamcikrjs ij rjspujstc2

 

Jstk Js tkss al alia iamc mcik ikrjs rjs hcl sa saik ik rjm rjmaj ajlt ltjd jdjl jltj tj al almk mkrpk rpkrc rciks iks c `k `kss sa sast stjd jdcs cs ij vaoa`clmac. ]u mc`afamcmaýl rjquajrj jspjmac` j`cgkrcmaýl, yc quj sj trctc ij jvc`ucr `c jxastjlmac y kpjrctavaici ij cmmakljs quj iasdaluycl `c prjsaýl skgrj j` djiak, pjrdatcl pjrdatc l cud cudjlt jltcr cr j` mklkmad mklkmadajl ajltk tk skgr skgrj j `c ial ialãda ãdamc mc ij `ks mkl mkltcd tcdalc alcltj ltjss y prkpamajl ulc ojstaýl cdgajltc` pcrtamapctavc j alfkrdcic. @ks aliamcikrjs ij rjspujstc prkpujstks skl2 • • •

Djm Djmcla clasdk sdkss fkrd fkrdc`j c`jss pcrc almkrp almkrpkrc krcrr c orupks altj altjrjs rjsciks ciks j jl l j` ijsc ijscrrk` rrk``k `k ij p`cljs ij ojstaýl cdgajltc` y ij ojstaýl ij` rajsok. Csk Cskmac macmaý maýl l pcrc pr prkyj kyjmtk mtkss ij alvjst alvjstaoc aocmaý maýl l cdgaj cdgajltc ltc`` skgr skgrj j `c mc` mc`aic aici i ij` carj. Ctj Ctjlma lmaýl ýl ij qu qujbcs jbcs i ij j `c mkd mkdula ulaici ici y rjqujra rjqujradaj dajltk ltkss ij `cs c cutk utkrai raicijs cijs cdgajltc`js.

Aliamcikr ADJMC J` Äliamj Djtrkpk`atclk ij `c Mc`aici ij` Carj (ADJMC), js ul vc`kr ij rjfjrjlmac uta`azcik pcrc icr c mklkmjr c `c pkg`cmaýl j` jstcik quj oucric `c mkltcdalcmaýl ctdksfáramc jl ulc zklc k mauici, jl ulc ijtjrdalcic fjmhc u hkrc ij` iäc. J` ADJMC sj j`cgkrc mkl alfkrdcmaýl ij ulc rji ij dklatkrjk ctdksfáramk, y jl su fkrdc mkdp`jtc alm`uyj ictks ij Kzklk (K=), Iaýxaik ij Latrýojlk (LK7), Iaýxaik ij czufrj (]K7), Dklýxaik ij mcrgklk (MK) y `c frcmmaýl rjsparcg`j (^D3>) ij `cs pcrtämu`cs suspjliaics tktc`js. Jxastjl rjijs ij dklatkrjk gajl jstcg`jmaics jl j` ãrjc djtrkpk`atclc ij `c mauici ij Dáxamk (CDMD), y `cs mauicijs ij Dkltjrrjy y Oucic` Oucic`cbcrc, cbcrc, sajlik `c ij dcykr cltaoðjici y jxpjrajlmac `c pradjrc ij j``cs. Jl ktrcs 6 mauicijs jxastjl jquapks ij dklatkrjk quj trcgcbcl jspkrãiamcdjltj, pjrk sal altjorcr ulc rji, mkdk js j` mcsk ij `c mauici ij Coucsmc`ajltjs. J` ADJMC ij` CDMD tuvk su cltjmjskr jl j` ADJXMC, äliamj quj gcbk `ks cuspamaks ij `c jltklmjs Iarjmmaýl Ojljrc` ij ]cljcdajltk Ctdksfáramk, ij `c ]ugsjmrjtcräc ij Djbkrcdajltk ij` Cdgajltj, mkdjlzý c pug`amcrsj ijsij faljs

 

ij 31??U3T . @c alfkrdcmaýl ij` ADJMC jstã iaraoaic c tkik pòg`amk jl j` CDMD, pkr `k quj su altjrprjtcmaýl js duy sjlma``c.

ADJMC

MKLIAMAÝL

>-3>>

Ijltrk ij `c lkrdc.

JFJMYK] C @C ]C@ZI Laloulk

]ctasfcmtkrac 3>3- 7>>

Lk sctasfcmtkrac

Dk`jstacs jl kbks, lcraz y ocrocltc jl pjrsklcs sjlsag`js

7>3- =>>

Dc`c

^ksag`js p prrkg`jdcs rrj jsparctkraks p pk kr c cmmtavaici c c`` carj `agrj

=>3- :>>

Duy Dc`c

@ks

sältkdcs

cltjrakrjs

sj

couiazcl,

jspjmac`djltj jl pjrsklcs sjlsag`js mkdk gjgás, pjr jrssklcs lcs ij `c tjrm rmj jrc jici, fudcikr krj js y pjrsklcs quj pcijmjl jlfjrdjicijs rjsparctkracs mrýlamcs.

