Investigacion de Electronica Analogica.

September 13, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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KF\DRYKHMBKGF ID JMYD^KM@DR   RDJKBGFITBYG^DR

Kftdhrmftds id dqukpg1    

       

Hdrmrig id Adsñs Í`vmrdz Nmidfm Bdsmr @dmlmr Bgrtds ^girêhudz Bmrg`kfm Iumrtd _ërdz Diumrig Lrmfbksbg Auírdz Juýkz

 

KFIKBD  KFIKBD  Kftrgiubbkòf…………………………………………………………………………………..….> .>   Mspdbtgs ckstòrkbgs id `m d`dbtròfkbm …………………………………………………….....2 .....2   Idlkfkbkòf id d`dbtrkbkimi y d`dbtròfkbm……………………………………………………..4  ..4  Jmtdrkm`ds sdjkbgfiubtgrds………………………………………………………..…..….….< Jgid`g mtòjkbg……………………………………………………………………………….….3 Nmfims id dfdrhêm……………………………………………………………………………....=? ....=?   Df`mbds quêjkbgs…………………………………………………………………………...…...=> ...=>   Jmtdrkm`ds F y _……………………………………………………………………………….….=9 .=9   Nkn`kghrmlêm………………………………………………………………………………………..=4 KFIKBD ID LKHT^MR Lkhurm =. =. Ikgig id vmbêg y sus pmrtds qud `g bgflgrjmf ………………………………………………..2 Lkhurm >. Rd >. Rd judstrm uf trêgig y `ms pmrtds qud `g bgflgrjmf ………………………………………….2 Lkhurm 2. 2. _rkjdr trmfskstgr d`mngrmig df `gs `mngrmtgrkgs id Nd`` df ikbkdjnrd id =;98, lud d` sustktutg id `m ví`vu`m tdrjgkòfkbm id 2 d`dbtrgigs ……………………………………………………….2

Lkhurm 9. Yrmfskstgr 9. Yrmfskstgr id ufkòf y m`hufms pmrtds qud `g bgjpgfdf………………………………………2 Lkhurm 4. D` 4. D` Kftd` 9??9 lud d` prkjdr jkbrgprgbdsmigr id` jufig, brdmig df uf skjp`d bckp y idsmrrg``mig pgr Kftd`………………………………………………………………………………………....2 Lkhurm Lkhurm =>. Kjpurdzm =>. Kjpurdzm id mftkjgfkg df uf jmtdrkm` tkpg f ………………………………………….…….=2 Lkhurm =2. Kjpurdzm =2. Kjpurdzm id ngrg df uf jmtdrkm` tkpg f…………………………………………………...…=9

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Kftrgiubbkòf

@m prdsdftd kfvdstkhmbkòf sd rdlkdrd m` tdjm jmtdrkm`ds sdjkbgfiubtgrds5 bgjg ufm kftrgiubbkòf m `m d`dbtròfkbm mfm`òhkbm. _mrtkdfig id uf pgbg id ckstgrkm sgnrd `m d`dbtròfkbm, tmjnkëf sd idlkfdf tdjms bgjg `m d`dbtrkbkimi y d`dbtròfkbm bgf d` lkf id ikstkfhukr `m ikldrdfbkm dftrd d``ms5 msê bgjg tgig `g rd`mbkgfmig bgf `gs jmtdrkm`ds sdjkbgfiubtgrds utk`kzmigs pmrm d`mngrmr bgjpgfdftds d`dbtròfkbgs, y bgjg dstgs jmtdrkm`ds sd bgjpgrtmf m` sdr igpmigs y sgjdtkigs m ufm bgrrkdftd d`ëbtrkbm5 pmrtkdfig id` jgid`g mtòjkbg y `gs df`mbds quêjkbgs rdm`kzmigs df ikbcgs d`djdftgs. Bgf d` lkf id midftrmrfgs m` jufig id `m d`dbtròfkbm mfm`òhkbm, qud sdrvkrí bgjg nmsd pmrm d` iksdýg d kjp`djdftmbkòf id bkrbuktgs bgf jmtdrkm`ds sdjkbgfiubtgrds bgjg `g kfikbm d` tdjmrkg glkbkm` id `m jmtdrkm D`dbtròfkbm Mfm`òhkbm id` KYRR@_B.  

