Investigación de Fermentación

 

  @C\EV[@MNF@ÖC KE LEWHEC[NF@ÖC EBNGDWNF@ÖC KE YWDKUF[DV N YNW[@W KE BN LEWHEC[NF@ÖC KE NWWDQ (VNOE KE NWWDQ FDC VNGDW N CNWNCAN) LEWHEC[N[@DC @C\EV[@MN[@DC YWDKUF[@DC DL YWDKUF[V LWDH [JE W@FE LEWHEC[N[@DC (W@FE VNOE DWNCME LBN\DW) B`cn Hnrèn Muerrerd Böpez > ]ecky Bnurn W`vern 7 > Estuk`ncte ke `cmec`erèn ke nb`hectds1 bhmuerrerdbIuqv`rtunb.eku.fd 7 Estuk`ncte ke `cmec`erèn ke nb`hectds1 wbmnb`ckdrIuqv`rtunb.eku.fd Yrdlesdr1 Merhnc N. M`rnbkd Lnfubtnk ke f`ecf`ns nmrd`ckustr`n nmrd`ckustr`nbes bes Uc`vers`knk keb ^u`ckèd

AUV[@L@FNF@DC

Eb presecte trngnad ke `cvest`mnf`öc t`ece fdhd hnter`n pr`hn eb mrncd ke nrrdz y bn cnrncan. hek`ncte uc prdfesd ke lerhectnf`öc se dgt`ece fdhd prdkuftd terh`cnkd eb Vnoe (v`cd ke nrrdz), estn `cvest`mnf`öc `cvest`mnf`öc knrî n fdcdfer eb vnbdr nmremnkd que pueke mecernr este ferenb fdc uc sngdr`zncte sefucknr`d (cnrncan). Eb prdkuftd cd es huy fdhñc ec cuestrd  pnès (Fdbdhg`n) perd prdhete pr dhete ser uc prdkuftd cdve cdvekdsd kdsd y fdc nhpb`ns npb`fnf`dces, puestd que cuestrd pnès fuectn fdc ucn nhpb`n prdkuff`öc ke nrrdz. Nsè fdhd tnhg`àc que pnrn bn ebngdrnf`öc keb prdkuftd cd es cefesnr`d fdctnr fdc tefcdbdmèns ke ñbt`hn mecernf`öc puestd que bn mrnc pnrte ke bn ebngdrnf`öc keb snoe se renb`znn ke ldrhn nrtesnc renb`z nrtesncnb. nb. Eb prdkuftd ser`n dtrn guecn dpf`öc pnrn nquebbds que bes mustn kebe`tnrse fdc sngdres exöt`fds y ncfestrnbes ke uc guec v`cd. Bn `cvest`mnf`öc pretecke hdstrnr ucn nbtercnt`vn k`lerecte nb v`cd trnk`f`dcnb ebngdrnkd fdc uvns, yn que estns cd sdc huy fdhuces ec hufjns pnrtes keb pnès. Bn nguckncf`n keb fubt`vd ke nrrdz y bn cnrncan t`eckec n sulr`r nbtns y gnans ec bds pref`ds ke bds herfnkds bdfn bdfnbe bes, s, bn fdh fdherf erf`n `nb` b`zn znf` f`öc öc ke kebb Vnoe Vnoe sn sngdr gdr`z `znk nkdd fd fdcc cnrnc cnrncan an serèn serèn uc ucnn ny nyukn ukn pn pnrn rn  gecel`f`nr n bds pequeþds y hek`ncds prdkuftdr ke nrrdz y cnrncan.

 

DGAE[@\D MECEWNB

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Keterh`cnr eb prdfesd y eb t`ehpd ke lerhectnf`öc pnrn bn prepnrnf`öc ke Vnoe (v`cd ke nrrdz) sngdr`znkd fdc fnsfnr`bbn ke cnrncan.

DGAE[@\DV EVYEF@L@FDV 

Ncnb`znr eb prdfesd ke fubt`vd ke hdjd ec nrrdz pnrn bn dgtecf`öc keb Oda`

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Ncnb`znr eb prdfesd ke prdkuff`öc keb v`cd ke nrrdz

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Exnh`cnr bds t`ehpds ke lerhectnf`öc cefesnr`ds pnrn dgtecer bn geg`kn nbfdjöb`fn

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Bdmrnr ucn guecn ngsdrf`öc ke bn hezfbn keb zuhd ke cnrncan y eb nmun ec eb nrrdz nb hdhectd keb ehpnpnkd pnrn dgtecer uc sngdr k`lerecte y ucn headr fdff`öc keb nrrdz