Jstks ictks skl ij vatc` adpkrtclmac pcrc `c prktjmmaýl ij jlfjrdks csdãtamks, mcriäcmks y pjrsklcs sjlsag`js. Cyuicl c `cs cutkraicijs c tkdcr ijmasakljs rjstramtavcs rjspjmtk ij `c marmu`cmaýl ij cutkdýva`js y ktrcs fujltjs ij jdasaýl ctdksfáramc. Jl pralmapak j` ADJMC js ul vc`kr quj jstclicrazc y trciumj, jl ulc jsmc`c ij pultks ADJMC, ulc mklmjltrcmaýl ij ul mkltcdalcltj, prkdjiacic jl ul iäc, k csaolcic csaolc ic pcrc ulc hkrc jl pcrtam pcrtamu`cr. u`cr. Ij jstj dkik, pujij mc`mu` mc`mu`crsj crsj ul ADJMC pcrc mcic ulk ij `ks mkltcdalcltjs gãsamks k pradcraks cltjs djlmaklciks2 K=, LK7, ]K7, MK, ^D3>. ]al jdgcrok, pcrc lk mklfuliar c `c ojltj, sj cmkstudgrc rj rjpk pkrt rtcr cr ul sk`k sk`k vc`k vc`krr AD ADJM JMC, C, j` muc` muc` mkrr mkrrjs jspk pkli lij j c` dcyk dcykrr ij `ks `ks malm malmk k cltjrakrjs. Jxastj pujs, ulc prkpkrmaklc`aici (k rj`cmaýl `aljc`) jltrj j` ADJMC ij ul mkltcdalcltj y `c mklmjltrcmaýl ij` dasdk. @c prkpkrmaklc`aici js `c dasdc

 

ijsij ulc mklmjltrcmaýl ij mjrk, hcstc ulc mklmjltrcmaýl quj ``cdcrjdks ‐ij quajgrj—, y quj mkrrjspklij c` vc`kr dãxadk pjrdataik pkr `c lkrdctavaici vaojltj pcrc jsj mkltcdalcltj. C jstj pultk mkrrjspklij ul vc`kr ij` ADJMC ij 3>> pultks.

Mkltcdalcltj

Mklmjltrcmaýl

dãxadc

pjrdataic

pkr

`c Mklmjltrcmaýl

lkrdctavaici (^ultk ij quajgrj) >.33 ppd (3 mcic = cóks, djiaik mkl 3 hkrc

Kzklk (K ) =

`ädatj >.6> ppd

ij dujstrjk) Iaýxaik ij czufrj ( ]K )

7

>.3= ppd (3 vjz c` cók, mkdk dãxadk, mkl djiac cratdátamc cluc` ij >.>= ppd k djlks)

Iaýxai Iaý xaik k ij latrýoj latrýojlk lk >.73 ppd (3 vjz c` cók, djiaik mkl 3 hkrc ij  LK 7

7.>> ppd

dujstrjk)

Dklýxaik ij mcrgklk 33 ppd (3 vjz c` cók, djiaik mkl 8 hkrcs ij (MK)

3.>> ppd

:> ppd

dujstrjk)

Frcmmaýl Frcmmaý l rjsparc rjsparcg`j g`j ij 3:> ΰo/d= sti (3 vjz c` cók, djiaik mkl 79 6>> ΰo/d= sti pcrtämu`cs

hkrcs ij dujstrjk, y ijgajlik sjr `c djiac

suspjliaics tktc`js ( cratdátamc tradjstrc` ij :> ΰo/d= k djlks)  ^D 3>

 

Jsqujdc ij `c mkltcdalcmaýl ij` Carj mkltcdalcmaýl ctdksf @c mkltcdalcmaýl ctdksfáramc áramc k mkltcd mkltcdalcmaý alcmaýl l ij` carj js, pkr mklsao mklsaouajltj uajltj,, ulc ij `cs fkrdcs pralmapc`js jl quj pujij sjr ijorcicik k cfjmtcik pcrtj ij` cdgajltj.

^ralmapc`js fujltjs ij mkltcdalcmaýl ctdksfáramc

Fujltjs lcturc`js2 ^k`vk quj mkltajlj dctjracs gak`ýoamcs, jspkrcs, pk`jl y

Fujltjs corämk`cs2 Alsjmtamaics y hjrgamaics jdp`jciks jl `c coramu`turc.





Fujltjs tjmlk`ýoamcs2 ^rkmjsks aliustrac`js ij tkik tapk. Mklsudk aliustrac` y ikdástamk ij mkdgustag`js fýsa`js. Vjhämu`ks ij dktkr.  



Jfjmtks ij `c mkltcdalcmaýl



Icóks c `c jmklkdäc.



Icóks c `c vjojtcmaýl2 c`tjrcmakljs fk`acrjs, mrjmadajltk ij `cs p`cltcs, ijstrummaýl ij f`krjs, jtm.



 C`tjrcmakljs ij` djiak cdgajltj2 rjiummaýl ij `c vasaga`aici, jfjmtk ij alvjrlcijrk, cfjmtcmaýl ij `c mcpc ij kzklk, ``uvac ãmaic, jtm.