>

 

Mspdbtgs ckstòrkbgs id `m d`dbtròfkbm

@m d`dbtròfkbm bgjdfzò bgf d` ikgig id vmbêg (lkhurm =) kfvdftmig pgr Agcf  Mjnrgsd L`djkfh df =;?9. =;?9. D` lufbkgfmjkdf lufbkgfmjkdftg tg id dstd dstd ikspgsktkvg ikspgsktkvg dstí dstí nmsmig nmsmig df d` d` dldbtg Diksgf. Diksgf lud d` prkjdrg qud gnsdrvò df =332 `m djkskòf tdrjgkòfkbm, m` bg`gbmr ufm `íjkfm idftrg id ufm ngjnk``m pmrm dvktmr d` dffdhrdbkjkdftg qud prgiubêm df `m mjpg``m id vkirkg d` lk`mjdftg id bmrnòf. Bumfig sd pg`mrkzmnm pgsktkvmjdftd `m `íjkfm jdtí`kbm rdspdbtg m` lk`mjdftg, sd prgiubêm ufm pdqudým bgrrkdftd dftrd d` lk`mjdftg y `m `íjkfm. Dstd cdbcg sd prgiubêm pgrqud `gs d`dbtrgfds id `gs ítgjgs id` lk`mjdftg, m` rdbknkr ufm hrmf bmftkimi id dfdrhêm df lgrjm id bm`gr, dsbmpmnmf id `m mtrmbbkòf id` fñb`dg (djkskòf tdrjgkòfkbm) y, mtrmvdsmfig d` dspmbkg vmbêg idftrg id `m ngjnk``m, drmf mtrmêigs pgr `m pg`mrkimi pgsktkvm id `m `íjkfm. U=Z

=. Ikgig  Ikgig id vmbêg y sus pmrtds qud Lkhurm =. `g bgflgrjmf.

@dd Id Lgrdst kfvdftò d` trêgig (lkhurm =) df =;?. Rd judstrm uf trêgig y `ms pmrtds qud `g bgflgrjmf

2

 

Bgflgrjd pmsmnm d` tkdjpg, `ms ví`vu`ms id vmbêg sd ludrgf pdrldbbkgfmfig y jdagrmfig, mpmrdbkdfig gtrgs tkpgs, bgjg `gs tdtrgigs (ví`vu`ms id 2 d`dbtrgigs), `gs pdftgigs (4 d`dbtrgigs), gtrms ví`vu`ms pmrm mp`kbmbkgfds id m`tm pgtdfbkm, dtb. Idftrg id `gs pdrldbbkgfmjkdftgs id `ms ví`vu`ms sd dfbgftrmnm su jkfkmturkzmbkòf. D` trmfskstgr >),pdrjktkò mpmrdbkig `m jmfg Nmriddf y Nrmttmkf, id `m Nd`` Yd`dpcgfd, df (Lkhurm =;93, sd mñfidufm jmygrid jkfkmturkzmbkòf id mpmrmtgs tm`ds bgjg `ms rmikgs. D` trmfskstgr id ufkòf (Lkhurm 2) mpmrdbkò m`hg jís tmrid, df =;9;. Dstd ds d` ikspgsktkvg utk`kzmig mbtum`jdftd pmrm `m jmygrêm id `ms mp`kbmbkgfds id `m d`dbtròfkbm.

Lkhurm 2. _rkjdr trmfskstgr d`mngrmig df `gs `mngrmtgrkgs id Nd`` df ikbkdjnrd id =;98, lud d` sustktutg id `m ví`vu`m tdrjgkòfkbm id 2 d`dbtrgigs.

Lkhurm 9. Yrmfskstgr id ufkòf y m`hufms pmrtds qud `g bgjpgfdf.

Df =;43 sd idsmrrg``ò d` prkjdr bkrbuktg kftdhrmig, qud m`gamnm sdks trmfskstgrds df uf ñfkbg bckp. Df =;8? sd idsmrrg``ò d` prkjdr jkbrgprgbdsmigr, Kftd` 9??9 (Lkhurm 9). U2Z .

Lkhurm 4. D` Kftd` 9??9 lud d` prkjdr jkbrgprgbdsmigr id` jufig, brdmig df uf skjp`d bckp y idsmrrg``mig pgr Kftd`.

9

 

=.> Idlkfkbkòf id d`dbtrkbkimi y d`dbtròfkbm.  D@DBY^GFKBM.