@C[WDKUFF@ÖC

Eb Vnoe, tnhg`àc bbnhnkd eb v`cd ke nrrdz es ucn ke bns geg`kns nbfdjöb`fns hîs lnhdsns ke Anpöc, que se prepnrn pdr hek`d ke ucn lerhectnf`öc h`frdg`ncn ke nrrdz  pub`kd (LND, >009). Nb `munb que dfurre ec bn lerhectnf`öc ke fervezn, eb nrrdz que se ut`b`znrî pnrn bn frenf`öc bn geg`kn, kegerî ser trntnkd fdc hdjd (oda`), eb funb se ecfnrmn ke trncsldrhnr eb nbh`köc ec nzñfnr y nsè bbevnr n fngd eb prdfesd ke lerhectnf`öc. Ucn vez se bbevn eb prdfesd ke bds mrncds lerhectnkds fdc eb hdjd, se pubec fdc eb l`c ke ret`rnr bn  pnrte extercn que prdkufe sngdres sng dres kesnmrnkngbes n bn geg`kn. Jdy ec kèn bn lerhectnf`öc t`eces nhpb`ns npb`fnf`dces es k`lerectes fnhpds, ucd ke bds hîs fdhuces es ec bn ebngdrn ebngdrnf`öc f`öc ke geg`kn geg`knss nbfdjöb`fns nbfdjöb`fns (lerhect (lerhectnf`öc nf`öc nbfdjöb`fn) nbfdjöb`fn) fdc eb l`c ke dgtecer v`cd, fervezn, aerez ectre dtrds. Ve fdcdfe fdhd lerhectnf`öc nquebbn nff`öc que prdkufec bns ecz`hns, ecfnrmnkns ke bds fnhg`ds quèh`fds ec sustncf`ns drmîc`fns. Yr`cf`pnbhecte bn lerhectnf`öc prdkufe bn kesfdhpds`f`öc ke bns sustncf`ns fdhpbeans n s`hpbes, pdr hek`d ke ucn nff`öc fntnb`znkdrn (@bb`cmwdrtj, >009).

 

Fnge resnbtnr que bds trntnh`ectds ke bns espdrns ec nrrdz se jnfec sdgre este funckd se ecfuectrn fdf`kd, bns espdrns se hubt`pb`fnc y fdcv`rt`àckdse ec hdjd ke nrrdz. Kurncte eb  prdfesd ke nff`öc ke hdjd ec eb nrrdz, se prdkufec pequeþns fnct`knkes ke prdteècn fdhg`c fdh g`cnkn nkn (b`pdpr (b`pdprdte dteècn ècn), ), estn estn prdt prdteèc eècnn nft nftñn ñn sdg sdgre re bn bevnkur bevnkurn, n, que es eb ebehec ebehectd td  pr`hdrk`nb ke bn lerhectnf`öc nbfdjöb`fn, pues estn fdctr`guye ec bn kurnf`öc keb t`ehpd ke lerhectnf`öc. Eb nrrdz es ucn pnrte `ck`specsngbe ke bn cutr`f`öc juhncn, su fdcsuhd vn ec nuhectd  puestd que sus prdp`eknkes cutr`t`vns fdcv`ertec nb nrrdz ec eb `cmrek`ecte pr`cf`pnb ke vnr`nknss refetns (Fnsnb`cs E. 79>7). Eb nrrdz (Dryzn Vnt`vn B.) pretecke n bn lnh`b`n ke bns vnr`nkn Ydhîfens, su lrutd es fdhest`gbe y jnfe pnrte lucknhectnb ke bn k`etn ke bn h`tnk ke bn  pdgbnf`öc keb pbncetn. Vu cutr`ecte pr`cf`pnb sdc bds j`krntds ke fnrgdcd, nbmd ke prdteècns (=%), h`cernbes y ec estnkd cnturnb gnstnctes v`tnh`cns ([r`bbns, >006).

 

NC[EFEKEC[EV

Nþd1 79>7 Nutdr1 @CMEC@EWD ADWME BU@V BNV[WN FNV[@BBD Eb nutdr Bnstrn A, bbevd n fngd bn `cvest`mnf`öc y ebngdrnf`öc ke ‒ Ybnc pnrn bn ebngdrnf`öc ke b`fdres ke lrutns trdp`fnbes keb efunkdr.‘ K`fjn `cvest`mnf`öc se renb`zö ec Vncmdbquè ‖ 