Icóks c `ks cladc`js2 dujrtj, f`ukrksas, jfjmtks ojlátamks, oj látamks, cmkrtcdajltk ij `c vaic.



Jfjmtks psamk`ýoamks skgrj j` hkdgrj.

 

Djiaics pcrc `c prjvjlmaýl y j` mkltrk` ij `c mkltcdalcmaýl ij` carj



Djiaics `joas`ctavcs2 lkrdcs ij mc`aici ij` carj.

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^`clafamcmaýl urgclc y rjoaklc`.



Wjiummaýl ij `c ojljrcmaýl ij mkltcdalcltjs.



Mkltrk Mkl trk`` ij `cs fuj fujltj ltjss ij mkl mkltcd tcdalc alcmaý maýl2 l2 c) Mkl Mkltrk trk`` ij `c jda jdasaýl saýl ij pcr pcrtäm tämu`c u`css (mãdcr (mã dcrcs cs ij sji sjiadj adjltc ltcmaý maýl, l, sjpc sjpcrci rcikrj krjss alj aljrma rmac`j c`js, s, pur purafam afamcmaý cmaýl l pkr väc hòd hòdjic jic,, fa`trcmaýl fa`tr cmaýl y prjmap prjmapatcmaý atcmaýl l j`jmtr j`jmtrkstãt kstãtamc). amc). g) Mkltr Mkltrk` k` ij `cs jdasakljs ocsjkscs (pkr  mkdgustaýl, mkdgu staýl, cgskrmaýl cgskrmaýl k ciskrmaýl ciskrmaýl .

 

Mklm`usaýl ]j ijlkdalc carj c `c iask`umaýl ij ocsjs quj mklstatuyj `c ctdýsfjrc tjrrjstrj, quj pjrdcljmjl ijltrk ij` p`cljtc Yajrrc pkr cmmaýl ij `c fujrzc ij orcvjici. J` carj js jsjlmac` pcrc `c vaic jl j` p`cljtc y trclspcrjltj c sadp`j vastc. @c mkltcdalcmaýl ij` carj js cmtuc`djltj ulk ij `ks prkg`jdcs cdgajltc`js dãs sjvjrks

c

lavj`

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Jstã

prjsjltj

jl

tkics

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skmajicijs,

alijpjliajltjdjltj ij` lavj` ij ijscrrk``k skmakjmklýdamk, y mklstatuyj ul fjlýdjlk quj tajlj pcrtamu`cr  almaijlmac skgrj `c sc`ui ij` hkdgrj. @c mkltcdalcmaýl ij` carj cdgajltc` jxtjrakr  js ul tárdalk dãs cdp`ak uscik pcrc ijsmragar `c mkltcdalcmaýl ij` carj jl cdgajltjs c` carj `agrj. @c dc`c mc`aici ij` carj cdgajltc` jxtjrakr kmurrj muclik `ks mkltcdalcltjs c`mclzcl mklmjltrcmakljs `k sufamajltjdjltj c`tcs mkdk pcrc cfjmtcrr ljocta cfjmtc ljoctavcdjlt vcdjltj j `c sc`ui hudclc y/k j` djiak cdgajlt cdgajltj. j. @c mkltcd mkltcdalcmaý alcmaýl l ij` carj urgclk c` carj `agrj js ul tárdalk dãs jspjmäfamk quj sj rjfajrj c `c mkltcdalcma mkltcd alcmaýl ýl ij` carj cdgajlt cdgajltc` c` jxtjrakr jl ãrjcs urgclcs, pkr `k ojljrc ojljrc`` jl `cs mauicijs k jl sus c`rjijikrjs. ^crc ijtjrdalcr `c satucmaýl cmtuc` y `cs tjlijlmacs jl `c mcpcmaici ij` cdgajltj sj uscl aliamcikrjs, jstks skl fkrdcs iarjmtcs k aliarjmtcs ij djiar `c mc`aici ij` cdgajltj.

 

Gag`akorcfäc Dcrtäljz, W. S. (7>>?). Aliamcikrjs cdgajltc`js y ij ijscrrk``k skstjlag`j2 cvclmjs y pjrspjmtavcs pcrc Cdáramc @ctalc y j` Mcragj . ]cltacok .  ]cltacok Mha`j. Djoc`kpk`as, M. C. (7>31). ADJMC2 Äliamj DJtrkpk`atclk ij `c Mc`aici ij` Carj. Carj.   Djbäc, B. F. (7>3>). ]astjdc ij aliamcikrjs ij `c mc`aici ij` carj pcrc pujrtks mk`kdgaclks.   mk`kdgaclks. ^`cmjrjs, D. W. (7>>6). @c mkltcdalcmaýl ij` carj2 su rjpjrmusaýl mkdk prkg`jdc ij sc`ui. Wjvastc Mugclc ij Haoajlj y Jpaijdak`koäc. Jpaijdak`koäc . Vãzqujz, W. Y. (7>>6). J` ADJMC2 Aliamcikr ij` Orcik ij Mkltcdalcmaýl ij `c  Ctdýsfjrc.