^mjm id `m lêskbm y dspdbkm`kzmbkòf id `m kfhdfkdrêm, qud dstuikm y djp`dm skstdjms buyg lufbkgfmjkdftg sd nmsm df `m bgfiubbkòf y d` bgftrg` id` l`uag jkbrgsbòpkbg id `gs d`dbtrgfds u gtrms pmrtêbu`ms bmrhmims d`ëbtrkbmjdftd. Ttk`kzm ufm hrmf vmrkdimi id bgfgbkjkdftgs, jmtdrkm`ds y ikspgsktkvgs, idsid `gs sdjkbgfiubtgrds cmstm `ms ví`vu`ms tdrjgkòfkbms. @m d`dbtròfkbm idsmrrg``m df `m mbtum`kimi ufm hrmf vmrkdimi id tmrdms. @gs prkfbkpm`ds usgs id `gs bkrbuktgs d`dbtròfkbgs sgf d` bgftrg`, d` prgbdsmig, `m ikstrknubkòf id kflgrjmbkòf, `m bgfvdrskòf y `m ikstrknubkòf id `m dfdrhêm d`ëbtrkbm. U=Z

D@DBY^KBKIMI.

Ds `m pmrtd id `m lêskbm qud sd dfbmrhm id` dstuikg id `ms bmrhms d`ëbtrkbms, ym sdm df rdpgsg g df jgvkjkdftg, `m d`dbtrgstítkbm y `m d`dbtrgikfíjkbm rdspdbtkvmjdftd. @m d`dbtrkbkimi, sd idnd m `m prdsdfbkm id `m bmrhm d`ëbtrkbm, ufm prgpkdimi qud prdsdftmf `ms pmrtêbu`ms sunmtòjkbms bgjg d` prgtòf y d` d`dbtròf, ikbcms bmrhms prdsdftmf bkdrtm kfl`udfbkm sgnrd `gs budrpgs qud dstíf m su m`rdidigr y m` kftdrmbtumr bgf gtrms hdfdrmf ludrzms id mtrmbbkòf g rdpu`skòf qud prgiubdf `gs ldfòjdfgs d`ëbtrkbgs. U>Z

4

 

=.2 Jmtdrkm`ds sdjkbgfiubtgrds @m bgfstrubbkòf id bum`qukdr ikspgsktkvg d`dbtròfkbg iksbrdtg (kfikvkium`) id dstmig sò`kig (dstrubturm id brkstm` iurg) g bkrbuktg kftdhrmig, sd kfkbkm bgf uf jmtdrkm` sdjkbgfiubtgr id `m jís m`tm bm`kimi. @gs sdjkbgfiubtgrds sgf ufm b`msd dspdbkm` id d`djdftgs buym bgfiubtkvkimi sd dfbudftrm dftrd `m id uf nudf bgfiubtgr y `m id uf mks`mftd. Df hdfdrm`, `gs jmtdrkm`ds sdjkbgfiubtgrds bmdf idftrg id ufm id igs b`msds1 id uf sg`g brkstm` y bgjpudstg. @gs sdjkbgfiubtgrds sdjkbgfiubtgr ds id uf sg`g brkstm` bgjg d` hdrjmfkg (Hd) y d` sk`kbkg ( Rk) tkdfdf ufm dstrubturm brkstm`kfm rdpdtktkvm, df tmftg qud bgjpudstgs bgjg d` mrsdfkurg id hm`kg ( HmMs), d` su`lurg id bmijkg ( BiR), d` fktrurg id hm`kg (HmF) y d` lgslurg id hm`kg y mrsëfkbg ( HmMs_) sd bgjpgfdf id igs g jís jmtdrkm`ds sdjkbgfiubtgrds id ikldrdftds dstrubturms mtòjkbms. @gs trds sdjkbgfiubtgrds jís lrdbudftdjdftd utk`kzmigs df `m bgfstrubbkòf id ikspgsktkvgs d`dbtròfkbgs sgf Hd, Rk y HmMs. D` hdrjmfkg pgsdd bumtrg d`dbtrgfds df su grnktm` id vm`dfbkm. Cmbd mýgs, d` hdrjmfkg drm d` ñfkbg jmtdrkm` midbumig pmrm `m lmnrkbmbkòf id ikspgsktkvgs sdjkbgfiubtgrds. Rkf djnmrhg, dstgs ikspgsktkvgs id hdrjmfkg prdsdftmnmf ufm kjpgrtmftd idsvdftmam (su dxbdskvm bgrrkdftd kfvdrsm, su sdfsknk`kimi m `gs bmjnkgs id tdjpdrmturm). Jís tmrid, gtrg sdjkbgfiubtgr, d` sk`kbkg, bgjdfzò m utk`kzmrsd idamfig gnsg`dtg m` hdrjmfkg df `m jmygrêm id `ms mp`kbmbkgfds d`dbtròfkbms idnkig m qud ds uf d`djdftg mnufimftd df `m Ykdrrm y sd tdfêm jdagr sdfsknk`kimi im `gs bmjnkgs id tdjpdrmturm. Bgflgrjd pmsmnm d` tkdjpg d` bmjpg id `m d`dbtròfkbm sd vg`vkò bmim vdz jís sdfskn`d m `ms budstkgfds id vd`gbkimi. @ms bgjputmigrms gpdrmnmf m vd`gbkimids bmim vdz jís m`tms y `gs skstdjms id bgjufkbmbkòf `g cmbêmf m fkvd`ds bmim vdz jís m`tgs id idsdjpdýg. Rd tdfêm qud dfbgftrmr uf jmtdrkm` sdjkbgfiubtgr bmpmz id smtkslmbdr dstms fdbdskimids. D` rdsu`tmig lud d` idsmrrg``g id` prkjdr trmfskstgr id HmMs  m prkfbkpkgs id `m iëbmim id =;8? dstd gpdrmnm m vd`gbkimids cmstm id bkfbg vdbds `m id` Rk. D` prgn`djm, fg gnstmftd, lud qud drm jís iklêbk` id lmnrkbmr m m`tgs fkvd`ds id purdzm, jís bmrg y tdfêm pgbg mpgyg id iksdýg df `gs prkjdrgs mýgs id su idsmrrg``g. _mrm mprdbkmr p`dfmjdftd pgr quë Rk, Hd y HmMs sgf `gs sdjkbgfiubtgrds jís utk`kzmigs pgr `m kfiustrkm d`dbtròfkbm, cmy qud dftdfidr `m dstrubturm mtòjkbm id bmim ufg y bòjg dstíf df`mzmigs `gs ítgjgs dftrd sê pmrm lgrjmr ufm dstrubturm brkstm`kfm. Ygig ítgjg sd bgjpgfd id trds pmrtêbu`ms nískbms1 d`dbtròf, prgtòf y fdutròf. Df `m dstrubturm dftrd`mzmim, `gs fdutrgfds y `gs prgtgfds lgrjmf lgrjm f d` fñb`dg5 `gs d`dbtrgfds mpmrdbdf df òrnktms lkams m`rdidigr id ëstd. D` jgid`g id Ngcr id `gs trds jmtdrkm`ds mpmrdbd df `m lkhurm d`dbtrgfds, d` fkvd` > bgftkdfd cmstm 3 d`dbtrgfds, y msê subdskvmjdftd.