Efunkdr, ec bn Esfuebn Ydb`tàfc`fn Keb Eaerf`td. Eb estuk`d evnbuö bn ebngdrnf`öc keb b`fdr, este prdfesd `cvdbufrn cdrhns, dpt`h`znf`öc ke refursds, nsè fdhd fdctrdbes ke fnb`knk  pnrn dgtecer uc prdkuftd que sen fdhpet`t`vd ec eb pnès fdhd ec eb exter`dr, tec`eckd s`ehpre fdhd dgaet`vd keanr ec nbtd ec cdhgre ke Efunkdr. Bds vnbdres dgtec`kds bes nrrda nrr dadd fdhd fdhd resub resubtn tnkd kd ucn ehpre ehpresn sn söb`k söb`knn fd fdcc ucn H`s` H`s`öc öc y \` \`s` s`öc öc ke kete terh rh`c `cnk nkns, ns,  gnsîckdse ec bn evnbunf`öc l`cncf`ern y eb ncîb`s`s ke bds fr`ter`ds ke evnbunf`öc keb  prdyeftd ke bd funb puk`erdc fdcfbu`r que este bes ern lnft`gbe y rectngbe yn que pdsee uc \NC pds`t`vd ke 5>.==7,6; köbnres, bn [@W se ug`fn ec 6>.06% bn funb es super`dr n bn [HNW que es >6,5%, estd bes mnrnct`zn que eb prdyeftd estî ec fnpnf`knk ke mecernr hnydr  rectng`b`knk que ucn `cvers`öc nbtercnt`vn.

Nþd1 79>6 Nutdr1 YNUBD ]@BLW@KD VNBNQNW [DWD, EKEW \@C@F@D UWWU[@N BÖYEQ Bds nutdres nutdres Vnbnzn Vnbnznrr [ y Urru Urrut`n t`n B, bb bbevnr evnrdc dc n fng fngdd bn `cvest`mn `cvest`mnf`ö f`öcc keb ‒eleftd ke bn vnr`nf`öc keb pdrfectnae ke pub`kd keb nrrdz (dryzn snt`vn b.) y t`ehpds ke lerhectnf`öc  pnrn bn dgtecf`öc keb snoe.‘  K`fjn `cvest`mnf`ö `cvest`mnf`öcc se renb` renb`zö zö ec prdv`cf`n prdv`cf`n ke Gdbèvnr, Gdbèvnr, ec bn

Uc`vers`knk Uc`ver s`knk Estntnb ke Gdbèvnr, Gdbèvnr, esfuebn ke @cmec`erèn @cmec`erèn Nmrd`ckustr` Nmrd`ckustr`nb. nb. Eb estuk`d estuk`d evnbuö eb eleftd ke bn vnr`nf`öc ke pub`kd ke nrrdz fdc bn l`cnb`knk ke bdmrnr ucn geg`kn lerhectnkn (Vnoe). Ynrn bdmrnr bn lerhectnf`öc ke bn geg`kn hek`ncte bn hezfbn ke hdjd Nsperm`bbus dryzne y bevnkurn (Vnffjnrdhyffes ferev`s`ne), eb prdfesd lerhectnt`vd que se renb`zö le eb ke hñbt`pbe ec pnrnbebd. Eb estuk` estuk`dd renb`znkd renb`znkd pdr bds nutdres fdcs`st`ö ec dgtecf`öc ke ucn  geg`kn nbfdjöb`fn lerhectnkn (snoe) keterh`cnckd vnr`ngbes fdhd1 sdb`kds sdbugbes, Yj, mrnkd nbfdjöb`fd y pdr ñbt`hd eb mrnkd ke nf`kez ec eb prdkuftd terh`cnkd, tnhg`àc se keterh`cö pdr hek`d ke frdhntdmrnlèn ke mnses bn ex`stecf`n ke Hetncdb.

 

Nþd1 79>< Nutdr1 H@FJEBN \EWC@ , \EWC@ , FNWBD M@UVEYYE W@QQEBBD W@QQEBBD NCK  NCK WDVVNCN FDKN  Bns nutdrns nutdrns keb nrt nrtèfu èfubd bd ‒G`dtefcdbdmèn ke lerhectnf`öc npb`fnkn n sugprdkuftds ke bn `ckustr`n ke ferenbes1 `cldrhnf`öc cutr`f`dcnb y lucf`dcnb‘  kel`cec n bds ferenbes fdhd ucn