 

@gs d`dbtrgfds `knrds prdsdftds df uf jmtdrkm` idnkig m sò`g bmusms dxtdrfms sd bgfgbdf bgjg pgrtmigrds kftrêfsdbgs. D` fñjdrg id pgrtmigrds df `m lgrjm kftrêfsdbm ds kjpgrtmftd, mufqud gtrms bmrmbtdrêstkbms id` jmtdrkm` sgf jís skhfklkbmtkvms m` idtdrjkfmr su usg df bmjpg. Tfg id dsgs lmbtgrds ds `m id `gs jgvk`kimi rd`mtkvm (  ) pgrtmigrds `knrds df d` jmtdrkm`, ds idbkr, `m bmpmbkimi id `gs d`dbtrgfds `knrds id jgvdrsd pgr tgig d` jmtdrkm`. Tfg id `gs mvmfbds tdbfg`òhkbgs urm m ==. ==. Df`mbd bgvm`dftd id` brkstm` id` HmMs HmMs   id `ms ñ`tkjms iëbmims cm skig `m Lk ur bmpmbkimi id prgiubkr jmtdrkm`ds sdjkbgfiubtgrds id juy m`tm purdzm, @m bmpmbkimi id bmjnkmr `ms bmrmbtdrêstkbms id uf jmtdrkm` jdikmftd dstd prgbdsg sd ``mjm kjpurklkbmbkòf g igpmig, m`hg qud d` hdrjmfkg, d` sk`kbkg y d` mrsdfkurg id hm`kg mbdptmf bgf lmbk`kimi y rmpkidz. Tfm kjpgrtmftd d kftdrdsmftd ikldrdfbkm ikldr dfbkm dftrd sdjkbgfiubtgrds y bgfiubtgrds ds su rdmbbkòf mftd `m mp`kbmbkòf id bm`gr. Df d` bmsg id `gs bgfiubtgrds, `m rdskstdfbkm sd kfbrdjdftm bgf uf mujdftg id bm`gr. @gs jmtdrkm`ds sdjkbgfiubtgrds, skf djnmrhg, prdsdftmf uf fkvd` kfbrdjdftmig id bgfiubtkvkimi bgf `m mp`kbmbkòf id bm`gr. Bgflgrjd sd d`dvm `m tdjpdrmturm, uf jmygr fñjdrg id d`dbtrgfds id vm`dfbkm mnsgrndf sulkbkdftd dfdrhêm tërjkbm pmrm rgjpdr d` df`mbd bgvm`dftd y msê bgftrknukr m` fñjdrg id pgrtmigrds `knrds. _gr bgfskhukdftd1 @gs jmtdrkm`ds sdjkbgfiubtgrds tkdfdf uf bgdlkbkdftd id tdjpdrmturm fdhmtkvg.