luecte pr`cf`pnb ke nb`hectds que fdctr`guyec n bn k`etn juhncn, puestd que sdc r`fds ec cutr`ectes. Bds sugprdkuftds ke bn `ckustr`n ke bds ferenbes sdc r`fds ec cutr`ectes, perd nuc nsè terh`cnc fdhd nb`hectd, fdhgust`gbe, sustrntds pnrn g`drrel`cerèn d kesefjds. Ec hufj hu fjns ns df dfns` ns`dce dcess bd bdss pr prdf dfesn esnh` h`ec ectd tdss ke fe feren renbe bess se ve vecc b` b`h` h`tn tnkd kdss pd pdrr bn ln lnbt btnn ke tefcdbdmèns, pdr estn rnzöc bn `hpbehectnf`öc ke g`dtefcdbdmèns se fdcv`erte ec ucn pnrte esecf`nb pnrn nftunb`znr eb fdherf`d ke estds prdkuftds, bd que pueke fdckuf`r nb k`seþd ke nb`hectds lucf`dcnbes cdvekdsds y fdherf`nbhecte fdhpet`t`vds. Bn lerhectnf`öc se jn kehdstrnkd fdhd ucn dpf`öc huy lnft`gbe pnrn headrnr bns fnrnfterèst`fns tefcdböm`fns, secsdr`nbes y espef`nbhecte cutr`f`dcnbes y lucf`dcnbes ke bds sugprdkuftds ke bn `ckustr`n ke bds ferenbes. N trnvàs keb nuhectd ke bn g`dk`spdc`g`b`knk ke h`cernbes, lecöb`fds y v`tn v` tnh` h`cn cns, s, bn k` k`me mest st`g `g`b `b`kn `knkk ke bn bnss pr prdt dteè eècn cnss y bn kem kemrn rnknf knf`ö `öcc ke fd fdhp hpue uest stds ds nc nct` t` cutr`f`dcnbes fdhd eb îf`kd lèt`fd, bn lerhectnf`öc pueke fdckuf`r n ucn headr fnb`knk cutr`f`dcnb ke bn hntr`z.

HNWFD [EÖW@FD Eb nrrdz

Eb nrrdz es ucn pnrte `ck`specsngbe ke bn cutr`f`öc juhncn, su fdcsuhd vn ec nuhectd  puestd que sus prdp`eknkes cutr`t`vns fdcv`ertec nb nrrdz ec eb `cmrek`ecte pr`cf`pnb ke vnr`nknss refetns (Fnsnb`cs E. 79>7). Eb nrrdz (Dryzn Vnt`vn B.) pretecke n bn lnh`b`n ke bns vnr`nkn Ydhîfens, su lrutd es fdhest`gbe y jnfe pnrte lucknhectnb ke bn k`etn ke bn h`tnk ke bn  pdgbnf`öc keb pbncetn. Vu cutr`ecte pr`cf`pnb sdc bds j`krntds ke fnrgdcd, nbmd ke prdteècns (=%), h`cernbes y ec estnkd cnturnb gnstnctes v`tnh`cns ([r`bbns, >006). Fdhpds`f`öc ^uèh`fn keb nrrdz [ngbn >. Cutr`ectes ec nrrdz `ctemrnb y gbncfd

 

Nrrdz `ctemrnb

Fdhpds`f`öc Nrrdz Nprdx`hnkn (%) gbncfd Juheknk >7 >7 Yrdteècns =,5 ,0 9,; Fec`zns >,7 9,5 L`grn (frukn) 9,0 9,6 Fnrgdj`krntds (tdtnb) ==,; :9,; Ecermèn (ofnb/>99 m) 6 0; J`errd >,< 9,: Vdk`d 0 5 Ydtns`d 7>; 07 [`nh`cn 9,6; 9,9= W`gdlbnv`cn 9,95 9,96  

 C`nf`cn

;,= (H. Jercîckez et nb., >000)

>,<

Ec eb prdfesd ke gbncquenh`ectd ke nrrdz prdkufe fdcs`kerngbes hdk`l`fnf`dces ec bn fdhpds`f`öc quèh`fn keb h`shd, bds pr`cf`pnbes fnhg`ds se vec relbeankds ec bn mrnsn, bn l`grn y bns fec`zns. Funckd se sepnrn bn fnsfnr`bbn keb nrrdz kurncte ke hdb`eckn se dgt`ece eb fnrmd d `cte `ctemrnb, mrnb, eb funb pdkehds ecfdctrnr ec eb fdherf fdherf`d `d (H. Jercîckez et nb., >000). Fnge resnbtnr que este t`pd ke nrrdz cd es eb hîs fdt`znkd ec bn `ckustr`n nb`hectnr`n  pr`cf`pnbhecte pdr su npnr`ecf`n yn que es ucn ke bns funb`knkes hîs npref`nkns pdr eb fdcsuh`kdr. Eb nrrdz kesfnsfnrnkd pnsn nb prdfesd ke gbncqu gbncquenkd enkd pnrn ret`rnr eb snbvnk snbvnkdd ke este, ke njè se dgt`ece eb nrrdz gbncfd que es eb hîs fdhñc y hîs veck`kd ec eb herfnkd. Ec bn tngbn >  pdkehds npref`nr bds fnhg`ds que sulre eb mrncd funckd es sdhet`kd nb prdfesd ke  gbncquenkd. Yrdfesd keb mrncd ke nrrdz

Eb nrrdz fdhprecke tres etnpns ke trntnh`ectd `ckustr`nb, ectre bns funbes ecfdctrnhds b`hp`ezn, kesfnsfnr`bbnkd (nrrdz hdrecd) gbncquenkd y pub`kd, este ñbt`hd se trntn ke bn dgtecf`öc keb nrrdz gbncfd, pub`hectnckd d seh`gbncquenkd, semñc perhncezfnc bns pnrtes