=2

 

=.8 jmtdrkm`ds F y _ Jmtdrkm` tkpg f

Ymftg dstgs jmtdrkm`ds bgjg d` tkpg p sd lgrjmf mhrdhmfig uf fñjdrg prdidtdrjkfmig id ítgjgs id kjpurdzm m ufm nmsd sk`kbkg. Tf jmtdrkm` id` tkpg f sd brdm kftrgiubkdfig d`djdftgs id kjpurdzm qud bgftkdfd bkfbg d`dbtrgfds id vm`dfbkm (pdftmvm`dftds), bgjg d` mftkjgfkg, d` mrsëfkbg y d` lgslgrg. D` dldbtg id tm`ds d`djdftgs id kjpurdzm sd judstrm df `m lkhurm => (bgf mftkjgfkg bgjg `m kjpurdzm df ufm nmsd id sk`kbkg)

Lkhurm =>.  f. =>. Kjpurdzm id mftkjgfkg df uf jmtdrkm` tkpg f.

Gnsdrvd qud `gs bumtrg df`mbds bgvm`dftds pdrjmfdbdf. Dxkstdf, skf djnmrhg, uf qukftg d`dbtròf mikbkgfm` idnkig m` ítgjg id kjpurdzm, d` bum` fg dstí msgbkmig bgf bum`qukdr df`mbd bgvm`dftd pmrtkbu`mr. Dstd d`dbtròf rdstmftd, df`mzmig id jmfdrm pgbg lkrjd m su ítgjg pmird (mftkjgfkg), dstí df bkdrtg jgig `knrd pmrm jgvdrsd idftrg id` jmtdrkm` tkpg tk pg f rdbkëf lgrjmig, pudstg qud d` ítgjg id kjpur kjpurdzm dzm kfsdrtmig cm igfmig uf d`dbtròf rd`mtkvmjdftd ‐`knrd‚ m `m dstrubturm.  

=9

 

Jmtdrkm` tkpg _

D` jmtdrkm` id dstd tkpg sd lgrjm igpmfig uf brkstm` id hdrjmfkg g sk`kbkg purg bgf ítgjgs id kjpurdzm qud tkdfdf trds d`dbtrgfds id vm`dfbkm. vm`dfbkm . @gs d`djdftgs jís utk`kzmigs pmrm dstd prgpòsktg sgf ngrg, hm`kg d kfikg. D` dldbtg id ufg id dstgs d`djdftgs, d` ngrg, df ufm nmsd id sk`kbkg sd kfikbm df `m lkhurm =2.

Lkhurm =2. Kjpurdzm id ngrg df uf jmtdrkm` tkpg f

=4

 

Nkn`kghrmlêm U=Z Y. i. ^. y. d. D. i. B. i. Jdbmtròfkbm, @knrg Nmskbg id Mriukfg, Nghgtm, Bg`gjnkm1 ^gnòtkbm diubmtkvm, >?=>. U>Z A. M. ^. AKJDFDQ, Ydjms sd`dbtgs id lkskbm >, Jëxkbg, I.L.1 Rmndr Brdmtkvg, >?=4. U2Z ^. @. [. F. @. NG[@DRYMI, D@DBY^GFKBM1 YDG^KM ID BK^BTKYGR [ IKR_GRKYK\GR D@DBY^GFKBGR, _DM^RGF DITBMBKGF, >??2. U9Z M. _. [. N. I. A. JM@\KFG, _^KFBK_KGR ID D@DBY^GFKBM, JbHrmw-Ck``, =;;=. U4Z \g`. =3 Rup`djdftg >??3 ‐@dydfig `m Bkdfbkm‚.

=<

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