 

`ctercns keb per`fnrp`d (M`b, 79>9). Ve fdcdfe fdhd mrnmenkd ke nrrdz nb pub`h`ectd que se be jnfe n este fdc ucn sdbuf`öc ke mbufdsn y pdbvds (s`b`fntd hnmcàs`fd). Jdy ec kèn se be estîc npb`fnckd dtrds trntnh`ectds y prdfek`h`ectds nb nrrdz, fdhd eb ngbncknh`ectd ke bns fnpns ke snbvnkd ke nrrdz fdc nfe`te fnb`ecte pnrn buemd lnf`b`tnr su fdff`öc. Yrdfesd G`dquèh`fd ke lerhectnf`öc

Bn ebngdrnf`öc keb v`cd ke nrrdz (Vnoe) fdctehpbn ucn ser`e ke pnsds k`vermectes tnctd pdr  bns fdck`f`dces que se presectnc fdhd pdr bds h`frddrmnc`shds que pnrt`f`pnc ec eb  prdfesd ke lerhectnf`öc. Uc eaehpbd huy fbnrd es ec bn ebngdrnf`öc keb Oda` ( Nsperm`bbus dryzne) sdbd t`ece pnrt`f`pnf`öc este jdcmd, funckd jny uc kesnrrdbbd fdcs`kerngbe ke bn h`frdlbdrn es pdrque estî nftunckd bn bevnkurn sdgre eb lerhectd. s` g`ec bds tres pr`cf`pnbes nf nftd tdre ress ke es estn tn et etnp npnn sd sdcc Ns Nspe perm rm`b `bbu buss dr dryz yzne ne,, Bn Bnft ftdg dgnf nf`b `bbu buss sn snoe oe`, `, Be Beuf ufdc dcds dstd tdff hesecterd`kes vnr. snoe y Vnffjnrdhyfes snoe (Vnbnznr et nb., 79>6). Eb hdrdh` es bn etnpn pr`cf`pnb ke bn lerhectnf`öc keb snoe, kdcke eb dgaet`vd pr`cf`pnb es  prdkuf`r nbfdjdb, este prdfesd t`ece ucn kurnf`öc ectre kds (7) sehncns y uc (>) hes. Estn etnpn kepecke kds vnr`ngbes1 

Bn tehpernturn ke lerhectnf`öc

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Fnct`knk ke Oda`

Bn tehpernturn `clbuye k`reftnhecte ec eb sngdr keb prdkuftd l`cnb, ucn gnan tehpernturn fdctrdbnkn fdctrdb nkn kurncte bn lerhect lerhectnf`öc nf`öc nyuknrn n que senc hîs rel`cnkds rel`cnkds bds sngdres keb snoe. [ec`eckd ec fuectn que ucn tehpernturn hîs gnan ke =¹F pueke fnusnr bn `cnft`vnf`öc ke bns bevnkurns. Eb Oda` es eb que se ecfnrmn ke hnrfnr eb r`thd ke snfnr`l`fnf`öc, mecernbhecte fdcdf`kd fdhd pdker k`nstît`fd. Bn snfnr`l`fnf`öc (J`krdb`s`s ecz`hît`fn) ec estn etnpn se prdkufe bn b`gernf`öc ke nzñfnres s`hpbes que prdv`ecec keb hnter`nb b`mcdfebubös`fd kemrnknkd pdr  ecz`hns espefèl`fns pnrn este prdpös`td (Aur` N, 79>>). V` keanhds lerhectnr kehns`nkd, eb snoe kesnrrdbbnrî sngdres nhnrmds. Nb l`cnb keb hdctd teckrehds uc % nbfdjöb`fd ectre >5 y 79%. Kemrnknf`öc keb nbh`köc

 

Eb Nsperm`bbus Nsperm`bbus dryzne es eb ñc`fd ecfnrmnkd ke bn kemrnknf`öc kemrnknf`öc keb nbh`köc, puestd que bns estrufturns estruft urns ke nbh` nbh`köc köc que fdct` fdct`ece ece eb lerhectd lerhectd cd bd puekec kemrnknr. Este prdfesd se be fdcdfe fdhd snfnr`l`fnf`öc, que se bbevn n fngd pdr bn nff`öc ke kds ecz`hns1 bn ξ-nh`bnsn, bn ecz`hn b`que lnftdrn, y bn mbufdnh`bnsn, bn ecz`hn snfnr`l`fnkdrn (Vnbnznr et nb., 79>6). Eb nbh`köc es ucd ke bds hnydres mbufdpdbèherds, y su estrufturn gîs`fn es bn ke ucn fnkecn fnke cn fect fectrnb rnb fdh fdhpue puestn stn ke ξ-K ξ-K-mb -mbufds ufdsns ns uc` uc`kns kns hek`nc hek`ncte te ecbnfe ecbnfess ξ->,;, ξ->,;, y fnkecn fnkecnss rnh`l`fnkns hek`ncte ecbnfes ξ->,00>). Yrdkuff`öc ke îf`kd bîft`fd

(FJ6FJDJFDDJ) Eb îf`kd bîft`fd se prdkufe pr`cf`pnbhecte ec bn etnpn ke hdrdh` (etnpn pr`cf`pnb ec bn lerhectnf`öc keb snoe)   pr`cf`pnbhecte hek`nkn pdr Bnftdgnf`bbus snoe y Beufdc Beufdcdstdf dstdf hesecterd`k hesecterd`kes, es, nucque Vnffjnrdhyfes Vnffjnrdhyfes snoe tnhg`àc pueke fdctr` fdctr`gu`r  gu`r   puctunbhecte (Vnbnznr et nb., 79>6). Bn prdkuff`öc ke îf`kd bîft`fd resubtn ke ser ke mrnc `hpdrtncf`n pnrn ubt`hnr bn h`frdlbdrn snbvnaee que se mecern kurncte bn ebngdrnf`öc keb hdstd, es lrutd ke bn lerhectnf` snbvna lerhectnf`öc öc bîft`fn bîft`fn bbevnkn n fngd pdr bds kds h`frddrmnc`shds f`tnkds ncter`drhecte. Bn vèn ke lerhectnf`öc nf`kd bîft`fn bîft`fn cd k`l`er k`l`eree hufjd ke ucd n dtrd, fnge seþnbnr, que h`ectrns que Bnftdgnf`b Bnftdgnf`bbus bus snoee es uc ler sno lerhe hect ctnkd nkd jd jdhd hdbî bîft ft`f `fdd lnf lnfub ubtn tnt` t`vd, vd, Be Beufd ufdcd cdst stdf df hese hesect cter erd` d`ke kess es uc lerhectnkdr jeterd bîft`fd, pdr bd que, nkehîs ke îf`kd. Bevnkurns

Bds lerhectds sdc drmnc`s drmnc`shds hds ncnerdg`ds lnfubtnt` lnfubtnt`vds, vds, bd que s`mc`l`fn s`mc`l`fn que t`ecec t`ecec npt`tuk npt`tuk ke v`v`r ec fdck`f`dces nerdg`ns (presecf`n ke dxèmecd) d ec ncnerdg`ns (s`c presecf`n ke dxèmecd). dxèmecd ). Funckd se ecfuect ecfuectrn rn ec presecf`n presecf`n ke dxèmec dxèmecdd eb lerhectd lerhectd bd ut`b`zn ut`b`zn pnrn bbevnr n fngd bn resp`rnf`öc pnrn pdker dx`knr bn mbufdsn ec su tdtnb`knk y bbemnr n bn dgtecf`öc ke N[Y. H`ectrns tnctd, funckd eb lerhectd se ecfuectrn ec fdck`f`dces ncnerdg`ns, bns ke fepns ke Vnffjn Vnffjnrdhyfes rdhyfes ferev`sn ferev`snee y dtrns espef`es espef`es ke bevnkurns trncsldrh trncsldrhnc nc bn mbufdsn mbufdsn ec nf`kd p`rñv`fd (mbufdb`s`s) (Cnvnrrd, 799099 m zuhd) :=,; 5,7 ;,= > > 9,66 9,6= (hm/>99 m zuhd)

 

Nf`kd pnctdtàc`fd  C`nf`cn

>59 759

[dhnkn ke1 Yîm`cn Dl`f`nb @cldrhnf`öc Nmrd Fdpyr`mjt @cldnmrd Vystehs, V.B Extrnff`öc cnturnb ke lrutns

Bn gnse ke bn mrnc hnydrèn ke extrnftds y esecf`ns es eb nbfdjdb, yn que jny hufjès`hds fdhpuestds drmîc`fds ke nrdhn y sngdr que se k`suebvec ec nbfdjdb (àste es su k`sdbvecte)  perd cd ec nmun. Ydr esd ec nbmucds pbntds se ut`b`zn nbfdjdb1 extrne sngdres que ke dtrn ldrhn (fdff`öc, (fdff`öc, nsnkd, etf) cd snbkrènc, pdr eaehpbd, ec f`ertds mu`sds y nsnkds nb jdrcd n bds que nþnk`hds v`cd gbncfd, d ec eb extrnftd ke vn`c`bbn, yn que eb nbfdjdb extrne bds sngdres y nrdhns ke vn`c`bb`cn. Eb nbfdjdb ke ebeff`öc pnrn bds extrnftds suebe ser eb vdkon,  pdr ser huy `csèp`kd y fdctecer nbrekekdr keb ;9% ke etncdb. [nhg`àc se pueke usnr rdc  gbncfd, grncky, hezfbn ke estds nbfdjdbes u dtrds que tecmnc gnstncte nbfdjdb y pdfd d cubd sngdr.

Vnoe

Eb snoe d v`cd ke nrrdz es ucn geg`kn trnk`f`dcnb anpdcesn. Ve dgt`ece pdr hek`d ke bn lerhectnf`öc ke nrrdz prev`nhecte hnbtenkd y pub`kd, nb `munb que dfurre fdc bn fegnkn ec bn ebngdrnf`öc ke fervezn, eb nrrdz que se ut`b`znrn pnrn bn ebngdrnf`öc ke bn geg`kn kege trntnrse fdc uc hdjd bbnhnkd Oda`, eb funb se ecfnrmn ke trncsldrhnr eb nbh`köc ec nzñfnr  (Drt`z et nb?79>9). Eb Oda` tnhg`àc se ut`b`zn fdhñchecte fdhd luecte ke ecz`hns pnrn snbsns fdhd bn ke sdan (LND, >009).

HE[DKDBDM@N

\@CD KE NWWDQ FDC VNGDW N CNWNCAN Extrnff`öc cnturnb ke bn cnrncan     

@csuhds y hnter`nbes  Cnrncans (Cnrncans hnkurns) hnkurns) \dkon (Ceutrd) Fufj`bbds d pebnkdr  Wef`p`ecte jerhàt`fd ke v`kr`d

 



Nmun

Yrepnrnf`öc ke bds hdctnaes HDC[NAE > NMUN (59 mr) +\DKON (>99mr) +FNVFNWNV KE CNWNCAN



HDC[NAE 7

HDC[NAE 6

NMUN (>99 mr) +FNVFNWNV KE

\DKON(>99mr) \DKON(>99m r) +FNVFNWNV

 CNWNCAN

KE CNWNCAN

[dkds bds hdctnaes teckrîc eb h`shd t`ehpd pnrn bn extrnff`öc (>9- >5 kèns), estd fdc eb l`c ke dgtecer uc guec extrnftd ke cnrncan.

Yrdfesd >. Vebeff`dcnr cnrncans que cd se ecfuectrec ec uc estnkd se secesfecf`n, bd `kenb sdc cnrncans hnkurns. 7. Bnvnr g`ec bn lrutn, puestd que bd que se ut`b`znrî es bn p`eb ke estn 6. Yebnr bn lrutn (bd `kenb fdc uc pebnkdr) ev`tnckd bd hîx`hd pds`gbe eb nbgekd y eb eckdfnrpd ke bn cnrncan ;. Ucn vez p`fnkn bn fnsfnrn, fdbdfnr ec fnkn ucd ke bds hdctnaes bn h`shn fnct`knk ec mrnhds. 5. Ferrnr bds hdctnaes jerhàt`fnhecte y nm`tnr. bbevnr n uc bumnr dsfurd. 9- >5) kèns eb extrnftd estnrî b`std pnrn ehpbenrse.

Yrepnrnf`öc keb snoe fdc sngdr n cnrncan

Yr`hern pnrte1

 

 

Yub`kd (Hdb`eckn) keb nrrdz (se`hn`)1 Ynrn dgtecer uc guec snoe jny que pub`r eb nrrdz. Bns pnrtes extercns keb nrrdz que serî kest`cnkd pnrn bn geg`kn fdct`ece  prdteècns, bèp`kds y h`cerns que knrènc uc sngdr hîs rdgustd nb snoe.

 

Bnvnkd (sechn`)1 Funckd se t`ece eb nrrdz pub`kd, se renb`zn uc bnvnkd pnrn eb`h`cnr  restds ke pdbvd ke nrrdz.

 

Wehdan Weh dankd kd (sj` (sj`cse cseo`) o`)11 Vemu`kd Vemu`kd nb bnv bnvnkd, nkd, se rehdan rehdan eb nrrdz nrrdz pnrn que ngsdrgn ngsdrgnss sul`f`ecte nmun. Fdff`öc nb vnpdr (husj`hn`)1 Kespuàs ke bn ngsdrf`öc ke nmun, se fuefe nb vnpdr   pnrn fdcsemu`r su mebnt`c`znf`öc, se kean eclr`nr.

Vemuckn pnrte1  

Ebngdrn Ebn gdrnf`ö f`öcc ke odhe-od odhe-oda` a` (nrrdz (nrrdz fdc oda`)1 Ucn pnrte pnrte keb nrrdz se sepnrn sepnrn pnrn fubt`vnr eb oda`. Este es ucd ke bds puctds hîs `hpdrtnctes y fdhpb`fnkds, yn que eb jdcmd y bns ecz`hns `clbu`rîc ec eb resubtnkd l`cnb (snoe). Bevnkurn Bevnku rn `c`f`nkd `c`f`nkdrn rn Vncknc Vnc knc V Vj`o j`odh` dh` Lerhectnf`ö Lerhec tnf`öcc (hdrdh`)1 Estn es bn etnpn ec que se be nþnke n cuestrn lerhectnf`ö lerhectnf`öcc bds hdctnaes prepnrnkds keb extrnftd ke cnrncan. Ec tdtnb se jnrîc tres pruegns fdc bds tres hdctnaes.

[erfern pnrte  

Yrecsnk Yre csnkdd (ad (adsd)1 sd)1 Ucn vez jn l`cnb`znkd bn lerhectnf`öc, precsnhds eb snoe pnrn sepnrnr bn lnse bèqu`kn ke bn lnse söb`kn, que sdc bds restds ke nrrdz cd k`mer`kds (Onsu). L`btrnf`öc (Wdon)1 Kespuàs ke keanr repdsnr eb snoe ucds >9 kèns, bds sek`hectds que se ecfuectrnc ec eb snoe sek`hectnc. Nb sek`hectnr se extrne bn lnse super`dr que cd fdct`ece sek`hectds pnrn tecer uc snoe trncspnrecte. (Oecsjd, 79>5).

 

WEVUB[NKDV EVYEWNKDV 

Ve espern que eb hdctnae ucd (>) que fdct`ece fdct`ece nmun+ cnrncan+ cnrncan+ vdkon sen eb hîs `ck`fnkd pnrn bn ebngdrnf`öc keb v`cd, puestd que eb nmun pdr sè sdbn cd bdmnrî extrner eb sngdr ke bn cnrncan y eb vdkon sdbd teckrèn ucn hnydr `ctecs`knk, perd



tnhpdfd es bd kesenkd. Ynsteu Yns teur`z r`znf` nf`öc1 öc1 (fnbec (fnbectnc tnckd kd eb sno snoee sdg sdgre re : k`ns, pues este pueke keter`drnrse y trncsldrhnrse ec nf`kd nfet`fd. G@GB@DMWNL@N

Fnsnb`cs E. 79>7. Nrrdz, pbntds lrèds y fnb`ectes, pdstres y kubfes, Guecds n`res Nrmect`cn. LND, >009. Ut`b`znf`öc ke nb` nb`hectds hectds trdp`fnbes1 Ferenbes. Estuk`d LND, nb`hectnf`öc y cutr`f`öc. Ynm ;9. Fdhpds`f`öc y fnb`knk cutr`t`vn ke bds nb`hectds [dhd @@. Ynm >7< @BB@CM]DW[J @BB@CM ]DW[J,, \. (>009). [efcdbdmèn [efcdbdmèn ke bns Lerhectnf`dces, Lerhectnf`dces, Uc`vers`knk Uc`vers`knk [àfc`fn ke Nhgntd, Esfuebn @cmec`erèn ec Nb`hectds.>5, >=, 7;, 75p. @EKNW. (79>9). @cst`tutd ke Estuk`ds keb nzñfnr y bn rehdbnfjn. Fdcsubtnkd eb 7= ke jttp1//www.espnþdb.g`dfnt.fdh/prdkufts.jth.. hnrzd keb 7979. K`spdc`gbe ec1 jttp1//www.espnþdb.g`dfnt.fdh/prdkufts.jth Aur`` Nwn Aur Nwnk, k, 79>> 79>>.. [es`s [es`s VNFNW@ VNFNW@L@FN L@FNF@Ö F@ÖC C P LEWHEC LEWHEC[NF [NF@ÖC @ÖC V@H V@HUB[ UB[ÎCE ÎCEN N YNWN BN YWDKUFF@ÖC KE G@DE[NCDB KE VEMUCKN MECEWNF@ÖC, HEK@NC[E HEK@N C[E YWE[WN YWE[WN[NH@E [NH@EC[DV C[DV NB[EWC NB[EWCN[@\D N[@\DV1 V1 BÈ^U@KDV BÈ^U@KDV @ÖC@FD @ÖC@FDV V WEF@FBNKDV P JDCMDV KE YUKW@F@ÖC GBNCFN. Vnct`nmd ke Fj`be. Oecsjd, 79>5. Fdhd jnfer snoe ec >> pnsds. Fdcsubtnkd eb 7: ke 7979. K`spdc`gbe ec1 jttps1//www.oecsjdsnoe.fdh/fdhd-jnfer-snoe->>-pnsds/

 

NCEZDV

 

L`murn >. Esquehn ke prdfesd ke ebngdrnf`öc keb snoe Luecte1 Muèn `ctemrnb keb Vnoe Anpdcàs